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p-Block Elements
Daily Tutorial Sheet Level-0
2. Due to absence of d-orbitals, B at the maximum can accommodate 8 electrons or 4 pairs of electrons in
its valence shell. In other words, B can have a maximum covalency of 4. Therefore, BF3 can form BF4 but
4. Diamond has three dimensional network structure involving strong C—C bonds. These bonds are difficult
to break and hence the melting point of diamond is very high.
R
|
5. Silicones are synthetic organosilicon compounds containing repeated O S i units held by
|
R n
Si O Si linkages. They are hydrophobic (water-repellent) in nature.
6. The B atom in BF3 has only 6 electrons in the valence shell and thus need two more electrons to complete
its octet. Therefore, it easily accepts a pair of electrons from nucleophiles such as F , (C2H5 )2 O, RCH2OH
etc. and thus behaves as a Lewis acid.
410K Re d heat
4HBO2 H2B4O7
2B2O3 H2O
H2 O
Metaboric acid Tetraboric acid Boron trioxide
13. BF3 is a planer molecule in which B is sp2 -hybridized. It has an empty 2p-orbital.F-atom has three lone
pairs of electrons in the 2p-orbitals. Because of similar sizes, p - p back bonding occurs in which a lone
pair of electrons is transferred from F to B:
As a result of this back bonding, B–F bond acquires some double bond character. In contrast, in [BF4]–
ion, B is sp3-hybridized and hence does not have an empty p-orbital available to accept the electrons
donated by the F atom. Consequently, [BF4]–, B–F is a purely single bond. Since double bonds are shorter
than single bonds, therefore, the B–F bond length in BF3 is shorter (130 pm) than B–F bond length (143
pm) in [BF4]–.
17. Boron does not form B3 ion due to very high IE.
19. Catenation means self linking tendency of atoms to form chain. Carbon has maximum catenation power.
21. (i) Due to inert pair effect, Pb is more stable in +2 than in +4 oxidation state. Therefore, lead (II)
chloride is more stable than lead (IV) chloride and hence lead (II) chloride does not react with Cl2
to form lead (IV) chloride
(ii) Due to greater stability of +2 over +4 oxidation state because of inert pair effect, lead (IV) chloride
on heating decomposes to give lead (II) chloride and Cl2
(iii) Due to oxidising power of Pb4+ ion and reducing power of I– ion, Pbl4 does not exist.
Alternatively, Pb-I bond initially formed during the reaction does not release enough energy to
unpair 6s2 electrons and excite one of them to the higher 6p-orbital to have four unpaired
electrons around lead atom needed for formation of PbI4.
22. (a) When borax is heated strongly, a transparent glassy bead which consists of sodium metaborate
(NaBO2) and boric anhydride is formed.
(b) Boric act acts as a weak Lewis acid by accepting a hydroxide ion of water and releasing a proton
into the solution.
(c) Dihydrogen is evolved.
(d) BF3 being a Lewis acid accepts a pair of electrons from NH3 to form the corresponding
complex.
23. (i) 2 BF3 6LiH B2H6 6LiF
Diborane
4HBO2 H2B4O7
2B2O3 H2O
H2 O
Metaboric acid Tetraboric acid Boron trioxide
24. CO2 is produced during combustion. It is utilized by plants during photosynthesis and O2 is released into
the atmosphere. As a result of this CO2 cycle, a constant percentage of 21% O2 is maintained in the
atmosphere. However, if the concentration of CO2 increases beyond 0.03% by volume in the atmosphere
due to excessive combustion, some of the CO2 will always remain unutilized. This excess CO2 absorbs
heat radiated by the earth. Some of it is dissipated into the atmosphere while the remaining part is
radiated back to the earth and other bodies present on the earth. As a result, temperature of the bodies
on the earth increases. This is called green house effect and CO2 is called a greenhouse gas. As a result of
greenhouse effect, global warming occurs which has serious consequences.
