“THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USED

COOKING OIL AS SUBSTITUTE

TO DIESEL”

Submitted by: Austial, Joana Joy D.

Submitted to: Eldy Oñas
GAS 11 – 3 Curie
 ABSTRACT
This study, Trans-Esterified Used-Cooking Oil as Substitute to Diesel, aims to produce a diesel

with physical properties comparable to commercially produced diesels. The researchers surveyed the

top three oil products that public utility jeepney drivers use: Caltex, Petron and Shell.

The biodiesel was produced through a process called trans-esterification. It makes methyl ester

from the used cooking oil that is similar to the complex hydrocarbon chains of petroleum products.

Glycerine and soap are the by products of this process. A percent yield of 73 percent makes the product

relatively good for economic distribution.

The Philippines is actually rich in energy resources. Filipinos are still seeking for the proverbial pot

of gold, not knowing that this black gold is sitting in their own backyard.

And so, the researchers thought of using a material abundant in the home-used cooking oil to

develop fuel for cars. The researchers would also want to know the feasibility and usefulness of used-

cooking oil as a car fuel.

Biodiesel is non-toxic renewable fuel which has the potential to replace diesel fuel with little or no

modifications in diesel engine. Waste cooking oil can be used as source to produce biodiesel. It has

environmental and economic advantages over other alternative fuels.

Used Cooking Oil as Substitute to Diesel. This study, Trans-Esterified Used-Cooking

Oil as Substitute to Diesel, aims to produce a diesel with physical properties comparable to

commercially produced diesels

Vegetable oil can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and in heating oil burners. ...

Straight vegetable oil can also be blended with conventional diesel or processed into biodiesel or

boiliquids for use under a wider range of conditions.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS/ OBJECTIVES

General Objective
To develop a process of recycling waste cooking oil.

Specific Objectives

 To produce and characterize biodiesel from waste cooking oil and compare

with the petroleum diesel.

 To assess the environmental impacts of using biodiesel from waste cooking oil

compared to using petroleum diesel.

METHODOLOGY
The Density, Kinematic viscosity of the PM, CF, & SF fuel is within the limits of the Biodiesel

Standards. The calorific value of the vegetable oils is slightly less when compared to diesel. The flash

point of the vegetable oils is high compared with pure Diesel and is safe to store and transport. The

aim of the work is to analyze emissions and the performance of the Diesel engine by using biodiesel.

This has been done by varying the injection pressure, fuelled with transesterified refined Palmolein,

refined Corn oil & refined sunflower oil (Methyl Esters) combined with pure diesel at different blends

(10%,+ 90% PD, 30%+ 70% PD, and 40%+ 60% PD).

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

The experimental run was carried out using a Kirloskar make, single cylinder, four strokes, and direct

injection diesel engine with a developing power of 5.775 kW at 1500 rpm at National Research Centre,

Engine Research Lab. Fig. 1illustrates a schematic diagram of the experimental setup. Technical
properties of diesel engine are showed in Table 2. Maximum electric power output is 10.5 kW for AC

generator is coupled directly to the test engine to determine engine output brake power. The intake

airflow was measured by sharp edged orifice mounted on the side of air box to dampen pulsating airflow

into engine. A U-tube manometer was used to measure the pressure drop across the

orifice. Thermocouple probes of type (K) were used for temperature measurements at different

locations in the experimental set up such as intake air manifold and exhaust gas. Two fuel tanks of 5 L

capacity were mounted fuelling the engine with diesel and biodiesel fuels. One burette with stopcock

and two way valves was mounted for fuel flow measurements and selecting between both diesel and

biodiesel fuels. OPA 100 smoke meter and MRU DELTA 1600-V Gas Analyzer were used for the

measurements of smoke opacity and exhaust gas concentrations (CO, HC, CO2 and NOX). The

experiment was carried out by varying engine load from zero to full load maintaining constant rated

speed of 1500 rpm throughout the experiment.

TREATMENT AND GENERAL PROCEDURE

The oil sample was obtained by treatment with dried active carbon (50%) and magnesium

silicate (50%) in a weight ratio of 15 : 1. Oil UU and a mixture of adsorbents were stirred and heated for

30 minutes at the temperature of 70–80°C. After completion of this process adsorbents were separated

from the oil through filtration of the hot suspension (about 60°C) in a filtration apparatus. Filtrated

purified oil, so-called UT, was thus obtained.

