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The Engineer will establish the limits of work and designate (5) In areas covered by cogon/talahib, wild grass and other
all trees, shrubs, plants and other things to remain. The Contractor vegetations, top soil shall be cut to a maximum depth
shall preserve all objects designated to remain. Paint required for of 150 mm below the original ground surface or as
cut or scarred surface of trees or shrubs selected for retention shall designated by the Engineer, and disposed outside the
be an approved asphaltum base paint prepared especially for tree clearing and grubbing limits as indicated in the typical
surgery. roadway section.
Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe of the fill Except in areas to be excavated, stump holes and other
slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes as the case maybe for the holes from which obstructions are removed shall be backfilled with
entire length of the project unless otherwise shown on the plans or suitable material and compacted to the required density.
as directed by the Engineer and provided it is within the right of way
limits of the project, with the exception of trees under the jurisdiction If perishable material is burned, it shall be burned under the
of the Forest Management Bureau (FMB). constant care of component watchmen at such times and in such a
manner that the surrounding vegetation, other adjacent property, or
100.2.2 Clearing and Grubbing anything designated to remain on the right of way will not be
jeopardized. If permitted, burning shall be done in accordance with
All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other applicable laws, ordinances, and regulation.
protruding obstructions, not designated to remain, shall be cleared
and/or grubbed, including mowing as required, except as provided The Contractor shall use high intensity burning procedures,
below: (i.e., incinerators, high stacking or pit and ditch burning with forced
air supplements) that produce intense burning with little or no visible
(1) Removal of undisturbed stumps and roots and smoke emission during the burning process. At the conclusion of
nonperishable solid objects with a minimum depth of
each burning session, the fire shall be completely extinguished so All merchantable timber in the clearing area which has not
that no smoldering debris remains. been removed from the right of way prior to the beginning of
construction, shall become the property of the Contractor, unless
In the event that the Contractor is directed by the Engineer otherwise provided.
not to start burning operations or to suspend such operations
because of hazardous weather conditions, material to be burned Low hanging branches and unsound or unsightly branches
which interferes with subsequent construction operations shall be on trees or shrubs designated to remain shall be trimmed as
moved by the Contractor to temporary locations clear of construction directed. Branches of trees extending over the roadbed shall be
operations and later, if directed by the Engineer, shall be placed on a trimmed to give a clear height of 6 m (20 feet) above the roadbed
designated spot and burned. surface. All trimming shall be done by skilled workmen and in
accordance with good tree surgery practices.
Materials and debris which cannot be burned and perishable
materials may be disposed off by methods and at locations approved Timber cut inside the area staked for clearing shall be felled
by the Engineer, on or off the project. If disposal is by burying, the within the area to be cleared.
debris shall be placed in layers with the material so disturbed to
avoid nesting. Each layer shall be covered or mixed with earth 100.2.3 Individual Removal of Trees or Stumps
material by the land-fill method to fill all voids. The top layer of
material buried shall be covered with at least 300 mm (12 inches) of Individual trees or stumps designated by the Engineer for
earth or other approved material and shall be graded, shaped and removal and located in areas other than those established for
compacted to present a pleasing appearance. If the disposal clearing and grubbing and roadside cleanup shall be removed and
location is off the project, the Contractor shall make all necessary disposed off as specified under Subsection 100.2.2 except trees
arrangements with property owners in writing for obtaining suitable removed shall be cut as nearly flush with the ground as practicable
disposal locations which are outside the limits of view from the without removing stumps.
project. The cost involved shall be included in the unit bid price. A
copy of such agreement shall be furnished to the Engineer. The 100.3 Method of Measurement
disposal areas shall be seeded, fertilized and mulched at the
Contractor’s expense. Measurement will be by one or more of the following
alternate methods:
Woody material may be disposed off by chipping. The wood
chips may be used for mulch, slope erosion control or may be 1. Area Basis. The work to be paid for shall be the
uniformly spread over selected areas as directed by the Engineer. number of hectares and fractions thereof acceptably
Wood chips used as mulch for slope erosion control shall have a cleared and grubbed within the limits indicated on
maximum thickness of 12 mm (1/2 inch) and faces not exceeding the Plans or as may be adjusted in field staking by
3900 mm2 (6 square inches) on any individual surface area. Wood the Engineer. Areas not within the clearing and
chips not designated for use under other sections shall be spread grubbing limits shown on the Plans or not staked for
over the designated areas in layers not to exceed 75 mm (3 inches) clearing and grubbing will not be measured for
loose thickness. Diseased trees shall be buried or disposed off as payment.
directed by the Engineer.
2. Lump-Sum Basis. When the Bill of Quantities
contains a Clearing and Grubbing lump-sum item, no
Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement
measurement of area will be made for such item.
3. Individual Unit Basis (Selective Clearing). The 100 (1) Clearing and Grubbing Hectare
diameter of trees will be measured at a height of 1.4 100 (2) Clearing and Grubbing Lump Sum
m (54 inches) above the ground. Trees less than 100 (3) Individual Removal of Each
150 mm (6 inches) in diameter will not be measured Trees, Small
for payment.