25. (i) Al reacts with conc. HNO3 to form a very thin film of aluminium oxide on its surface which
protects it from further action.
Thus, Al becomes passive and hence aluminium containers can be used to transport conc. HNO3
(ii) NaOH reacts with Al to evolve dihydrogen gas. The pressure of the gas thus produced can be
used to open clogged drains.
(iii) Graphite has layered structure in which the different layers are held together by weak vander
Waals forces and hence can be made to slip over one another. Therefore, graphite acts as a
lubricant.
(iv) Diamond is very hard and hence can be used as an abrasive.
(v) Aluminium alloys such as duralumin is light, tough and resistant to corrosion and hence is used
to make aircraft body.
(vi) Al reacts with H2O and dissolved O2 to form a thin film of aluminium oxide.
A very very small amount of Al2O 3 may dissolve to give a few ppm of Al3+ ions in the solution.
Since Al3+ ions are injurious to health, therefore, drinking water should not be kept in alumium
utensils overnight.
(vii) On weight to weight basis, aluminium conducts twice as Cu. Therefore, it is used in transmission
cables
1.(A)
Due to absence of 2d-orbital, maximum covalency is four. Thus BF63 is not formed.
Thus (A) is not formed.
BH4 (BH3 H )
2.(D) The enthalpy of formation of Al2O3 is very high and hence, it is not possible to reduce it by carbon.
3.(C) Borazine, B3N3H6 is also known as inorganic benzene due to its resemblance in structure and properties
with benzene.
4.(C)
5.(C) Chlorides of both beryllium and aluminium have bridged structures in solid phase.
6.(C) According to Lewis, the compound which can accept a lone pair of electron, are called acids. Boron
halides, being electron deficient compounds, can accept a lone pair of electrons, so termed as Lewis acid.
7.(C) The outer electronic structure of X is s2p1, hence, element X belongs to third group. It will be non-metal
because it is present in the first short period of third group. Its valency is +3 because it belongs to third
group. Hence, formula of its oxide will be X2O3. The oxide will be acidic in nature because it is oxide of
non-metal.
10.(B) AlCl3 is covalent but in water, it becomes ionic due to large hydration energy of Al3+.
3
AlCl 3 6H2O [Al(H 2O)6 ] 3Cl
11.(B) Al 4C3 is Methanide as on hydrolysis, it gives CH4 . Al 4Cl3 H2O Al(OH)3 CH4
12.(A) Boric acid is used in carom boards for smooth gliding of pawns because H-bonding in H3BO3 gives it a
layered structure.
13.(B) Aqueous solution of AlCl 3 is acidic due to hydrolysis. AlCl 3 3H2O Al(OH)3 3HCl ;
On strongly heating Al(OH)3 is converted into Al2O3. 2Al(OH)3
Al2O3 3H2O
14.(A) Boron trihalides are Lewis acid. The order of their acidic strength is as
BF3 BCl3 BBr3 BI3
In the boron halides, a p p back bonding arises due to empty orbital
of boron and filled orbitals of halogens.
This p p back bonding has maximum effect in BF3 as the size of B
and F-atoms are comparative and this effect decreases as the size of
halogen increases.
Due to this effect, tendency of accepting lone pairs of electron of boron decreases i.e., Lewis acid
character decreases.
15.(B) In diborane, H B H (H-terminal) and H B H (H-bridged) bond angles are 120 and 97 respectively.
16.(B) In III group, Tl (thalium) show +1 oxidation state due to inert pair effect. The outer shell ‘s’ electrons (ns2)
penetrate to (n – 1) d electrons and thus, becomes closer to nucleus and are more effectively pulled
towards the nucleus. This results in less availability of ns2 electron pair for bonding or ns2 electron pair
becomes inert.
17.(B)
Bond angle :
Due to stearic repulsion by two chlorine atoms.
18.(D) Atomic size increases in a group from top to bottom. But in IIIA group, gallium (Ga, 1.35 Å ) has size
smaller than aluminium (1.43 Å ) . Because of poor shielding effect of d electrons in Ga.