The experiments were conducted at different load conditions, with different Injection pressure

at various blends of refined vegetable oil as fuel. The tests were conducted at a constant speed of 1500

rpm. The engine was allowed to run at No load condition for 10 minutes, using each proportion of the

blend before applying the load. The loads were increased gradually for each blend in steps of 25 %

upto 100% at constant speed of 1500 rpm at different Injection pressures (180 bar, 210 bar, and 240
bar) for various blends .The exhaust gases are measured by 5 gas analyzer from the exhasut stream

of the engine.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The oil purification process aimed to remove degradation products, which were formed

during frying of food, and to evaluate efficiency of applied mixture of adsorbents. Variation of specific

fuel consumption with engine load for diesel, waste cooking-oil blends (B10, B20 and B30) is shown

in Fig. 2. Specific fuel consumptions for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends are higher than diesel fuel.

Biodiesel blends showed increase in fuel consumption approximately proportional to the amount of

biodiesel blended to diesel fuel. In case of biodiesel blends, diesel engine consumes more fuel than

diesel oil at the same power.

Thermal efficiencies are slightly lower for biodiesel blends compared to diesel fuel at all

engine loads. The decrease in thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends was due to the poor combustion

characteristics and volatility of waste cooking-oil biodiesel compared to diesel fuel. Density of waste

cooking-oil biodiesel was higher than diesel fuel. Calorific value of waste cooking-oil biodiesel is lower

than diesel oil. Thermal efficiencies of waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends B10, B20 and B30 achieved

decreases about diesel fuel.

CO emissions variations with engine brake power are shown in Fig. 7. CO emissions

decreased with increasing of engine brake power at lower loads and then increased at higher loads.

Decreases in carbon monoxide emission for biodiesel blends were due to more oxygen molecules and

lower carbon content in biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which lead to better combustion.

The presence of oxygen in waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends is helpful for better combustion and

reduction of CO emissions.
FINDINGS

Thermal efficiencies of waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends with diesel fuel were lower

compared to diesel fuel and specific fuel consumptions were found to be higher. Higher exhaust

gas temperatures were recorded for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends compared to diesel fuel

for the entire engine load. Air-fuel ratios for diesel-biodiesel blends B10, B20 and B30 were lower

than diesel fuel. CO, HC and other emissions were lower for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends

compared to diesel fuel.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

Effect of waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends on exhaust gas temperature

In the table showed the effect of waste cooking-oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel oil on

exhaust gas temperature at different engine loads. Exhaust gas temperature increases with increase

of engine load for all fuels. Thermal efficiency decrease for biodiesel blends about diesel fuel led to

increase of heat loss in exhaust gases and increase of fuel consumption. The trend may be due to

higher cylinder temperature inside the engine as more fuel is burnt. The heat loss in exhaust gases

increased with the increase in engine load. Higher exhaust gas temperatures are recorded for biodiesel

blends compared to fossil diesel for the entire engine load.

Effect of waste cooking-oil blends on specific fuel consumption

 Variation of specific fuel consumption with engine load for diesel, waste cooking-oil blends

(B10, B20 and B30) is shown in Fig. 2. Specific fuel consumptions for waste cooking-

oil biodiesel blends are higher than diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends showed increase in fuel consumption

approximately proportional to the amount of biodiesel blended to diesel fuel. In case of biodiesel

blends, diesel engine consumes more fuel than diesel oil at the same power.

Effect of waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends on CO2 emissions

Showed the variation of CO2 emission with engine load for waste cooking-oil biodiesel

blends. CO2 emission is more for biodiesel and its blends than that for diesel fuel. The rising trend of

CO2 emission with engine load was due to the higher fuel entry as the load increased. CO 2 emissions

for diesel-biodiesel blends were higher than diesel oil and it is increased with the increase in blend

proportion. CO2 emission increase was due to higher oxygen content in biodiesel blends.

CONCLUSION

A single cylinder diesel engine was run using waste cooking-oil biodieselblends B10, B20

and B30. Performance and exhaust emissions were measured at different engine loads of 1, 2, 3 and

4 kW and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, exhaust

gas temperature, air-fuel ratio and mechanical efficiency were measured. CO, CO2, NOx, HC and the

emissions were measured and compared with diesel fuel.

 Communication presents the results of investigations on the possibility of use of waste oils,

mainly rapeseed, as raw material for the production of fatty acid methyl esters. A number of physical

and chemical properties of fats obtained gastronomy, and different oils and fats remaining after frying

frozen food

RECOMMENDATION

Synthetic blend oils evaporate less and help reduce fuel consumption. Synthetic blend

diesel oil is recommended for trucks and SUVs. If your vehicle already has 75,000 miles or more, you

need a heavy duty diesel engine oil to get your engines well lubricated and running well. This is some

recommendations:

1. As there are large amount of population in our place oil as diesel is good as alternative diesel.

2. People should work on their experiment.

3. It is good also for the environment that we can’t used a harm chemical
BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237008261_Journal_Waste_oils_as_alternative_fuel_for_di

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TSEnsbCt8

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S111006211830014X

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/683272/

https://www.google.com/search?q=recommendation+about+oil+as+diesel&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH836P

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