100 (4) Individual removal of Each
When Bill of Quantities indicates measurement of trees by Trees, Large
individual unit basis, the units will be designated and measured in
accordance with the following schedule of sizes:
Diameter at height of 1.4 m Pay Item Designation ITEM 101 – REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND
OBSTRUCTIONS
Over 150 mm to 900 mm Small
Over 900 mm Large 101.1 Description
101.2.1 General
Unless otherwise directed, the substructures of existing (1) Broken into pieces and used for riprap on the project,
structures shall be removed down to the natural stream bottom and or
those parts outside of the stream shall be removed down to at least
300 mm (12 inches) below natural ground surface. Where such (2) Broken into pieces, the size of which shall not exceed
portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits for 300 mm (12 inches) in any dimension and stockpiled
a new structure, they shall be removed as necessary to at designated locations on the project for use by the
accommodate the construction of the proposed structure. Government, or
Steel bridges and wood bridges when specified to be (3) Otherwise demolished and disposed off as directed by
salvaged shall be carefully dismantled without damaged. Steel the Engineer. When specified, ballast, gravel,
members shall be match marked unless such match marking is bituminous materials or other surfacing or pavement
materials shall be removed and stockpiled as required
in Subsection 101.2.1, otherwise such materials shall
be disposed off as directed. Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement
There will be no separate payment for excavating for 101 (1) Removal of Structures Lump Sum
removal of structures and obstructions or for backfilling and and Obstruction
compacting the remaining cavity. 101 (2) Removal of actual Each
structures/obstruction
101.3 Method of Measurement 101 (3) Removal of actual Square Meter
structures/obstruction
When the Contract stipulates that payment will be made for 101 (4) Removal of actual Linear Meter
removal of obstructions on lump-sum basis, the pay item will include structures/obstruction
all structures and obstructions encountered within the roadway.
Where the contract stipulates that payment will be made for the
removal of specific items on a unit basis, measurement will be made ITEM 102 – EXCAVATION
by the unit stipulated in the Contract.
102.1 Description
Whenever the Bill of Quantities does not contain an item for
any aforementioned removals, the work will not be paid for directly, This Item shall consist of roadway and drainage and borrow
but will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor excavation and the disposal of material in accordance with this
under other Contract Items. Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions
shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer.
101.4 Basis of Payment
102.1.1 Roadway Excavation
The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section
101.3, shall be paid for at the Contract unit price or lump sum price Roadway excavation will include excavation and grading for
bid for each of the Pay Items listed below that is included in the Bill of roadways, parking areas, intersections, approaches, slope rounding,
Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for benching, waterways and ditches; removal of unsuitable material
removing and disposing of obstructions, including materials, labor, from the roadbed and beneath embankment areas; and excavating
equipments, tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work selected material found in the roadway as ordered by the Engineer
prescribed in this Item. The price shall also include backfilling, for specific use in the improvement. Roadway excavation will be
salvage of materials removed, their custody, preservation, storage on classified as “unclassified excavation”, “rock excavation”, “common
the right-of-way and disposal as provided herein. excavation”, or “muck excavation” as indicated in the Bill of
Quantities and hereinafter described.
Payment will be made under:
(1) Unclassified Excavation. Unclassified excavation
shall consist of the excavation and disposal of all
materials regardless of its nature, not classified and
included in the Bill of Quantities under other pay items.
(2) Rock Excavation. Rock excavation shall consist of 102.2.1 General
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock which
cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of When there is evidence of discrepancies on the actual
rippers, and all boulders or other detached stones elevations and that shown on the Plans, a pre-construction survey
each having a volume of 1 cubic meter or more as referred to the datum plane used in the approved Plan shall be
determined by physical measurements or visually by undertaken by the Contractor under the control of the Engineer to
the Engineer. serve as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the
excavated materials.
(3) Common Excavation. Common excavations shall All excavations shall be finished to reasonably smooth and
consist of all excavation not included in the Bill of uniform surfaces. No materials shall be wasted without authority of
Quantities under “rock excavation” or other pay items. the Engineer. Excavation operations shall be conducted so that
material outside of the limits of slopes will not be disturbed. Prior to
(4) Muck Excavation. Muck excavation shall consist of excavation, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that area shall
the removal and disposal of deposits of saturated or have been performed in accordance with Item 100, Clearing and
unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not Grubbing.
suitable for foundation material regardless of moisture
content.
Only approved materials shall be used in the construction of Presplitting to obtain faces in the rock and shale formations
embankments and backfills. shall be performed by: (1) drilling holes at uniform intervals along the
slope lines, (2) loading and stemming the holes with appropriate
All excess material, including rock and boulders that cannot explosives and stemming material, and (3) detonating the holes
be used in embankments shall be disposed off as directed. simultaneously.
