Concrete Lab Manual Final 07-07-2016 PDF

CONCRETE LABORATORY MANUAL
Code: CE 592
Degree: B.Tech
Stream: Civil Engineering
Year: 3rd
Semester: 5th
Academic Year: 2016-2017
Prepared By
SUBRATA HALDER
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
OmDayal Group of Institutions

ENGINEERING COLLEGE & ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE
AICTE & COA approved & WBUT affiliated Institute
Contacts: (033)-2661 3366 / 3179
Website: www.oders.in
Email: contact@oders.in
Concrete Laboratory Manual CE 592
INDEX
Sl. Description Page
No. No.
1. Vision / Mission 1
2. University Syllabus (CONCRETE LABORATORY, Code :CE 592) 2
3. List of Experiments 3
3.1 Determination of Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement 4-8
3.2 Determination of Fineness of Hydraulic Cement. 9-18
3.3 Determination of Soundness of Hydraulic Cement by "Le 19-21
Chatelier" Method.
3.4 Determination of Normal Consistency of Standard Cement Paste. 22-24
3.5 Determination of Initial & Final Setting Time of Standard 25-28
Cement Paste.
3.6 Determination of Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement. 29-34
3.7 Determination of specific gravity& Water Absorption of fine 35-37
aggregates.
3.8 Determination of Moisture Content of fine aggregates. 38-40
3.9 Determination of Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of Coarse 41-43
Aggregate.
3.10 Determination of Bulking of Fine Aggregate. 44-46
3.11 Determination of Deleterious Materials in a Given Sample of 47-51
Fine Aggregate.
3.12 Determination of fineness modulus and particle size distribution 52-55
curve of fine aggregates.
3.13 Determination of fineness modulus and particle size distribution 56-59
curve of coarse aggregates.
3.14 Determination of Bulk Density of Fine & Coarse Aggregate. 60-62
3.15 Determination of Workability of Fresh Concrete By Slump Cone 63-67
Test.
3.16 Determination Workability of Fresh Concrete by Compaction 68-71
Factor Test.
3.17 Determination of Consistency of Concrete by Vee-Bee 72-75
Consistometer Method.
3.18 Determination of the compressive strength of cement concrete 76-80
specimens.
3.19 Determination of the splitting tensile strength of cement concrete 81-83
specimens.
3.20 Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete. 84-87
3.21 Determination of Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete. 88-91
3.22 Non-destructive Testing of Concrete by Rebound Hammer. 92-94
3.23 Concrete Mix Design by Indian standard method IS 10262-2009. 95-98
4. VIVA-VOCE Question Bank 99-102
Department of Civil Engineering

 Vision:
We have a specific goal and vision of developing the department into a full – fledged
learning centre for conceptual knowledge
 Mission:
The department is geared to translate its vision into deeds, by producing quality
technocrats with inbuilt character of commitment and hardworking, who can interpret and
implement the knowledge acquired for the development of society.
Department of Civil Engineering 1|Page

University Syllabus:
CONCRETE LABORATORY
Code CE 592
Contact: 3P
Credits: 2
1. Tests on cement – specific gravity, fineness, soundness, normal consistency, setting

time, compressive strength on cement mortar cubes
2. Tests on fine aggregate – specific gravity, bulking, sieve analysis, fineness modules,
moisture content , bulk density and deleterious materials.
3. Tests on coarse aggregate - specific gravity, sieve analysis, fineness modulus, bulk
density.
4. Tests on Fresh Concrete: Workability : Slump, Vee-Bee, Compaction factor tests
5. Hardened Concrete: Compressive strength on Cubes, Split tensile strength, Static
modulus of elasticity, Flexure tests , Non destructive testing (Rebound hammer &
Ultrasonic pulse velocity)
6. Mix Design of Concrete.
References:
1. Relevant latest IS codes on Aggregates, Cement & Concrete [269, 383, 2386,
10262(2009), SP23]
2. Laboratory manual of concrete testing by V.V. Sastry and M. L. Gambhir

List of Experiments:
1. Determination of Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement

2. Determination of Fineness of Hydraulic Cement.
3. Determination of Soundness of Hydraulic Cement by "Le Chatelier" Method.
4. Determination of Normal Consistency of Standard Cement Paste.
5. Determination of Initial & Final Setting Time of Standard Cement Paste.
6. Determination of Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement.
7. Determination of specific gravity & Water Absorption of fine aggregates.
8. Determination of Moisture Content of fine aggregates.
9. Determination of Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
10. Determination of Bulking of Fine Aggregate.
11. Determination of Deleterious Materials in a Given Sample of Fine Aggregate.
12. Determination of fineness modulus and particle size distribution curve of fine
aggregates.
13. Determination of fineness modulus and particle size distribution curve of coarse
aggregates.
14. Determination of Bulk Density of Fine & Coarse Aggregate.
15. Determination of Workability of Fresh Concrete By Slump Cone Test.
16. Determination Workability of Fresh Concrete by Compaction Factor Test.
17. Determination of Consistency of Concrete by Vee-Bee Consistometer Method.
18. Determination of the compressive strength of cement concrete specimens.
19. Determination of the splitting tensile strength of cement concrete specimens.
20. Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete.
21. Determination of Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete.
22. Non-destructive Testing of Concrete by Rebound Hammer.
23. Concrete Mix Design by Indian standard method IS 10262-2009.

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY/DENSITY OF HYDRAULIC

CEMENT
EXPERIMENT NO.: DATE:
Title: Determination of Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement using Le-

Chatelier Flask.
Objective: To Determine the Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement using Le-

Chatelier Flask.
A. USING LE-CHATELIER FLASK:
Apparatus:
I. Le Chatelier Flask - Standard Le-Chatelier flask conforming to the dimensions shown

in Fig.
Fig: Le-Chatelier flask

II. Analytical Balance - Analytical balance capable of reproducing results within 0.0002 g
with an accuracy of ± 0.0002 g.
III. Standard Weights
IV. Constant Temperature Water Bath – The constant temperature water bath shall be
capable of maintaining temperature within ± 0.2°C.
Materials:
Kerosene free of water or naphtha having a specific gravity not less than 0.7313 shall be
used in the density determination.
Introduction:
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of cement
and weight of an equal volume of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement,
kerosene is used which does not react with cement.
Test Procedure:
1. Dry the Le-Chatelier flask and fill with kerosene oil or Naptha to a point on the stem
between 0 and 1 ml.
2. Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid.
3. Immerse the flask in a constant temp water bath maintained at room temp for
sufficient time.
4. Record the level of the kerosene oil in the flask as initial reading.
5. Introduce about 64 g of cement into the flask so that the level of the liquid will be in
its final position at some point of the upper series of graduations. Splashing should be
avoided and cement should not be allowed to adhere to the sides of the flask above the
liquid.
6. Insert the glass nipple into the flask and roll it gently in an inclined position to free the
cement from air until no further air bubble rises to the surface of the liquid.
7. Keep the flask again in constant temp water bath and note down the new liquid level
as final reading.
Precautions:
 While pouring cement in the Le-chatelier flask, care should be taken to avoid
splashing and cement should not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid.
 The kerosene or Naptha should be completely free from water.
 At time of weighing the temperature of the apparatus will not be allowed to exceed the
specified temperature.
 All air bubbles shall be eliminated in filling the apparatus and inserting the stopper.
 Weighing shall be done quickly after filling the apparatus and shall be accurate to 0.1
mg.
 Precautions shall be taken to prevent expansion and overflow of the contents resulting
from the heat of the hand when wiping the surface of the apparatus.
Observation & Calculation:
The difference between the first and final readings represents the volume of liquid
displaced by the mass of cement used in test.
The density is calculated as per the below mentioned formula to the second place of decimal.

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚3
Mass Final Level

Initial Level Increase in Density (Sp. Avg.
of of Kerosene
Sl. No. of Kerosene Volume in ml Gravity) of Density of
Cement In Flask
In Flask (B) or cm3 (D=C-B) Cement =A/D Cement
in g (A) (C)
Result:
Comments:
B. USING SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE
Apparatus:
I. Specific Gravity Bottle of 50ml capacity
Fig: Specific Gravity Bottle
II. Analytical Balance - Analytical balance capable of reproducing results within 0.0002 g
with an accuracy of ± 0.0002 g.

III. Standard Weights

IV. Constant Temperature Water Bath – The constant temperature water bath shall be
capable of maintaining temperature within ± 0.2°C.
Materials:
Kerosene free of water or naphtha having a specific gravity not less than 0.7313 shall be
used in the density determination.
Introduction:
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of cement
and weight of an equal volume of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement,
kerosene is used which does not react with cement.
Test Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the specific gravity bottle and weigh it with the stopper (W1).
2. Fill the specific gravity bottle with cement sample at least half of the bottle and weigh
with stopper (W2).
3. Fill the specific gravity bottle containing the cement, with kerosene (free of water)
placing the stopper and weigh it (W3).
4. While doing the above do not allow any air bubbles to remain in the specific gravity
bottle.
5. After weighing the bottle, the bottle shall be cleaned and dried again.
6. Then fill it with fresh kerosene and weigh it with stopper (W4).
7. Remove the kerosene from the bottle and fill it with full of water and weigh it with
stopper (W5).
8. All the above weighing should be done at the room temperature of (27 ± 2)0C.
Precautions:
 While pouring cement in the specific gravity bottle, care should be taken to avoid
splashing and cement should not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid.
 The kerosene or Naptha should be completely free from water.
 At time of weighing the temperature of the apparatus will not be allowed to exceed the
specified temperature.
 All air bubbles shall be eliminated in filling the apparatus and inserting the stopper.
 Weighing shall be done quickly after filling the apparatus and shall be accurate to 0.1
mg.
 Precautions shall be taken to prevent expansion and overflow of the contents resulting
from the heat of the hand when wiping the surface of the apparatus.
Description Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Weight of empty bottle W1 g
Weight of bottle + Cement W2 g
Weight of bottle + Cement + Kerosene W3 g
Weight of bottle + Full Kerosene W4 g
Weight of bottle + Full Water W5 g
Specific gravity of Kerosene 𝑆𝑘
Specific gravity of Cement 𝑆𝑐

𝑊4 −𝑊1
Specific gravity of Kerosene 𝑆𝑘 =
𝑊5 −𝑊1
𝑊 −𝑊
Specific gravity of Cement 𝑆𝑐 = (𝑊 −𝑊 2)−(𝑊1 −𝑊 ) × 𝑆𝑘
4 1 3 2
Result:
Comments:
Reference:
 IS:4031(Pat 11):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of
density)
Technical Discussions:
 The test for finding the specific gravity of Portland cement was originally considered
to be of value in detecting adulteration and under burning, but is no longer thought to
be of much importance in view of the fact that other tests lead to more definite
conclusions.
 If the specific gravity bottle is used, it is necessary to determine the specific gravity of
kerosene or other liquid used and all the measurements are made entirely by mass.
 Long seasoning is the chief cause of a low specific gravity in unadulterated cement.
This is because the freshly ground cement when exposed to air rapidly absorbs
moisture and carbon dioxide. Cements with high contents of iron oxide have a higher
specific gravity. The effect of fineness of grinding upon specific gravity is slight. Very
finely ground cements are likely to have lower specific gravities
Some Viva-Voce Question:

 Define specific gravity.
 Is it permissible to use water in this experiment and if not, why?
 What type of liquid should be used?
 What is the fundamental difference between the two methods used in this experiment
and which one is better?
 Where do you need the value of specific gravity of cement?

DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
Title: Determination of Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Dry Sieving.
Objective: To determine Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Dry Sieving.
A. DRY SIEVING METHOD:
Apparatus:
I. Test Sieve: It comprises a firm, durable, non-corrodible, cylindrical frame of 150 mm

to 200 mm nominal diameter and 40 mm to 100 mm depth, fitted with 90 micron
mesh sieve cloth of woven stainless steel, or other abrasion-resisting and non-
corrodible metal wire.
The sieve cloth shall comply with the requirements of IS 460 ( Part 1) : 1985
and IS 460 ( Part 3 ) : 1985 and shall be free of visible irregularities in mesh size when
inspected optically by the methods of IS 460 ( Part 3 ) : 1985. A tray fitting beneath
the sieve frame and a lid fitting above it shall be provided to avoid loss of material
during sieving.
Fig: 90 micron sieve
II. Balance: Capable of weighing up to 10 g to the nearest 10 mg.

III. Brush: A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40 mm bristle, for
cleaning the sieve.
Introduction:
The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on
the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a
greater surface area for hydration and hence the faster and greater the development of
strength. Increase in fineness of cement is also found to increase the drying shrinkage of
concrete. Fineness of cement is tested either by sieving or by determination of specific
surface by air-permeability apparatus. Specific surface is the total surface area of all the
particles in one gram of cement.

Test Procedure:
1. Agitate the sample of cement to be tested by shaking for 2 minutes in a stoppered jar to
disperse agglomerates. Stir the resulting powder gently using a clean dry rod in order to
distribute the fines throughout the cement.
2. Attach a pan under the sieve to collect the cement passing the sieve.
3. Weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the sieve. Fit
the lid over the sieve.
4. Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more fine material
passes through it.
5. Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage (R1) of the quantity first
placed in the sieve.
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 with a fresh sample to obtain R2.
Note:
 When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and
calculate the mean of the three values.
 The sieving process is carried out manually by a skilled and experienced operator.
 Alternatively a sieving machine may be used provided that it can be shown to give the
same results as the manual operation.
Procedure to Check Sieve:
1. Follow the steps (1 to 6) as mentioned earlier with a reference cement sample or

certified reference material (i.e. CRM).
2. Calculate two values ‘P1’ & ‘P2’ and calculate mean ‘P’ of ‘P1’ & ‘P2’.
3. From the certificate of reference cement sample find out the known value of residue
on 90 micron mesh sieve.
4. Calculate a correction factor as per the below mentioned formula.
𝑹𝟎
𝑭=
𝑷
Where,
R0=Known value of residue as per reference material certificate.
P=Mean value of P1 & P2.
(The value of F may be 1.00±0.20)
5. Multiply this correction factor ‘F’ with mean value of ‘R’
Precaution:
 Before sieving, air set lumps of cement should be broken

 Sieving should be done by rotating the sieve and not by translation.
Department of Civil Engineering 10 | P a g e

Observations & Calculation:
Weight of sample taken Fineness (%)

Sl. No. Weight of residue (g) (B)
taken(g) (A) =(B/A)100
Result:
Comments:
B. BY BLAINE AIR PERMEABILITY METHOD:
Apparatus:
I. Timer: The timer shall have a positive starting and stopping mechanism and shall be
capable of being read to the nearest 0.2 s or better. The timer shall be accurate to 1
percent or better over time intervals up to 300 s.
II. Balances: Balances capable of weighing about 3 g to the nearest 1 mg for the cement
and about 50 g to 110 g to the nearest 10 mg for the mercury.
III. Pycnometer: Pycnometer or other convenient means of determining the density of
cement.
IV. Manometer Liquid: The manometer shall be filled to the level of the lowest etched line
with a non-volatile, non-hygroscopic liquid of low viscosity and density, such as light
mineral oil.
V. Variable Flow Type Air Permeability Apparatus (Blaine Type): Variable flow type
air permeability apparatus (Blame Type) and the accessories conforming to IS 5516
shall be used.

Fig: Schematic Diagram of Variable Flow Type Air Permeability Apparatus (Blaine Type)
VI. Mercury: Mercury of reagent grade or better.

