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Abstract- Air Data Computer (ADC) is an electronics an inputs [4]. Simulation of ADC model has been faced
device computes air data flight parameters. The by two problems. The first one was to choose true
objective of this paper is to analyze, simulate, and values of dynamic temperature because it depends on
propose hardware implementation module for the Air flight altitude and airspeed. The second problem is that
Data Computer. Simulation of ADC model has been Mach number equation for Mach greater than one is
faced by two problems. The first one was to choose true implicit equation.
values of dynamic temperature because it depends on
This work propose modified model to avoid the first
flight altitude and airspeed. The second problem is that
problem, and using numerical methods to solve the
Mach number equation for Mach greater than one is
implicit equation. This work propose modified model to implicitly of Mach number equation. Furthermore,
avoid the first problem, and using numerical methods to analysis of the proposed model including methodical
solve the implicitly of Mach number equation. The errors and sensitivity has been introduced. The
proposed model has been implemented on proposed model has been implemented on
microcomputer base system. microcomputer base system. The system consists of
software and hardware. Software read input data,
Key words- air data computer, numerical method,
simulation, hardware implementation, computer based
computes, control, and display the calculated air data
system. flight parameters, while hardware consists of simulated
I. INTRODUCTION sensor data (power supply and potentiometers) and
Modern aircraft cockpits are supported by glass cockpit microcontroller.
in which the air data computer is the essential II. AIR DATA COMPUTER
component. This computer is the developed form of the The following figure shows the simplified ADC block
classical air data instruments: altimeter, Mach-meter, diagram
airspeed indicator, static temperature indicator and air
density ratio instrument. The computer is integrated
electronic device uses pitot tube pressures (static and
dynamic pressures) as well as dynamic probe to
calculate air data parameters and displays these data on
electronic display [1]. Furthermore, the calculated
parameters are available at the digital or analogue data
buses to be uses by the other systems. The first air data
computer patented in the US was developed by John H.
Andresen. In Airbus aircraft the air data computer is
combined with altitude, heading and navigation
sources in a single unit known as the Air Data Inertial
Reference Unit (ADIRU). This has now been replaced
by Global Navigation Air Data Inertial Reference Fig. (1) ADC simplified block diagram
System (GNADIRS) [3].
III. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Mathematical model of real air data computer requires The ADC system can be modeled by mathematical
static and total pressures and dynamic temperature as relationships between its entries. It receives the input
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2017 International Conference on Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engineering (ICCCCEE),
Khartoum, Sudan
data and computes the output data according to the implicit formulas such as Newton's iteration method,
following mathematical equations [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5] [2]. which is chosen for it is simplicity and accuracy [5].
Given a function f (M), set g (M) =M-f (m)/f'(m).
Q 0.28571 Let P0 be an approximation to solution of f(m) = o
M = 5 c +1 −1 (1)
generate the sequence {Pn} recursively by the relation
Pn = g(Pn-1 ) n = 1,2,3… Convergence theorem of this
PH method state that "suppose that the function f(m) = 0 ,
has zero at m = p with f'(p) ≠ 0 and f''(m) is continuous
Where QC and PH are known as the dynamic
at m = p then there exist an ( beta > 0) such that if
pressure and the static pressure respectively. For
supersonic flight (for M > 1) the ratio of dynamic P − P0 <= β
. Then the sequence given by above
pressures to static pressures is given by:
algorithm converges to P Now we have:
Qc 166.92*M 7 Qc 166.92* M 7
= −1 (2)
f (m) = − +1 = 0
PH ( 7*M 2 − 1)2.5 PH ( 7* M 2 −1)3.5
(8)
The static temperature known as outside aircraft air (166.92)*7* M 6 *[2* M 2 −1]
temperature and can be defined by: f '(m) = − (9)
( 7* M −1) 2 3.5
TD
TH = (3)
Then f'(M) ≠ 0 for all M > 1, f"(M) is continuous
1 + 0.2 * M 2
Where (TD) is the dynamic temperature. for all M > 1. And we define beta > 0 such that:
Air density ratio is the ratio between air density at M − M0 ≤ β . Then the iterative method is
sea level and air density at altitude H, it is descried convergent.
by Let X = M – M0, then X = -f (M0)/f'(M0):
ρ H T0 * PH
= (4) Qc 1 6 6 .9 2 * M 7
ρ 0 T H * P0 +1−
(7 * M 2 − 1 )
2 .5
PH (10)
Where ρo and ρH are air density at sea level and at X = 6 2
1 6 6 .9 2 * 7 * M * (2 * M − 1)
altitude H respectively. Similarly T0 and TH are static
(7 * M − 1)
2 2 .5
temperatures at sea level and at altitude H respectively.
P0 is the static pressures at sea level.
True airspeed (Vt) is the physical speed of the aircraft Qc
+1 *( 7* M −1)
2 2.5
(11)
relative to the moving air mass. True airspeed given by: 7* M −1 2
P
H 7
X= * − M
7* M 6 *(2* M 2 −1) 166.92
Vt = 20.0479* M * TH (5)
Altitude is the length between the aircraft center of Then: Mnew = Mold + X
gravity (C.G) and sea level. In standard atmosphere, the where X is the modifying term.
relation between altitude and ambient pressure is
defined as follow: V. PROPOSED MODEL
For H ≤ 11000 meter
To solve the dynamic temperature problem the ADC
P model modified to be depends only on static and
H = 14.6373*(T0 + TH )*log 0 (6) dynamic pressures as input parameters. This can be
PH prepared by modifying equations (3, 6, and 7) to be as
For H >11000 meter follows (taking in our consideration temperature
P varying with altitudes according to International
H = 11000 + R * T11 *log 11 (7) standard atmosphere (ISA) [6].
PH Case1: H ≤ 11000 meters
Where (T11, and P11) are the static air temperature and
T0 PH
−R*α
static pressure at altitude H=11000 meters and (R) is
gas constant.
H =− 1−
α P0 (12)
IV. NEWTON'S ITERATION METHOD
The implicitly of Mach number equation (2) is solved TH = T0 + ∝*H (13)
by using numerical methods. Many methods can solve Case2: H > 11000 meters
978-1-5090-1809-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
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2017 International Conference on Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engineering (ICCCCEE),
Khartoum, Sudan
P
H = 11000 + R * T11 * log 11 (14)
PH
TH = T11 (15)
Where ∝ is the temperature gradient.
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(b) Mach change with static pressure (e) Mach change with dynamic pressure
(c) Airspeed with static pressures (f) Airspeed with dynamic pressures
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Khartoum, Sudan
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2017 International Conference on Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engineering (ICCCCEE),
Khartoum, Sudan
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2017 International Conference on Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engineering (ICCCCEE),
Khartoum, Sudan
REFERENCES
1. E. H. J Pallett “Aircraft Instruments and
Integrated Systems” © Longman, 1992.
2. Esmat Bekir “Introduction to Modern Navigation
Systems” © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing
Co. Pte. Ltd.
3. Kim Wiolland “Air Data Computers” Avionics
News, 2015.
4. LU Yan-jum, and GUO Feng-juan “The Design
and Development of Analog Air Data Computer
based on ARM” 2nd International Conference on
Intelligent Control and Information Processing.
2011, pp 61-64.
5. Richard L. Burden, and J. Douglas Faires
“Numerical Analysis” 9th Edition, © 2011
Brooks/Cole, Cengage learning.
6. S. Nagabhushana “Aircraft Instrumentation and
Systems” I. K. International Pvt © 2010.