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Group n°4
Thibault COUTURE
Amirhosein MASOUMI
Ghadir RAZAZ
Ruslan Sevastopolev
VI/ SVERKER 21
VIII/ OUTOKUMPU
X/ SHAEFFLER DIAGRAM
WELDOX 1300 is the structural steel which has the best strength ever : 1300 MPa. The ratio
strength/weight is equivalent to Al alloy.
C Si Mn P S B Nb Cr V Cu Ti Al Mo Ni N
0.25 0.50 1.40 0.020 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.80 0.08 0.10 0.02 0.020 0.70 2.0 0.010
WELDOX 700 is a structural high strength steel : 700 MPa. The main advantages of this alloy is
homogenous properties, easily weldable.
C Si Mn P S B Nb Cr V Cu Ti Al Mo Ni N
0.20 0.60 1.60 0.020 0.010 0.005 0.04 0.70 0.09 0.30 0.04 0.015 0.0 2.0 0.010
N Normalizing rolled
QT Quenched and tempered
TM Thermomechanically
rolled
ACC Accelerated cooled
Due to the low-alloyed chemical composition and the low carbon equivalent (CE) TMCP-steels are
perfectly weld able. Especially the low carbon content results in excellent resistance against cold
cracks after welding.
As you can see in the equation of CEV & CET , CEV is bigger than CET, therefor we use CEV for
designing part because we need more safety in structural design as you can see in tables. Normally
we need to be on the safe zone which is more realistic if we choose the bigger ratio. You should
notice that we always use CEV for structural steels & design & in this article we have structural steel
too.
WELDOX 1300 is a general structural steel with minimum yield strength of 1300 MPa. It is stronger
than ordinary steel. As a result, one need less material to achieve equivalent strengths in products.
Consequently, products will be lighter.
different types of cranes, deck cranes and mobile cranes, extra long booms for excavators,
where Weldox application resulted in increased lifting capacity and unchanged crane weight
trailers, where lower weight was achieved by Weldox application
sailboat keels with improved weight distribution, static strength and fatigue properties
concrete pumps.
Strength of WELDOX increases with increasing carbon content, Figure 1.
1400
1200
Yield strength, MPa
1000
800
600
400
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26
C content, wt%
The conventional
process
In Electro Slag Remelting (ESR), the ingot is built up in a water-cooled mould by melting a
consumable electrode immersed in a superheated process slag. An electrical current flowing through
the liquid slag, which provides the electrical resistance, generates the heat.
PM steels are used in very demanding applications within cold work, plastic and cutting tools.
Granshot
Uddeholm Granshot granulated melting stock is produced according to a patented water granulation
method in which liquid metal is split up to form droplets. The droplets are rapidly cooled in a water
bath. After dewatering, the granules are completely dried in a heating unit and then subjected to
oxide cleaning. This gives the product its consistent high quality in accordance with the agreed
customer specifications.
The material is supplied to foundries, mainly investment casters and stainless steel manufacturers
worldwide.
APPLICATIONS
The properties profile of Uddeholm Sverker 21 combine to give a steel suitable for the manufacture
of medium run tooling for applications where abrasive wear is dominant and the risk of chipping or
cracking is not so high, e.g. for blanking and forming of thinner, harder work materials.
General
Uddeholm Sverker 21 is a high-carbon, high chromium tool steel alloyed with molybdenum and
vanadium characterized by:
• High wear resistance
• High compressive strength
• Good through-hardening properties
• High stability in hardening
• Good resistance to tempering-back
Chemical Composition
Increasing carbon content make steel with more strength and hardness In addition, Nickel and
Manganese are Austenite forming elements which both increase strength in steel What's more by
adding Chromium or molybdenum to low alloy steel the hardenability and strength will go up. After
that the presence of phosphorus in stainless steel raises the strength. And vanadium is another
element that increases hardness.
Ni Mn Cr Mo P V
Strength ↗ ↗ ↗ ↗ ↗
Wear
resistanc ↗ ↗ ↗
e
To respond to second part of question, the structure which can cover both high strength and wear
resistance would be Martensite structure, as we know Martensite formed by rapid cooling
(quenching) of austenite which traps carbon atoms that do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal
structure.
In the martensite you can see bcc structure with needle appearance and the rate of hardness in
martensite significantly depends on carbon content.