VII. Reference cement of known specific surface
VIII. Light oil, to prevent formation of mercury amalgam on the inner surface of the cell.
IX. Circular discs of filter paper, having a smooth circumference adapted to the dimensions
of the cell. The filter paper is of medium porosity (mean pore diameter 7 pm).
X. Light grease, for ensuring an airtight joint between cell and manometer, and in the
stopcock.
Introduction:
The degree of fineness of cement is measure of the mean size of the grains in the cement.
The fineness of cement has an important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the
rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a greater
surface area for hydration and hence the faster and greater the development of strength.
Increase in fineness of cement is also found to increase the drying shrinkage of concrete.
Blaine’s air permeability apparatus consists essentially of a means of drawing a definite
quantity of air through a prepared bed of cement of definite porosity. The fineness is
expressed as a total surface area in square centimetres per gram.
Test Procedure:
1. Test Conditions
The laboratory in which the air permeability test is carried out shall be maintained at a
temperature of 27 ± 2°C and a relative humidity not exceeding 65 percent. All materials for
test and calibration shall be at the laboratory temperature when used and shall be protected

from absorption of atmospheric moisture during storage. A laboratory temperature of 20 ±

2°C may be maintained, if desired by the purchaser.
2. Compacted Cement Bed

2.1 Basis
The compacted cement bed comprises a reproducible arrangement of cement
particles with a specified volume of air included between the particles. This air
volume is defined as a fraction of the total volume of the bed and is termed the
porosity, e.
It follows that the volume fraction occupied by the cement particles is (l-e). If
Vis the total volume of the bed, the absolute volume of cement is V( l-e) (cm3), and
the mass of cement m is ρV(l-e) (g) where p is the solid density of the cement particles
ρ (g/cm3).
Thus, knowing p, a mass of cement can be weighed to produce a desired
prosity, e, in the compacted bed of total volume V. The determination of ρ is described
in 2.3. and that of V in 4.1.
2.2 Preparation of the Sample

Agitate the sample of cement to be tested by shaking for 2 min in a stoppered
jar to disperse agglomerates. Wait for 2 minute. Stir the resulting powder gently using
a clean dry rod in order to distribute the fines throughout the cement.
2.3 Determination of the Density of Cement

Determine the density of the cement using a device such as a pycnometer or
Le-chatelier flask. Use a non-reactive liquid in the determination. The quantity of
cement used will depend on the nature of the apparatus but shall be such that the value
of ρ determined is accurate to 0.01 g/cm3. Verify this accuracy by a repeat
determination and record the mean of the two determinations to the nearest 0.01
g/cm3 as the density.
2.4 Formation of the Bed

To give a cement bed of porosity e = 0.500 weigh a quantity of cement, ml,
calculated from:
m1 = 0.500 ρ V (g) ............... (1)
where,
ρ is the density of the cement (g/cm3), and
V is the volume of the cement bed (cm3).
This mass, correctly compacted, will produce a bed of porosity 0.500. Place
the perforated disc on the ledge at the bottom of the cell and place on it a new filter
paper disc. Ensure that the filter paper disc fully covers the perforated disc and is flat
by pressing with a clean dry rod. Place the weighed quantity of cement, m1, in the cell
taking care to avoid loss.
Tap the cell to level the cement. Place a second new filter paper disc on the
levelled cement. Insert the plunger to make contact with the filter paper disc. Press the
plunger gently but firmly until the lower face of the cap is in contact with the cell.
Slowly withdraw the plunger about 5 mm, rotate it through 90” and gently but firmly
press the bed once again until the plunger cap is in contact with the cell. The bed is
now compacted and ready for the permeability test. Slowly withdraw the plunger.
3. Air Permeability Test

3.1 Basis
The specific surface, S, is conveniently expressed as:
𝐾 √𝑒 3 √𝑡
𝑆= × (1−𝑒) × (𝑐𝑚2 ⁄𝑔) … … … … … … … … … … … … … (2)
𝜌 √0.1𝜂
Where,
K is the apparatus constant,
e is the porosity of the bed,
t is the measured time(s),
ρ is the density of cement (g/cm3), and
η is the viscosity of air at the test temperature taken from Table 1.
With the specified porosity of e = 0.500 and temperature:

a) at 27 ± 2°C
521.08𝐾 √𝑡
𝑆= (𝑐𝑚2 ⁄𝑔)
𝜌
b) at 20 ± 2°C
524.2𝐾 √𝑡
𝑆= (𝑐𝑚2 ⁄𝑔)
𝜌
Table 1: Density of Mercury D, Viscosity of Air (η) and √𝟎. 𝟏𝜂 Function of Temperature
Mass Density Viscosity of Air

Temperature
oC of Mercury ((Pa. s), or (N. √𝟎. 𝟏𝜂
(g/cm3) s)/m2)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 13.56 0.00001788 0.001337
18 13.55 0.00001798 0.001341
20 13.55 0.00001808 0.001345
22 13.54 0.00001818 0.001348
24 13.54 0.00001828 0.001352
26 13.53 0.00001837 0.001355
28 13.53 0.00001847 0.001359
30 13.52 0.00001857 0.001363
32 13.52 0.00001867 0.001366
34 13.51 0.00001876 0.001370
3.2 Procedure
Insert the conical surface of the cell into the socket at the top of the
manometer, using if necessary a little light grease to ensure an airtight joint. Take care
not to disturb the cement bed.
Close the top of the cylinder with a suitable plug. Open the stopcock and with
gentle aspiration raise the level of the manometer liquid to that of the highest etched
line, close the stopcock and observe that the level of the manometer liquid remains
constant. If it falls, remake the cell -manometer joint and check the stopcock, repeat
the leakage test until the improved sealing produces a steady level of the liquid. Open
the stopcock and by gentle aspiration adjust the level of the liquid, to that of the

highest etched line. Close the stopcock. Remove the plug from the top of the cylinder.
The manometer liquid will begin to flow. Start the timer as the liquid reaches the
second etched line and stop it when the liquid reaches the third etched line. Record the
time t, to the nearest 0.2 s and the temperature to the nearest 1°C.
Repeat the procedure on the same bed and record the additional, values of time
and temperature. Prepare a fresh bed of the same cement with a second sample
following the procedure of 2.4 or, where there is little cement available, by breaking
up the first bed and reforming it as in 2.4. Carry out the permeability test twice on the
second bed, recording the values of time and temperature as before.
4. Calibration of Apparatus
4.1 Determination of the Bed Volume

a) Apply a very thin film of light mineral oil to the cell interior. Place the perforated
disc on the ledge in cell. Place two new filter paper discs on the perforated disc.
b) Fill the cell with mercury. Level the mercury to the top of the cell with a glass
plate.
c) Remove the mercury from cell and it, m2.
d) Remove the top filter paper from the permeability cell and compress a trial
quantity of 2.80 g of cement into the space above filter paper to the gauge line in
the cell. Place the other filter paper above the cement bed.
e) Fill the remaining space in the cell above the filter paper with mercury. Level the
mercury to the top of the cell with a glass plate and remove mercury from the cell
and weigh it, m3.
f) Calculate the volume occupied by the cement bed in the cell from the following
equation.
𝒎 −𝒎
𝑽 = 𝟐 𝟑,
𝝆
Where,
ρ = Density of mercury (13.54 g/cm3)
g) Average at least two volume determinations that agree to within ±0.005cm3 and
record this value.
4.2 Determination of Apparatus Constant

a) Take an amount (W) of standard cement so as to give the cement bed of porosity
i.e. W = (1-e)ρV
b) Place the perforated disc on the ledge at the bottom of the cell and place on it a
new filter paper disc. Place the weighed quantity of standard cement, W, in the cell
taking care to avoid loss.
c) Tap the cell to level the cement. Place a second new filter paper disc on the
levelled cement.
d) Compress the cement with the plunger until the plunger collar is in contact with
the top of the cell. Slowly withdraw the plunger a short distance, rotate 900,
repress the cement bed, and then slowly withdraw.
e) Attach the permeability cell to the manometer tube with an air tight connection
and slowly evacuate the air in the manometer U-tube until the liquid reaches the
top mark, then tightly close the valve.
f) Start the timer when the bottom of the meniscus reaches next to the top mark and
stop the timer when the bottom of the meniscus reaches the bottom mark. Record
the time t and temp. of test.
g) Repeat the whole procedure on two further samples of the same reference cement.

Calculate the average time of the three determinations. Then calculate the
apparatus constant using the formula given below.
𝑆0 𝜌0 (1 − 𝑒)√0.1𝜂0
𝐾=
√𝑒 3 √𝑡0
Where,
K=Apparatus constant
e= is the porosity of the bed
S0=Specific surface of reference cement
ρ0=Density of reference cement
t0=Mean of three measured times
η0=Air viscosity at the mean of the three temperatures (Table 1).
With the specified porosity of e = 0.500

√𝟎. 𝟏𝜼𝟎
𝑲 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝑺𝟎 𝝆𝟎
√ 𝒕𝟎
Take the mean of the three values of K as the constant K for the apparatus.
Precautions:
 The volume of the compacted cement bed should be calculated accurately.
 The time taken by the manometer liquid to fall from one mark to the other should be
measured very accurately.
(a) Determination of the density of cement

ρ = the density of the cement under test = ................................. (g/cm3),
ρ0 = the density of the reference cement= ................................. (g/cm3)
(b) Determination of the bed volume
Description Trial 1 Trial 2 Average

m2
m3
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟑
𝑽 = ,
𝝆
(c) Determination of apparatus constant

S0=Specific surface of reference cement=
e= is the porosity of the bed=
Sl. t0 Average 𝑺𝟎 𝝆𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆)√𝟎. 𝟏𝜼𝟎

W = (1-e)ρV √𝟎. 𝟏𝜼 𝑲 =
No. (sec) t0 (sec) √𝒆𝟑 √𝒕𝟎
(d) Determination of fineness

𝐾 √𝑒 3 √𝑡 Avg. Specific
Sl. t Avg.
𝑆= (𝑐𝑚2 ⁄𝑔)
t (sec) √0.1𝜂
K surface of
No. (sec) 𝜌 (1 − 𝑒) √0.1𝜂 cement
Result:
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 4031(Part 2):1999- Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 2
Determination of fineness by specific surface by Blaine air permeability method.
Technical Discussion:
 Fineness of cement has a great effect on the rate of hydration and hence the rate of
gain of strength.
 Fineness of cement increases the rate of evolution of heat.
 Finer cement offers a great surface area for hydration and hence faster the
development of strength.
 Increase in fineness of cement also increases the drying shrinkage of concrete and
hence creates cracks in structures.
 Excessive fineness requirement increases cost of grinding.
 Excessive fine cement requires more water for hydration, resulting reduced strength
and durability.
 Fineness of cement affects properties like gypsum requirement, workability of fresh
concrete & long term behavior of structure.
 Coarse cement particles settle down in concrete which causes bleeding.

 Approximately 95% of cement particles are smaller than 45 micrometers, with the
average particle around 15 micrometers.
 In the early 1900s, cement fineness was expressed as the mass of cement per
fractional size (percent weight retained on specific sieve sizes). Now a day’s fineness
is usually measured by the Blaine air-permeability test that indirectly measures the
surface area of the cement particles per unit mass.
 Cements with finer particles have more surface area in m2 per kg of cement.
Standard Specification:
Indian Standard Fineness Value

Sl. No. Type of cement
Reference (mm2/g)
1. OPC (33) 269-2013 225,000
2. OPC (43) 8112-1989 225,000
3. OPC (53) 12269-1987 225,000
4. Rapid hardening 8041-1990 325,000
5. Low heat cement 12600-1989 320,000
6. Portland slag cement 455-1989 225,000
7. PPC 1489-1991 (Part 1) 300,000
8. High alumina cement 6452-1989 225,000
9. Super sulphated cement 6909-1990 400,000
10. IRS-T-40 Railway Standard 370,000
Some Viva Voce Question:
 What does the fineness of cement indicate?

 Define specific surface of cement.
 What is the maximum and minimum value of fineness of cement?
 What effect does additional fineness of grinding have upon the strength of concrete
and on the rate of development of strength?
 What precautions do you take while performing the experiment?
 What precautions do you take in transporting and storing the cement?
 What is the objective of this test?
 What IS Code should be followed during this experiment?

DETERMINATION OF SOUNDNESS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
Title: Determination of Soundness of Hydraulic Cement by "Le Chatelier" Method.
Objective: To Determine the Soundness of Hydraulic Cement by "Le Chatelier" Method.
Apparatus:
I. Le Chatelier apparatus: Conforming to IS 5514-1969
Fig:- Le-Chatelier Apparatus
II. Balance: The permissible variation at a load of 1000 g shall be plus or minus 1.0 g. The
permissible variation on new balance shall be one-half of this value. The sensibility
reciprocal shall be not greater than twice the permissible variation.
III. Water Bath- Water bath capable of containing immersed Le-Chatelier moulds with
specimens and of raising their temperature from 27 ± 2°C to boiling in 27 ± 3 minutes.
IV. Weights
Introduction:
It is essential that the cement concrete shall not undergo appreciable change in volume
after setting. This is ensured by limiting the quantities of free lime, magnesia and sulphates in
cement which are the causes of the change in volume known as unsoundness. Unsoundness in
cement does not come to surface for a considerable period of time. This test is designed to
accelerate the slaking process by the application of heat and discovering the defects in a short
time. Unsoundness produces cracks, distortion and disintegration there by giving passage to
water and atmospheric gases which may have injurious effects on concrete and reinforcement.
The apparatus for conducting the test consists of small split cylinder of spring brass or other
suitable metal of 0.5mm thickness forming a mould 30 mm internal diameter and 30mm
high. On either side of the split mould are attached to indicators with pointed ends, the
distance from these ends to the center of the cylinder being 165 mm. The mould shall be kept
in good condition with the jaws not more than 50mm apart.
Procedure:
1. Place the lightly oiled mould on a lightly oiled glass sheet and fill it with cement paste
formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of

standard consistency.
2. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in
determination of consistency of standard cement paste, taking care to keep the edges
of the mould gently together while this operation is being performed.
3. Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet, place a small weight on this
covering glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a
temperature of 270 ± 20 C and keep there for 24 hours.
4. Measure the distance separating the indicator points.
5. Submerge the moulds again in water at the temperature prescribed above.
6. Bring the water to boiling, with the mould kept submerged for 25 to 30 minutes, and
keep it boiling for three hours.
7. Remove the mould from the water allow it to cool and measure the distance between
the indicator points.
8. The difference between these two measurements represents the expansion of the
cement.
9. For good quality cement this expansion should not be more than 10 mm.
Precautions:
 All the measurements should be done accurately.

 Do not apply extra pressure while filling the moulds.
 During boiling water level should not fall below the height of the mould.
Calculate the mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm to represent the expansion of cement.
Initial distance between the indicator points in mm =

Final distance between the indicator points in mm =
Expansion in mm = final length - initial length =
Note: In the event of cement failing to comply with the specified requirements, a further test
should be made from another portion of the same sample in manner described above, but
after aeration (done by spreading out to a depth of 75 mm at a relative humidity of 50 to 80%
for a total period of 7 days).
Result:
Comments:

Reference:
 IS 4031(Part 3):1988 Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 3

Determination of soundness
Standard Specifications:
Type/Name of cement Reference Indian Expansion (max.)

standard
OPC (33) IS:269-1989 10 mm
OPC (43) IS:8112-1989 10 mm
OPC (53) IS:12269-1987 10 mm
Rapid hardening IS:8041-1990 10 mm
Low heat cement IS:12600-1989 10 mm
Super sulphated IS:6909-1990 5 mm
Portland pozzolana IS:1489-1991(part 1) 10 mm
PSC IS:455-1976 10 mm
High alumina cement IS:6452-1989 5 mm
SRC IS:12330-1988 10 mm
Masonry cement IS:3466-1988 10 mm
IRS-T-40 Railway standards 5 mm
 It is a very important test to assure the quality of cement since an unsound cement
produces cracks, distortion and disintegration, ultimately leading to failure.
 Fine grinding of the raw material and clinker helps to produce a sound cement. By
grinding fine the raw materials, it is possible to produce a homogeneous mixture
before burning where the lime is uniformly distributed. The coarse grains of cement
may imprison minute particles of uncombined lime which do not hydrate. These lime
particles on hydration produce disintegration.
 Volume expansion in cement mortar or in cement concrete is caused by the presence
of unburnt lime (CaO), dead burnt MgO and also CaSO4.
 By Le-chatelier method we can only find out presence of unburnt lime (CaO).
 Presence of unburnt lime may develop cracks in the cement because of increase in
volume.
 Free lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO) are known to react with water very slowly and
increase in volume considerably, which result in cracking, distortion and
disintegration.
Some Viva-Voce Questions:
 What is meant by unsoundness of cement?

 Why it is necessary to keep the cement paste moist while it is setting?
 What should be the maximum expansion for different types of cements?
 What is precaution should be taken during this test?
 Distinguish between expansion and shrinkage of cement paste.

