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Entanglement and nonlocality are the most outstanding continuous-variable GHZ states 关13兴 and thereby to prove
features of quantum mechanics. In the rapidly advancing their nonlocality. Since these states have a positive Wigner
field of quantum communication and computation, entangled function, we shall follow the convenient strategy of Ban-
states are the key ingredients: they enable quantum telepor- aszek and Wodkiewicz 关8兴 who exploited the fact that the
tation 关1兴, quantum cryptography 关2兴, and many other poten- Wigner function is connected to the quantum mean value of
tially useful schemes. Bell showed that nonlocality can be the photon number parity operator. Relying on this connec-
revealed via the constraints that local realism imposes on the tion, we will demonstrate N-party nonlocality using mean-
statistics of two physically separated systems 关3兴. These con- value inequalities 关12兴, and we do not follow the original
straints, expressed in terms of the Bell inequalities, can be GHZ program utilizing a contradiction to local realism in a
violated by quantum mechanics. Entanglement does not au- single measurement.
tomatically imply nonlocality. The so-called Werner states Let us identify the ‘‘position’’ and ‘‘momentum’’ of a
are mixed states that are inseparable, but do not violate any particle with the quadrature amplitudes of a single electro-
Bell inequality 关4兴. Also pure entangled states can, if associ- magnetic mode 共the real and imaginary part of the mode’s
ated with a positive Wigner function, directly reveal a local annihilation operator兲. In Ref. 关13兴, it has been shown that a
hidden-variable description 关3兴. sequence of beam splitter operations,
B̂ N⫺1 N 共 /4兲 B̂ N⫺2 N⫺1 „cos⫺1 共 1/ 冑3 兲 …
Towards possible applications in quantum communica-
tion, both theoretical and experimental investigations in-
creasingly focus on quantum states with a continuous spec- ⫻•••⫻B̂ 12„cos⫺1 共 1/冑N 兲 …,
trum defined in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. These
states can be relatively easily generated using squeezed light applied to one momentum squeezed vacuum mode 1 and N
and beam splitters, as for instance the entangled two-mode ⫺1 position squeezed vacuum modes 2 through N, yields an
squeezed vacuum state that has already proven its usefulness N-mode state with N-party entanglement between all modes.
for quantum teleportation 关5兴. The two-mode squeezed Here, an ideal 共phase-free兲 beam splitter operation B̂ i j ( )
vacuum state is an approximate version of the original acts on a pair of modes i and j with annihilation operators â i
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen 共EPR兲 state 关6兴 where the quadra-
ture amplitudes of the electromagnetic field play the roles of and â j like â i →â i cos ⫹â j sin , and â j →â i sin
position and momentum of a particle. Its Wigner function is ⫺â j cos . The Wigner function of the pure entangled
positive everywhere and hence it has a local hidden-variable N-mode state is
冉冊 再 冋 冉兺 冊
description 关3兴. Thus, attempts to derive for this state viola- N N 2
2 2
tions of Bell inequalities based on homodyne measurements W 共 x,p兲 ⫽ exp ⫺e ⫺2r xi
of the quadratures failed 关7兴. However, whether nonlocality N i⫽1
册
is uncovered depends on the observables and the measure- N
1
ments considered in a specific Bell inequality and not only
on the quantum state itself. It was shown by Banaszek and
⫹
N 兺
i, j
共 p i⫺ p j 兲2
冋 冉兺 冊 兺 册冎
Wodkiewicz 关8兴, that the two-mode squeezed vacuum state is N 2 N
nonlocal, as it violates a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt 2 1
共CHSH兲 inequality 关9兴 when measurements of photon num- ⫺e ⫹2r pi ⫹ 共 x i ⫺x j 兲 2 , 共1兲
N i⫽1 N i, j
ber parity are considered.