Material encountered in the excavation and determined by Prior to starting drilling operations for presplitting, the
the Engineer as suitable for topping, road finishing, slope protection, Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a plan outlining the position of
or other purposes shall be conserved and utilized as directed by the all drill holes, depth of drilling, type of explosives to be used, loading
Engineer. pattern and sequence of firing. The drilling and blasting plan is for
record purposes only and will not absolve the Contractor of his
Borrow material shall not be placed until after the readily responsibility for using proper drilling and blasting procedures.
accessible roadway excavation has been placed in the fill, unless Controlled blasting shall begin with a short test section of a length
otherwise permitted or directed by the Engineer. If the Contractor approved by the Engineer. The test section shall be presplit,
places moré borrow than is required and thereby causes a waste of production drilled and blasted and sufficient material excavated
excavation, the amount of such waste will be deducted from the whereby the Engineer can determine if the Contractor’s methods are
borrow volume. satisfactory. The Engineer may order discontinuance of the
presplitting when he determines that the materials encountered have
102.2.4 Prewatering become unsuitable for being presplit.
Excavation areas and borrow pits may be prewatered before The holes shall be charged with explosives of the size, kind,
excavating the material. When prewatering is used, the areas to be strength, and at the spacing suitable for the formations being presplit,
excavated shall be moistened to the full depth, from the surface to and with stemming material which passes a 9.5 mm (3/8 inch)
the bottom of the excavation. The water shall be controlled so that standard sieve and which has the qualities for proper confinement of
the excavated material will contain the proper moisture to permit the explosives.
compaction to the specified density with the use of standard
compacting equipment. Prewatering shall be supplemented where The finished presplit slope shall be reasonably uniform and
necessary, by truck watering units, to ensure that the embankment free of loose rock. Variance from the true plane of the excavated
material contains the proper moisture at the time of compaction. backslope shall not exceed 300 mm (12 inches); however, localized
irregularities or surface variations that do not constitute a safety
The Contractor shall provide drilling equipment capable of hazard or an impairment to drainage courses or facilities will be
suitably checking the moisture penetration to the full depth of the permitted.
excavation.
A maximum offset of 600 mm (24 inches) will be permitted Material below subgrade, other than solid rock shall be
for a construction working bench at the bottom of each lift for use in thoroughly scarified to a depth of 150 mm (6 inches) and the
drilling the next lower presplitting pattern. moisture content increased or reduced, as necessary, to bring the
material throughout this 150 mm layer to the moisture content
102.2.6 Excavation of Ditches, Gutters, etc. suitable for maximum compaction. This layer shall then be
compacted in accordance with Subsection 104.3.3.
All materials excavated from side ditches and gutters,
channel changes, irrigation ditches, inlet and outlet ditches, toe 102.2.8 Borrow Areas
ditches, furrow ditches, and such other ditches as may be designated
on the Plans or staked by the Engineer, shall be utilized as provided The Contractor shall notify the Engineer sufficiently in
in Subsection 102.2.3. advance of opening any borrow areas so that cross-section
elevations and measurements of the ground surface after stripping
Ditches shall conform to the slope, grade, and shape of the may be taken, and the borrow material can be tested before being
required cross-section, with no projections of roots, stumps, rock, or used. Sufficient time for testing the borrow material shall be
similar matter. The Contractor shall maintain and keep open and allowed.
free from leaves, sticks, and other debris all ditches dug by him until
final acceptance of the work. All borrow areas shall be bladed and left in such shape as to
permit accurate measurements after excavation has been
Furrow ditches shall be formed by plowing a continuous completed. The Contractor shall not excavate beyond the
furrow along the line staked by the Engineer. Methods other than dimensions and elevations established, and no material shall be
plowing may be used if acceptable to the Engineer. The ditches removed prior to the staking out and cross-sectioning of the site.
shall be cleaned out by hand shovel work, by ditcher, or by some The finished borrow areas shall be approximately true to line and
other suitable method, throwing all loose materials on the downhill grade established and specified and shall be finished, as prescribed
side so that the bottom of the finished ditch shall be approximately in Clause 61, Standard Specifications for Public Works and
450 mm (18 inches) below the crest of the loose material piled on the Highways, Volume 1. When necessary to remove fencing, the
downhill side. Hand finish will not be required, but the flow lines fencing shall be replaced in at least as good condition as it was
shall be in satisfactory shape to provide drainage without overflow. originally. The Contractor shall be responsible for the confinement of
livestock when a portion of the fence is removed.
