THE GREEK PARTICLES By Se SBD-FFLCH-USP oe iii OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1954Oxford Unisrtty Pres, Amon Hot, London B.C-4 Geohey Cumberege, Publisher othe University PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION DURING the fifteen years between the frst edition of this book and his death in 1949 Denniston made aotes of » large number ‘of additional examples and on many points changed his tind fn the light of thie fresh material. ‘My principal task inthe prepaca ton of ths second edition has been to incorporate all these add tons and corrections. For the sake of speed and economy. tographic reproduction fom the frst edition has been em ployed. Thishas meant that no insertion could be made in the text ‘without an omission of corresponding size on the same or the next age. Accordingly, I have reduced many quotations to bare re- erences: the choice of what to omit or condense has net always bbeen easy, but in all eases T have weighed the new mater against the old and omitted whatever contributed least to the argument Above all, I tave taken the opportunity to redistribute: matter between the text and the addenda in such 4 way thay as far a8 possible, the addenda do not accumulate ditional examples but Bre confined to dseussion of dificulties of text and interpretation, ‘The notes which Denaiston made in his interleaved copy neatly always made it quite clear what he wanted to inser and where) some other notes,in the margins of review offprints and correspon. ence, did not make i clear, and T have accordingly been very ‘tious in using them, Tn general, Ihave tried to admit nothing into the text without being certain that it represented Denniston’s Considered view. But ina few eases the fresh examples which he had added seemed to me to necesitate a slight modification of is original views, and T have rewritten a sentence or two accordingly {(p.188, on postponed 8 in Middle and New Comedy po. 390 ‘on xa linking qualitative attributes; p. 462, on & ode in the sense of 8 84; p. gor, on re linking qualitative actributes). As thotoughgoing # correction a possible has been made of the few printers errors and fewer wrong eeferences which appeared Inthe frst ection Inevitably, in carrying outa revision of this kind one is faced swith two temptations; to-add materia of one's own, at! to modiy Interpretations of the author's with which one disagrees, ThePREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION second temptation was naturally not very steong in the ease of this book, and where i arose I resisted It, except that T have 1e- lwritten the discussion of nai... 76 00 pp. §35-8 and changed ite Tone from doubt to disbelfet, ‘The frst temptation has not been tively resisted, Theve was clearly no point in rvltiplying ex- Smplesindisriminately; but here and there Ihave made additions fn order either to makea fesh point of to show the wider distribu ton of a usage (p. 193, Th.via0. p. 246, Anti; p. aka, As. 7%, 63: p88, addendunn,Vi,Pr.igai p. 296, Thai B.as p. 305, Thv shat p. 370, Thi 8x2, vi6g.2; p. 428, Thal 95, 641, vO.) 1 should have liked to include more material from the language of inscriptions; but Denniston conceived this book as a contribution to the study of Greeks Mueraaure, and T have added) only the pigraphical addendum 0 p. 536. Tahould have ied also to add failer discussione of the position of partiles; but to be worth while such discussions should be systematic and exhaustive, and this was not possible ip the time available. Denniston believed that this book did not need indexes. Those who have used the frst edition for tome years were divided on this, Doing; but as those of us who wanted them wanted them strongly they have now been provides, ‘The index of combinations will, T hope, give the reader quicker access than the table of contents to lactation of sch phenomena as wel &} wal «» » yf you. The ‘Sauntng tele of compiling the index of references was enthusisti> cally taken up by Ms. Denniston and carried out by her with Sires care. I Believe that all classical scholara will be greatly her debt, K.J.D. Eiptenter 1950 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 1 ta seventy-three years since Baumlein's Untersuchungen iter pricchiche Pertikeln appeared, Bswmlein and his predecessors Ere ont of print, and the only generally accesible treatment of the particles as a whole is that contained in the Kuhner-Gerth snasfuirliche Grammatit der grischizchen Spracie, where much alonbie information is compressed foto a remaekebiy small com Dace, Hartung, Klotz and Dumlein are the standard works to febich seholars Inve gone for information on these matters, Traraung’s isthe mnost philosophieal of the treatises onthe subject. He ts not cosy reading, but his analysis is often penetrating and his terminology contributes to precision of thought. Klots, hough by no means without valve, i rather long-winded, and fends to repent itis main theses over aad over again like magical Ineantations, Biualein’s = concise and unpretentious Title book “These general works have been supplemented during the ase hundred years by a stream of dseertations,"Programme',and fnicles on individeal particles and the wsage of dividval Suthors; a stzeam which, uohappily, shows signs of drying up, though des, Places monumental study of certain Platonic particles isthe best thing of tskind that has been written. Again, the indexes to various authors are of great assistance toa wiiter ‘On the subject. Few important Greek authors now lacks inde, hd fe is much to be desired that the deficiencies should be made good. ‘The compiler of an index may feel that his laborious ‘ak is not worth the labour spent on It. Hes apt to forget that “hat are to him isolated facts devoid of any significance may Ihave a vital bearing on some wide and important issue. ‘now has been sad to show that a comprehensive work on this subject is needed, and that the circumstances are more favourable for writing one than they were in 2861. T hope that the present book will do something to fl the gap. In writing Feit have set myself ime rather diferent from the sims of my predecessors. In the first place, T have eut down etymological ‘Ecusafon eo the minimum, partly because [have no competence fn this feld, partly because T do mot believe that etymology can