The nonlocality of the multipartite entangled qubit where x⫽(x 1 ,x 2 , . . . ,x N ) and p⫽(p 1 ,p 2 , . . . ,p N ) are the
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger 共GHZ兲 states can in principle positions and momenta of the N modes and r is the squeezing
be manifest in a single measurement and need not be statis- parameter 共with equal squeezing in all initial modes兲. The
tical 关10兴 as the violation of a Bell inequality that relies on state W(x,p) is always positive, symmetric among the N
mean values. But Mermin and others 关11,12兴 also derived modes, and becomes peaked at x i ⫺x j ⫽0 (i, j
Bell-CHSH inequalities for N-particle systems. The aim of ⫽1,2, . . . ,N) and p 1 ⫹ p 2 ⫹•••⫹ p N ⫽0 for large squeezing
this paper is to apply those N-party inequalities to r. For N⫽2, it equals the well-known EPR-state Wigner
function that approaches ␦ (x 1 ⫺x 2 ) ␦ (p 1 ⫹p 2 ) in the limit of run of the measurements, where (a N ) becomes either ⫹1
infinite squeezing. Any nonzero squeezing yields N-partite or ⫺1 and so does (a N⬘ ). Thus, induction proves Eq. 共7兲 for
entanglement and the position and momentum correlations any N with
can be exploited for quantum teleportation 关14兴 between any
two of N parties with the assistance of the remaining N⫺2 B 2 ⬅ 关 共 a 1 兲 ⫹ 共 a 1⬘ 兲兴 共 a 2 兲 ⫹ 关 共 a 1 兲 ⫺ 共 a 1⬘ 兲兴 共 a 2⬘ 兲 ⫽⫾2,
parties 关13兴. 共8兲
In order to prove the nonlocality exhibited by the state which is trivially true 共the expressions B N⬘ are equivalent to
W(x,p), we use the fact that the Wigner function is propor- B N but with all the a i and a ⬘i swapped兲. Within the frame-
tional to the quantum expectation value of a displaced parity work of local realistic theories with the hidden variables
operator 关15兴. We obtain the relation 关8兴 ⫽( 1 , 2 , . . . , N ) and the normalized probability distribu-
冉冊 冉冊
N N tion P(), we obtain an inequality for the average value of
2 2 B N ⬅B N (),
W 共 ␣兲 ⫽ 具 ⌸̂ 共 ␣兲 典 ⫽ ⌸ 共 ␣兲 , 共2兲
⌸̂ i 共 ␣ i 兲 ⫽⌸̂ (⫹)
i 共 ␣ i 兲 ⫺⌸̂ i 共 ␣ i 兲 ,
(⫺)
共4兲 C 共 a 1 ,a 2 兲 ⫽ 冕 d 1 d 2 P 共 1 , 2 兲 共 a 1 , 1 兲 共 a 2 , 2 兲 .
共11兲
with the projection operators
Following Bell 关3兴, an always positive Wigner function can
⬁ serve as the hidden-variable probability distribution. In this
i 共 ␣ i 兲 ⫽D̂ i 共 ␣ i 兲
⌸̂ (⫹) 兺
k⫽0
兩 2k 典具 2k 兩 D̂ †i 共 ␣ i 兲 , 共5兲 sense, the EPR-state Wigner function could prevent the
CHSH inequality being violated: W(x 1 ,p 1 ,x 2 ,p 2 )
⬅ P( 1 , 2 ). The same applies to the general Wigner func-
⬁
tion in Eq. 共1兲: W(x,p)⬅ P() could be used to construct
i 共 ␣ i 兲 ⫽D̂ i 共 ␣ i 兲
⌸̂ (⫺) 兺
k⫽0
兩 2k⫹1 典具 2k⫹1 兩 D̂ †i 共 ␣ i 兲 , 共6兲 correlation functions
where (a N )⫽⫾1 and (a N⬘ )⫽⫾1 describe two possible which according to Eq. 共10兲 satisfies 兩 B2 兩 ⭐2 for local real-
outcomes for two possible measurement settings 共denoted by istic theories. Here, we have chosen the displacement set-
a N and a N⬘ ) of measurements on the Nth particle. Provided tings ␣ 1 ⫽ ␣ 2 ⫽0 and ␣ 1⬘ ⫽ ␣ , ␣ ⬘2 ⫽  .