102.2.7 Excavation of Roadbed Level
Rock shall be excavated to a depth of 150 mm (6 inches) 102.2.9 Removal of Unsuitable Material
below subgrade within the limits of the roadbed, and the excavation
backfilled with material designated on the Plans or approved by the Where the Plans show the top portion of the roadbed to be
Engineer and compacted to the required density. selected topping, all unsuitable materials shall be excavated to the
depth necessary for replacement of the selected topping to the
When excavation methods employed by the Contractor leave required compacted thickness.
undrained pockets in the rock surface, the Contractor shall at his own
expense, properly drain such depressions or when permitted by the Where excavation to the finished graded section results in a
Engineer fill the depressions with approved impermeable material. subgrade or slopes of unsuitable soil, the Engineer may require the
Contractor to remove the unsuitable material and backfill to the
finished graded section with approved material. The Contractor The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in Section
shall conduct his operations in such a way that the Engineer can take 102.3 shall be paid for at the contract unit price for each of the Pay
the necessary cross-sectional measurements before the backfill is Items listed below that is included in the Bill of Quantities which price
placed. and payment shall be full compensation for the removal and disposal
of excavated materials including all labor, equipment, tools, and
The excavation of muck shall be handled in a manner that incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this Item.
will not permit the entrapment of muck within the backfill. The
material used for backfilling up to the ground line or water level, Payment will be made under:
whichever is higher, shall be rock or other suitable granular material
selected from the roadway excavation, if available. If not available, Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement
suitable material shall be obtained from other approved sources.
Unsuitable material removed shall be disposed off in designated 102 (1) Unsuitable Excavation Cubic Meter
areas shown on the Plans or approved by the Engineer. 102 (2) Surplus Common Excavation Cubic Meter
102 (3) Surplus Rock Excavation Cubic Meter
102 (4) Surplus Unclassified Cubic Meter
102.3 Method of Measurement Excavation
103.2 Construction Requirements (2) Structures other than pipe culverts. All rock or other
hard foundation materials shall be cleaned all loose
103.2.1 Clearing and Grubbing materials, and cut to a firm surface, either level,
stepped, or serrated as directed by the Engineer. All
Prior to starting excavation operations in any area, all seams or crevices shall be cleaned and grouted. All
necessary clearing and grubbing in that area shall have been loose and disintegrated rocks and thin strata shall be
performed in accordance with Item 100, Clearing and Grubbing. removed. When the footing is to rest on material
other than rock, excavation to final grade shall not be
103.2.2 Excavation made until just before the footing is to be placed.
When the foundation material is soft or mucky or
(1) General, all structures. The Contractor shall notify the otherwise unsuitable, as determined by the Engineer,
Engineer sufficiently in advance of the beginning of the Contractor shall remove the unsuitable material
any excavation so that cross-sectional elevations and and backfill with approved granular material. This
measurements may be taken on the undisturbed foundation fill shall be placed and compacted in 150
ground. The natural ground adjacent to the structure mm (6 inches) layers up to the foundation elevation.
shall not be disturbed without permission of the
Engineer. When foundation piles are used, the excavation of
each pit shall be completed before the piles are driven
Trenches or foundation pits for structures or and any placing of foundation fill shall be done after
structure footings shall be excavated to the lines and the piles are driven. After the driving is completed, all
grades or elevations shown on the Plans or as staked loose and displaced materials shall be removed,
by the Engineer. They shall be of sufficient size to leaving a smooth, solid bed to receive the footing.
permit the placing of structures or structure footings of
the full width and length shown. The elevations of the (3) Pipe Culverts. The width of the pipe trench shall be
bottoms of footings, as shown on the Plans, shall be sufficient to permit satisfactory jointing of the pipe and
considered as approximate only and the Engineer may thorough tamping of the bedding material under and
order, in writing, such changes in dimensions or around the pipe.
elevations of footings as may be deemed necessary,
to secure a satisfactory foundation. Where rock, hardpan, or other unyielding material
is encountered, it shall be removed below the
Boulders, logs, and other objectionable materials foundation grade for a depth of at least 300 mm or 4
encountered in excavation shall be removed. mm for each 100 mm of fill over the top of pipe,
whichever is greater, but not to exceed three-quarters
After each excavation is completed, the Contractor of the vertical inside diameter of the pipe. The width
shall notify the Engineer to that effect and no footing, of the excavation shall be at least 300 mm (12 inches)
bedding material or pipe culvert shall be placed until greater than the horizontal outside diameter of the
pipe. The excavation below grade shall be backfilled
with selected fine compressible material, such as silty
clay or loam, and lightly compacted in layers not over Suitable and practically watertight cofferdams shall be used
150 mm (6 inches) in uncompacted depth to form a wherever water-bearing strata are encountered above the elevation
uniform but yielding foundation. of the bottom of the excavation. If requested, the Contractor shall
submit drawings showing his proposed method of cofferdam
Where a firm foundation is not encountered at the construction, as directed by the Engineer.
grade established, due to soft, spongy, or other
unstable soil, such unstable soil under the pipe and for Cofferdams or cribs for foundation construction shall in
a width of at least one diameter on each side of the general, be carried well below the bottoms of the footings and shall
pipe shall be removed to the depth directed by the be well braced and as nearly watertight as practicable. In general,
Engineer and replaced with approved granular the interior dimensions of cofferdams shall be such as to give
foundation fill material properly compacted to provide sufficient clearance for the construction of forms and the inspection
adequate support for the pipe, unless other special of their exteriors, and to permit pumping outside of the forms.
