Applied Geology (Bs-101) : Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering

Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering,
Dawood University of Engineering.
APPLIED GEOLOGY (BS-101)
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017
www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

tfsiddiqui@duet.edu.pk
Plate Tectonics
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Agenda:
 Theory of Plate Tectonics.

 Plate.
 Plates of Earth.
 Continental Drift.
 Evidences of Continental Drift.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Theory of Plate Tectonics:
• The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence
of plate interaction.
• Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several
plates that glide over the mantle, the molten rocky layer above the core.
• This theory explains the configuration of topographic features of the Earth-

mountains, valleys, volcanoes, islands, oceanic trenches, faults.
• Plates move only 1-10 centimeters per year. Lecture # 04

7/25/2017

Plate:
A plate is one of
numerous rigid sections
of the lithosphere that
move as a unit over the
material of the
asthenosphere.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Plates of Earth:
The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in
various directions.
Source
https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjVqO3Tu_fOAhXC5xoKHWgeDr4QFggfMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth4567.com
%2Ftalks%2Fplates%2Fplates.ppt&usg=AFQjCNFMAVVR7VBuUlzGTC14IQahk3HYGQ&bvm=bv.131783435,d.d2s
 This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against
each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures

or “tectonic” features.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Plates of Earth:
Tectonic plates are sometimes subdivided into three fairly arbitrary
categories:
1. Major (primary) plates,

2. Minor (secondary) plates, and
3. Microplates (tertiary) plates.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Major Plates of Earth:
1. Pacific Plate – 103,300,000 km2

2. North American Plate – 75,900,000 km2
3. Eurasian Plate – 67,800,000 km2
4. African Plate – 61,300,000 km2
5. Antarctic Plate – 60,900,000 km2
6. Australian Plate – 47,000,000 km2
7. Indian Plate – 11,900,000 km2
8. South American Plate – 43,600,000 km2 Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Plate Area(km2) Plate Area(km2) Plate Area(km2) Plate Area(km2)
Aegean Sea 321,900 Caroline 1,528,000 Mariana 420,900 Rivera 101,100
Africa 58,468,800 Cocos 2,931,500 Molucca Sea 418,000 Sandwich 184,300
Altiplano 832,000 Conway Reef 144,500 Nazca 16,099,700 Scotia 1,700,500
Amur 5,302,800 Easter 166,800 New Hebrides 643,300 Shetland 72,200
Anatolia 575,500 Eurasia 48,551,900 Niuafo'ou 124,200 Solomon Sea 128,700
Antarctica 58,145,300 Futuna 32,000 North America 55,422,700 Somalia 19,152,900
Arabia 4,903,500 Galapagos 14,600 North Andes 971,600 South America 41,820,800
Australia 45,980,400 India 12,434,000 North Bismarck 388,000 South Bismarck 309,300
Balmoral Reef 195,200 Juan de Fuca 256,500 Okhotsk 3,036,600 Sunda 891,500
Banda Sea 696,000 Juan Fernandez 97,800 Okinawa 325,500 Timor 353,100
Birds Head 525,600 Kermadec 505,300 Pacific 104,581,500 Tonga 253,700
Burma 515,400 Manus 8,100 Panama 273,500 Woodlark 452,900
Caribbean 2,964,300 Maoke 115,300 Philippine Sea 5,442,000 Yangtze 2,201,700

Continental Drift:
Wegener’s continental drift

hypothesis stated that the
continents had once been joined
to form a single supercontinent.
Wegener proposed that the

supercontinent, Pangaea, began
to break apart 200 million years
ago and form the present
landmasses.
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Continental Drift :
Wegener’s continental drift

hypothesis stated that the
continents had once been joined
to form a single supercontinent.
Wegener proposed that the

supercontinent, Pangaea, began
to break apart 200 million years
ago and form the present
landmasses.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Evidences of Continental Drift:
The Continental Puzzle.

Matching Fossils.
Rock Types and Structures.
Identical Climates.
Lecture # 04

Continental Puzzle:
If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the
continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
Lecture # 04

Matching Fossils:
Fossils of Mesosaurs have been

found in South America
and Africa.
Lecture # 04

Rock Types and Structures:
Parts of the Appalachian mountains in the eastern US are similar to those
found in Greenland and western Europe.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Identical Climates:
Glacial deposits and grooved bedrock were found in

southern areas of South America,
Africa, India, and Australia.
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Draw backs of the Wegener’s Theory:
Rock, Fossil and Climate clues were the main evidence for
continental drift during Wegener’s lifetime.
Wegener’s theory was often rejected because no one could

explain how the continents moved.
Wegener could not provide an explanation of exactly what

made the continents move. News technology lead to findings
which then lead to a new theory called plate tectonics. Lecture # 04
7/25/2017

Thanks !
Lecture # 04
7/25/2017


Applied Geology (Bs-101) : Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering

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Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering,

Dawood University of Engineering.

APPLIED GEOLOGY (BS-101)

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

 Theory of Plate Tectonics.

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

• This theory explains the configuration of topographic features of the Earth-

• Plates move only 1-10 centimeters per year. Lecture # 04

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

1. Major (primary) plates,

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

1. Pacific Plate – 103,300,000 km2

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

Aegean Sea 321,900 Caroline 1,528,000 Mariana 420,900 Rivera 101,100

Africa 58,468,800 Cocos 2,931,500 Molucca Sea 418,000 Sandwich 184,300

Altiplano 832,000 Conway Reef 144,500 Nazca 16,099,700 Scotia 1,700,500

Amur 5,302,800 Easter 166,800 New Hebrides 643,300 Shetland 72,200

Anatolia 575,500 Eurasia 48,551,900 Niuafo'ou 124,200 Solomon Sea 128,700

Antarctica 58,145,300 Futuna 32,000 North America 55,422,700 Somalia 19,152,900

Birds Head 525,600 Kermadec 505,300 Pacific 104,581,500 Tonga 253,700

Burma 515,400 Manus 8,100 Panama 273,500 Woodlark 452,900

Caribbean 2,964,300 Maoke 115,300 Philippine Sea 5,442,000 Yangtze 2,201,700

Wegener’s continental drift

Wegener proposed that the

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

Wegener’s continental drift

Wegener proposed that the

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

The Continental Puzzle.

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

Fossils of Mesosaurs have been

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

Glacial deposits and grooved bedrock were found in

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

Wegener’s theory was often rejected because no one could

Wegener could not provide an explanation of exactly what

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

www.duet.edu.pk Tahmina Fatima Siddiqui

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