that B N⫺1 ⫽⫾2 and B N⫺1⬘ ⫽⫾2, Eq. 共7兲 is true for a single Let us write the states in Eq. 共1兲 as
022106-2
GREENBERGER-HORNE-ZEILINGER NONLOCALITY IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 63 022106
再
⌸ 共 ␣兲 ⫽exp ⫺2 cosh 2r 兺
i⫽1
N
兩 ␣ i兩 2 B3 ⫽
3
⫹sinh 2r
2
N 冋 兺
N
i, j
共 ␣ i ␣ j ⫹ ␣ i* ␣ *j 兲 再
⫺exp ⫺6J cosh 2r⫺ 31 J sinh 2r
⫺ 兺
N
i⫽1
共 ␣ 2i ⫹ ␣ i* 2 兲 册冎 . 共15兲 ⫻ 兺
3
i⫽ j
关 cos 2 i ⫺4 cos共 i ⫹ j 兲兴 冎 . 共18兲
⫹C 共 a 1⬘ ,a 2 ,a 3 ,a 4 兲 ⫹C 共 a 1 ,a 2 ,a 3⬘ ,a 4⬘ 兲
a contradiction to local realism does not occur only if 兩 B3 兩
⭐2. The corresponding settings here are ␣ 1 ⫽ ␣ 2 ⫽ ␣ 3 ⫽0 ⫹C 共 a 1 ,a 2⬘ ,a 3 ,a 4⬘ 兲 ⫹C 共 a 1⬘ ,a 2 ,a 3 ,a 4⬘ 兲
and ␣ ⬘1 ⫽ ␣ , ␣ 2⬘ ⫽  , and ␣ 3⬘ ⫽ ␥ . With the choice ␣
⫽ 冑Je i 1 ,  ⫽ 冑Je i 2 , and ␥ ⫽ 冑Je i 3 , we obtain ⫹C 共 a 1 ,a 2⬘ ,a 3⬘ ,a 4 兲 ⫹C 共 a 1⬘ ,a 2 ,a 3⬘ ,a 4 兲
022106-3
P. van LOOCK AND SAMUEL L. BRAUNSTEIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 63 022106
⫺⌸ 共 0,0,0,0,0 兲兴 , 共22兲
than for N⭐4 共at the same squeezing兲 are needed to ap-
proach this maximum violation. Another important observa- ␣ 2k⫹2 , . . . , ␣ N ), 共25兲
022106-4
GREENBERGER-HORNE-ZEILINGER NONLOCALITY IN . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 63 022106
(N⫺1)/2
⫹8M and 兩 BN (r⫽0) 兩 ⬍2 if J⬎0. In the limit N→⬁, we
for N⫽7⫹8M : BN ⫽2 (3⫺N)/2
兺
k⫽0
共 ⫺1 兲 k⫹1 obtain BN (r⫽0)→0 for any J⬎0. Similar expressions as in
Eq. 共30兲 can be found for BN (r⫽0) in the other cases of odd
⫻ 冉 N
2k⫹1 冊
⌸ 共 ␣ 1⬘ , ␣ ⬘2 , . . . , ␣ 2k⫹1
⬘ ,
N, N⫽5⫹8M , N⫽7⫹8M , and N⫽9⫹8M , and in fact, no
violations occur. The inequality 兩 BN 兩 ⭐2 imposed by local
realistic theories always remains satisfied for zero squeezing.
␣ 2k⫹2 , ␣ 2k⫹3 , . . . , ␣ N ), On the other hand, inferring from the results for N⭐5
共26兲 parties, the maximum violations of 兩 BN 兩 ⭐2 occur for large
squeezing. Let us again consider the limit of large squeezing
(N⫺1)/2 ( cosh 2r⬇ sinh 2r⬇e⫹2r/2) and define A⬅Je ⫹2r . Now we
for N⫽9⫹8M : BN ⫽2 (3⫺N)/2 兺
k⫽0
共 ⫺1 兲 k can write Eq. 共28兲 and Eq. 共29兲 as
⌸ 共 ␣ 1⬘ , ␣ 2⬘ , . . . , ␣ 2k
⬘ , ␣ 2k⫹1 , ␣ 2k⫹2 , . . . , ␣ N 兲
⫻
N
2k冉 冊
⌸ 共 ␣ 1⬘ , ␣ 2⬘ , . . . , ␣ 2k
⬘ , ␣ 2k⫹1 , ⫽exp关 ⫺2A共 2k 兲 2 /N 兴 , 共31兲
The functions concerned in these formulas are explicitly ⫽exp关 ⫺2A共 2k⫹1 兲 2 /N 兴 . 共32兲
given by 关see Eq. 共15兲兴 Figure 2 shows the maxima of the violations of 兩 BN 兩 ⭐2 共for
⌸ 共 ␣ 1⬘ , ␣ 2⬘ , . . . , ␣ 2k
⬘ , ␣ 2k⫹1 , ␣ 2k⫹2 , . . . , ␣ N 兲 our particular choice of settings兲, calculated with Eqs. 共24兲–
共27兲 and the asymptotic results from Eqs. 共31兲–共32兲 for large
再
⫽exp ⫺2J cosh 2r 共 2k 兲 ⫹2J sinh 2r
squeezing. The maximum violation grows from B max
for N⫽5 to B 85 max
5 ⬇2.48
⬇2.8 for N⫽85. Within this range, a maxi-
冋 册冎
mum violation near 2.8 is already attained with N⫽45 par-
共 2k 兲 2 ties and there is only a very small increase from N⫽45 to
⫻ 2k⫺2 , 共28兲
N N⫽85. On the other hand, between N⫽5 and N⫽9, the
maximum violation goes up from 2.48 to about 2.6, which is
⌸ 共 ␣ ⬘1 , ␣ 2⬘ , . . . , ␣ 2k⫹1
⬘ , ␣ 2k⫹2 , ␣ 2k⫹3 , . . . , ␣ N 兲 still significantly less than the increase between N⫽2
冋 册冎
growth seems to continuously decrease for larger numbers of
共 2k⫹1 兲 2
⫻ 2k⫹1⫺2 . 共29兲 parties. In fact, from N⫽45 to N⫽85, we see a second local
N maximum emerging rather than a significant further increase
of the absolute maximum violation.