construction methods are called for on the Plans. Cofferdams or cribs which are tilted or moved laterally during the
process of sinking shall be righted or enlarged so as to provide the
The foundation surface shall provide a firm necessary clearance.
foundation of uniform density throughout the length of
the culvert and, if directed by the Engineer, shall be When conditions are encountered which, as determined by
cambered in the direction parallel to the pipe the Engineer, render it impracticable to dewater the foundation
centerline. before placing the footing, the Engineer may require the construction
of a concrete foundation seal of such dimensions as he may consider
Where pipe culverts are to be placed in trenches necessary, and of such thickness as to resist any possible uplift.
excavated in embankments, the excavation of each The concrete for such seal shall be placed as shown on the Plans or
trench shall be performed after the embankment has directed by the Engineer. The foundation shall then be dewatered
been constructed to a plane parallel to the proposed and the footing placed. When weighted cribs are employed and the
profile grade and to such height above the bottom of mass is utilized to overcome partially the hydrostatic pressure acting
the pipe as shown on the Plans or directed by the against the bottom of the foundation seal, special anchorage such as
Engineer. dowels or keys shall be provided to transfer the entire mass of the
crib to the foundation seal. When a foundation seal is placed under
water, the cofferdams shall be vented or ported at low water level as
103.2.3 Utilization of Excavated Materials directed.
All excavated materials, so far as suitable, shall be utilized Cofferdams shall be constructed so as to protect green
as backfill or embankment. The surplus materials shall be disposed concrete against damage from sudden rising of the stream and to
off in such manner as not to obstruct the stream or otherwise impair prevent damage to the foundation by erosion. No timber or bracing
the efficiency or appearance of the structure. No excavated shall be left in cofferdams or cribs in such a way as to extend into
materials shall be deposited at any time so as to endanger the partly substructure masonry, without written permission from the Engineer.
finished structure.
Any pumping that may be permitted from the interior of any
103.2.4 Cofferdams foundation enclosure shall be done in such a manner as to preclude
the possibility of any portion of the concrete material being carried on one side than on the opposite side, the additional material on the
away. Any pumping required during the placing of concrete, or for a higher side shall not be placed until the masonry has been in place
period of at least 24 hours thereafter, shall be done from a suitable for 14 days, or until tests made by the laboratory under the
sump located outside the concrete forms. Pumping to dewater a supervision of the Engineer establishes that the masonry has
sealed cofferdam shall not commence until the seal has set attained sufficient strength to withstand any pressure created by the
sufficiently to withstand the hydrostatic pressure. methods used and materials placed without damage or strain beyond
a safe factor.
Unless otherwise provided, cofferdams or cribs, with all
sheeting and bracing involved therewith, shall be removed by the Backfill or embankment shall not be placed behind the walls
Contractor after the completion of the substructure. Removal shall of concrete culverts or abutments or rigid frame structures until the
be effected in such manner as not to disturb or mar finished top slab is placed and cured. Backfill and embankment behind
masonry. abutments held at the top by the superstructure, and behind the
sidewalls of culverts, shall be carried up simultaneously behind
opposite abutments or sidewalls.
103.2.5 Preservation of Channel
All embankments adjacent to structures shall be constructed
Unless otherwise permitted, no excavation shall be made in horizontal layers and compacted as prescribed in Subsection
outside of caissons, cribs, cofferdams, or sheet piling, and the 104.3.3 except that mechanical tampers may be used for the
natural stream bed adjacent to structure shall not be disturbed required compaction. Special care shall be taken to prevent any
without permission from the Engineer. If any excavation or dredging wedging action against the structure and slopes bounding or within
is made at the side of the structure before caissons, cribs, or the areas to be filled shall be benched or serrated to prevent wedge
cofferdams are sunk in place, the Contractor shall, after the action. The placing of embankment and the benching of slopes
foundation base is in place, backfill all such excavations to the shall continue in such a manner that at all times there will be
original ground surface or stream bed with material satisfactory to the horizontal berm of thoroughly compacted material for a distance at
Engineer. least equal to the height of the abutment or wall to the backfilled
against except insofar as undisturbed material obtrudes upon the
103.2.6 Backfill and Embankment for Structures Other Than area.
Pipe Culverts
Broken rock or coarse sand and gravel shall be provided for
Excavated areas around structures shall be backfilled with a drainage filter at weepholes as shown on the Plans.
free draining granular material approved by the Engineer and placed
in horizontal layers not over 150 mm (6 inches) in thickness, to the 103.2.7 Bedding, Backfill, and Embankment for Pipe Culverts
level of the original ground surface. Each layer shall be moistened
or dried as required and thoroughly compacted with mechanical Bedding, Backfill and Embankment for pipe culverts shall be
tampers. done in accordance with Item 500, Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains.