Martensite structure
VIII/ OUTOKUMPU
Corrosion of steel reinforcement is the main cause of premature failure of concrete structures in the
world today. The most straightforward, risk- and maintenance-free solution is to use Stainless Steel
Reinforcement. Although it initially results in a higher cost than the normally used carbon steel, the
long-term cost is often lower due reduced maintenance costs. Until
recently, the only grades available are the austenitic grades 304 and
316L, the highly alloyed 2205 duplex or Outokumpu's lean duplex
designation LDX2101.
In this topic, OUTOKUMPU make advertising about use of stainless steel. They speak directly to the
customer of aluminum film for food application.
Advantages:
Effect of Chromium :
The minimum chromium content of the standardised
stainless steels is 10.5%.
Chromium makes the steel 'stainless' this means
improved corrosion resistance, as can be seen in
the chart.
The better corrosion resistance is due to a chromium
oxide film that is formed on the steel surface.
Austenitic is the most widely used type of stainless steel. It has a nickel content of at least of 7%,
which makes the steel structure fully austenitic and gives it ductility, a large scale of service
temperature, non-magnetic properties and good weldability. The range of applications of austenitic
stainless steel includes housewares, containers, industrial piping and vessels, architectural facades
and constructional structures.
Ferritic stainless steel has properties similar to mild steel but with the better corrosion resistance.
The most common of these steels are 12% and 17% chromium containing steels, with 12% used
mostly in structural applications and 17% in housewares, boilers, washing machines and indoor
architecture.
Martensitic stainless steel contains mostly 11 to 13% chromium and is both strong and hard with
moderate corrosion resistance. This steel is mostly used in turbine blades and in knives
The Schaeffler diagram does evaluate the presence of austenite, ferrite, bainite and martensite
depending on the chemical composition and the “proper cooling” (or heat treatment) after pouring.
C S Mn Mo Nb N Cr
0,2 % 1% 4% 3% 1,5 % 0,05 0 - 18 %
0,07 18 - 25 %
0,10 > 25 %
These percentages are those of the element as present in the matrix, not
in carbides or any other component as nitrides…
This diagram is interesting because, by quantifying the amount of types of structures (ferrite,
martensiet, austenite), it does give an indication that the material will comply with the standard. This
is possible at a time that the metal is still in the melting furnace because it does use the chemical
composition that is taken before pouring. In this way corrections of the chemical composition are still
possible. It is very useful for austenitic stainless steels because the amount of ferrite must be
restricted (material becomes magnetic) and for martensitic stainless steels because the amount of
delta-ferrite must be controlled. Another factor, which must be avoided, is the presence of carbides.
The carbides do decrease the ductility but also the corrosion resistance (carbides remove chromium
from the matrix). The carbides also lead to some magnetic behavior of austenitic stainless steels. It
mostly concerns and the chemical composition and the cooling after pouring and if applicable, heat
treatment. A stainless steel needs a minimum of 12 % of chromium in the matrix. Due to this
condition, the part of the graph below a chromium-equivalent of 12 % is not applicable.
The carbides take carbon and chromium out of the matrix. In the special types of austenitic stainless
steel, the carbon is equal or lower than 0,03 % and for these types nearly never carbides are formed.
So we can estimate that this amount of carbon, at least, remains in the matrix.
Ferrite is important in avoiding hot cracking in during cooling from welding of austenitic stainless
steels. 'Constitution diagrams' are used to predict ferrite levels from the composition by comparing
the effects of austenite and ferrite stabilising elements. The Schaeffler and Delong diagrams are the
original methods of predicting the phase balances in austenitic stainless steel welds.
Carbon, C 0.0700 %
Chromium, Cr 18.0 %
Iron, Fe 78.33 %
Manganese, Mn 1.00 %
Nickel, Ni 0.500 %
Silicon, Si 1.00 %
Titanium, Ti 1.10 %
Stainless steel 403:
Carbon, C 0.0300 %
Chromium, Cr 27.5 %
Iron, Fe 63.52 %
Manganese, Mn 2.00 %
Molybdenum, Mo 2.00 %
Nickel, Ni 4.35 %
Silicon, Si 0.600 %
To investigate the place of alloy steel in Schaeffler diagram we should follow the formula below to
Colours: 316
304
439
403
S32950
EN 1.4318, AISI 301LN is a low carbon, high nitrogen austenitic stainless grade.
It is generally used for structural parts where high strength and toughness are needed beside a
corrosion resistance. When hardened by cold working, the strength and corrosion resistance of this
steel grade steel is utilized in structural applications, like in transportation vehicles.
The combination between ductility and toughness is excellent even at low temperatures.
The strength of the steels is controlled by the degree of work hardening. When the material is cold
worked, it undergoes substantial strain hardening leading to significant strength enhancement. The
strain-hardened austenite is also partially transformed to martensite. The larger the degree of
deformation, the higher strength gets the steel.
C means cold rolled, the following numbers mean the tensile strength.
Uniform Corrosion:
Uniform corrosion generally occurs on stainless steel in acid environments or hot alkaline
solutions. The corrosion rate then develops at a rate determined by a combination of the
alloy compositions and the corrosive environment like( hydrochloric or hydrofluoric).
Actually, Uniform corrosion occurs when the passive layer on a stainless steel surface partly
or completely breaks down Uniform corrosion rate is also affected if the acid contains
oxidizing or reducing chemicals. Reducing impurities, for example hydrogen sulphide, may
increase the corrosion rate. Higher alloyed stainless steel grades are more resistant to
uniform corrosion than the lower alloyed stainless steel grades.
Galvanic corrosion:
This corrosion happens When two dissimilar metals are connected electrically and immersed
in a conductive liquid, an electrolyte, their corrosion performance might differ significally
when compared with the metals, uncoupled. As a rule, the less noble material, the anode, is,
more severely attacked, while the more noble metal, the cathode, is essentially protected
from corrosion. This phenomenon is called galvanic corrosion. For example Two different
stainless steel grades in the passive state, coupled in an electrolyte, are quite close in the
galvanic series. And the amount of Galvanic corrosion dependent on temperature and the
composition of conductive solution.
Pitting Corrosion:
Crevice corrosion:
Crevice corrosion is a form of localized corrosion and occurs. in neutral or acidic chloride solutions
The corrosion attack starts more easily in a narrow crevice than on an unshielded surface, Crevices,
that found at flange joints or at threaded connections, are critical sites to corrosion. Small amounts
of dissolved metal ions inside the crevice cause a decrease of the solution pH and the presence of
chlorides facilitates the break-down of the passive layer. Thus the environment inside the crevice
gradually becomes more aggressive and repassivation becomes less likely. As a result, crevice
corrosion attacks often develop at a high rate, thereby causing corrosion failure in a short time. A
higher chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen content in the steel increases the resistance to crevice
corrosion.
Intergranular corrosion:
This type of corrosion may occur if the area around the grain boundaries has less corrosion resistant
than the matrix in the medium in question. The classical case is when chromium carbide is
precipitated at the grain boundaries. The closer matrix will be empty of chromium and This narrow
region around the grain boundary may have less corrosion resistant than the rest of the material.
In modern stainless steels with lower carbon content, Intergranular corrosion is very seldom any
problem in practical applications.
It is the cracking made from the combined influence of tensile stress (or residual stresses)and a
corrosive environment and the failure of material will accelerated by the combination of mechanical
Corrosion Fatigue:
Atmospheric Corrosion:
Atmospheric corrosion occurs on a steel surface in a thin wet film created by the humidity in the air
in combination with impurities. Corrosive conditions for stainless steel can be the chloride
depositions from a humid atmosphere on the steel surface .stainless steel is often chosen for
decoration in buildings due to its aesthetic and you can see the atmospheric corrosion on building's
surfaces easily. Atmospheric environments are most commonly divided into four categories: rural,
urban, industrial and marine according to kind of environment. We should choose different types of
stainless steels for example Molybdenum-alloyed grades of type 316 or comparable grades are
normally specified for a marine atmosphere.
Pitting resistanceas we know is a kind of corrosion in stainless steel alloys. Pitting resistance
equivalent number(PRE) Is a theorical way to comparing the pitting resistance in different types of
stainless steel grades.
And particularly in molybdenum and nitrogen have more resistance in pitting corrosion.
As we can see from the result in the table S32950 has the best resistance corrosion that waslocated
in ferrite area as we saw in Schaeffler diagram and the stainless steel 403 has the lowest which is in
martensite and ferrite area.