DETERMINATION OF NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
Title: Determination of Normal Consistency of Standard Cement Paste.
Objective: To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard
consistency.
Apparatus:
I. Vicat apparatus (conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976)
Fig: Vicat Apparatus

II. Balance- On balance in use, the permissible variation at a load of 1000 g shall be plus or
minus 1.0 g. The permissible variation on new balance shall be one-half of this value.
The sensibility reciprocal shall not be greater than twice the permissible variation.
III. Gauging trowel- Gauging trowel conforming to IS 10086 : 1982
IV. Stop Watch.
Introduction:
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the vicat mould.
For finding out initial setting time, final setting time, soundness of cement and compressive
strength of cement, it is necessary to fix the quantity of water to be mixed in cement in each
case. This experiment is intended to find out the quantity of water to be mixed for a given
cement to give a cement paste of normal consistency and can be done with the help of vicat
apparatus.

Test Procedure:
1. Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of cement (300 grams) with a weighed quantity of
potable or distilled water, starting with 26% water of 300g of cement.
2. Take care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, not more than 5 minutes
and the gauging shall be completed before setting occurs.
3. The gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding the water to the dry cement
until commencing to fill the mould.
4. Fill the vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non porous plate.
5. After completely filling the mould, trim off the surface of the paste, making it in level
with the top of the mould. The mould may slightly be shaken to expel the air.
6. Place the test block with the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the
rod bearing the plunger (10mm diameter), lower the plunger gently to touch the surface
of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the paste.
7. This operation shall be carried out immediately after filling the mould.
8. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until
the amount of water necessary for making the standard consistency as defined above is
obtained.
9. Express the amount of water as a percentage by weight of the dry cement.
Precautions:
 Clean appliances shall be used for gauging.
 All apparatus used should be clean.
 In filling the mould the operator hands and the blade of the gauging trowel shall alone
be used.
 The temperature of cement, water and that of test room, at the time when the above
operations are being performed, shall be 27o ± 2o C.
 For each repetition of the experiment fresh cement is to be taken.
 Gauging time should be strictly observed
 The experiment should be performed away from vibrations and other disturbances.
Weight of Weight of Plunger Consistency of

Sl. % of
cement taken water taken penetration Time cement in % by Remarks
No. Taken Water
in g(a) in g (b) (mm) weight= (b/a)×100
Result:

Comments:
Reference:
 IS 4031(Part 4):1988 - Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 4

Determination of consistency of standard cement paste
 IS 5513:1996 - Specification for vicat apparatus
 IS 8112:1989 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland
 This test helps to determine water content for other tests like initial and final setting
time, soundness & compressive strength.
NAME OF TEST AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED
Soundness (Le-chatelier 0.78 P (P=Consistency of standard cement paste)
method)
Setting time 0.85 P (P=Consistency of standard cement paste)
Compressive strength 𝑃
( 4 + 3)of combined mass of cement and sand.
 Consistency refers to the relative mobility of a freshly mixed cement paste or mortar
or its ability to flow. For a mortar the standard consistency is measured by flow table
test.
 Generally the normal consistency for OPC ranges from 26 to 33%.

 What is the value of standard consistency of cement?
 What is the purpose of this test?
 What factors in this test procedure will affect the result?
 On what factors do the setting time of cement depends?
 What are the precautions should be taken during this test?

DETERMINATION OF INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT
Title: Determination of Setting Time of Standard Cement Paste.
Objective: To determine the initial and final setting times for the given sample of cement.
Apparatus:
I. Vicat apparatus (conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976)
Fig: Vicat Apparatus

II. Balance- On balance in use, the permissible variation at a load of 1000 g shall be plus or
minus 1.0 g. The permissible variation on new balance shall be one-half of this value.
The sensibility reciprocal shall not be greater than twice the permissible variation.
III. Gauging trowel- Gauging trowel conforming to IS 10086 : 1982
IV. Stop Watch.
Introduction:
In actual construction dealing with cement, mortar or concrete, certain time is required
for mixing, transporting and placing. During this time cement paste, mortar, or concrete
should be in plastic condition. The time interval for which the cement products remain in
plastic condition is known as the setting time. Initial setting time is regarded as the time
elapsed between the moments that the water is added to the cement to the time that the paste
starts losing its plasticity. The final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment the
water is added to the cement, and the time when the paste has completely lost its plasticity

and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain pressure. The constituents and fineness
of cement is maintained in such a way that the concrete remains in plastic condition for
certain minimum time. Once the concrete is placed in the final position, compacted and
finished it should lose its plasticity in the earliest possible time so that it is least vulnerable to
damages from external destructive agencies. This time should not be more than 10 hours
which is referred to as final setting time. Initial setting time should not be less than 30
minutes.
Test Procedure:
Preparation of Test Block:

1. Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging 300 grams of cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
2. Potable or distilled water shall be used in preparing the paste.
3. The paste shall be gauged in the manner and under the conditions prescribed in
determination of consistency of standard cement paste.
4. Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement.
5. Fill the mould with the cement paste gauged as above the mould resting on a nonporous
plate.
6. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the
top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block.
Determination of Initial Setting Time:

1. Place the test blocks confined in the mould and rest it on the non-porous plate, under the
rod bearing initial setting needle, lower the needle gently in contact with the surface of the
test block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
2. In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce the test block.
3. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and
released as described above, fails to pierce the block to a point 5 to 7 mm measured from
the bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.
Determination of Final Setting Time:

1. Replace the needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment.
2. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to
the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression there on, while the
attachment fails to do so.
3. The period elapsed between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the attachment
fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
Precautions:
 Clean appliances shall be used for gauging.
 All the apparatus shall be free from vibration during the test.
 The temperature of water and that of the test room, at the time of gauging shall be
270C ± 20 C.
 Care shall be taken to keep the needle straight.
 The time of gauging in any case shall not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5
minutes.


1. Weight of given sample of cement is _ _ _ _ g
2. The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is _ _ _ _ %
3. Volume of water addend (0.85 times the water required to give a paste of standard
consistency) for preparation of test block _ _ _ _ ml
Sr. Setting Penetration

Remark
No. Time (Sec) (mm)
1
2
3
.
.
n
Result:
Initial setting time for the given sample of cement =
Final setting time for the given sample of cement =
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 4031(Part 4):1988 - Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 4
Determination of initial and final setting times
 IS 5513:1996 - Specification for vicat apparatus
 The factors influencing the setting properties of cement are its composition, the
percentage of retardant, degree of calcination, fineness of grinding, aeration
subsequent to grinding clinker, percentage of water used to make cement paste, the
temperature of the mixing water, cement and the atmosphere where the cement paste
is placed, and the amount of manipulation the paste receives.
 For Portland cements, initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes and final
setting time should not be more than 600 minutes. For quick setting cements, initial
setting time should not be less than 5 minutes and final setting time should not exceed
30 minutes. The setting time is influenced by temperature, humidity of air and
quantity of gypsum in cement.
 It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly. In the first case there
might be insufficient time to transport and place the concrete before it becomes too

rigid. In the second case too long a setting period tends to slow up the work unduly,
also it might postpone the actual use of the structure because of inadequate strength at
the desired age.
 Setting should not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gain in mechanical
strength after the certain degree of resistance to the penetration of a special
attachment pressed into it.
 Setting time is the time required for stiffening of cement paste to a defined
consistency.
 Indirectly related to the initial chemical reaction of cement with water to form
aluminum-silicate compound.
 Initial setting time is the time when the paste starts losing its plasticity.
 Initial setting time test is important for transportation, placing and compaction of
cement concrete.
 Initial setting time duration is required to delay the process of hydration or hardening.
 Final setting time is the time when the paste completely loses its plasticity.
 It is the time taken for the cement paste or cement concrete to harden sufficiently and
attain the shape of the mould in which it is cast.
 Determination of final setting time period facilitates safe removal of scaffolding or
form.
 During this period of time primary chemical reaction of cement with water is almost
completed.
Type/Name Of Referenced Indian Initial Setting Time, Final Setting Time,

Cement Standard mints (min.) mints (max.)
OPC(33) IS:269 30 600
OPC(43) IS:8112 30 600
OPC(53) IS:12269 30 600
SRC IS:12330 30 600
PPC IS:1489,P1 30 600
RHPC IS:8041 30 600
PSC IS:455 30 600
High alumina IS:6452 30 600
Super sulphated IS:6909 30 600
Low heat IS:12600 60 600
Masonry cement IS:3466 90 1440
IRS-T-40 Railway 60 600

 What is the purpose of this test?
 What factors in this test procedure will affect the result?
 On what factors do the setting time of cement depends?
 What should be the standard values of setting times for different types of cements?
 What are the dimensions of the plunger and the needles?
 How fine grinding of cement affects this test?

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT
Title: Determination of Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement.
Objective: To Determine the Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement.
Apparatus:
I. Vibration Machine - Vibration machine conforming to IS : 10080-1982
Fig: Compression Testing Machine
II. Poking Rod - Poking rod conforming to IS: 10080-1982

III. Cube Mould- The mould shall be of 70.6 mm size conforming to IS:10080-1982.
Fig: Cube mould
IV. Gauging Trowel - Gauging trowel shall have a steel blade l00 to 150 mm in length with
straight edges weighing 210 ± 10 g.
V. Balance- The permissible variation at a load of 1000 g shall be ± 1.0 g. The permissible

variation on new balance shall be one-half of this value. The sensibility reciprocal
shall be not greater than twice the permissible variation.
VI. Graduated Glass Cylinders - Graduated glass cylinders of 150 to 200 ml capacity. The
permissible variation on these cylinders shall be ± 1 ml. The main graduation lines of
the cylinders shall be in circles and shall be numbered. The least graduations shall
extend at least one seventh of the way around, and, intermediate graduations shall
extend at least one-fifth of the way around the cylinder. The graduation lines may be
omitted for the lowest 5 ml.
Introduction:
The compressive strength of cement mortars is determined in order to verify whether the
cement conforms to IS specifications and whether it will be able to develop the required
compressive strength of concrete. The average compressive strength of at least three mortar
cubes (area of the face 50 cm2 ) composed of one part of cement and three parts of standard
stand should satisfy IS code specifications.
Standard Sand:
The standard sand to be used in the test shall conform to IS: 650-1991 or sand passing
100 percent through 2 mm sieve and retained 100 percent on 90 micron IS sieve.
2 mm to 1 mm 33.33 percent
1 mm to 500 microns 33.33 percent
500 mm to 90 microns 33.33 percent
Procedure:
A. Mix Proportions and Mixing:
1. Clean appliances shall be used for mixing and the temperature of the water and that of
the test room at the time when the above operations are being performed shall be 27 ±
2oC.
2. Place in a container a mixture of cement and standard sand in the proportion of 1:3 by
weight mix it dry, with a trowel for one minute and then with water until the mixture
is of uniform color.
3. The quantity of water to be used shall be as specified below.
4. In any element, it should not take more than 4 minutes to obtain uniform colored mix.
5. If it exceeds 4 minutes the mixture shall be rejected and the operation repeated with a
fresh quantity of cement, sand and water.
6. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately and the quantity of cement
standard sand and water shall be as follows:
Cement 200 gm
Standard sand 600 gm
Water (P/4 + 3.0) percent of combined weight of cement and sand, where P is
the percentage of water required to produce a paste of standard consistency.
B. Moulding Specimens:
1. In assembling the moulds ready for use, cover the joints between the halves of the
mould with a thin film of petroleum jelly and apply a similar coating of petroleum
jelly between the contact surfaces of the bottom of the mould and its base plate in
order to ensure that no water escapes during vibration.

2. Treat the interior faces of the mould with a thin coating of mould oil.
3. Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibration machine and firmly hold it is
position by means of suitable clamps.
4. Securely attach a hopper of suitable size and shape at the top of the mould to facilitate
filling and this hopper shall not be removed until completion of the vibration period.
5. Immediately after mixing the mortar, place the mortar in the cube mould and rod with
a rod.
6. The mortar shall be rodded 20 times in about 8 seconds to ensure elimination of
entrained air and honey combing.
7. Place the remaining quantity of mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and rod again
as specified for the first layer and then compact the mortar by vibrations.
8. The period of vibration shall be two minutes at the specified speed of 12000 ± 400
vibrations per minute.
9. At the end of vibration remove the mould together with the base plate from the
machine and finish the top surface of the cube in the mould by smoothing surface with
the blade of a trowel.
C. Curing Specimen:
1. Keep the filled moulds in moist closet or moist room for 24 hours after completion of
vibration.
2. At the end of that period remove them from the moulds.
3. Immediately submerge in clean fresh water and keep them under water until testing.
4. The water in which the cubes are submerged shall be renewed every 7 days and shall
be maintained at a temperature of 270C ± 20C.
5. After they have been taken out and until they are tested the cubes shall not be allowed
to become dry.
D. Testing:
1. Test three cubes for compressive strength at the periods mentioned under the relevant
specification for different hydraulic cements, the periods being reckoned from the
completion of vibration.
2. The compressive strength shall be the average of the strengths of three cubes for each
period of curing.
3. The cubes shall be tested on their sides without any packing between the cube and the
steel plattens of the testing machine.
4. One of the plattens shall be carried base and shall be self-adjusting and the load shall
be steadily and uniformly applied starting from zero at a rate of 35 N/mm2/ min.
The cubes are tested at the following periods

Ordinary Portland Cement 3, 7 and 28 days.
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement 1 and 3 days.
Low Heat Portland Cement 3 and 7 days.
Precautions:
 The mould should be oiled before use

 The weighing should be done accurately
 The temperature and humidity must be accurately controlled

 Increase the load gradually during testing.

 The cubes should be tested immediately after taking out of water and not allowed to
dry until they fail under testing.
 The gauging time should be strictly observed.
 The cubes should be tested on their sides and not on their faces.
Calculate the compressive strength from the crushing load and the average area over
which the load is applied. Express the results in N/mm2 to the nearest 0.05 mm2.
Compressive strength in N/mm2 = P/A
Where,
P is the crushing load in N and
A is the area in mm2
Days of Consiste Wt. (Sand % of Sampl Cross- Load Compressiv

Testing ncy (P) + water of e No. sectional applied e Strength
of Cement) (Sand + area=A =P (N) of Cement
cement (gm) Cement) (mm2) A/P
(N/mm2)
Note: In determining the compressive strength, do not consider specimens that are manifestly
faulty, or that give strengths differing by more than 10 percent from the average value of all
the test specimens. After discarding specimens or strength values, if less than two strength
values are left for determining the compressive strength at any given period, a retest shall be
made.
Result:
Compressive Strength of Cement is _________ (N/mm2) after __________days
Comments:

Reference:

Determination of compressive strength of hydraulic cement (other than masonry
cement)
 IS 8112:1989 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland
 IS 10086:1982 Specification for moulds for use in tests of cement and concrete
 Strength tests are not made on a neat cement paste because of difficulties of moulding
and testing with a consequent large variability of test results.
 Compressive strength is influenced by the cement type, or more precisely, the
compound composition and fineness of cement.
 It should be assumed that two types of cement meeting the same minimum
requirements will produce the same strength of mortar or concrete without
modification of mix proportions.
 In addition to the effect of composition, the strength of cement is greatly influenced
by the degree of burning, the fineness of grinding, and the aeration it receives
subsequent to final grinding.
 Under-burnt cement is likely to be deficient in strength. Compressive strength is the
basic data required for mix design.
 By this test, the quality and the quantity of concrete can be controlled and the degree
of adulteration can be checked.
Standard Specifications:
CEMENT TYPE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (Mpa)

1 Day 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
OPC(33) — 16 22 33
OPC(43) — 23 33 43
OPC(53) — 27 27 53
SRC — 10 16 33
PPC — 16 22 33
RHPC 16 27 — —
PSC 16 22 33
High alumina 30 35 — —
Super sulphated — 15 22 30
Low heat — 10 16 35
Masonry — — 2.5 5.0
IRS-T-40 — — 37.5 —

Some Viva-Voce Question:
 What is the significance of this test?

 What should be the standard value of strength of the mortar cubes after 3 days and 7
days?
 What is the percentage of water to be added in the cement sand mix?
 Hoe the water should be mixed with the cement and sand mixture?
 What is minimum number of specimen cube should be made for this test?
 What is the precaution should be taken during this test?