(4) Shoring, cribbing, and related work required for Selected Borrow, for topping – soil of such
excavation ordered more than 1.5 m (60 inches ) gradation that all particles will pass a sieve with 75 mm
below Plan elevation will be paid for in accordance (3 inches) square openings and not more than 15
with Part K. mass percent will pass the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve,
as determined by AASHTO T 11. The material shall
Payment will be made under: have a plasticity index of not more than 6 as
determined by ASSHTO T 90 and a liquid limit of not
Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement
more than 30 as determined by AASHTO T 89.
(e) Soils with very low natural density, 800 kg/m 3 or 104.3.2 Methods of Construction
lower.
Where there is evidence of discrepancies on the actual
(f) Soils that cannot be properly compacted as elevations and that shown on the Plans, a preconstruction survey
determined by the referred to the datum plane used in the approved Plan shall be
Engineer. undertaken by the Contractor under the control of the Engineer to
serve as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the
104.3 Construction Requirements embankment materials.
Embankments and backfills shall contain no muck, peat, sod, Unless shown otherwise on the Plans or special Provisions,
roots or other deleterious matter. Rocks, broken concrete or other where an embankment of less than 1.2 m (4 feet) below subgrade is
solid, bulky materials shall not be placed in embankment areas to be made, all sod and vegetable matter shall be removed from the
where piling is to be placed or driven. surface upon which the embankment is to be placed, and the cleared
surfaced shall be completely broken up by plowing, scarifying, or
Where shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer, the steeping to a minimum depth of 150 mm except as provided in
surface of the existing ground shall be compacted to a depth of 150 Subsection 102.2.2. This area shall then be compacted as provided
mm (6 inches) and to the specified requirements of this Item. in Subsection 104.3.3. Sod not required to be removed shall be
thoroughly disc harrowed or scarified before construction of
embankment. Wherever a compacted road surface containing
granular materials lies within 900 mm (36 inches) of the subgrade,
such old road surface shall be scarified to a depth of at least 150 mm embankment in layers not exceeding in thickness the approximate
(6 inches) whenever directed by the Engineer. This scarified average size of the larger rocks, but not greater than 600 mm (24
materials shall then be compacted as provided in Subsection inches).
104.3.3.
Even though the thickness of layers is limited as provided
When shoulder excavation is specified, the roadway above, the placing of individual rocks and boulders greater than 600
shoulders shall be excavated to the depth and width shown on the mm in diameter will be permitted provided that when placed, they do
Plans. The shoulder material shall be removed without disturbing not exceed 1200 mm (48 inches) in height and provided they are
the adjacent existing base course material, and all excess excavated carefully distributed, with the interstices filled with finer material to
materials shall be disposed off as provided in Subsection 102.2.3. If form a dense and compact mass.
necessary, the areas shall be compacted before being backfilled.
Each layer shall be leveled and smoothed with suitable
Roadway embankment of earth material shall be placed in leveling equipment and by distribution of spalls and finer fragments
horizontal layers not exceeding 200 mm (8 inches), loose of earth. Lifts of material containing more than 25 mass percent of
measurement, and shall be compacted as specified before the next rock larger than 150 mm in greatest dimensions shall not be
layer is placed. However, thicker layer maybe placed if vibratory constructed above an elevation 300 mm ( 12 inches) below the
roller with high compactive effort is used provided that density finished subgrade. The balance of the embankment shall be
requirement is attained and as approved by the Engineer. Trial composed of suitable material smoothed and placed in layers not
section to this effect must be conducted and approved by the exceeding 200 mm (8 inches) in loose thickness and compacted as
Engineer. Effective spreading equipment shall be used on each lift to specified for embankments.
obtain uniform thickness as determined in the trial section prior to
compaction. As the compaction of each layer progresses, Dumping and rolling areas shall be kept separate, and no lift
continuous leveling and manipulating will be required to assure shall be covered by another until compaction complies with the
uniform density. Water shall be added or removed, if necessary, in requirements of Subsection 104.3.3.
order to obtain the required density. Removal of water shall be
accomplished through aeration by plowing, blading, discing, or other Hauling and leveling equipment shall be so routed and
methods satisfactory to the Engineer. distributed over each layer of the fill in such a manner as to make
use of compaction effort afforded thereby and to minimize rutting and
Where embankment is to be constructed across low swampy uneven compaction.
ground that will not support the mass of trucks or other hauling 104.3.3 Compaction
equipment, the lower part of the fill may be constructed by dumping
successive loads in a uniformly distributed layer of a thickness not Compaction Trials
greater than necessary to support the hauling equipment while
placing subsequent layers. Before commencing the formation of embankments, the
Contractor shall submit in writing to the Engineer for approval his
When excavated material contains more than 25 mass proposals for the compaction of each type of fill material to be used
percent of rock larger than 150 mm in greatest diameter and cannot in the works. The proposals shall include the relationship between
be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed without crushing, the types of compaction equipment, and the number of passes
pulverizing or further breaking down the pieces resulting from required and the method of adjusting moisture content. The
excavation methods, such materials may be placed on the Contractor shall carry out full scale compaction trials on areas not
less than 10 m wide and 50 m long as required by the Engineer and
using his proposed procedures or such amendments thereto as may Density requirements will not apply to portions of
be found necessary to satisfy the Engineer that all the specified embankments constructed of materials which cannot be tested in
requirements regarding compaction can be consistently achieved. accordance with approved methods.
