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Circulatory system
Transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones

Features and
Functions

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Circulatory System
Function
• The overall function of the circulatory system is to
transport materials throughout the body toward and
away from particular target organs and tissues.

Features
• Circulatory systems generally have three
main features:
• Fluid (blood or hemolymph) that
transports materials
• System of blood vessels
• A heart to pump the fluid through the
vessels

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Types of circulatory systems

• Animals that have a circulatory system

have one of two kinds:
• Open: fluid is circulated through an
open body chamber.
• Closed: fluid is circulated through
blood vessels.

Open system

• Arthropods and most

mollusks have an open
circulatory system.

• Hemolymph is
contained in a body
cavity, the hemocoel. A
series of hearts
circulates the fluid.

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Closed system
• Vertebrates, annelid
worms, and a few
mollusks have a closed
circulatory system.

• Blood is moved through

blood vessels by the
heart’s action. It does
not come in direct
contact with body
organs.

Humans

•Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all

vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct
from the interstitial fluid.

•The heart pumps blood into large vessels

that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs.

•Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the

interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

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Why does an open circulatory system

limit body size?
1. Hearts are too small 25% 25% 25% 25%
for growth.
2. Too little blood to
support a larger
animal.
3. Less efficient in
moving oxygen to
body tissues.
4. Hemocoel must be
shed for growth.
1 2 3 4

T
H
I
N
G
S

• Why did homeothermy (“warm- T

bloodedness) only develop in organisms O
with a closed circulatory system?
P
O
N
D
E
R

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Temperature Cotrol

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Two Pathways
• Pulmonary Circulation

• Carries blood to lungs and back to the

heart

• Systemic Circulation

• Carries blood to body and back to the

heart

Capillaries of head and

arms

Superior vena Aorta Pulmonary artery

cava

Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right Capillaries of left
lung lung
Inferior vena
cava

Capillaries of abdominal
organs and legs

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Blood

The Blood
• Body contains 4-6 L
• Consists of
• Water
• Red Blood Cells
• Plasma
• White blood cells and
platelets

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Components

• Blood is made up of four major

components. What do each of these do?
• Plasma: the liquid portion.
• Red blood cells.
• White cells.
• Platelets.

Plasma
Liquid portion of
the blood.
Contains clotting
factors,
hormones,
antibodies,
dissolved gases,
nutrients and
waste

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Red blood cells/

Erythrocytes
• RBCs lose their
nucleus at maturity.

• Make up about 99% of

the blood’s cellular
component.

• Red color is due to

hemoglobin.

Hematopoesis

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Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin is a
complex protein made
up of four protein
strands, plus iron-rich
heme groups.

• Each hemoglobin
molecule can carry four
oxygen atoms. The
presence of oxygen
turns hemoglobin bright
red.

RBC lifespan
• RBCs live about 4
months. Iron from
hemoglobin is recycled
in the liver and spleen.

• The hormone
erythropoeitin, made by
the kidneys, stimulates
the production of RBCs
in red bone marrow.

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If your diet is poor in iron, what will

happen to your RBCs?
1. You will make fewer
because there is less 33% 33% 33%
iron to make
hemoglobin.
2. You will make more
to make up for the
lack of iron in
hemoglobin.
3. You will make just as
many.
1 2 3

W
O
R
K
• One of the illegal drugs that some top
Olympic athletes have been caught T
using is erythropoetin. What would this O
hormone do that would give athletes an G
E
edge in competitions?
T
H
E
R

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White blood cells/

Leukocytes
• White blood cells
defend against disease
by recognizing proteins
that do not belong to
the body.

• White cells are able to

ooze through the walls
of capillaries to patrol
the tissues and reach
the lymph system.

WBC

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Platelets/Thrombocytes

• Platelets are cell

fragments used in
blood clotting.

• Platelets are derived

from megakaryocites.
Because they lack a
nucleus, platelets have
a short lifespan, usually
about 10 days.

Blood clotting

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Blood Clotting
Section 37-2

Break in Capillary Clumping of Platelets Clot Forms

Wall
Platelets clump at the site
Blood vessels injured. and release
thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts
prothrombin into thrombin..
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin,
which causes a clot. The
clot prevents further loss
of blood..

Which blood cells transport

oxygen?
25% 25% 25% 25%

1. White cells
2. Red cells
3. Platelets
4. All blood cells

1 2 3 4

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W
O
R
K

• If a person had a defect in the gene for T

fibrinogen, what health problems could O
this cause? G
E
T
H
E
R

Blood Types
• Massive loss of blood requires a transfusion

• Four Types

• A

• B

• AB

• O

• Inherited from your parents

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Blood Types

What happens when you mix blood

types?