19.(D) When two oxygen of each SiO44 tetrahedron are shared with others, cyclic or ring structures are
obtained. These silicates are known as cyclosilicates or cyclic silicates. [Si 6O18 ]12 is an example of
cyclosilicate. In this silicate six SiO4 tetrahedra linked together.
21.(C) The basic structural unit in silicates is SiO 44 tetrahedron. In SiO 44 unit, silicon atom is bonded to four
oxide ions tetrahedrally.
22.(B) 2Pb(NO3 )2
2PbO 4NO 2 O2
24.(D) Orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4), on heating at high temperature, loses two water molecules and gives silica
(SiO2) which on reduction with carbon gives carborundum (SiC) and CO.
1000C C
H4SiO4
SiO2
SiC CO
2H2O Carborundum
25.(B) In silica, silicon has large size, so the 3p-orbitals of Si does not
overlap effectively with 2p-orbitals of oxygen. Therefore,
Si O are not formed. The tetravalency of Si is satisfied by
the formation of Si – O bonds, thus it is surrounded by the
four oxygen atoms.
26.(C) II. Pb2+ is more stable than Pb4+, due to inert pair effect.
III. In carbonate ion (CO23 ) all the three C – O bonds are identical due to resonance.
28.(A) In SiF62 and SiCl 26 , former is known due to the small size of F atoms. The small six F atoms can be
easily accommodated around Si atom to form SiF62 while SiCl26 , six large Cl atoms cannot be
accommodated around Si atom.
29.(D) C-atoms form covalently bonded plates (layers). Layers are bonded weakly together, that’s why one layer
can slide over other cause lubricacy. Cannot be melted easily as large number of atoms being bonded
strongly in the layer form big entity.
31.(A) Monosilane e.g., SiH4 on coming in contact with air burns with a luminous flame producing vortex
ring. These rings are of silica. SiH4 2O2 SiO2 2H2O
32.(D) Zeolites are alumino silicates having three dimensional open structure with four or six membered ring,
they have cavities and can take up water and other small molecules
steps. SnCl2 2HgCl2 SnCl 4 Hg 2Cl2 ; SnCl2 Hg 2Cl 2 SnCl 4 2Hg
white grey
36.(B) The structure of silicates has been found with the help
of X-ray diffraction technique. All silicates have
tetrahedral SiO44 ion as a basic building unit i.e., all
silicates are composed of many units. Tetrahedral
shape of SiO4 4 ion is due to sp3 - hybridisation of
Si-atom. Sheet silicates are formed when three oxygen
(bridging O-atoms) of each SiO4 4 unit are shared.
2n
Hence general formula of sheet silicates is Si 2O5
37.(D)
40.(C) Tin is oxidised to meta stannic acid when it is treated with nitric acid
Sn 4HNO3 H2SnO3 4NO2 H2O
41.(A) CH3 2 SiCl2 undergoes hydrolysis but CH3 2 CCl2 does not because in Si, low lying d-orbital is
present.
42.(C) The reluctance of the s-electrons of the valence shell to take part in bonding is called inert pair.
It increases on moving down in a group. Hence, Pb shows most pronounced inert pair effect.
51.(C)
H3BO3 H2O
B(OH)4 H
B2 H6 H 2O H 3BO 3 H 2
Red
H3 BO3
B 2O 3
heat
2 3 Na CO
57.(D) SiF4 H2O Si(OH)4
SiO2 Na 2SiO3
(A) (B) (C)
3
58.(D) SiO2 : sp hybridised
CO2 : sp hybridised
61.(D) Refer NCERT 62.(B) SiCl 4 H2O Si(OH)4
SiO2
64.(A) Boiling point of hydrides increases down the group due to increase in Vander Waal radius.
65.(D) C H3 is sp2 hybridised. Here unpaired electrons is present in pure p-orbital.