Compaction trials with the main types of fill material to be used in the
works shall be completed before work with the corresponding Embankment materials classified as rock shall be deposited,
materials will be allowed to commence. spread and leveled the full width of the fill with sufficient earth or
other fine material so deposited to fill the interstices to produce a
Throughout the periods when compaction of earthwork is in dense compact embankment. In addition, one of the rollers,
progress, the Contractor shall adhere to the compaction procedures vibrators, or compactors meeting the requirements set forth in
found from compaction trials for each type of material being Subsection 106.2.1, Compaction Equipment, shall compact the
compacted, each type of compaction equipment employed and each embankment full width with a minimum of three complete passes for
degree of compaction specified. each layer of embankment.
The Contractor shall compact the material placed in all During the construction of the roadway, the roadbed shall be
embankment layers and the material scarified to the designated maintained in such condition that it will be well drained at all times.
depth below subgrade in cut sections, until a uniform density of not Side ditches or gutters emptying from cuts to embankments or
less than 95 mass percent of the maximum dry density determined otherwise shall be so constructed as to avoid damage to
by AASHTO T 99 Method C, is attained, at a moisture content embankments by erosion.
determined by Engineer to be suitable for such density. Acceptance
of compaction may be based on adherence to an approved roller 104.3.5 Protection of Structure
pattern developed as set forth in Item 106, Compaction Equipment
and Density Control Strips. If embankment can be deposited on one side only of
abutments, wing walls, piers or culvert headwalls, care shall be taken
The Engineer shall during progress of the Work, make that the area immediately adjacent to the structure is not compacted
density tests of compacted material in accordance with AASHTO T to the extent that it will cause overturning of, or excessive pressure
191, T 205, or other approved field density tests, including the use of against the structure. When noted on the Plans, the fill adjacent to
properly calibrated nuclear testing devices. A correction for coarse the end bent of a bridge shall not be placed higher than the bottom of
particles may be made in accordance with AASHTO T 224. If, by the backfill of the bent until the superstructure is in place. When
such tests, the Engineer determines that the specified density and embankment is to be placed on both sides of a concrete wall or box
moisture conditions have not been attained, the Contractor shall type structure, operations shall be so conducted that the
perform additional work as may be necessary to attain the specified embankment is always at approximately the same elevation on both
conditions. sides of the structure.
At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be 104.3.6 Rounding and Warping Slopes
carried out for each 500 m2 of each layer of compacted fill.
Rounding-Except in solid rock, the tops and bottoms of all
Rock slopes, including the slopes of drainage ditches, shall be rounded as
indicated on the Plans. A layer of earth overlaying rock shall be When called for in the Contract, permanent earth berms shall
rounded above the rock as done in earth slopes. be constructed of well graded materials with no rocks having a
diameter greater than 0.25 the height of the berm. When local
Warping-adjustments in slopes shall be made to avoid injury material is not acceptable, acceptable material shall be imported, as
in standing trees or marring of weathered rock, or to harmonize with directed by the Engineer.
existing landscape features, and the transition to such adjusted
slopes shall be gradual. At intersections of cuts and fills, slopes Compacted Berm
shall be adjusted and warped to flow into each other or into the
natural ground surfaces without noticeable break. Compacted berm construction shall consist of moistening or
drying and placing material as necessary in locations shown on the
104.3.7 Finishing Roadbed and Slopes drawings or as established by the Engineer. Material shall contain
no frozen material, roots, sod, or other deleterious materials.
After the roadbed has been substantially completed, the full Contractor shall take precaution to prevent material from escaping
width shall be conditioned by removing any soft or other unstable over the embankment slope. Shoulder surface beneath berm will be
material that will not compact properly or serve the intended purpose. roughened to provide a bond between the berm and shoulder when
The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes of depressions completed. The Contractor shall compact the material placed until
shall be brought to grade with suitable selected material. Scarifying, at least 90 mass percent of the maximum density is obtained as
blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be determined by AASHTO T 99, Method C. The cross-section of the
performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted finished compacted berm shall reasonably conform to the typical
roadbed shaped to the grades and cross-sections shown on the cross-section as shown on the Plans.
Plans or as staked by the Engineer.
All earth slopes shall be left with roughened surfaces but Uncompacted Berm
shall be reasonably uniform, without any noticeable break, and in
reasonably close conformity with the Plans or other surfaces Uncompacted berm construction shall consist of drying, if
indicated on the Plans or as staked by the Engineer, with no necessary and placing material in locations shown on the Plans or as
variations therefrom readily discernible as viewed from the road. established by the Engineer. Material shall contain no frozen
material, roots, sod or other deleterious materials. Contractor shall
104.3.8 Serrated Slopes take precautions to prevent material from escaping over the
embankment slope.