• Plasma contains proteins that

correspond to the shape of the
different antigens

• If you mix one type with the wrong

one, you get CLUMPING

• Type O is the universal donor

• Type AB is the universal acceptor

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What Makes Our Blood

Type?

Blood Transfusions
Blood Blood Type of
Type of Recipient
Donor A B AB O
A

A
B

O
Unsuccessful Successful
transfusion transfusion

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Rh Factor
• Rhesus factor (Rh), also inherited

• Rh+ (have antigen)

• Rh- (NO antigen)

• Can cause complications in pregnancies

• mother Rh- 1st baby Rh+ : blood mixes with

mother; mother’s body makes anti-Rh+ antibodies

• 2nd Rh + body attacks baby

• Now have medicine to prevent antibody formation

Blood Vessels

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Classes of blood vessels

• Blood vessels fall into three major
classes:
• Arteries and arterioles carry blood
away from the heart.
• Veins and venules carry blood to the
heart.
• Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients,
wastes and gases.

Arteries:
carries blood Away from heart
• Large
• Thick-walled, Muscular
• Elastic
• Oxygenated blood
• Exception Pulmonary Artery
• Carried under great pressure
• Steady pulsating
Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue

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Arteries

• Arteries are thick-

walled, and lined
with smooth
muscle.

• How does the

structure of an
artery help with its
function?

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Arterioles

• Arterioles branch off of arteries.

• Arterioles can constrict to direct and control
blood flow. They may, for example, increase or
decrease blood supply to the skin.
• How might arterioles be involved when:
• Your skin turns red when you are hot.
• A person’s face turns pale with fright.

Capillaries
• Body tissues contain a
vast network of thin
capillaries.

• Capillary walls are only

one cell thick, allowing
exchange of gases,
nutrients, and wastes.

• Capillaries are so fine

that RBCs must line up
single-file to go through
them.

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Veins

• Veins have thinner

walls than arteries.

• Veins have fewer

smooth muscle cells,
but do have valves.
How do valves and the
skeletal muscles help
veins function?

Veins:
Carries blood to heart
• Carries blood that contains
waste and CO2

• Exception pulmonary vein

• Blood not under much

pressure

• Valves to prevent much

gravity pull

Venules: larger than capillaries

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Varicose Veins
Damaged Valves in Veins

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Venules

• Venules are thin-walled collectors of

blood.
• Low pressure in the venules allows the
capillary beds to drain into them.

Artery vs. Vein

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W
O
R
• Besides the ability to contract and move K
blood, why do arteries need to be so
thick and strong? T
O
• Varicose veins are veins in the legs that G
are swollen, stretched, and painful. What E
factors could lead to this condition, and T
how can varicose veins be prevented? H
E
R

Atherosclerosis
• LDL cholesterol forms
plaques in arteries,
triggering inflammation.

• The immune system

forms a hard cap over
the plaque, partially
blocking the artery.
Caps can rupture,
creating clots that can
close off an artery.

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Preventing heart attacks

• Both genetic and environmental factors
contribute to atherosclerosis.
• Blood LDL cholesterol can be reduced by a
low-fat diet that emphasizes high-fiber foods,
antioxidants, and “good” fats (monounsaturated
fats, omega-3 oils), and reduce trans-fats.
• Regular exercise also contributes significantly
to LDL cholesterol reduction.

What is always true of arteries?

25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Always carry
oxygenated blood.
2. Always carry
deoxygenated blood.
3. Always carry blood
to the heart.
4. Always carry blood
away from the heart.

1 2 3 4

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Besides having to constrict to move blood,

why are artery walls so thick and strong?
1. Arteries must move
33% 33% 33%
oxygenated blood.
2. Arteries must
withstand very high
blood pressure when
the heart contracts.
3. Arteries must move
blood out to all parts
of the body.

1 2 3

Why are capillary walls so thin?

1. Because capillaries 33% 33% 33%

are thin and narrow
2. To allow exchange
of gases and
nutrients.
3. To force RBCs to
move through in
single file.

1 2 3

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W
O
R
K
• Some people who are at high risk for
heart attacks may be advised by their T
doctors to take low doses of aspirin daily. O
What effects does aspirin have that G
E
would help prevent heart attacks?
T
H
E
R

Heart

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The Vertebrate Heart

• Vertebrate hearts are separated into two
types of chambers
• Atria (singular: atrium): receive blood
from body or lungs. Contractions of the
atria send blood through a valve to the
ventricles.
• Ventricles: receive blood from atria,
contract to send blood to body or lungs.

Two-chambered heart
• The simplest
vertebrate heart is
the two-chambered
heart, seen in
fishes.