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE

AGGREGATES
Experiment No.: Date:
Title: Determination of specific gravity & Water Absorption of fine aggregates.
Objective: To determine specific gravity & Water Absorption of fine aggregates.
Apparatus:
I. Pycnometer
II. Well-ventilated oven
III. Taping rod
IV. Filter papers
V. Funnel
Fig: Pycnometer
Introduction:
The specific gravity of an aggregate is generally required for calculations in
connection with cement concrete design work for determination of moisture content and for
the calculations of volume yield of concrete. The specific gravity also gives information on
the quality and properties of aggregate. The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to
be a measure of strength of quality of the material. Stones having low specific gravity are
generally weaker than those with higher specific gravity values.
The bulk density of an aggregate is used for judging its quality by comparison with
normal density for that type of aggregate. It is required for converting proportions by weight

into proportions by volume and is used in calculating the percentage of voices in the
aggregate.
Procedure:
1. A sample of about 500 g shall be placed in the tray and covered with distilled water at
a temperature of 22 to 32°C. Soon after immersion, air entrapped in or bubbles on the
surface of the aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation with a rod. The sample
shall remain immersed for 24 ± l/2 hours.
2. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by decantation through a
filter paper, any material retained being return& to the sample. The fine aggregate
including any solid matter retained on the filter paper shall be exposed to a gentle
current of warm air to evaporate surface moisture and the material just attains a ‘free-
running’ condition. The saturated and surface-dry sample shall be weighed (weight
A).
3. The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer which shall be filled with
distilled water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the pycnometer on its
side, the hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. The pycnometer
shall be dried on the outside and weighed (weight B).
4. The contents of the pycnometer shall be emptied into the tray, care being taken to
ensure that all the aggregate is transferred. The pycnometer shall be refilled with
distilled water to the same level as before, dried on the outside and weighed (weight
C).
5. The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample by decantation through a
filter paper and any material retained returned to the sample. The sample shall be
placed in the oven in the tray at a temperature of 100 to 110°C for 24 f l/2 hours,
during which period it shall be stirred occasionally to facilitate drying. It shall be
cooled in the air-tight container and weighed (weight D).
Sl. Description Trail Trail Trail Avg.

No. 1 2 3
1 Weight (in g) of saturated surface-dry sample = A
2 Weight (in g) of pycnometer or gas jar containing
sample and filled with distilled water = B
3 Weight (in g) of pycnometer or gas jar filled with
distilled water only = C
4 Weight (in g) of oven-dried sample = D
5 𝐷
Specific Gravity = 𝐴−(𝐵−𝐶)
6 𝐷
Apparent Specific Gravity =𝐷−(𝐵−𝐶)
7 100 (𝐴−𝐷)
Water Absorption (Percent of dry weight)= 𝐷

Result:
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 2386 (Part 3):1963 - Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 3 Specific
gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking.
Since the aggregates are used in wet condition, the bulk specific gravity as determined
for field use is based on the mass of saturated surface dry sample, rather than an oven dried
sample.
 Define bulk density and specific gravity.

 Which one is mostly used in concrete calculation in the field?
 Why these values are necessary?
 What are the sources of error in this experiment?
 What are the difficulties could be arise during experiment?
 What are the precautions should be taken during experiment?

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATE
Title: Determination of Moisture Content of fine aggregates.
Objective: To determine Moisture Content of fine aggregates.
Apparatus:
1. Balance - A balance or scale of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate to
0.5 g, and of such a type as to permit the weighing of the vessel containing the
aggregate and water.
2. Oven - A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled, to maintain a temperature
of 100 to 110°C.
3. An airtight container large enough to take the sample.
4. A tray of area not less than 325 cm2 or Pan.
5. Gloves or Tongs
Introduction:
The determination of moisture content of an aggregate is necessary in order to

determine the net water-cement ratio for concrete mix. A high moisture content will increase
effective w/c ratio to an appreciable extend and may even make the concrete weak unless a
suitable allowance is made.
Procedure:
1. Clean the tray/pan, dry it and weigh it (Weight ‘W1‘).

2. A sample of about 1 kg for 10 mm to 4-75 mm or 500 g if finer than 4.75 mm shall be
placed in the tray/pan weigh it (Weight ‘W2‘).
3. Place pan containing wet material in the oven at a temperature of 100 to 110°C till its
weight becomes constant (Normally for 24hrs.)..
4. When the Aggregate has dried, remove the container from the oven, using tongs.
5. Find the weight of the tray/pan and the dry aggregate sample (Weight ‘W3‘).
Precaution:
1. Ensure that the oven temperature is maintained at 110 C ± 5 C. Do not allow the oven
door to stay open for too long, as it takes a while for the oven to regain the drying
temperature.
2. Do not put moist samples in the oven on a shelf below dry samples. Moist samples
should be placed on the top shelf and all partially dried samples placed on the lower
shelf.
3. Do not over-load the oven, as this will create a much longer drying time.

4. Do not allow dried samples to pick up moisture after they are removed from the oven.
Weigh them immediately after drying.
5. Keep the laboratory benches clean so that spilled samples can be readily noticed and
retrieved.
6. Use gloves or tongs when handling hot samples.
Sl. Determination No.

Description
No. I II III
1 Weight of empty tray, W1
2 Weight of tray + wet fine aggregate, W2
3 Weight of tray + dry fine aggregate, W3
𝑊 −𝑊
4 Moisture/Water Content, 𝑤 = 𝑊2 − 𝑊3 × 100%
3 1
Result:
Comments:
Reference:

Drying method gives the moisture content as a percentage by mass of dried sample
and that of a saturated surface sample. When the drying is carried out between stated
temperatures in an oven, a high degree of accuracy can obtained. At the specified
temperatures for the oven there is little risk with normal aggregates of chemical change
taking place during operation. The normal drying period is 24 hours. The oven drying method
is too slow for the field and fairly quick result can be obtained by frying pan method. The
moisture content given by this method will normally be the total moisture content due to free
plus the absorbed water.
 Define moisture content.

 Where do you need the knowledge of moisture content?
 Give the different method for moisture content determination.
 What precaution do you take while performing this experiment?
 What is the temperature of drying the aggregate for determining the moisture content?

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION OF

COARSE AGGREGATE
.
Title: Determination of Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
Objective: To Determine the Specific Gravity & Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
Apparatus:
I. Balance -A balance or scale of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate to 0.5 g
and of such a type and shape as to permit the basket containing the sample to be
suspended from the beam and weighed in water.
II. Oven - A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled, to maintain a temperature of
100 to 110%.
III. A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient
size, preferably chromium plated and polished, with wire hangers not thicker than one
millimeter for suspending it from the balance.
IV. A stout watertight container in which the basket may be freely suspended.
V. Two dry soft absorbent cloths each not less than 75 × 45 cm.
VI. A shallow tray of area not less than 650 cm2.
VII. An airtight container of capacity similar to that of the basket.
Procedure:
1. About 2kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained
and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature
between 22 to 320C with a cover of at least 50 mm of water above the top of the
basket
2. Immediately after the immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by
lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to
drop 25 times at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and the aggregate
should remain completely immersed in water for a period of 24±0.5 hours afterwards.
3. The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a
temperature of 22 to 320C. The weight is noted while suspended in water (W1) g.
4. The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent
clothes.
5. The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weights in
water (W2) g.
6. The aggregates placed in the dry absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further
moisture could be removed by this clothe.
7. Then the aggregate is transferred to the second dry cloth spread in a single layer,
covered and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely
surface dry. 10 to 60 minutes drying may be needed. The surface dried aggregate is
then weighed W3 g.
8. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a
temperature of 1100C for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in air

tight container and weighed W4 g.
Precautions:
 Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven.
 Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing.
 Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance.
 Use apron & safety shoes at the time of testing.
 All parts of the equipment should always be kept clean.
Description Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Avg.

Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water
with basket = W1 g
Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air =
W3 g
Weight of oven dry aggregate in air = W4 g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (W1-W2) g
= Ws g
𝑊 𝑊
Specific Gravity= 𝑊 −(𝑊4 −𝑊 ) = 𝑊 −𝑊
4
3 1 2 3 𝑠
𝑊4 4 𝑊
Apparent Specific Gravity=𝑊 −(𝑊 −𝑊 ) = 𝑊 −𝑊
4 1 2 4 𝑠
(𝑊3 −𝑊4 )
Water Absorption = × 100
𝑊𝑠
Result:
Comments:

Reference:
 IS 2386(Part 3):1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 3 Specific
The specific gravity of a course aggregate is the ratio between the mass in air and the
mass of an equal volume of water. For accurate results in laboratory, the allowance is made
for the volume of voids between the particles and for the water absorbed by them. It is seen
that the higher specific gravity of aggregate denotes harder and stronger aggregate. Average
values of specific gravity of different aggregates are as follows – Gravel = 2.6, Lime Stone =
2.7, Granite = 2.75.
 Define bulk density and specific gravity.

 Which one is mostly used in concrete calculation in the field?
 Why these values are necessary?
 What are the sources of error in this experiment?
 What are the difficulties could be arise during experiment?
 What are the precautions should be taken during experiment?
 What are the limits within which duplicate determination should be checked?
 How does specific gravity vary with hardness of stone?
 What are the values of different type of aggregates for specific gravity?

DETERMINATION OF BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE
Title: Determination of Bulking of Fine Aggregate
Objective: To ascertain the bulking phenomena of given sample of sand.
Apparatus: 1000ml measuring jar, brush.
Introduction: Increase in volume of sand due to presence of moisture is known as bulking of

sand. Bulking is due to the formation of thin film of water around the sand grains and
the interlocking of air in between the sand grains and the film of water. When more water
is added sand particles get submerged and volume again becomes equal to dry volume of
sand. To compensate the bulking effect extra sand is added in the concrete so that the ratio
of coarse to fine aggregate will not change from the specified value. Maximum increase in
volume may be 20% to 40 % when moisture content is 5 % to 10 % by weight. Fine sands
show greater percentage of bulking than coarse sands with equal percentage of moisture.
Procedure:
1. Take 1000ml measuring jar.

2. Fill it with loose dry sand upto 500ml without tamping at any stage of filling.
3. Then pour that sand on a pan and mix it thoroughly with water whose volume is equal
to 2% of that of dry loose sand.
4. Fill the wet loose sand in the container and find the volume of the sand which is in
excess of the dry volume of the sand.
5. Repeat the procedure for moisture content of 4%, 6%, 8%, etc. and note down the
readings.
6. Continue the procedure till the sand gets completely saturated i.e till it reaches the
original volume of 500ml.
Observations:
Volume of dry % moisture Volume of wet % Bulking=

Sl. No. 𝑽𝟐 −𝑽𝟏
loose sand V1(ml) content added loose sand V2 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽
𝟏
1. 500
2. 500
3. 500
4. 500
5. 500
6. 500
7. 500
8. 500
9. 500
10. 500
11. 500
12. 500
13. 500

Graph:
Draw a graph between percentage moisture content on X-axis and percentage bulking
on Y-axis. The points on the graph should be added as a smooth curve. Then from the
graph, determine maximum percentage of bulking and the corresponding moisture content.
Precautions:
1) While mixing water with sand grains, mixing should be thorough and uniform.
2) The sample should not be compressed while being filled in jar.
3) The sample must be slowly and gradually poured into measuring jar from its top.
4) Increase in volume of sand due to bulking should be measured accurately.
Result:
The maximum bulking of the given sand is -----------at -----------% of moisture content.
Comments:
Reference:
gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking

It is seen that bulking increases with increasing water content up to a certain point
where it is maximum and then begin to decrease until when the sand is inundated with
bulking being practically nil. With ordinary sand bulking usually varies between 15 to 30%.
Therefore, in volume batching no allowance is made for bulking because the mix will be
richer than specified. An increase in bulking by 15 to 30% will result into increase in
concrete strength as much as 13%. If no allowance is made for bulking concrete strength may
vary as much as 25%.
The bulking of the volume depends on the extent of surface tension and consequently
how far the adjacent particles are kept away which in turn depends upon the percentage of
moisture content and the particle size of the fine aggregate. It is interesting to note that the
bulking increases with the increase in moisture content up to a certain limit and beyond that
the further increase in the moisture content results in the decrease in the volume and at a
moisture content representing saturation point, the fine aggregate shows no bulking. Due to
the bulking, fine aggregate shows completely idealistic volume. Therefore, it is absolutely
necessary that consideration must be given to the effect of bulking in proportioning the
concrete by volume. If the effect of bulking is overlooked, in case of volume batching, the
resulting concrete is likely to be under-sanded and harsh. It will also affect the yield of
concrete for the given cement content.
 Define bulking of fine aggregate?

 Discuss the relative bulking tendencies of fine and course sands.
 Why bulking takes place only in sand why not in course aggregate?
 If no allowance is made for bulking, how is it going to affect the mix proportion?
 What is standard value for ordinary sand?

DETERMINATION OF DELETERIOUS MATERIALS IN A GIVEN SAMPLE OF

FINE AGGREGATE
Title: Determination of Deleterious Materials in a Given Sample of Fine Aggregate
Objective: To ascertain the Deleterious Materials in a Given Sample of Fine Aggregate.
A. DETERMINATION OF CLAY LUMPS BY SIEVING METHOD:
Apparatus:
a) Balance - A balance or scale sensitive to within 0-1 percent of the weight of the sample
to be weighed.
b) Containers - Containers of a size and shape that will permit the spreading of the sample
on the bottom in a thin layer.
c) Sieves - Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification for Test Sieves
Introduction: This method of test covers the procedure for the approximate determination
of clay lumps in the routine examination of aggregates.
Procedure:
1. Take more than 100g sample into container.
2. The sample shall be spread in a thin layer on the bottom of the container and examined
for clay lumps.
3. Dry the sample at a temperature of (105 ± 5 )oC and then cool the sample.
4. Any particles which can be broken into finely divided particles with the fingers shall be
classified as clay lumps.
5. After all discernible clay lumps have been broken, the residue from the clay lumps shall
be removed by the use of sieves indicated below:
Size of Particle Making Size of Sieve for Sieving

Up the Sample Residue of Clay Lumps
Fine aggregate ( retained
850 micron
on 1.18 mm IS Sieve)
Over 4.75 mm to 10 mm 2·36 mm
Over 10 mm to 20 mm 4.75 mm
Over 20 nun to 40 mm 4.75 mm
Over 40 mm 4·75 mm
Descriptions Trial 1 Trial 2

Weight of Sample, W
Weight of sample after removal of clay lumps, R
𝑊−𝑅
Percentage of clay lumps (Deleterious Materials), 𝐿 = 𝑊

Precautions:
i. The sample should be taken by quartering.

ii. The sieving must be done carefully to prevent the spilling of aggregate.
iii. Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven.
iv. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test.
v. Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing.
vi. After test clean the sieve by a soft brush.
Result:
Percentage of clay lumps (Deleterious Materials) =
Comments:
B. DETERMINATION OF CLAY, FINE SILT AND FINE DUST (SEDIMENTATION

METHOD)
Apparatus:
a) A watertight screw-topped glass jar of dimensions similar to a 1-kg fruit preserving

jar.
b) A device for rotating the jar about its long axis, with this axis horizontal, at a speed of
80±20 rev/min.
c) A sedimentation pipette of the Andreason type of approximately 25 ml capacity and
of the general form indicated in Fig. This consists mainly of a pipette fitted at the top
with a two-way tap and held rigidly in a clamp which can be raised or lowered as
required, and which is fitted with a scale from which the changes in height of the
pipette can be read.
The volume of the pipette A, including the connecting bore of the tap B, is determined
by filling with is tilled water; by reversing the tap, the water is run out into a bottled
weighed and the volume calculated.

Fig. Sedimentation pipette for determination of' clay and silt content
d) A 1000-ml measuring cylinder.

e) A scale or balance of capacity not less than 10 kg, readable and accurate to one gram.
f) A scale or balance of capacity not Jess than 250 g, readable and accurate to 0·001 g.
g) A well-ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled, to maintain a temperature of 100
to 110°C.
Introduction: This is a gravimetric method for determining the clay, fine silt and fine dust,
which includes particles up to 20 micron. Differences in the nature and density of materials
or in the temperature at the time of testing may vary the separation point.
Procedure:
1. Approximately 300 g of the sample in the air-dry condition, passing the 4.75-mm IS
Sieve, shall be weighed and placed in the screw-topped glass jar, together with 300 ml of
the diluted sodium oxalate solution. The rubber washer and cap shall be fixed, care being
taken to ensure water tightness.
2. The jar shall then be rotated about its long axis, with this axis horizontal, at a speed of 80
± 20 rev/min for a period of 15 minutes.
3. At the end of 15 minutes, the suspension shall be poured into the 1000-ml measuring
cylinder and the residue washed by gentle swirling and decantation of successive 150-ml
portions of sodium oxalate solution, the washings being added to the cylinder until the

volume is made up to 1000 ml.