69.(B) Al 2O3 is insoluble in water due to high Lattice energy and low hydration energy.
70.(A) H2C2O4
H2O CO CO2
Conc. H2SO4
76.(A) B(OH)3 is accepting electron pair from (OH ). So it is acting as Lewis acid.
77.(C) In case of N(CH3)3, geometry is pyramidal, but in case of N(SiH3)3 it is planer. It is due to the fact that in
the latter, the lone pair of N-atom is transferred to empty d-orbital of silicon (p -d overlapping)
79.(C) The ability of boron carbide to absorb neutrons without forming long lived nuclides makes it attractive as
an absorbent for neutron radiation arising in nuclear power plants. It is one of the hardest materials
known, behind boron nitride and diamond.
2 4 H SO
81.(B) H3BO3 3MeOH B OMe 3 3H2O
Green Colour
83.(A) Boron nitride (inorganic graphite) had diamond like structure. (Non planer)
Borazole : Inorganic Benzene (planer)
B3O63 :
Na 2B4O7 7H2O 2NaOH 4H3BO3
strong base weak acid
86.(D) To obtain crystalline boron in small amounts, B2O3 is reduced with aluminium powder.
88.(ABC) Boranes are easily hydrolysed due to presence of vacant p-orbital. Because of incomplete octet BH3 acts
as Lewis acid. All B–H distances in diboranes are not equal [Refer NCERT class XI part II Page No.313]
92.(C) In Borax, 2 boron atoms are sp3 and 2 boron atoms are sp2 hybridised
93.(ABCD)Borax when dissolved in water because of partial hydrolysis form solution having weak acid and its
salt with strong base Na 2B4O7 7H2O 2NaOH 4H3BO3
(Salt) ( Weak acid)
94.(AB) d and f orbital electrons are more diffused and so less repulsive. This causes increase in effective
nuclear charge. Therefore, atomic size decreases.
95.(ABD) 2 bridged hydrogen and 2 boron lie in perpendicular plane. Bridged hydrogen are described as 3
centre-2 electron bond
96.(A) A silica garden or chemical garden is an experiment normally performed by adding coloured metals
salt such as CuSO4 or CoCl2 to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate. This results in growth of plant
like forms.
99.(A) Silicone have large number of alkyl groups which have appreciable hydrophobic properties.
As general representation of linear silicon is
R R R
H – O Si O Si O Si O H n very large
R R n R
Or
100.(BC) O–C–O bond angle is 180° due to sp hybridization of carbon and also due to p –p bonding between
carbon and oxygen.
101.(AB) Organic silicone chain shows condensation reaction with R3SiCl as shown
R R R R
Si O H Cl Si R Si O Si R HCl
R R R R
103.(BD) O C O
O C – O 104.(D) Si HF H2SiF6
excess
109.(C) Kinoite mineral contain silicate anion. Silicate is a chain of three SiO4 tetrahedral shares corners with
4
adjacent anion. Silicate share corners with adjacent tetrahedral. Therefore formula is Si3O10 .
110.(D) H will be maximum for BI3 because of its maximum Lewis acidic character.
112.(C) SiCl4 reacts with water due to vacant d-orbitals available with Si and no such vacant d-orbitals are
available with carbon, hence CCl4 does not react with water. Although, both SiCl4 and CCl4 are
covalent.
114.(CD) K a K a
a K
CHF3
CF3 H
aK
CHCl3
CCl3 H
117.(C) SiH3 O SiH3 is weaker Lewis base due to presence of back bonding.
OH HF 2H O
118.(AD) Al(OH)4 ; SiF4 H2SiF6 ;
Al(OH)3 SiCl 4 H4SiO4
sp2 sp3 sp3 sp3d 2 sp3 sp3
119.(A) Zeolites are used as ion exchange material and remove hardness of water.
SiO2 C Si CO
126.(C)
127.(C) A is B2 H6
129.(B) Being containing one halogens atom it is utilized for terminating the chain.
8
131.(B) Chain of three SiO 4 tetrahedral exist as Si 3O10
133.(B) As Al (OH)3 is amphoteric in nature and thus form [Al (H2O)2 (OH)4 ].
134.(D) Due to small size of boron, the sum of its first three ionization enthalpies is very high. This prevents it
to form 3 ions.
at higher temperature
B2H6 NH3 (excess) (BN)n H2
138.(D) In group 14, stability of +4 oxidation state decreases down the group and +2 oxidation state increases
down the group due to inert pair effect.
139.(C)
141.(B) E is 'B'
2 B N2 2 BN
OH
NaOH K 2SO4 Al 2 SO4 3 24 H2O Al OH 3
Al OH 4
white ppt clear solution
144.(9) Diamond, H3BO3 (aq), Zeolites, Silicones, Chlorosilanes, Borax, Al 2Cl6 , B2H6 , SiO2
151.(D)
152.(C) Aluminium vessel should not be washed with materials containing washing soda because it reacts with
aluminium to form soluble aluminate.
Al Na 2CO3 H2 O(aq) NaAlO2 NaHCO 3 H 2
153.(D) B2H6 NH3 2 BH3 NH3 B3N3 H6 H2
450 K
154.(C) NH4OH is used as a precipitating reagent for Al 3 ion as Al OH 3 rather than aqueous NaOH
155.(C) Na B OH 4
H3 BO3 NaOH (aq )
H3BO3 molten NaOH
Na 3BO3 H2O
158.(D) These reactions lead to chemical inertness due to formation of inert oxide layer on its surface.
Red hot
162.(D) Na 2B 4 O7 2NH 4 Cl
BN NaCl H 2O HCl
165.(D) B A Ga In T
Here IE of Ga is more than that of A due to high zeff and poor shielding effect of d-electrons. It of
T In due to poor shielding effect of f electrons and high zeff.
2 H O
167.(B) Al N 2 AlN Al OH 3 NH3
Y Z
Y is insoluble in water.
173.(C) Water in presence of oxygen reacts with Pb pipes to from soluble Pb (OH)2 which gives poisnous Pb2
ions in solution.
175.(A) Bond length of B F in Me3N BF3 is greater than that in BF3 due to back bonding in BF3.
181.(AB) PbO and PbO 2 are amphoteric as they reacts with acid as well as base.
182.(ABC) Diborane undergoes unsymmetrical cleavage with lewis base like NH 3 , RNH2 and Me2 NH due to
small size of Base
187.(ABCD) B2 H6 is not polar. It undergoes symmetrical cleavage with large Nucleophiles due to stearic strain.
188.(C) Hydrolysis of R 3 SiCl will form dimer hydrolysis of SiCl 4 will for Si(OH)4
191.(ABD) NO BF4
It has 5 and 2 bond
Nitrogen-oxygen bond length in NO is higher than that in Nitric oxide.
Comprehension Type
192 to 197
NaBH4 I2 B2H6 H2 NaI
(A ) (B)
B2 H6
H 3BO 3 H2
H2 O
(B) (C)
H2 O
B(OH)4 H
H3BO3
(C)
2 O
B2H6 B2O3
192.(C)
193.(ACD) Cis-1, 2-diol is used in titration of NaOH with H3BO3 . Cis-1, 2-diol forms stable complex with
H3BO3 .
NH
194.(B) 3
B2 H6 [B(NH 3 )2 H2 ] [BH 4 ]
H O
195.(A) 2
Al 2Cl6 [Al(H2O)6 ]3 3Cl
197.(C) AlCl3 can be sublimed easily. It is lewis acid and covalent compound.
198 to 202
A is Na 2B4O7 10H2O
aq. Solution of A is alkaline due to formation of NaOH
NiO
Na 2B4O7 10H2O
Na 2B4O7 B2O3 NaBO2 Ni(BO2 )2
(B) (C)
199.(C) Aqueous solution of Borax is alkaline due to hydrolysis of anion i.e. B4O72
Ca 2
200.(A) Na 2B4O7
CaB4O7
205.(D) R 2SiCl2 on hydrolysis gives linear polymer and R 3SiCl act as chain terminating unit.
207.(B)
3 NH
211.(C) B2H6 (B3N 3H6 )
450K
Borazine
216.(A) Alums like K 2SO4 Al2 (SO4 )3 24H2O are acidic due to cationic hydrolysis.
220.(A) Diborane has two types of hydrogen i.e. Bridging hydrogen and terminal hydrogen.
Bridge bond is stronger than terminal bond.
222.(B) Borazole is known as inorganic benzene. When diborane is heated with NH3 at 200°C, Borazole is
formed. Here NH 3 act as Lewis base and diborane as Lewis acid.
224.(A) Lewis acid character in boron trihalide is BF3 BCl3 BBr3 BI3 because electron deficiency in
BF3 is overcome by back bonding. As we move down the group, extent of back bonding decreases
due to poor overlap.
228.(C) CCl 4 does not react with water due to absence of Vacant d orbital.
Both SiCl 4 and CCl 4 are covalent.
230.(C)
232.(B) Bond dissociation energy of B F bond in BF3 molecule is more than C F bond in CF4 due to
back bonding in BF3 .
233.(A) Diamond is extremely hard to strong C C bond in the structure.
x
234.(A) In Si 4O12 , x is 8. Here number of shared oxygen is 2.
3
242.(4) Al 2 (Me)6 , all atoms are sp hybridized
No. of 3c-2e bonds = 2
x
x = 8, y = 2, 4
y
243.(3) (CH3 )3 N, CO, (CH3 )2 O 244.(3) i, iv, vi
2 H O
249.(7) SiF4 Si(OH)4 H2SiF6
x y
H2 O
SiCl 4
Si(OH)4 HCl
x z
Covalency of Si in y is 6 = C1
Covalency of Cl in z is 1 = C 2
252.(ACD) Borax :
253.(A) Orthoboric acid is a very weak acid, direct neutralization does not complete. However, addition of cis-
diol allow the reaction to go completion by forming a stable complex with [B(OH)4 ] as :
p p back bonding between ‘B’ and ‘O’ decreases acid strength greatly :
It does not undergo self ionization in water but accepts an electron pair from water, so it behaves as
weak monobasic acid.
H3 BO H2O
B(OH)4 H
256.(B) Graphite has layered structure and conducted electricity moderately. Silica and diamond have 3-
dimensional network structure and non-conducting.
(c) Boric acid crystallizes in a layer structure in which planar triangular BO33 ions are bonded
together through hydrogen bonds.
258.(ABC) Diborane (B2H6) undergoes unsymmetric cleavage with NH3, primary and secondary amine while
tertiary amine brings about symmetrical cleavage of B2H6 as:
259.(A) Small size and high charge on B3 makes it highly polarizing. Therefore, in most of its compounds,
boron forms covalent bonds.
Hence, both statement I and statement II are correct and statement II is a correct explanation of
statement I
260.(A) Orthoboric acid is a weak, monobasic, Lewis acid and the poor acidic character is due to p p
backbonding as :
Therefore, both statements are correct and statement-II is a correct explanation of statement I.
(D) Tetraborate ion [B 4 O72 ] on treatment with dil. Acid hydrolysis gradually to orthoboric acid
q, r
264.(F) The basic nature of hydroxide of group –13 increases form top to bottom due to increase in
electropositive character.
(ii)
It has 4 terminal B – H bonds. There are two B – H – B, three centred two electron bridge bonds.
Foul odour on damping of Al2S3 is due to the formation of H2S gas as shown above.
272.(A) In sheet silicates, three out of four oxygen of SiO44 unit are shared as shown below
In pyrosilicates, there is only one shared oxygen, in linear chain silicates, two oxygen per tetrahedral
are shared while in three-dimensional silicates, all four oxygen’s are shared.