• A single atrium
receives blood from
the body cells. A
ventricle sends
blood to the gills to
collect oxygen.

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Three-chambered heart
• Separate atria allow some
separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood,
which was an advantage for
land organisms (reptiles,
amphibians).

• Though blood can mix in the

ventricle, mixing is minimal.
Some reptiles have partial
separation of the ventricle.

Four-chambered heart
• The four-chambered heart,
seen in birds and
mammals, allows complete
separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.

• Complete separation is
necessary to support a fast
metabolism found in
homeotherms.

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“Dual pump” operation

The four-chambered heart acts as two pumps.

Heart Anatomy

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External Anatomy
•Four chambers
•2 atria
•2 ventricles
•Auricles
•Major veins
•Superior vena cava
•Pulmonary veins
•Major arteries
•Aorta
•Pulmonary trunk

Blood Flow Through

Heart

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Pathway of Blood Through

• the Heart
Right atrium andvalve
 tricuspid Lungs
 right
ventricle
• Right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar
valve  pulmonary arteries  lungs
• Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium
• Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left
ventricle
• Left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve 
aorta
• Aorta  systemic circulation
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 67

Pathway of Blood Through

the Heart and Lungs

68
Figure 18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System

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Bloods Path Through the

Heart
• Both Atria fill at same time
• Rt atrium receives oxygen POOR blood
from body via the vena cavas
• Left atrium receives oxygen RICH
blood from lungs through four
pulmonary veins
• After filled with blood atria contract,
pushing blood into ventricle

Both ventricles contract

Right ventricle contracts and

pushes oxygen-poor blood
toward lungs,
• against gravity,
• through pulmonary arteries

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Bloods Path Through the Heart (cont)

Left ventricle contracts and forces oxygen

rich blood
• out of heart through
• aorta (largest vessel)

Systemic and Pulmonary

Circulation

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Keeping Time
• The sinoatrial (SA)
node is nervous tissue
that times heart beats.

• The SA node causes

atria to contract, and
sends the signal to the
atrioventricular (AV)
node to signal the
ventricles to contract.

Blood pressure

• Systolic pressure =
pressure when the
heart contracts.

• Diastolic pressure =
pressure between
heart beats.

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Which set of heart vessels moves

deoxygenated blood from the body to the
lungs?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Right atrium, right
ventricle
2. Right atrium, left
atrium
3. Left atrium, left
ventricle
4. Right ventricle, left
ventricle

1 2 3 4

If your blood pressure is 90/70, the 70

represents:
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. Systolic pressure –
heart contracts
2. Systolic pressure –
heart is relaxed
3. Diastolic pressure –
heart contracts
4. Diastolic pressure –
heart is relaxed

1 2 3 4

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Writing an Academic
Research Paper Review
• Type written in a short bond paper
• Font type and size: Arial, 12
• Double space, justify (paragraph)

Step 1: Read the

article
• read the article with a pen in hand
• underline parts of the article that seem
important
• write down any questions you have, and
correct any mistakes

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Step 2: Write a brief

summary of the article
and its contribution
• You can do it in one sitting or read it one day
and write it the next
• Write your draft first the first thing that you
should do is summarize the article and
highlight the strengths of the article.

Step 3: Write out your

major criticisms of the
article.
• Is the article well-organized?
• Does the article contain all of the components
you would expect (Introduction, Methods,
Theory, Analysis, etc)?
• Are the sections well-developed?
• Does the author do a good job of synthesizing
the literature?

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Step 3: Write out your

major criticisms of the
article.
• Does the author answer the questions he/she
sets out to answer?
• Is the methodology clearly explained?
• Does the theory connect to the data?
• Is the article well-written and easy to
understand?
• Are you convinced by the author’s results?
Why or why not?

Step Five: Write out any

minor criticisms of the
article.
• Once you have laid out the pros and cons of
the article, it is perfectly acceptable (and often
welcome) for you to point out that the table on
page 3 is mislabeled, that the author wrote
“compliment” instead of “complement” on
page 7, or other minutiae.
• Correcting those minor errors will make the
author’s paper look more professional if it
goes out for another peer review

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Step Six: Review

• Go over your review and make sure that it
makes sense and that you are
communicating your critiques and
suggestions in as helpful a way as possible.

be mindful that you are critiquing the article

in question – not the author..

• “The author clearly has not read any

Dialysis Procedures.” Instead, say: “The
analysis of Dialysis procedure is not as
developed as I would expect to see in an
academic journal article.”
• “The author is a poor writer.” Instead, you
can say: “This article would benefit from a
close editing. I found it difficult to follow
the author’s argument due to the many
stylistic and grammatical errors.”

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