Cut slopes in rippable material (soft rock) having slope ratios
between 0.75:1 and 2:1 shall be constructed so that the final slope 104.4 Method of Measurement
line shall consist of a series of small horizontal steps. The step rise
and tread dimensions shall be shown on the Plans. No scaling shall The quantity of embankment to be paid for shall be the
be performed on the stepped slopes except for removal of large volume of material compacted in place, accepted by the Engineer
rocks which will obviously be a safety hazard if they fall into the and formed with material obtained from any source.
ditchline or roadway.
Material from excavation per Item 102 which is used in
104.3.9 Earth Berms embankment and accepted by the Engineer will be paid under
Embankment and such payment will be deemed to include the cost
of excavating, hauling, stockpiling and all other costs incidental to the preparation shall not be done unless the Contractor is able to start
work. immediately the construction of the pavement structure.
After the embankment has been completed, the full width 105.3.8 Templates and Straight-edges
shall be conditioned by removing any soft or other unstable material
that will not compacted properly. The resulting areas and all other The Contractor shall provide for use of the Engineer,
low sections, holes, or depressions shall be brought to grade with approved templates and straight-edges in sufficient number to check
suitable material. The entire roadbed shall be shaped and the accuracy of the work, as provided in this Specification.
compacted to the requirements of Subsections 104.3.3. Scarifying,
blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be 105.4 Method of Measurement
performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted
roadbed shaped to the cross-sections shown on the Plans. 105.4.1 Measurement of Items for payment shall be provided
only for:
105.3.6 Subgrade on Existing Pavement
1. The compaction of existing ground below subgrade level
Where the new pavement is to be constructed immediately in cuts of common material as specified in Subsection
over an existing Portland Cement concrete pavement and if so 105.3.3.
2. The breaking up or scarifying, loosening, reshaping and 106.1 Description
recompacting of existing pavement as specified in
Subsection 105.3.6. The quantity to be paid for shall be When specified, this procedure will be used to determine
the area of the work specified to be carried out and density requirements of selected embankments, subgrade, bases,
accepted by the Engineer. and bituminous concrete. The procedure will consist of control strip
construction to establish target densities for the specified course plus
105.4.2 Payment for all work for the preparation of the subgrade, use of sand-cone method of density testing equipment to determine
including shaping to the required levels and tolerances, in-place densities obtained during the construction process.
other than as specified above shall be deemed to be
included in the Pay Item for Embankment. 106.2 Construction Requirements
Payment will be made under: 1. Sheepsfoot, tamping or grid rollers shall be capable of
exerting a force of 45 Newton per millimeter (250 pounds
per inch) of length of roller drum.
Pay Item Description Unit of Measurement
Number 2. Steel-wheel rollers other than vibratory shall be capable
of exerting a force of not less than 45 Newton per
105 (1) Subgrade Preparation Square Meter millimeter of width of the compression roll or rolls.
(Common Material)
105 (2) Subgrade Preparation Square Meter 3. Vibratory steel-wheel rollers shall have a minimum mass
(Existing Pavement) of 6 tonnes. The compactor shall be equipped with
105 (3) Subgrade Preparation Square Meter amplitude and frequency controls and specifically
(Unsuitable Material) designed to compact the material on which it is used.
The equipment used in the construction of the control strip Unless otherwise provided, the cost of constructing the
shall be approved by the Engineer and shall be of the same type and control strip will be considered incidental to the cost of the work item
mass to be used on the remainder of the course represented by the for which a control strip is required. Payment for the work item shall
control strip. be deemed to include compensation for performing the work herein
specified and the furnishing of all materials, labors, tools, equipment
Compaction of control strips shall commence immediately and incidentals necessary to construct the density control strip. No
after the course has been placed to the specified thickness, and shall payment will be made for any material used in the construction of
be continuous and uniform over the entire surface. Compaction of unacceptable control strip.
the control strip shall be continued until no discernible increase in
density can be obtained by additional compactive effort.
Upon completion of the compaction, the mean density of the ITEM 107 – OVERHAUL
control strip will be determined by averaging the results of ten in-
place density tests taken at randomly selected sites within the control 107.1 Description
Overhaul shall consist of authorized hauling in excess of the Payment will not be made for overhaul of Borrow, Case 2,
free-haul distance. Free-haul distance is the specified distance that Foundation Fill, bedding materials and material removed in the
excavated material shall be hauled without additional compensation. rounding of cut slopes when rounding is a separate pay item.
Unless otherwise provided in the Contract, the free-haul distance
shall be 600 meters. When the Bill of Quantities does not show estimated
107.2 Method of Measurement quantities for “Overhaul” from the Pay Item listed below, overhaul will
not be directly paid for, but will be considered as a subsidiary
In determining what constitutes authorized overhaul, it will be obligation of the Contractor under other contract items.
assumed that material taken from excavation will be deposited in
embankment after having been hauled the shortest distance. Payment will be made under: