Structure of Discussion Section (Dudley-Evans, 1994)
Move Sample (Brett, 1979)
1 Statement of aims The aim of this research was to study The main objective of this study was the viability behaviour of cocoa seeds, to investigate the correlation among and to apply any knowledge gained to classroom procedure, EL interaction devising possible methods for long- and ESL anxiety to understand term storage of the material for the whether the classroom environment purposes of genetic conservation. and lecturers themselves can contribute to their students’ anxiety while learning English language and to recommend methods to alleviate students’ anxiety. 2 Work carried out Various aspects were examined, with Many research conducted in the past particular emphasis on the factors have identified classroom procedure known to prolong viability in orthodox (Gkonou, 2013; Yildirim, 2007; seeds, namely reductions in moisture Pianta, Hamre & Allen, 2012) and EL content and temperature (Roberts 1960 interaction (Al-Saraj, 2009; Toth, and 1961; Roberts and Abdalla 1968; 2009; Al-Mesri, 2012) as the Harrington 1973) and oxygen levels contributing factors for students’ (Roberts 1961; Roberts and Abdalla discomfort while learning English 1968; Villiers 1973) and on the language. possibilities of storage of seeds fully imbibed (Villiers 1973 and 1975; Villiers and Edgcumbe 1975). 3 Finding Firstly, an examination of the reaction For the fourth research question, a of the seeds to drying revealed that correlation conducted between the they may be reduced to a lower influence of gender and EL moisture content than previously interaction revealed that the reported, and still survive. correlations between two aspects are weak. 4 Reference to previous research Hunter (1959) and Ashiru (1970) both This is supported by Hallinan (1986) (comparison) reported that seeds with or without which has stated that the magnitude of testas could not be reduced below male-female differences in interaction 50%+2% moisture, without serious between students or lecturers is small. loss of viability. Since Hunter (1959) also reported that his seeds without testas had an initial, unreduced moisture content of 50.02%, then this implied that seeds without testas could not be dried at all without adverse effects. 5 Statement of result In this study, seeds after removal of Next, the finding of the fifth research testas were found to have initial question disclosed that gender also moisture contents of between 37.94 has a weak influence on classroom and 44.57%, for different seed batches. procedures. 6 Explanation This range may have been due to the This discovery may have been due to fact that various amounts of the fact that gender differences are a desiccation occurred during transport reflection of students’ personality of the seeds to Britain, since some which intervenes most with any pods were only in transit for two days, activities they experienced in the while others took up to seven days to language classroom. According to arrive. Gargalianou, Muehlfeld, Urbig & Witteloostuijn (2015), students who possess high level of emotion while dealing with perceived tense situation caused by any classroom activities will experience high level of ESL anxiety. 7 Reference to previous research This initial moisture level is also lower An example of classroom activity, (comparison) than that of Hunter (1959) impromptu speaking activities will contribute to high level of anxiety among female students as compared to male students (Mohtasham & Farnia, 2017) 8 Explanation and this may be because of differences and this may be due to the interaction in the cocoa genotype or clone used. nature of male students who are prone to be humorous and giving positive feedback to their lecturers (Rashidi & Naderi, 2012) 9 Information move Hunter does not state the details of his The finding from Mohtasham & material in this respect, but he may Farnia’s study is only looking at how have used pods of a different clone different gender will react to speaking from that used in this study, and it is activities. Hence, the study of gender possible that the initial moisture with other activities from different content varies with different types. skills (i.e. listening, reading and writing) has yet to be discovered. 10 Statement of result It was found that seeds may lose The sixth research question was moisture down to a threshold value of aiming to see the relationship between between 17 and 20%, before suffering the two factors that can contribute to damage due to desiccation. Desiccation ESL anxiety which are classroom damage occurred in both the procedure and EL interaction. It was cotyledons and the embryonic axis. found that there is a moderate, Cell contents pulled away from the cell positive correlation between the two walls, and condensed in the centre of factors. the cells, and the pith region of the axis broke down completely at very low moisture. 11 Reference to previous research Little attempt has been made in the This correlation can be explained with past to explain why some seeds are the idea mentioned Sinclair, recalcitrant, and non-tolerant of drying, Christenson, Lehr & Anderson (2003) while others are orthodox, and may be where the affective component of reduced in moisture content to very students’ engagement will indicate how low levels, without adverse effect. the students will feel about the language classroom which related closely to the sense of belonging, safety and the feeling of attachment to their lecturer. 12 Claim It is possible that the cell reaction seen The quantitative finding of this study here, in which the contents condense relates EL interaction to two main and leave the cell walls, may be a aspects, which are: (1) the fear of characteristic of recalcitrant seeds making mistakes as staunchly avoided generally, while the cells of orthodox by the students and (2) fear of not seeds may show a more generalized understanding correction provided by decrease in size, without such damage their language lecturer while to the contents. qualitative finding also emphasized on EL interaction from the view of lecturer’s personality in classroom. Therefore, all the three aspects obtained from this study are all falls under the notion of EL interaction that later decrease students’ engagement in language classroom. 13 Recommendations This hypothesis requires further investigation. 14 Reference to previous research The fact that in this study the moisture Hence, in order to increase students’ (comparison) level of cocoa seeds could be engagement in the classroom, substantially reduced without adverse Williams & Williams (2011) effect, is contrary to the findings of proposed five key ingredients that can previous workers, and could be a motivate them in language learning, reflection of the drying method used. namely: (1) the students themselves, Hunter (1959) dried his seed samples (2) the role of instructor, (3) the by suspending them over various language content, (4) the language concentrations of sulphuric acid in teaching method, and (5) the language glass jars, while Ashiru (1970) passed classroom environment. a current of dried air over the seeds. 15 Explanation This study used silica gel as the This study concluded that the level of desiccant and it is possible that this students’ ESL anxiety and motivation was less harsh as a drying agent, and in second language acquisition are therefore that the previous workers affected greatly by the interpersonal may also have obtained a reduction in dynamics between lecturer and moisture level while still maintaining students. viability, had other drying methods been attempted. 16 Statement of result An important point noticed when the seeds were dried was that the embryonic axes of seeds always appeared to have dried more than the cotyledons. Therefore while the overall moisture of the seed at the threshold desiccation level was found to be 17– 20%, it is possible that the axes were actually at a lower moisture level. 17 Claim If the moisture content was in the region of 10–17%, there are possibilities here for the storage of the embryonic axis at very low temperatures, possibly as low as -196 C, in liquid nitrogen, since if the axis contains little moisture then little damage would be caused as a result of the formation of ice crystals. 18 Reference to previous research (support) Roberts (1975) states that 15% moisture is the critical value in this respect. Grout (unpublished) working on tomato, and Grout and Mumford (unpublished) working on Citrus species, have recently shown that seeds can survive even with a moisture content of up to 20%, 19 Limitation of (claim) provided that freezing is performed carefully, and with the use of suitable cryoprotectants. The success of such storage with cocoa would be dependent not only on a low moisture level in the axis, but also on the ability of the cell contents to withstand low temperatures.