Task № 1.

The patient of 70 years old, suffering from atherosclerosis, had got a

pain in the right foot. The surgeon, who examined the patient, offered foot
amputation. Tissues of the toe were swollen, of black color; epidermis was
exfoliated, and was discharged with an unpleasant smell. 1. What clinical-
pathologic form of necrosis developed? 2. What was the possible cause of
necrosis? 3. What is the explanation of the black color of necrotized tissue? 4. Is
this process reversible? Is the decision of the surgeon correct?

Task № 2. The patient of 55 years old has excessive weight of the body and suffers
from diabetes mellitus. He complains of pains in the right hypochondriac region,
and of occasional nausea and bitterness in mouth. The liver is increased in sizes. 1.
What process has developed in the liver? 2. Name morphogenetic mechanisms of
its development. 3. What microscopic changes can be revealed in biopsy of the
liver? 4. What treatment of tissue and dyes should be applied to detect these
changes?

Task № 3. During autopsy the pathologist took a small piece of a liver for the
subsequent staining to reveal fat. 1. What is the treatment of the tissue piece to
reveal fat? 2. What dye is to be used to reveal fat?

Task № 4. On autopsy of a corpse of the elderly man who died from hemorrhage in
the brain, the prominent changes of internal surface of aorta and it’s large branches
are found. The aorta intima is rough with yellow streaks and plaques which narrow
the vessel. Plaques contain gleam fatty-yellow porridge-like material. 1. What
process developed in aorta and arteries? 2. What substance accumulated in the
intima of vessels? 3. What dye should be used for the establishment of the
biochemical nature of this substance?

Task № 5. The patient, suffering from leukemia, got anemia, yellowness of skin
and scleras after repeated blood transfusions. Death resulted from hemorrhage in
the brain. On autopsy the liver and spleen are increased in sizes. On the cut
surface, these organs and bone marrow are of rusty color. 1. What pigment caused
such change of organs color? 2. How is the change of underlying pathological
process named? 3. What is the mechanism of its development? 4. What type of
jaundice developed in the patient?
Task № 6. On autopsy of a corpse of the patient who died of sepsis, the skin is of
pale yellow color, scleras are icteric. 1. What pigment gives yellow color to skin?
2. What type of jaundice developed in patient? 3. What is the mechanism of this
type of jaundice?

Task № 7. Chronic heart failure developed after the myocardial infarction and
became the cause of death. On autopsy, considerable quantity of light transparent
fluid is found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. The liver is increased in sizes,
dense, the cut surface is motley: grey-yellow, with dark red spots. 1. How is the
accumulation of fluid in these cavities named? 2. Name the liver pathology. 3.
What microscopic changes are found in the liver? 4. What is the outcome of the
liver pathology?

Task № 8. On autopsy of the patient who died of chronic heart failure, the focus of
dense consistence, dark red color, and triangular shape is found in the lower lobe
of the left lung. 1. Name the pathological process found in lung. 2. What is the
cause of its development? 3. What are the possible outcomes of the process in
lung?

Task № 9. The patient was admitted to the hospital with a stenocardia attack. In ten
hours after the onset of pains the patient died. On autopsy it is revealed, that the
left ventricle wall is bulging, but the heart muscle is without visible changes. Heart
cavities are distended. There are multiple atherosclerotic plaques in the intima of
coronary arteries. The clinical diagnosis of heart attack of a myocardium is
confirmed by histological research. 1. Why was the heart attack not visible with
naked eyes? 2. What microscopic changes of the myocardium indicate myocardial
infarction? 3. Name the causes of myocardial infarction. 4. What are
the outcomes of myocardial infarction and its complications?
Task № 10. In 22 years old patient severe uterine bleeding started just after labor.
All attempts to stop it with blood transfusion failed, and the patient died. Many
small hemorrhages were revealed upon skin and mucous membranes. 1. What
pathological process developed? 2. What are possible complication in this case? 3.
Name the main path anatomical signs of the process.

Task № 11. On autopsy of a patient who died from heart failure, roundish
formation of grey-pink color is revealed in the cavity of the left auricle of heart.
Cusps of the mitral valve are deformed, thickened, the mitral orifice is extremely
narrowed. Overlap of grey-brown color is seen on the cusps of the valve. The conic
focus of white color with red rim is found in the spleen. 1. What is found in the
cavity of the left auricle? 2. What factors promoted the development of
pathological process in the auricle? 3 What process is found in the spleen? 4.
Where more the same pathological process as there in the spleen can be found out?

Task № 12. On autopsy of a corpse of the young woman, suffering from

rheumatism for a long time, was revealed, that epicardium of heart was covered by
the grey-yellowish threads which look like hair. 1. What type of inflammation was
revealed in heart? 2. What version of this inflammation developed? 3. How such a
heart is named? 4. What "heart" is formed in case of calcium salts deposits in the
organization of exudate?

Task № 13. In patient of 35 years old, suffering from the acquired chronic aortal
valve disease (aortic valve incompetence), paleness suddenly developed, arterial
blood pressure suddenly dropped, and the patient died. On autopsy rupture of
aneurysm of ascending aorta is revealed. Its intima is rough, of cobble stone
appearance. 1. What disease caused aorta aneurysm development? 2. What are the
morphological processes in the aorta wall? 3. What are the mechanisms promoting
rupture of aneurysm? 4. What is the mechanism of aortic valve incompetence?
Task № 14. In patient spontaneously self-amputation of the second finger of the
right hand occurred. On examination of skin biopsy, numerous dense clusters of
large cells with wide vacuolated cytoplasm are found. In Ziehl-Neelsen dye
using, the considerable quantity of stick-like bacteria, which are settled down in
correct order in the form of cigars, are visible in cytoplasm. 1. Make the
diagnosis. 2. What is the clinical-anatomical form of the disease? 3. How are
these vacuolated cells named?

Task № 15. The patient has undergone removal of a lobe of lung due to advanced
brochiectasia. During the histological examination of the removed lung chronic
inflammation is revealed in the walls of bronchi. Mucosa of bronchi is covered by
stratified squamous epithelium. 1. How is the described process in mucous
membrane of bronchi named? 2. What factor leads to the development of this
process? 3. What complications of this process can develop?

Task № 16. On gastroscopic examination of small curvature of a stomach, tumor-

like formation of 1,5 cm in diameter is revealed. The removed tumor is
characterized by the definite borders, soft-elastic consistence. The cut surface is of
grey-pink color, resemble to stomach mucous membrane. 1. What is the
histological type of tumor is this? 2. Is it benign or malignant tumor? 3. What is the
type of tumor growth? 4. List the histological versions of the tumor.

Task № 17. On autopsy of the child, multiple nodes of purple color, with the
definite borders are found in the liver. On the cut surface of nodes, they have
spongy appearance and bleed. 1. Name the tumor. 2. Is the tumor benign or
malignant? 3. What are the possible localizations of tumor?

Task № 18. The child fell into weakness, nasal bleedings, and fever. In blood
analysis, the prominent increase in lymphocytes in blood analysis is found, there
are also numerous lymphoblasts. Lymph nodes of mediastinum are increased,
spleno- and hepatomegaly is revealed. 1. What is the diagnosis? What form of
disease according to classification is it? 2. What is the prognosis?
Task № 19. In the patient, suffering from atherosclerosis, thrombosis developed in
bifurcation of aorta. 1. What are the symptoms and complications of the
pathology? 2. What is the name of this clinical syndrome after the author who
described it?

Task № 20. The patient came to see a doctor with complaints of dyspnea in
physical activities, palpitation, pains and ‘heaviness’ in the area of the heart.
Within the last several years an increase of arterial pressure was periodically
marked. Diseases which could be responsible for secondary hypertension were not
revealed. The diagnosis of arterial hypertension was made. 1. To what clinical-
morphological form of the disease does this clinical manifestation belong? 2. Is it
possible to determine the stage of the disease? 3. What are the morphological
changes of the heart, and what are the main changes of its wall and chambers? 4.
What are the changes of arterioles in this stage?