4. The suspension in the measuring cylinder shall be thoroughly mixed by inversion and the
tube and contents immediately placed in position under the pipette.
5. The pipette A shall then be gently lowered until the tip touches the surface of the liquid,
and then lowered a further 10 cm into the liquid.
6. Three minutes after placing the tube in position, the pipette A and the bore of tap B shall
be filled by opening B and applying gentle suction at C.
7. A small surplus may be drawn up into the bulb between tap B and tube C, but this shall be
allowed to run away and any solid matter shall be washed out with distilled water from E.
8. The pipette shall then be removed from the measuring cylinder and its contents run into a
weighed container, any adherent solids being washed into the container by distilled water
from E through the tap B.
9. The contents of the container shall be dried at 100 to 110°C to constant weight, cooled
and weighed.
The proportion of fine silt and clay or fine dust shall then be calculated from the following
formula:
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑾
Percentage of clay and fine silt or fine dust = 𝑾 ( 𝑽 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖)
𝟏
W1 = weight in g of the original sample,
W2 = weight in g of the dried residue,
V = volume in ml of the pipette, and
0.8 = weight in g of sodium oxalate in one liter of the diluted solution
Descriptions Trial 1 Trial 2

Weight in g of the original sample, = W1
Weight in g of the dried residue, = W2
Volume in ml of the pipette, and = V
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑾𝟐
Percentage of clay and fine silt or fine dust = ( − 𝟎. 𝟖)
𝑾𝟏 𝑽
Precautions:
 Chemicals used in this test are highly toxic, both by absorption through the skin and by
inhalation.
 While testing, use a hood and care shall be taken to avoid contact with the skin or
inhalation of fumes.
Result:
Percentage of clay and fine silt or fine dust lumps (Deleterious Materials) =

Comments:
Reference:
The dust is not itself a harmful constituent, provided it is not chemically reactive. Its only
harmful effect is to increase the amount of mixing water required for a given workability and
thereby reduce the strength of concrete. Clay and silt are commonly present in many gravel
and sand deposit.
 What are the deleterious materials?

 How does the dust, clay and silt affect the performance of the concrete
 What are the limits set by IS: 383-1970 regarding the deleterious materials?
 Does the test give particle size distribution curve?
 What precaution will you take during the test?
 Explain the test procedure.

SIEVE ANALYSIS AND FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE
Title: Determination of fineness modulus and particle size distribution curve of fine
aggregates.
Objective: To determine fineness modulus and particle size distribution curve of fine
aggregate.
Apparatus:
i. Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 10 mm, 6.3 mm 4.75 mm,
3.35mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron,
Fig: Sieve.
ii. Balance,
iii. Gauging Trowel, etc.
Introduction:
This is the name given to the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into various
fractions each consisting of particles of the same size. The sieve analysis is conducted to
determine the particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate, which we call gradation.
Many a time, fine aggregates are designated as coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand.
These classifications do not give any precise meaning. What the supplier terms as fine sand

may be really medium or even coarse sand. To avoid this ambiguity fineness modulus could
be used as a yard stick to indicate the fineness of sand.
The following limits may be taken as guidance:
Fine sand: Fineness Modulus: 2.2 - 2.6,
Medium sand: F.M.: 2.6 - 2.9,
Coarse sand: F.M.: 2.9 - 3.2
Sand having a fineness modulus more than 3.2 will be unsuitable for making satisfactory
concrete.
Procedure:
1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. The
air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves
starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before
use.
2. The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right,
circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material
is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
3. Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material,
if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
4. Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75-
micron IS Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of apertures.
5. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
Precautions:
i. The sample should be taken by quartering.
ii. The sieving must be done carefully to prevent the spilling of aggregate.
iii. Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven.
iv. Sieve shaker should be placed properly.
v. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test.
vi. Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing.
vii. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance.
viii. Before testing sieve shaker should be checked.
ix. After test clean the sieve by a soft brush.
Observation:
Weight of fine aggregate taken= Kg

Cumulative Cumulative
Weight Percentag
Weight Percentage
IS Sieve Retained e Passing Remark
Retained on Retained
on Sieve (g) (%)
Sieve (g) (%)
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 µ
300 µ
150 µ
Pan
Total
Graph:
Calculation:
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative
percentages of aggregate retained on each of the standard sieves and dividing this sum by an
arbitrary number 100.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 (%)

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate, F.M. = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Effective size or effective diameter of fine aggregate, D10= (in mm)
D30= (in mm)
D60= (in mm)
𝑫
Uniformity coefficient or coefficient of uniformity of fine aggregate = 𝑫𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝟎
(𝑫𝟑𝟎 )𝟐
Coefficient of curvature of fine aggregate = 𝑫
𝟔𝟎 ×𝑫𝟏𝟎

Result:
Fineness modulus of a given sample of fine aggregate is ……..

It indicates that the sand is Coarse sand/ Medium sand/ Fine sand.
Effective size or effective diameter of fine aggregate, D10=

Uniformity coefficient or coefficient of uniformity of fine aggregate, CU =
Coefficient of curvature of fine aggregate, CC =
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 2386 (Part 1):1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 1 Particle size
and shape
 IS 383:1970 – Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete.
The main objective of this test is to determine the relative amount of various sizes of
particles present in the aggregate. This test has an importance on the concrete mix design.
From the result of this test, one can able to proportion the fine and course aggregates in order
to get combined mix of required grading. The sample should be dried to a constant mass at a
temperature not exceeding 110oC.
 What is fine aggregate, course aggregate and all in aggregate?

 Define fineness modulus.
 What is the significance if this test?
 What is meant by good grading?
 What is meant by diameter and the opening of the sieve?
 How will you separate fine aggregate from all in aggregate?
 What are the standard values of fineness modulus for fine and course aggregate?
 What is grading curve?
 How the curve is used in time of concrete mix design?

SIEVE ANALYSIS AND FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
Title: Determination of fineness modulus and particle size distribution curve of coarse
aggregates.
Objective: To determine fineness modulus and particle size distribution curve of coarse
aggregate.
Apparatus:
I. Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 80 mm, 63 mm, 50 mm, 40
mm, 37.5 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 6.3 mm 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm,
1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron,
II. Balance,
III. Gauging Trowel, etc.
Introduction:
Grading refers to the determination of the particle-size distribution for aggregate.
Grading limits and maximum aggregate size are specified because grading and size affect the
amount of aggregate used as well as cement and water requirements, workability,
pumpability, and durability of concrete. In general, if the water-cement ratio is chosen
correctly, a wide range in grading can be used without a major effect on strength. When gap-
graded aggregate are specified, certain particle sizes of aggregate are omitted from the size
continuum. Gap-graded aggregate are used to obtain uniform textures in exposed aggregate
concrete. Close control of mix proportions is necessary to avoid segregation.
Procedure:
1. The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. This
may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of
100o to 110°C. The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves
are clean before use.
2. Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace
passes, but in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall be
done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and
anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the
sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
3. On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any
material cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.
Precautions:
1. The sample should be taken by quartering.
2. The sieving must be done carefully to prevent the spilling of aggregate.
3. Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven.
4. Sieve shaker should be placed properly.
5. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test.
6. Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing.
7. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance.
8. Before testing sieve shaker should be checked.

9. After test clean the sieve by a soft brush.

Weight of coarse aggregate taken= Kg
Observation table for Sieve Analysis:
Weight Percentag
Weight Percentage Remar
IS Sieve Retained on e Passing
Retained on Retained k
Sieve (g) (%)
Sieve (g) (%)
80 mm
63 mm
50 mm
40 mm
37.5 mm
25 mm
20 mm
14 mm
12.5 mm
10 mm
6.3 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 µ
300 µ
150 µ
Total
Observation table for Fineness modulus:
Weight Percentag
Weight Percentage
IS Sieve Retained e Passing Remark
Retained on Retained
on Sieve (g) (%)
Sieve (g) (%)
80 mm
40 mm
20 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 µ
300 µ
150 µ
Pan

Total
Graph:
Calculation:
Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding the cumulative

percentages of aggregate retained on each of the standard sieves and dividing this sum by an
arbitrary number 100.

Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate, F.M. = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate, F.M. = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Effective size or effective diameter of fine aggregate, D10= (in mm)
D30= (in mm)
D60= (in mm)
𝑫
Uniformity coefficient or coefficient of uniformity of fine aggregate = 𝑫𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝟎
(𝑫𝟑𝟎 )𝟐
Coefficient of curvature of fine aggregate = 𝑫
𝟔𝟎 ×𝑫𝟏𝟎
Result:
Fineness modulus of a given sample of fine aggregate is ……..

It indicates that the sand is Coarse sand/ Medium sand/ Fine sand.

Effective size or effective diameter of fine aggregate, D10=

Uniformity coefficient or coefficient of uniformity of fine aggregate, CU =
Coefficient of curvature of fine aggregate, CC =
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 2386 (Part 1):1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 1 Particle size
and shape
 IS 383:1970 – Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete.
The main objective of this test is to determine the relative amount of various sizes of
particles present in the aggregate. This test has an importance on the concrete mix design.
From the result of this test, one can able to proportion the fine and course aggregates in order
to get combined mix of required grading. The sample should be dried to a constant mass at a
temperature not exceeding 110oC.
 What is fine aggregate, course aggregate and all in aggregate?

 Define fineness modulus.
 What is the significance if this test?
 What is meant by good grading?
 What is meant by diameter and the opening of the sieve?
 How will you separate fine aggregate from all in aggregate?
 What are the standard values of fineness modulus for fine and course aggregate?
 What is grading curve?
 How the curve is used in time of concrete mix design?

DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE
Title: Determination of Bulk Density of Fine & Coarse Aggregate
Objective: To determine the bulk density of given sample of fine & coarse aggregate.
Apparatus:
i. Balance - A balance sensitive to 0.5 percent of the weight of the sample to be
weighed.
ii. Cylindrical Metal Measure – The measure shall preferably be machined to accurate
internal dimensions and shall be provided with handles. It shall also be watertight,
and of sufficient rigidity to retain its form under rough usage, and should be
protected against corrosion.
The measure shall be of 3, 15 or 30 liters capacity, according to the maximum
nominal size of the coarsest particles of aggregate and shall comply with the
requirements given in below Table I.
Fig: Cylindrical Metal Measure

iii. Tamping Rod-A straight metal tamping rod of cylindrical cross-section 16 mm in

diameter and 60 cm long, rounded at one end.
Introduction:
The bulk density is the weight of material in a given volume, and for the purpose of this
standard it is measured in kilograms per liter. The bulk density of an aggregate is affected by
several factors, including the amount of moisture present and the amount of effort introduced
in filling the measures.
Procedure:
I. Rodded or Compacted Weight - The measure shall be filled about one-third full with
thoroughly mixed aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the
tamping rod. A further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and a further
tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure shall finally be filled to over-flowing,
tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a
straightedge. The net weight of the aggregate in the measure shall be determined and
the bulk density calculated in kilograms per litre.
II. Loose Weight - The measure shill be filled to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop,
the aggregate being discharged from a height not exceeding 5 cm above the top of the
measure. Care shall be taken to prevent, as far as possible, segregation of the particle
sizes of which the sample is composed. The surface of the aggregate shall then be
leveled with a straightedge. The net weight of the aggregate in the measure shall then
be determined and the bulk density calculated in kilogram per liter.
Table: Observation Table for Fine Aggregate

Sl. No Specification Values
1 Volume of empty measure (in liter) V
2 Weight of empty measure W1
3 Weight of measure with FA (Rodded or Compacted condition) W2
4 Weight of measure with FA (Loose Weight condition) W3
5 The Rodded or Compacted Bulk Density of FA = (W2-W1)/V
6 The Loose Bulk Density of FA = (W3-W1)/V
Table: Observation Table for Coarse Aggregate

Sl. No Specification Values
1 Volume of empty measure (in liter) V
2 Weight of empty measure W1
3 Weight of measure with CA (Rodded or Compacted condition) W2
4 Weight of measure with CA (Loose Weight condition) W3
5 The Rodded or Compacted Bulk Density of CA = (W2-W1)/V
6 The Loose Bulk Density of CA= (W3-W1)/V
Result:
1. The Rodded or Compacted Bulk Density of Fine Aggregate=

2. The Loose Bulk Density of Fine Aggregate=

3. The Rodded or Compacted Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate=

4. The Loose Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate=
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 2386(Part 3):1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 3 Specific
The bulk density is mass of the material in a given volume. It is measured in kg/litre. The
bulk density of an aggregate is affected by several factors and varies with specific gravity,
shape, size and grading of aggregates. The whole procedure should comply with the standards
of IS-2386 (part –III), 1963. The bulk density can be determined for any of the following four
conditions – (1) Dry loose mass, (2) Dry compacted mass, (3) Moist loose mass and (4) Moist
compacted mass. The type of determination to be made is judged according to the operating
conditions at the site. For moist unit weight, the moisture content of aggregate at the time of
test should be recorded.

 What is meant by unit mass or bulk density?
 How does it differ from specific gravity?
 If a given lot of aggregate weighs 36 kg and its bulk specific gravity is 2.70, then
what is its solid volume?
 If the bulk density of an aggregate is 1.54 kg/litre and its bulk specific gravity is
2.65, find percentage of voids?
 What would be the effect on unit mass if fine and course aggregate are combined?
 What are the precautions need to be taken in the time of test?

DETERMINATION OF WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE BY SLUMP

CONE TEST
Title: Determination of Workability of Fresh Concrete By Slump Cone Test.
Objective: To determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix of given

proportion by slump test.
Apparatus:
a) Mould - The mould for the test specimen shall be in the form ofthe frustum of a
cone having the following internal dimensions:
Sl. No. Dimensions cm

a) Bottom diameter 20
b) Top diameter 10
c) Height 30
The mould shall be constructed of metal (brass or aluminium shall not be used) of at
least l.6 mm thickness and the top and bottom shall be open and at right angles to
the axis of the cone. The mould shall have a smooth internal surface. It shall be
provided with suitable foot pieces and also handles to facilitate lifting it from the
moulded concrete test specimen in a vertical direction as required by the test. A
mould provided with a suitable guide attachment may be used. A typical mould
without the guide is shown in Fig. 1.

b) Tamping rod - The tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable material, 16 mm
in diameter, 0.6 m long and rounded at one end.
c) Iron Pan
d) Weighing Machine
e) Trowel
Introduction:
The word ―workability or workable concrete signifies much wider and deeper
meaning than the other terminology ―consistency often used loosely for workability.
Consistency is a general term to indicate the degree of fluidity or the degree of mobility.
The factors helping concrete to have more lubricating effect to reduce internal friction for
helping easy compaction are given below:
(a) Water Content (b) Mix Proportions (c) Size of Aggregates (d) Shape of Aggregates (e)
Surface Texture of Aggregate (f) Grading of Aggregate (g) Use of Admixtures.
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete
which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work. It is not a suitable method for
very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure all factors contributing to workability, nor
is it always representative of the placability of the concrete.
There are four types of slump
i. True slump refers to general drop of the concrete mass evenly all around without
disintegration.
ii. Zero slump concrete is defined in the same document, as concrete of stiff or
extremely dry consistency showing no measurable slump after removal of the
slump cone.
iii. Collapse slump indicates that concrete mix is too wet and the mix is regarded as
harsh and lean.
iv. Shear slump indicates that the concrete lacks cohesion. It may undergo
segregation and bleeding and thus is undesirable for the durability of concrete.
The pattern of slump is shown in Fig. 2. It indicates the characteristic of concrete in

addition to the slump value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one half
of the cone slides down, it is called shear slump. In case of a shear slump, the slump value is
measured as the difference in height between the height of the mould and the average value
of the subsidence.
Fig. 2: - The pattern of slump
Procedure:
1. Mix the dry constituents thoroughly to get a uniform colour and then add required

amount of water and then mix properly.