274.(A) CO2 is acidic oxide, H2O is neutral, CaO is strongly basic and CuO is weakly basic. Therefore, order of
acid strength is : CaO CuO H2O CO 2
276.(D) PbI4 is least stable, has doubtful existence. It is due to inert pair effect, the stable oxidation state of
lead is +2.
277.(BD) Diamond has a three-dimensional network structure, a hard substance where graphite is soft due to
layered structure.
In graphite, only three valence electrons are involved in bonding and one electron remain free giving
electrical conductivity. In diamond, all the four valence electrons are covalently bonded hence,
insulator.
Diamond is better thermal conductor than graphite. Electrical conductivity is due to availability of free
electrons, thermal conduction is due to transfer of thermal vibration energy from one atom to another
atom. A compact and precisely aligned crystals like diamond thus facilitate better movement of heat.
In graphite C – C bond acquire some double bond character, hence, higher bond order than in
diamond.
278.(C) In group 13, 14, 15 as we descend down in group, the higher oxidation state become less stable due to
inert pair effect. Therefore, lead show +2 as stable oxidation state. Hence, Pb4 act as a strong
oxidizing agent, itself reduced to Pb2 very easily. Both statement I and statement II are correct and
statement II is a correct explanation of statement I.
279.(C) SiCl4 reacts with water due to vacant d-oribitals available with Si as :
No such vacant d-orbitals are available with carbon, hence CCI4 does not react with water. Otherwise,
both SiCl4 and CCl4 are covalent.
Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.
281. (Buckminster)
Buckminster fullerene is the name of recently discovered allotrope of carbon.
282. (R2SiO)2
After dimersation, no reactive function group remains.
R R R
| | |
R 3SiCl H2O R S i OH R S i O S i R
HCl
| | |
R R R
Dimeric silicone
283. (Silicones)
Silicones are organosilicon polymers, obtained by hydrolysis of alkyl substituted chlorosilanes.
284.(T) Due of smaller size of carbon than silicon, C –C bond is stronger than Si–Si bond, hence former is more
likely to extend than later.
285.(T) Graphite has a layer structure of hexagonal carbon rings stacked one over other which makes it
slippery.
On the other hand, in diamond, each carbon is tetrahedrally bond to other four carbons extended in
three dimensional space, giving a giant, network structure. Due to this reason, diamond is harder than
graphite.
286.(T) Graphite is better lubricant on moon than on earth because of absence of gravitational pull on the
moon.
288. (i) 3Si 4 AlCl 3 .
2SiCl 4 4 Al
Mg or Zn can also be used.
(ii) SiCl 4 2CH3 MgCl (CH 3 )2 SiCl2 2MgCl2
OH CH3 CH3 CH3
|
HCl | | |
(CH3 )2 SiCl2 H2O
CH3 S i CH3 — O — S i — O — S i — O — S i O
| | | |
OH CH3 CH3 CH3
289.
291.
X Y Z
292. Graphite has layered structure and the adjacent layers are weakly associated giving slippery nature,
used as solid lubricant.
293. Carbon dioxide solidifies at very low temperature, hence solid CO2 is very cold, commonly known as dry
ice. Also solid carbon dioxide sublimes without passing through liquid state.
294. The two common allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite. Diamond is the hardest, natural,
substance, used as an abrasive while graphite is soft, used as a lubricant.
296.(B) In graphite, only three valence electrons are involved in bonding and one electron remain free giving
electrical conductivity. In diamond, all the four valence electrons are covalently bonded hence,
insulator.
Diamond is better thermal conductor than graphite. Electrical conductivity is due to availability of free
electrons, thermal conduction is due to transfer of thermal vibration energy from one atom to another
atom. A compact and precisely aligned crystals like diamond thus facilitate better movement of heat.
298.(B) CH3 2 SiCl2 is used for preparation of linear polymer and CH3 3 SiCl is used for chain termination.