Let us first consider the case of zero squeezing, r⫽0. The
In Fig. 3, calculated with Eqs. 共24兲–共27兲 and Eqs. 共28兲–
sum from Eq. 共24兲 becomes in this case
共29兲, violations of 兩 BN 兩 ⭐2 are compared between different
BN 共 r⫽0 兲 ⫽2 (3⫺N)/2共 1⫹e ⫺4J兲 N/2 sin关 N arctan共 e ⫺2J兲兴 . numbers of parties at certain amounts of squeezing of the
共30兲 corresponding GHZ states. As stated earlier, the violations
grow with N also for modest finite squeezing, but this in-
As expected, without squeezing, no violations of the Bell- crease is smaller than the increase of the maximum viola-
type inequalities are obtained for the unentangled, separable tions and becomes unrecognizable for small squeezing. An
N-mode states: we find BN (r⫽0)⫽2 if J⫽0 for any N⫽3 illustrating example is that a violation comparable to the
022106-5
P. van LOOCK AND SAMUEL L. BRAUNSTEIN PHYSICAL REVIEW A 63 022106
maximum violation with the two-mode EPR state for large The degree of nonlocality of the continuous-variable GHZ
2 ⬇2.19) can be attained with a five-mode
squeezing (B max states, if represented by the maximum violation of the corre-
GHZ state built from five modestly squeezed states 共about sponding Bell-type inequalities, seems to grow with increas-
2.6 dB each兲. ing number of parties. This growth, however, continuously
We conclude with a summary and an assessment of our decreases for larger numbers of parties. Thus, the evolution
results. We have considered pure multipartite entangled of the continuous-variable states’ nonlocality with increasing
states described by continuous quantum variables and shown number of parties and the corresponding evolution of nonlo-
that they violate Bell-type inequalities imposed by local re- cality for the qubit GHZ states are qualitatively equal but
alism. An experimental nonlocality test based on these states quantitatively different 共with an exponential increase for the
and on our scheme is possible, but it would require detectors qubits兲. The reason for this may be that the latter always
capable of resolving the number of absorbed photons 关17兴. relies on maximally entangled states, whereas the former de-
Nevertheless, the N-mode states, which we have unambig- pends on nonmaximally entangled states as long as the
uously proven to exhibit nonlocality, can be relatively easily
squeezing remains finite. In fact, an observation of the non-
generated in practice, as opposed to the discrete-variable
locality of the continuous-variable states requires small but
GHZ states on which all current multiparty nonlocality
nonzero displacements J⬀e ⫺2r , which is not achievable
proofs rely. Furthermore, entangled N-mode states similar to
when the singular maximally entangled states for infinite
those considered here can even be produced using only one
squeezing are considered.
single-mode squeezed vacuum state and linear optics instead
of N squeezed states 关13兴. Since it has been shown already This research was funded by a DAAD Doktorandensti-
that the entangled two-mode state created this way is nonlo- pendium 共HSP III兲 and by the EPSRC Grant No. GR/
cal with respect to parity measurements 关18兴, one can apply L91344. P.v.L. thanks T. C. Ralph, W. J. Munro, and A. K.
our analysis to the corresponding N-mode states and expect Pati for useful comments on the present paper and general
that they too are nonlocal. discussions concerning nonlocality.
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022106-6