Task № 21. A 30 year old woman has been suffering from rheumatic heart disease
since her childhood. She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of dyspnea,
enlargement of abdomen, edema of feet. The enlarged liver is palpated. Soon the
patient dies of heart failure. 1. What are mitral valve changes? 2. What changes are
in lungs? 3. What changes have developed in liver and kidneys?

Task № 22. A 51 year old patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of
dyspnea, cough and edema. Considers himself sick for 30 years, has been smoking
since childhood. On X-ray of the lungs emphysema, saccular and cylindrical
distension of bronchial tubes were found out. The border of the right ventricle of
heart is extended. The tips of fingers are drumstick-like. In hospital the symptoms
of renal failure developed, patient died from uremia. 1. What lung disease
developed in the patient? 2. What changes in the lungs were found out on autopsy?
3. What changes of the heart were revealed on autopsy? 4. What pathological
process complicated lung disease and led to renal failure?
Task № 23. In a child who was in a kindergarten, the temperature raised up to
38,5ºC; sneezing, conjunctivitis, cough appeared. There was a macular rash on the
skin of cheeks, in examination of the oral cavity there were revealed whitish corn-
like elevated spots on the buccal mucous membrane. On the fourth day dyspnea
started, moist rales appeared in lungs. The patient died from asphyxia. 1. What
disease is this? 2. What is the cause of death? 3. What processes led to this
complication development? 4. What process in lungs complicated the disease? 5.
How the formations on the buccal mucous membrane are named, what process
developed in buccal mucosa?

Task № 24. A young homosexual man complains of febrile fever, generalized

increase of lymph nodes sizes, and loss of weight. 1. What disease should be
suspected in this patient first of all? 2. What is necessary to fulfill to confirm the
diagnosis? 3. What is the stage of the disease? 4. What morphological changes
develop in lymph nodes?

Task № 25. A young man of 18 years old squeezed out acne, localized on his face.
In 3 days he was hospitalized with hectic fever and loss of consciousness.
Bacteremia and generalized lymphadenopathy were revealed. Treatment with
massive doses of antibiotics led to recovery. 1. What is the diagnosis? 2. What is
the clinical-morphological form of the disease? 3. What is the form of the disease
depending on the gate of infection? 4. What microscopic changes develop in
parenchymal organs?

Task № 26. It is known, that in a maternal hospital healthy newborns are

vaccinated on 5th day of life with BCG vaccine containing weakened mycobacteria
tuberculosis. 1. Where is the primary tuberculous affect localized? 2. What is the
content of the primary tubercular complex? 3. What is the primary focus? 4. What
immunity develops on vaccination?
Task № 27. In a 23-year-old young man, who was a victim of a car accident, there
in the II segment of the right lung was found a focus of caseous necrosis without
capsule, of 1cm in diameter; in the apex of the lung also were found encapsulated
and petrificated small foci and increased regional lymph nodes. 1. What type of
tuberculosis is it? 2. How is the form of tuberculosis named? 3. How is named
(after the author) the described fresh focus of tuberculosis in the lung? 4. How are
named after the authors the old tuberculosis foci? 5. What process presents the
fresh focus in the lungs? 6. What changes develop in lymph nodes?

Task № 28. A disease started abruptly. Patient suffered from high fever and
intoxication. In 10 days roseolous rash appeared on the skin of the trunk. In 17
days there were revealed the symptoms of acute abdomen, and peritonitis was
diagnosed. The patient died. On autopsy deep ulcers were revealed in ileum in the
area of necrotized lymph follicles. One of the ulcers was perforated. In the
peritoneal cavity fibrinous-purulent exudate accumulated. 1. What is the disease?
2. What is the stage of the disease? 3. What is the morphological picture of
mesenteric lymph nodes? 4. What formations in group follicles and lymph nodes
possess the diagnostic value in histological examination? 5. What is the
microscopic picture of these formations?

Task № 29. The child got a severe pain in swallowing. Edema of the neck was
prominent and the body temperature rose up to 39◦С. There appeared white-grey
films, densely adhered to subjacent tissues upon the tonsils. Signs of the general
toxicity are marked. 1. What is the disease? 2. What process underlies the local
manifestations of this disease? 3. What does general intoxication depend on? 4.
What organs are disturbed in the severe intoxication?

Task № 30. The child got pains in swallowing, the temperature was up, there was
punctate rash over the body, which, however, did not involve nasal-labial triangle.
These symptoms were soon over, but in 3 weeks protein up to З %, erythrocytes,
isolated hyaline cylinders were revealed in urinalysis. 1. What is the disease? 2.
What period of the disease is this? 3. How can changes of urinalysis be explained?
4. What microscopic changes developed in kidneys?
Task № 31. The pupil demonstrated high body temperature up to 39◦С, a severe
headache, excitation, motor disorders, vomiting. Rigidity of the neck back muscles
was revealed. Meningococcal meningitis was diagnosed. In several days
hemorrhagic rash appeared on the skin. Oliguria and acute suprarenal insufficiency
developed and led to death. 1. Describe the macroscopic picture of meningococcal
meningitis. 2. What type of meningococcal infection did the meningococcal
meningitis transform in? 3. What changes were revealed on autopsy: a) in adrenal
glands; b) in kidneys? 4. How is the syndrome of acute suprarenal insufficiency in
meningococcal infection named after the authors?

Task № 32. The patient of 50 years old, the grinder in a diamond manufacture, is
hospitalized to the thoracic department of the hospital. On admission there are
complaints on the marked dyspnea, cough with sputum, sometimes emptysis, pains
in the chest. On X-ray picture there are numerous small focal shadows and the
increased lightness of the lung tissue, borders of the heart are considerably
expanded to the right. 1. Name the disease which the patient suffers from. 2. What
type of the disease takes place in this case? 3. Development of what pathology of
lungs is characterized by the increase of their lightness? 4. What process has
developed in the patient’s heart?

Task № 33. In a woman of 45 years old, diagnostic scraping of the mucous

membrane of the uterus was performed due to periodic plentiful bleedings. During
histological examination of the scraping, plenty of extended glands, with cystic
hyperplasia of stromal cells are revealed. 1. Name the disease. 2. What is its
origin? 3. What complication can develop?

Task № 34. On autopsy of the corpse of the pregnant woman who died in
childbirth with phenomena of the marked convulsive syndrome, edema and
jaundices were marked. The liver is increased in size, motley, dim, with numerous
hemorrhages and necrotic foci. The kidneys are increased in size, flabby, the
cortical layer is pale, and the medulla is hyperemic. Numerous hemorrhages in the
brain, lungs, and pericardium are revealed. 1. What disease is this? 2. What is the
morphological basis of its development? 3. In what period of pregnancy can it
develop?
 Task № 35. A patient of 62 years old have been suffering from thirst and polyuria,
feels numbness and has feeling of cold in distal parts of lower extremities. The toe
of the right foot is dark. Two years ago patient survived from myocardial
infarction. In blood analysis hyperglycemia is revealed. 1. What is the diagnosis?
2. What complication developed in low extremities and what is the mechanism of
this complication? 3. What are the changes of vessels characteristic for this
disease?

Task № 36. A female patient complains of weakness, sleepiness, low memory,

poor appetite, constipation, dropping hair, amenorrhea. Blood pressure and pulse
are low. The women look elderly. The face is amimic and swollen. Lips, dorsal
surfaces of feet and hands are also swollen. The skin is dry, desquamates, with wit
non pit edema. 1.What is the diagnosis? 2. What are the possible morphological
changes of causative organ? 3. What are the morphology and mechanism of skin
pathology?