2. The internal surface of the mould shall be thoroughly cleaned and freed from
superfluous moisture and any set concrete before commencing the test.
3. The mould shall be placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface,
such as a carefully leveled metal plate, the mould being firmly held in place while it is
being filled.
4. The mould shall be filled in four layers, each approximately one-quarter of the height
of the mould. Each layer shall be tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the
tamping rod. The strokes shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross-
section of the mould and for the second and subsequent layers shall penetrate into the
underlying layer. The bottom layer shall be tamped throughout its depth.
5. After the top layer has been rodded, the concrete shall be struck off level with a
trowel or the tamping rod, so that the mould is exactly filled.
6. Any mortar which may have leaked out between the mould and the base plate shall be
cleaned away.
7. The mould shall be removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.
8. This allows the concrete to subside and the slump shall be measured immediately by
determining the difference between the height of the mould and that of the highest
point of the specimen being tested.
9. The above operations shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock, and
within a period of two minutes after sampling.
Note: The slump measured shall be recorded in terms of millimeters of subsidence of the
specimen during the test. Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives
incorrect result and if this occurs the test shall be repeated with another sample. If, in the
repeat test also, the specimen should shear, the slump shall be measured and the fact that the
specimen sheared, shall be recorded.
Some indication of the cohesiveness and workability of the mix can be obtained, if
after the slump measurement has been completed, the side of the concrete is tapped gently
with the tamping rod; a well-proportioned concrete which has an appreciable slump will
gradually slump farther, but if the mix has been badly proportioned, it is likely to fall apart.
Precautions:
1. The strokes are to be uniformly applied through the entire area of the concrete section.
2. The cone should be removed very slowly by lifting it upwards without disturbing
the concrete.
3. During filling the mould must be firmly pressed against the base.
4. Vibrations from nearly machinery might also increase subsidence; hence test
should be made beyond the range of ground vibrations.
Sl. No. W/c Ratio Slump in mm Type of Slump Remarks

Results:
Comments:
References:
 IS 7320:1974 Specification for concrete slump test apparatus

 IS 1199:1959 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete
 IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete

By this test we can determine the water content to give specified slump value. This test is not
a true guide to workability. For example, a harsh mix cannot be said to have same workability
as one with a large proportion of sand even though they may have the same slump.
As per Clause-7.1, Page-17, IS-456:2000
Degree of
Placing Conditions Slump (mm)
Workability
In the ‘very low’ category of workability where strict
control is necessary, for example pavement quality
Blinding concrete;
concrete, measurement of workability by
Shallow sections; Very low
determination of compacting factor will be more
Pavements using pavers
appropriate than slump (see IS 1199) and a value of
compacting factor of 0.75 to 0.80 is suggested
Mass concrete;
Lightly reinforced
sections in slabs,
beams, walls, columns;
Low 25-75
Floors; Hand placed
pavements;
Canal lining;
Strip footings
Heavily reinforced
50-100
sections in slabs,
beams, walls, columns; Medium
Slip form work; 75-100
Pumped concrete
Trench fill;
High 100-150
In-situ piling
In the ‘very high’ category of workability,
Tremie concrete Very high measurement of workability by determination of flow
will be appropriate (see IS 9103).
NOTE: - For most of the placing conditions, internal vibrators (needle vibrators) are suitable.
The diameter of the needle shall be determined based on the density and spacing of
reinforcement bars and thickness of sections. For tremie concrete, vibrators are not rewired to be
used (see also 13.3).

 What do you mean by the workability and consistency of freshly mixed concrete?
 What is slump of concrete?
 Describe the slump test?
 What is the significance of slump test?
 How do you compare a slump test with factor test?
 Describe the changes which take place in a concrete mix as water content is varied.
 Is it sensitive to low water content?

DETERMINATION OF WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE BY

COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
Title: Determination of Workability of Fresh Concrete by Compaction Factor Test.
Objective: To determine the workability of concrete mix of given proportion by

compaction factor test.
Apparatus:
a) Compacting Factor Apparatus - A diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. It

shall consist of the two conical hoppvs ( A and B ) mounted above a cylindrical
mould (C). The essential dimensions of the hoppers and mould and distances
between them shall be as shown in Table I. The apparatus shall also include two
ordinary bricklayer’s trowels, one hand scoop about 15.2 cm long, a rod of steel or
other suitable material of l.6 cm diameter, 61 cm long rounded at one end, and scales
( or a balance ) to weigh up to 30 kg, to the nearest 10 g.
Fig.1. - Compacting Factor Apparatus

Table I: Essential Dimensions of the Compacting Factor Apparatus for use with Aggregate
not Exceeding 38 mm Nominal Maximum Size
DETAIL ( see Fig. 1 ) DIMENSION

Top internal diameter 25.4
Upper hopper, A Bottom internal diameter 12.7
Internal height 27.9
Top internal diameter 22.9
Lower hopper, B Bottom internal diameter 12.7
Internal diameter 15.2
Cylinder, C
Distance between bottom of upper hopper and top of lower hopper 20.3
Distance between bottom of lower hopper and top of cylinder 20.3
b) Tamping rod - The tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable material, 16 mm in
diameter, 0.6 m long and rounded at one end.
c) Iron Pan
d) Weighing Machine
e) Trowel
Introduction:
It is based on the definition, that workability is that property of concrete, which
determines the amount of work required to produce full compaction. In the case of concrete
containing aggregate of maximum size more than 38 mm, the concrete shall be wet-sieved
through 1.5 in screen to exclude aggregate particles bigger than 38 mm.
The test is sufficiently sensitive to enable differences in workability arising from the
initial processes in the hydration of the cement to be measured. Each test therefore, should be
carried out at a constant time interval after the mixing is completed if strictly comparable
results are to be obtained. A convenient time for releasing & concrete from the upper hopper
has been found to be 2 minutes after the completion of mixing.
The compaction factor is defined as the ratio of the weight of partially compacted
concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete. It shall be stated to the nearest second
decimal place.
Procedure:
Conduct test for W/c ratio 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8, for each mix take 10 kg of coarse
aggregate 5kg of fine aggregate and 2.5 Kg of cement.
1. Grease the inner surface of the hoppers and the cylinder.

2. Fasten the hopper doors.
3. Weigh the empty cylinder accurately.
4. Fix the cylinder on the base with fly nuts and bolts.
5. Mix coarse and fine aggregates and cement dry until the mixture is uniform in colour

and then with water until concrete appears to be homogeneous.

6. The sample of concrete to be tested shall be placed gently in the upper hopper, using
the hand scoop.
7. The hopper shall be filled level with its brim and the trap-door shall be opened so
that the concrete falls into the lower hopper. Certain mixes have a tendency to stick
in one or both of the hoppers. If this occurs, the concrete may be helped through by
pushing the rod gently into the concrete from the top. During this process, the
cylinder shall be covered by the trowels.
8. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, the cylinder shall be uncovered, the
trap-door of the lower hopper opened, and the concrete allowed to fall into the
cylinder.
9. The excess of concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder shall then
be cut off by holding a trowel in each hand, with the plane of the blades horizontal,
and moving them simultaneously one from each side across the top of the cylinder,
at the same time keeping them pressed on the top edge of the cylinder.
10. The outside of the cylinder shall then be wiped clean.
11. The above operation shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock.
12. The weight of the concrete in the cylinder shall then be determined to the nearest
10g. This weight shall be known as ‘the weight of partially compacted concrete’.
13. The cylinder shall be refilled with concrete from the same sample in layers
approximately 5 cm deep, the layers being heavily rammed or preferably vibrated so
as to obtain full compaction. The top surface of the fully compacted concrete shall
be carefully struck off level with the top of the cylinder.
14. The outside of the cylinder shall then be wiped clean. The weight of the concrete in
the cylinder shall then be determined to the nearest 10 g. This weight shall be known
as ‘the weight of fully compacted concrete’.
Precautions:
1. The top hopper must be filled gently.

2. The mix should not be pressed or compacted in the hopper.
3. If the concrete in the hopper does not fall through when the trap door is released, it
should be freed by passing a metal rod. A single steady penetration will usually affect
release.
Observations & Calculations:
Weight of partially Weight of fully compacted

W/c Compacting factor =
Sl. No. compacted concrete W1 concrete W2
ration (W1/W2)
(Kg) (Kg)
Results:

Comments:
Reference:
Compaction factor test is adopted to determine the workability of concrete, where the
nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 40 mm and is primarily used in
laboratory. It is more sensitive and precise than slump test and in particularly useful for
concrete mixes of low workability as are normally used when the concrete is to be compacted
by vibration, such concrete may constantly fail to slump. The compaction factor (C.F.) test is
able to indicate small variations in workability over a wide range.
It is more sensitive, precise than slump test and is particularly useful to concrete mixes of
low workability.
Suggested ranges of values of compaction factors for different placing conditions.
S.No Placing condition Degree of Values of

workability workability
1 Concreting shallow section with vibration Very low 0.75 to 0.80
2 Concreting of lightly reinforced section with Low 0.8 to 0.85
vibration
3 Concreting of lightly reinforced section without Medium 0.85 to 0.92
vibration or heavily reinforced with vibration
4 Concreting of heavily reinforced section High 0.92 to above
without vibration

 What is mean by workability of concrete?
 What are Indian Standard Tests for determining the workability of concrete?
 How do you compare a slump test with a compaction factor test?
 How do you achieve the standard condition of concrete in compaction factor test?
 What is the distance between cylinder top and bottom of the lower hopper?
 Will the workability increase with increase in compaction factor value and if so, why?

DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE BY VEE-BEE

CONSISTOMETER METHOD
Title: Determination of Consistency of Concrete by Vee-Bee Consistometer Method.
Objective: To determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete by using of Vee –

Bee consistometer apparatus.
Apparatus:
i. Cylindrical container,
ii. Vee-Bee apparatus (consisting of vibrating table, slump cone)
iii. Standard tamping rod,

iv. Stop watch and
v. Trowels
Introduction:
The workability of fresh concrete is a composite property, which includes the diverse
requirements of stability, mobility, compactability, placeability and finishability. There are
different methods for measuring the workability. Each of them measures only a particular
aspect of it and there is really no unique test, which measures workability of concrete in its
totality. This test gives an indication of the mobility and to some extent of the compactibility
of freshly mixed concrete. The test measures the relative effort required to change a mass of

concrete from one definite shape to another (i.e., from conical to cylindrical) by means of
vibration. The amount of effort (called remoulding effort) is taken as the time in seconds,
required to complete the change. The results of this test are of value when studying the
mobility of the masses of concrete made with varying amounts of water, cement and with
various types of grading of aggregate. The time required for complete remoulding in seconds
is considered as a measure of workability and is expressed as the number of Vee-Bee
seconds. The method is suitable for dry concrete. For concrete of slump in excess of 50mm,
the remoulding is so quick that the time cannot measure.
Standard values:
Table:- Consistency scale (clause 5.4.4.1. and Fig. 7, IS 1199:1959)
Consistency Numbers of Vee- Characteristics

Bee Degree
Moist earth 40 to 25-20 Particles of concrete aggregate in the concrete arc
adhesive, but concrete does not clot. Risk of
segregation.
Very dry 20 to 15-10 Concrete has the consistency of very stiff porridge,
forms a stiff mound when dumped, and barely tends to
shake or roll itself to form an almost horizontal
surface when for a long time in, say, a wheel-barrow.
Dry 10 to 7-5 Concrete has the consistency of stiff porridge, forms a
mound when dumped, and shakes or rolls itself to
form a horizontal surface when conveyed for a long
time in, say, a wheel-barrow.
Plastic 5 to 4-3 Concrete can be shaped into a ball between the palms
of the hands, and adheres to the skin.
Semi-fluid 3 to 2-l Concrete cannot be rolled into a ball between the
palms of the hands, but s reads out even though slowly
and without affecting the cohesion of the constituents
so that segregation does not occur.
Fluid More fluid than 1 Concrete spreads out rapidly and segregation takes
place.
Procedure:
1. Place the slump cone in the cylindrical container of the consistometer. Fill the cone in
four layers, each approximately one quarter of the height of the cone. Tamp each layer
with twenty-five strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The strokes are
distributed in a uniform manner over the cross-section of the cone and for the second
and subsequent layers the tamping bar should penetrate into the underlying layer. After
the top layer has been tamped, struck off level the concrete with a trowel making the
cone exactly filled.
2. Move the glass disc attached to the swivel arm and place it just on the top of the slump
cone in the cylindrical container. Adjust the glass disc so as to touch the top of the
concrete cone, and note the initial reading on the graduated rod.
3. Remove the cone from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in

the vertical direction. Lower the transparent disc on the top of concrete. Note down the
reading on the graduated rod.
4. Determine the slump by taking the difference between the readings on the graduated
rod recorded in the steps (2) and (3) above.
5. Switch on the electrical vibrations and start the stopwatch. Allow the concrete to
remould by spreading out in the cylindrical container. The vibrations are continued
until the concrete is completely remoulded, i.e., the surfaces becomes horizontal and
the whole concrete surface adheres uniformly to the transparent disc.
6. Record the time required for complete remoulding seconds which measures the
workability expressed as number of Vee-Bee seconds.
Initial Final Vee-Bee

reading on reading Slump = Degrees = Time
Sample Grade of W/C
the on the (b) – (a), for complete
No. Concrete Ratio
graduated graduated in cm remoulding in
rod (a) rod (b) Sec
Results:
Vee-Bee Degrees of the concrete=
Comments:
References:

The remoulding is assumed to be complete when the transparent disc completely covers
the concrete and all cavities in the surface of the concrete have disappeared. This is
ascertained visually and the difficulty of establishing the end point of test introduces a source
of error which is more pronounced for concrete mixes of high workability and consequently
records low Vee-Bee time. Therefore, the test is nor suitable for concrete of higher
workability, for example, slump of 50 mm and above. Vee bee test is preferable for very stiff
concrete mixes having low or very low workability. Vee bee test has the advantage that the
concrete in test will receive a similar treatment as it would be in actual practice.

 Why the name Vee Bee is given to this test?
 What property of concrete does it measures?
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of this test over other methods?
 Describe the factors affecting the choice of selecting the test methods for workability
measurement.
 What are the precautions should be taken during the test?
 What is the relation of values of this test and other methods?

DETERMINATION OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

CONCRETE SPECIMENS
Title: Determination of the compressive strength of cement concrete specimens.
Objective: To determine the compressive strength of cement concrete specimens by cube

testing.
Apparatus:
i) Compression Testing Machine ( As per IS: 516 -1959 )
Fig: Compression Testing Machine
ii) Cube Mould ( As per IS: 516 -1959 )

iii) Tamping Rod
iv) Balance.
Introduction:
Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being 7
and 28 days, ages of 13 weeks and one year are recommended if tests at greater ages
are required. Where it may be necessary to obtain the early strength, test may be made at the
ages of 24 hours + 1/2 hour and 12 hours + 2 hours. The ages shall be calculated from the
time of the addition of water to the dry ingredients.
Number of Specimens
At least three specimens, preferably from different batches, shall be made for
testing at each selected age.

Test specimens cubical in shape shall be 15 × 15 × 15 cm. If the largest nominal size
of the aggregate does not exceed 2 cm, 10 cm cubes may be used as an alternative.
Cylindrical test specimens shall have a length equal to twice the diameter. They shall be 15
cm in diameter and 30 cm long.
Test Procedure:
Preparation of Cube Specimens

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same
concrete used in the field.
Specimen
6 cubes of 15 cm size. Mix. M15 or above
Mixing
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer
Hand Mixing
1) Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until
the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour
2) Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
3) Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the
desired consistency
Sampling
Clean the mounds and apply oil
1) Fill the concrete in the moulds in layers approximately 5cm thick
2) Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod
(steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
3) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
Procedure:
1. Mix the dry constituents thoroughly to get a uniform colour and then add required
amount of water and then mix properly to get the required grade of concrete.
2. Clean the mounds (15 × 15 × 15 cm) and apply oil
3. Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5 cm thick
4. Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 60 cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
5. Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
6. The test specimen- shall be stored in a place, free from vibration, in moist air of at
least 90 percent relative humidity and at a temperature of 27° ± 2° C for 24 hours ± l
hour from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period, the
specimens shall be marked and removed from the mould and, unless required for test
within 24 hours, immediately submerged in clean, fresh water or saturated lime
solution and kept there until taken out just prior to test.
7. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
8. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2 m
9. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
10. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to
the opposite sides of the cube cast.

11. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
12. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
13. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
14. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
Precautions:
 Use hand gloves, safety shoes & apron at the time of test.
 After test switch off the machine.
 Keep all the exposed metal parts greased.
 Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate.
 Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.

The measured compressive strength of the specimen shall be calculated by dividing
the maximum load applied to the specimen during the test, by the cross sectional area,
calculated from the mean dimensions of section and shall be expressed to the nearest N/mm2.
Size of the cube =15cm × 15cm × 15cm
Area of the specimen (calculated from the mean size of the specimen) = 225 cm2
Maximum load applied =_________tones = _________N
Compressive strength = (Load in N/ Area in mm2) =_________N/mm2
Sample Grade of W/C Age of Area of Max. Compressive

No. Concrete Ratio Concrete Specimen Load strength of
(C:FA:CA) in mm2 Taken Specimen in
A in N, N/mm2 =P/A
P
Note:
Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength of any
specimen varies by more than 15 per cent of average strength, results of such specimen
should be rejected. Average of their specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete.

In case of cylinders, a correction factor according to the height to diameter ratio of

specimen after capping shall be obtained from the curve shown in fig. 1 of IS: 516-1959. The
product of this correction factor and the measured compressive strength shall be known as
the corrected compressive strength, this being the equivalent strength of a cylinder having a
height/diameter ratio of two. The equivalent cube strength of the concrete shall be determined
by multiplying the corrected cylinder strength by 5/4.
Result:
Compressive strength of Concrete of _____grade with _____ W/C ratio after

_______days = __________ N/mm2.
Comments:
References:
 IS 516:1959 Method of test for strength of concrete
Compressive strength test affords the most reliable means of judging the quality of
concrete. The height of the test piece in relation to its lateral dimension greatly influences the
result. The more slender is the test piece; lower will be its crushing strength. The cubes are
better in the sense that they afford accurately plane and parallel faces for testing and no
special bedding material has to be used. In case of cylinder, its top surface has to be specially
prepared to ensure good contact with testing machine. Specimen should remain in water right
up to the moment of test; even an hour’s drying may have an appreciable effect upon the
crushing strength. IS:456–2000 gives seven grade designations as M10, M15, M20, M25,
M30, M35 and M40. In the designation of concrete mix the letter M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified 28 days compressive strength of cubes of that mix in N/mm2.

Factors affecting the strength of concrete can be broadly grouped into those
depending upon the testing methods and the others independent of the testing methods.
Factors depending on testing methods are size of test specimen, size of specimen relative to
maximum size of aggregate, moisture condition of specimen, rate of loading adopted, and
type of testing machine used; and those independent of testing method are type of cement
and age of cement, type and size of aggregates, degree of compaction, water-cement ratio,
aggregate cement ratio, air voids, curing method and curing temperature.
The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at
different ages in comparison with the strength at 28 days after casting.
Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%
3 days 40%
7 days 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%
Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days

Grade of Minimum compressive Specified characteristic
Concrete strength N/mm at 7 days compressive strength (N/mm2) at 28
2
days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35
M40 27 40
M45 30 45

 How does strength correlates with other properties of hardened concrete?
 Why are the strength tests commonly made?
 What are the different types of standard test specimen?
 What is the relation between the length and diameter for compression test cylinder?
 What is the relation between diameter of cylinder and maximum size of aggregate?
 What is the method of compacting the concrete while preparing the test cubes?
 What is the nature of compression failure of axially loaded concrete?
 In what respect cubes are better than cylindrical specimen?
 What are the different grades of concrete used in construction?
 What are the precautions needed to be taken during the test procedure?

DETERMINATION OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Title: Determination of the splitting tensile strength of cement concrete specimens.
Objective: To determine the splitting tensile strength of cement concrete specimens.
Apparatus:
Cylindrical moulds 150 mm dia. 300 mm long, testing Machine, jigs, two packing
strips of tempered hardboard of nominal thickness 4 mm, steel loading strips
Introduction:
Tests shall be made at the recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being 7
and 28 days. Tests at any other age at which the tensile strength is desired may be made, if so
required. The ages shall be calculated from the time of the addition of water to the dry
ingredients. The age at test shall be reported along with the results.
Number of Specimens: At least three specimens shall be tested for each age of tests.
Procedure:
1. Specimens when received dry shall be kept in water for 24 h before they are taken for
testing. Unless other conditions are required for specific laboratory investigation
specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from the water whilst they are still
wet. Surface water and grit shall be wiped off the specimens and any projecting fins
removed from the surfaces which are to be in contact with the packing strips.
2. Marking: Central lines shall be drawn on the two opposite faces of the cube using any
suitable procedure and device that will ensure that they are in the same axial plane.
3. Measurement: The mass and dimensions of the specimen shall be noted before testing.
The sides of the specimen, lying in the plane of the pre-marked lines, shall be measured
near the ends and the middle of the specimen and the average taken to the nearest 0.2
mm.
Placing of the Specimen in the Testing Machine:
1. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine and of the loading strips shall be wiped
clean.
2. The test specimen shall be placed in the centering jig with packing strip and/or loading
pieces carefully positioning along the top and bottom of the plane of loading of the
specimen. The jig shall then be placed in the machine so that the specimen is located
centrally. In the case of cubic specimens, the load shall be applied on the moulded faces
in such a way that the fracture plane will cross the trowelled surface.
3. For cylindrical specimen it shall be ensured that the upper platen is parallel with the
lower platen.
Rate of Loading
1. The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a nominal rate
within the range 1.2 N/ (mm2/min) to 2.4 N/ (mm2/min). Maintain the rate, once
adjusted, until failure. On manually controlled machines as failure is approached the
loading rate will decrease; at this stage the controls shall be operated to maintain as far
as possible the specified loading rate.

2. The maximum load applied shall then be recorded. The appearance of concrete and any
unusual features in the type of failure shall also be noted.
The measured splitting tensile strength fct, of the specimen shall be calculated to the
nearest 0.05 N/mm2 using the following formula:
2𝑃
𝑓𝑐𝑡 =
𝜋𝐿𝑑
P = maximum load in N applied to the specimen,
L = length of the specimen as shown in the following figure (in mm), and
d = cross sectional dimension of the specimen as shown in the following figure (in mm),

Sample Grade of W/C Age of Max. Load at Splitting Tensile Stress

No. Concrete Ratio Concrete Failure P (N) fct (MPa) = 2𝑃/𝜋𝐿𝑑
Results:
Splitting tensile strength of concrete........................................... MPa
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 5816:1999 Method of test for splitting tensile strength of concrete.
It is interesting to note that the restraining effect of the platens of the testing machine
extends over the entire height of the cube but leaves unaffected a part of test cylinder because
of greater height. It is, therefore, the strength of the cube made from identical concrete will be
different from the strength of the cylinder. Normally strength of the cylinder is taken as 0.8
times the strength of the cube, but experiments have shown that there is no unique
relationship between the strength of cube and strength of cylinder. It was seen that the
strength relation varies with the level of the strength of concrete. For higher strength, the
difference between the strength of cube and cylinder is becoming narrow. For 100 MPa
concrete the ratio may become nearly 1.00.
The points in favour of the cube specimen are that the shape of the cube resembles the
shape of the structural members often met with on the ground. The cube does not require
capping, whereas cylinder requires capping. The capping material used in case cylinder may
influence to some extent the strength of the cylinder.

DETERMINATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Title: Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete.
Objective: To determine the Flexural Strength of Concrete, which comes into play when a
road slab with inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel loads and / or there are
volume changes due to temperature / shrinking.
Apparatus:
I. Beam mould of size 15 × 15 × 70 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 38 mm) or of

size 10 × 10 × 50 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 19 mm)
II. Tamping bar (40 cm long, weighing 2 kg and tamping section having size of 25 mm ×
25 mm)
III. Flexural test machine– The bed of the testing machine shall be provided with two steel
rollers, 38 mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these
rollers shall be so mounted that the distance from centre to centre is 60 cm for 15.0 cm
specimens or 40 cm for 10.0 cm specimens. The load shall be applied through two
similar rollers mounted at the third points of the supporting span that is, spaced at 20
or 13.3 cm centre to centre. The load shall be divided equally between the two loading
rollers, and all rollers shall be mounted in such a manner that the load is applied
axially and without subjecting the specimen to any torsional stresses or restraints.


Procedure:
1. Prepare the test specimen by filling the concrete into the mould in 3 layers of
approximately equal thickness. Tamp each layer 35 times using the tamping bar as
specified above. Tamping should be distributed uniformly over the entire cros-section
of the beam mould and throughout the depth of each layer.
2. Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers, and remove any loose
sand or other material from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to make
contact with the rollers.
3. Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38 mm
will be used for providing support and loading points to the specimens. The length of
the rollers shall be at least 10 mm more than the width of the test specimen. A total of
four rollers shall be used, three out of which shall be capable of rotating along their
own axes. The distance between the outer rollers (i.e. span) shall be 3d and the
distance between the inner rollers shall be d. The inner rollers shall be equally spaced
between the outer rollers, such that the entire system is systematic.
4. The specimen stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from water;
whilst they are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the machine correctly
centered with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers. For
moulded specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to the direction of
loading.
5. The load shall be applied at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for the 15.0 cm specimens
and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
Precautions:
 Use hand gloves while, safety shoes at the time of test.
 After test switch off the machine.
 Keep all the exposed metal parts greased.
 Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate.
 Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by

fb = pl/bd2 (when a > 200 mm for 150 mm specimen or > 130 mm for 100 mm specimen)
Or
fb = 3pa/bd2 (when a < 200 mm but > 170 mm for 150 mm specimen or < 133 mm but > 110
mm for 100 mm specimen.)
Where,
a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the
center line of the tensile side of the specimen
b = width of specimen (mm)
d = failure point depth (mm)
l = supported length (mm)
P = max. Load (N)

The Flexural Strength of

Sample Grade of W/C a b d L Concrete
P
No. Concrete Ratio mm mm mm mm fb = pl/bd2 or
fb = 3pa/bd2
Results:
Comments:
References:

DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE
Title: Determination of Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete.
Objective: To plot stress-strain curve for concrete of a given mix proportions and to
determine the modulus of elasticity by means of an extensometer as per IS: 516-1959.
Apparatus:
I.Mixing pan
II.Tamping rod
III.Trowels
IV. Capping apparatus
V. Lamb's extensimeter with illuminated scale and telescope: Two extensometers are
required each having a gauge length of not less than 10.2 mm and not more than half
the length of the specimen. They shall be capable of measuring strains to an accuracy
of 2 × 105. Mirror extensometers of the roller or rocker type are suitable.
VI. Strength testing machine (As per IS: 516 -1959)
Introduction:
The results obtained from this experiment are used to study the behaviour of concrete
subjected to prolonged loading which has special importance as the is not truly elastic
material since it possesses the ability to creep during and after the application of load. The
phenomenon has explained in figure below.
Fig.: Deformation of concrete under load
The modulus of elasticity of concrete and its corresponding compressive strength are required
in the design calculations of the structures. In the field or RCC design it is extensively used
in the form of modular ratio.
The modulus of elasticity can be determined by measuring compressive strain when a sample
is subjected to a compressive stress. Indian Standards stipulate that height should be at least

twice the diameter. Two extensometers should be used to check on eccentric loading and
they should be mounted diametrically opposite.
The ultimate compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by testing three cubes at
the time when the specimen is tested for determining the modulus of elasticity.
Procedure:
1. The three test specimens for compressive strength shall first be tested in accordance
with 5 and the average compressive strength shall be recorded.
2. Immediately on removing the cylinder or prism from the water and while it is still in a
wet condition, the extensometers shall be attached at the ends, or on opposite sides at
the specimen and parallel to its axis, in such a way that the gauge points are
symmetrical about the centre of the specimen and in no case are nearer to either end of
the specimen than a distance equal to half the diameter or half the width of the
specimen.
3. The extensometers shall be fixed with the recording points at the same end.
4. The specimen shall he immediately placed in the testing machine and accurately
centered.
5. The load shall be applied continuously and without shock at a rate of 140 kg/sq
cm/min until an average stress of (C + 5) kg/sq cm is reached, where C is one third of
the average compressive strength of the cubes calculated to the nearest 5 kg/sq cm.
6. The load shall be maintained at this stress for at least one minute and shall then be
reduced gradually to an average stress of 1.5 kg/sq cm when extensometer reading
shall be taken.
7. The load shall be applied a second time at the same rate until an average stress of
(C+1.5) kg/sq cm is reached. The load shall be maintained at this figure while
extensometer readings are taken.
8. The load shall again be reduced gradually and readings again taken at 1.5 kg/sq cm.
The load shall then be applied a third time and extensometer readings taken at ten
approximately equal increments of stress up to an average stress of (C+ 1.5) kg/sq cm.
9. Readings shall be taken at each stage of loading with as little delay as possible.
10. If the overall strain observed on the second and third readings differ by more than 5
percent, the loading cycle shall be repeated until the difference in strain between
consecutive reading at (C + 1.5) kg/ sq cm does not exceed 5 percent.
Precautions:
i. Compacting strokes should be uniformly applied over the whole surface.
ii. The distance between the telescope and the scale should be so adjusted that a well-
defined image of the scale is obtained.
iii. The specimen for determining the modules of elasticity should be loaded and
unloaded three times to the stress of one third of ultimate stress.
iv. The compressive strain shall be read at intervals during second and third loading and
if they differ by more than 5 percent, the loading should be repeated until strain of
successive cycles do fall within this limit.

Compressive Strength Chart:
Max. Avg Max.

Grade of Max.
Specimen Compressive Compressive
Concrete/Mix Compressive
No. Strength Strength
proportion Load kN
N/mm2 N/mm2
Lamb's Extensometer Reading (L.E.R.):
Sl. Cylinder 1/Specimen 1 Cylinder 2/Specimen 2 Cylinder 3/Specimen 3

No. Load L.E.R. Stress= Strain= Load L.E.R. Stress= Strain= Load L.E.R. Stress= Strain=
Load/ L.E.R./ Load/ L.E.R./ Load/ L.E.R./
Area of Original Area of Original Area of Original
Cylinder Length Cylinder Length Cylinder Length
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.
.
n
Secant Modulus:
Avg. Secant Modulus,

Specimen No. 1 2 3
N/mm2
30% of cube Strength
Strain At 30% of cube Strength
Secant Modulus at 30% of cube
Strength

Results:
Comments:
References:
The value of modules of elasticity ranges from 1.4 × 104 N/mm2 for low quality concrete at
early age to 4.5 × 104 N/mm2 for high quality concrete at latter age. Its increase with age and
with reduction in water-cement ratio as does the strength.

i. What is strain?
ii. What is stress?
iii. What is the range of modules of elasticity of concrete?
iv. What is the range of loading in this experiment?

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE BY REBOUND HAMMER
Title: Determination of Compressive Strength (Non-destructive Testing) of Concrete by

Rebound Hammer.
Objective: Assessing the likely compressive strength of concrete with the help of suitable co-
relations between rebound index and compressive strength.
Apparatus:
The Rebound Hammer consisting of a spring controlled mass that slides on a plunger
within a tubular housing.
Fig: Schematic diagram of Rebound Hammer

Introduction:
When the plunger of rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete,
the spring- controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depends upon the
surface hardness of concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be
related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound is read off along a
graduated scale and is designated as the rebound number or rebound index.
Procedure:
1. For testing, smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected. If loosely adhering scale is
present, this should be rubbed off with a grinding wheel or stone. Rough surfaces
resulting from incomplete compaction, loss of grout, spalled or tooled surfaces do not
give reliable results and should be avoided.
2. The point of impact should be at least 20 mm away from any edge or shape
discontinuity.
3. For taking a measurement, the rebound hammer should be held at right angles to the
surface of the concrete member. The test can -thus be conducted horizontally on vertical
surfaces or vertically upwards or downwards on horizontal surfaces. If the situation
demands, the rebound hammer can be held at intermediate angles also, but in each case,
the rebound number will be different for the same concrete.
4. Rebound hammer test is conducted around all the points of observation on all accessible
faces of the structural element. Concrete surfaces ‘are thoroughly cleaned before taking
any measurement. Around each point of observation, six readings of rebound indices are
taken and average of these readings becomes the rebound index for the point of
observation.

Fig: Rebound Hammer Principle

Graph:
Rebound Index:

Avg.
Sample
Rebound Index/ Rebound Number Rebound
No
Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Compressive Strength:
Sample Grade of W/C Average Compressive Compressive

no. Concrete Ratio Rebound Index/ Strength strength of the
Rebound N/mm2 concrete in cube test
Number N/mm2
Results:
Compressive Strength of Concrete of _____Grade of sample-1 by Rebound Hammer

Method =___________ N/mm2
Comments:
Reference:
 IS 13311(Part 2):1992 Methods of nondestructive testing of concrete: Part 2 Rebound
hammer
It is also pointed out that rebound indices are indicative of compressive strength of
concrete to a limited depth from the surface. If the concrete in a particular member has
internal micro-cracking, flaws or heterogeneity across the cross-section, rebound hammer
indices will not indicate the same.
As such, the estimation of strength of concrete by rebound hammer method cannot be
held to be very accurate and probable accuracy of prediction of concrete strength in a
structure is of ± 25 percent. If the relationship between rebound index and compressive
strength can be checked by tests on core samples obtained from the structure or standard
specimens made with the same concrete materials and mix proportion, then the accuracy of
results and confidence thereon are greatly increased.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD IS 10262-2009
Title: Concrete Mix Design by Indian standard method IS 10262-2009.
Objective: To determine the concrete mix proportion by Indian Standard Recommended

method of IS 10262-2009.
Apparatus:
I. Concrete mixer
II. Balance
III. Moulds (or forms) for casting of the test specimens for future testing
Procedure:
1. Target Mean Strength: According to IS: 456–2000 the characteristic strength is defined
as that value below which not more than 5 per cent results are expected to fall. The target
mean strength for mix design as per IS 10262:2009 as follow
′
The Target Mean Strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 1.65𝑆
Where,
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = The characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2 and
S= the standard deviation given in Table-1, IS 10262:2009.
Table No. 1 Assumed Standard Deviation

Sr. Nominal Maximum Assumed Standard
No. Size of Aggregate Deviation N/mm2
1 M 10
3.5
2 M 15
3 M 20
4
4 M 25
5 M 30
6 M 35
7 M 40
5
8 M 45
9 M 50
10 M 50
2. Selection of Water / Content Ratio: Consider from the specified table (Table-5, given
below) of IS: 456 for desired exposure condition as preliminary w/c ratio that has to be
further checked for limiting value ensuring durability.

3. Calculation of Water Content: The quantity of maximum mixing water per unit volume
of concrete may be determined from Table 2. The water content in Table 2 is for angular
coarse aggregate and for 25 to 50 mm slump range. The water estimate in Table 2 can be
reduced by approximately 10 kg for sub-angular aggregates, 20 kg for gravel with some
crushed particles and 25 kg for rounded gravel to produce same workability. For the
desired workability (other than 25 to 50 mm slump range), the required water content may
be established by trial or an increase by about 3 percent for every additional 25 mm slump
or alternatively by use of chemical admixtures conforming to IS 9103. This illustrates the
need for trial batch testing of local materials as each aggregate source is different and can
influence concrete properties differently. Water reducing admixtures or super plasticizing
admixtures usually decrease water content by 5 to 10 percent and 20 percent and above
respectively at appropriate dosages.
Table No. 2 Maximum Water Content per Cubic Meter of Concrete for Nominal
Maximum Size of Aggregate
Nominal Maximum Size of
Sr. No. Maximum Water Content kg/m3
Aggregate
1 10 208
2 20 186
3 40 165
4. Calculation of Cement Content: The cement content per unit volume of concrete may
be calculated from free water-cement ratio and the quantity of water per unit volume of
concrete (cement by mass = Water content/Water cement ratio).
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2
The cement content so calculated shall be checked against the minimum cement content
for the requirement of durability and the greater of the two values to be adopted.
5. Calculation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion: For the desired workability, the quantity
of mixing water per unit volume of concrete and the ratio of coarse aggregate to total

aggregate by absolute volume are to be estimated from Tables-3, IS 10262:2009.
Table No. 3 Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate
for Different Zones of Fine Aggregate
Nominal
Sl. No. Zone IV Zone III Zone II Zone I
Size of
1 Aggregate
10 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
2 20 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
3 40 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
Approximate values for this aggregate volume are given in Table 3 for a water-cement
ratio of 0.5, which may be suitably adjusted for other water-cement ratios. If the water-
cement ratio is less than 0.5, volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased to
decrease the fine aggregate content (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in
water-cement ratio) and vice-versa.
For more workable concrete mixes which is sometimes required when placement is by
pump or when the concrete is required to be worked around congested reinforcing steel ,
it may be desirable to reduce the estimated coarse aggregate content determined using
Table 3 up to 10 percent.
So Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate and Volume of
Fine Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate have to find out.
Mix Calculations:
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Mass of Water =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 1

c) Volume of cement = = × 1000
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑝.𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1

d) Volume of Water = = × 1000
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝.𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 chemical admixture

e) Volume of chemical admixture = =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 chemical admixture
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 chemical admixture 1
= 𝑆𝑝.𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 chemical admixture × 1000
f) Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate =
g) Volume of Fine Aggregate per Unit Volume of Total Aggregate =
h) Volume of all in aggregate = [1- (c + d + e)]

i) Mass of Coarse Aggregate

= h × Volume of Coarse Aggregate (f) × Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate × 1000
j) Mass of Fine Aggregate

= f × Volume of Fine aggregate (h) × Specific gravity of Fine aggregate × 1000
𝑥
k) Water Absorption of Fine Aggregate = 𝑥% = 100 × 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑗)
𝑦
l) Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregate = 𝑦% = 100 ×
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑗)
m) Actual Amount of Water = b – (k + l)
n) Actual Mass of Fine Aggregate = j – k
o) Actual Mass of Coarse Aggregate = i – l
Results:
Fine Coarse
Ingredients Cement Water Chemical
Aggregate Aggregate
Quantity kg/m3
Ratio
Comments:
References:
 IS 10262:2009 Guidelines for concrete mix proportioning

VIVA-VOCE Question Bank
Explain the following:

1) Ingredients of Cement
2) Chemical composition of cement
3) Initial and final setting time of cement
4) Heat of hydration
5) Fineness of cement
6) Properties of ordinary Portland cement
7) Differentiate between flash set and false set of cement.
8) Why is it necessary to test cement for soundness? Name the tests to determine
soundness of cement.
9) Portland pozzolana cement,
10) Blast furnace slag cement
11) High alumina cement
12) Hydrophobic cement
13) Storage of cement
14) Classification of aggregates
15) Characteristics of aggregates
16) Soundness of aggregate
17) Alkali- aggregate reaction
18) Fineness modulus of aggregate
19) Gap graded and well graded aggregate
20) Test for determining the specific gravity of coarse aggregate
21) Requirements of coarse aggregate used in concrete
22) Effect of size and shape of coarse aggregate in concrete mix
23) Bulking of fine aggregate
24) Quality requirement of water for concrete
25) Effect of impurities in water on properties of concrete
26) Functions of admixtures
27) Classification of admixtures
28) Role of water in fresh state of concrete
29) Significance of workability of concrete
30) Importance of w/c ratio in concrete
31) Requirements of workability for various work
32) Segregation and bleeding
33) Effects of bleeding of concrete
34) The conditions results in segregation.
35) List the various methods of mixing of concrete
36) List the various types of concrete mixers
37) List the various methods of placing of concrete
38) List the various methods of compacting of concrete
39) List the various methods of transporting of concrete
40) List the various methods of finishing of concrete
41) List the various methods of curing of concrete
42) Underwater concreting
43) Weigh Batching
44) Batching Plant
45) Joints in concreting

46) Functions of formwork

47) Materials used for formwork
48) Ferro-cement
49) Fibre reinforced concrete
50) Ready mix concrete
51) Light weight concrete
52) Lightweight aggregate concrete
53) Cellular concrete
54) No fines concrete
55) Aerated concrete
56) Steel fibre shotcrete (SFSC)
57) Polymer concrete
58) Polymer impregnated concrete (PIC)
59) High strength concrete
60) Compare cube and cylinder compressive strength of concrete.
61) Tensile strength of concrete
62) List the various tests for assessing the performance of hardened concrete
63) Stress-strain relationship of concrete
64) Creep and shrinkage of concrete
65) Factors influencing the strength of concrete
66) Factors affecting durability of concrete
67) Effect of creep on strength of concrete
68) Effect of shrinkage on strength of concrete
69) Permeability of concrete
70) Effect of air entrainment in concrete
71) Effect of temperature on strength of concrete
72) Rebound Hammer Test
73) Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing
74) Importance of quality control
75) Proportioning of concrete mixes
76) Factors influencing the choice of mix proportions
77) Factors causing variation in the quality of concrete
78) Importance of trial mixes
General Questions on Concrete Technology Subjects practical
1) Describe the various types of cement and their applications

2) Explain the various IS tests for cement.
3) Describe the IS tests for determining the initial and final setting time of cement and
specify the IS specification for the same.
4) Describe the IS test for determining the fineness of cement. Write down the IS
specification for fineness of OPC.
5) Explain the process of hydration of cement.
6) Explain the classification and characteristics of aggregate.
7) Discuss any five tests for aggregates as per IS specification
8) List the different tests for coarse aggregate and give the details of aggregate crushing
value test.
9) Explain the effect of impurities in water on properties of concrete.
10) What are the uses of admixtures in concrete
Department of Civil Engineering 100 |
Page
11) Explain the classification and functions of admixtures

12) Discuss the factors influencing the dosage of admixtures.
General Questions on Fresh Concrete

1) What is workability of concrete? Discuss the factors affecting workability of concrete.
2) What is the role of water in fresh concrete? Explain the significance of w/c ratio.
3) Discuss the factors affecting workability of concrete. Describe the field method for
assessing the workability.
4) Explain any two tests for determining the workability of concrete and discuss their
limitations.
5) Differentiate between bleeding and segregation. Explain their effects on concrete.
6) Explain the various methods of curing of concrete
7) Describe the various methods of mixing of concrete
8) Discuss the various types of concrete mixers
9) Discuss the various methods of placing of concrete
10) Explain the various methods of compacting of concrete
11) Discuss the various methods of transporting of concrete
12) Enumerate the various methods of finishing of concrete
13) Why is vibrator required in concreting? Discuss the various types of vibrators used in
concreting
14) Discuss the various methods of curing of concrete
15) Explain how lightweight concrete and aerated concrete are prepared and their
applications.
16) Explain the advantages and applications of lightweight concrete (LWC).
17) Explain the concept of composite material and its advantages. Describe the two
composite materials – FRC and ferro-cement.
18) Explain the behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC).)
19) Discuss the functions of formwork and the materials used.
20) Discuss the various materials used for formwork and list the requirements of a good
formwork.
21) Explain the general principle of formwork design. Sketch the formwork details for a
square column and a circular column
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY VIVA-VOCE

1) List out all the field tests and lab tests for cement.
2) How will you differentiate the normal consistency over the standard one for a cement
sample?
3) Which apparatus used for determining the consistency of cement?
4) Define Normal Consistency of cement.
5) If ‘P’ is the standard consistency for the given cement then given the quantities of water
required for
6) Setting time test =
7) ii) Soundness test by Le-chatelier method =
8) iii) Compressive strength test for 1:3 cement and sand =
9) Define setting of cement.
10) Which Bogue’s compounds are highly responsible for setting of cement?
11) Define Initial setting time and final setting time for cement.
12) What is soundness of cement?
13) State the reasons for unsoundness of cement.
Page
14) Brief the Le-chatelier apparatus along with its limitation

15) What is the significance of conducting fineness test of cement
16) State the methods to test the fineness of cement
17) Explain the role of gypsum for cement
18) Standard size of cube for cement mortar (1:3) is __________
19) Give the sequence of process in the preparation of concrete
20) Define Flakiness index.
21) Define Elongation index.
22) What is the angularity index?
23) State the significance of carrying shape test for aggregates.
24) What thickness gauge size and length gauge size indicates? Explain with an example.
25) Explain in steps, procedure for finding the specific gravity and water absorption of
aggregates ofsize 10mm.
26) Which volumes of cylindrical measures used to calculate the bulk density? How they
differentiate
27) on the basis of size of aggregates?
28) What are the strength test for aggregates and concrete?
29) Define abrasion, attrition and erosion.
30) How will you define air dry, surface dry and moist aggregates?
31) What fineness modulus (F.M.) indicates ? Explain with giving an example.
32) Give the sets of IS sieves in sequence from coarser to finer for coarse aggregates.
33) Why we perform the Impact test for aggregates?
34) Write down the formula for finding the impact value for given sample of aggregates.
35) State the significance of slump test.
36) Name the test to determine the moisture content of aggregates.
37) Explain the procedure for conducting the aggregate’s impact value test.
38) Define Workability.
39) Name the field tests for measuring the workability of fresh concrete.
40) How will you compare the slump cone and compacting factor test? Which is most
suitable, why?
41) Compacting factor =
42) Slump of 25 mm indicates ___________
43) How will you measure the slump?
44) State the different types of slump and its practical importance.
45) Sketch and write the detail features of slump cone.
46) Which machine use for measuring the compressive strength of concrete cube?
47) Give the standard size of cube mould for concrete comp. strength.
48) The compressive strength of 100mm cube made up by cement mortar as compared to
150mm cube is always less/more/equal (tick correct answer)
49) Name the basic tools used in CT lab while performing practicals.
50) Collect the current prize for different ingredients of concrete (i.e. cement, sand, fibres,
fly-ash, bricks, coarse aggregates(size-wise) )
51) Steps the procedure for Slump test, specific gravity, impact value, flakiness and
elongation index.
52) State the raw ingredients of cement.
53) What are the oxide compositions in cement? Give two properties of each compound.
54) 53 grade of cement, what it indicates?
55) For M20, mix 1:2:4 what it means…..
56) Name different types, grades and brands of cement available in the market.
Page

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CONCRETE LABORATORY MANUAL

Department of Civil Engineering

OmDayal Group of Institutions

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering 1|Page

1. Tests on cement – specific gravity, fineness, soundness, normal consistency, setting

Department of Civil Engineering 2|Page

1. Determination of Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement

Department of Civil Engineering 3|Page

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY/DENSITY OF HYDRAULIC

EXPERIMENT NO.: DATE:

Title: Determination of Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement using Le-

Objective: To Determine the Specific Gravity/Density of Hydraulic Cement using Le-

A. USING LE-CHATELIER FLASK:

I. Le Chatelier Flask - Standard Le-Chatelier flask conforming to the dimensions shown

Fig: Le-Chatelier flask

Department of Civil Engineering 4|Page

Observation & Calculation:

Department of Civil Engineering 5|Page

Mass Final Level

B. USING SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLE

I. Specific Gravity Bottle of 50ml capacity

Fig: Specific Gravity Bottle

Department of Civil Engineering 6|Page

III. Standard Weights

Observation & Calculation:

Description Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Department of Civil Engineering 7|Page

Some Viva-Voce Question:

Department of Civil Engineering 8|Page

DETERMINATION OF FINENESS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.: DATE:

Title: Determination of Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Dry Sieving.

Objective: To determine Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Dry Sieving.

A. DRY SIEVING METHOD:

I. Test Sieve: It comprises a firm, durable, non-corrodible, cylindrical frame of 150 mm

Fig: 90 micron sieve

II. Balance: Capable of weighing up to 10 g to the nearest 10 mg.

Department of Civil Engineering 9|Page

Procedure to Check Sieve:

1. Follow the steps (1 to 6) as mentioned earlier with a reference cement sample or

 Before sieving, air set lumps of cement should be broken

Department of Civil Engineering 10 | P a g e

Observations & Calculation:

Weight of sample taken Fineness (%)

B. BY BLAINE AIR PERMEABILITY METHOD:

Department of Civil Engineering 11 | P a g e

VI. Mercury: Mercury of reagent grade or better.

Department of Civil Engineering 12 | P a g e

from absorption of atmospheric moisture during storage. A laboratory temperature of 20 ±

2. Compacted Cement Bed

2.2 Preparation of the Sample

2.3 Determination of the Density of Cement

2.4 Formation of the Bed

3. Air Permeability Test

Department of Civil Engineering 13 | P a g e

With the specified porosity of e = 0.500 and temperature:

Mass Density Viscosity of Air

Department of Civil Engineering 14 | P a g e

4.1 Determination of the Bed Volume

4.2 Determination of Apparatus Constant

Department of Civil Engineering 15 | P a g e

With the specified porosity of e = 0.500