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Dr. T. Visalakshi
Professor & Head
Department of Civil Engineering
ITS Engineering College
Gr. Noida
Table of Contents
• Introduction
– Geopolymer Concrete
– EMI Technique
• Tests on Geopolymer Concrete
– Strength Monitoring
– Variation of equivalent stiffness and damping
• Conclusions
• References
Introduction to
Geopolymer Concrete
Why Geopolymer Using flyash
• Concrete is mostly used construction material and is
Produced by using OPC
• Production of OPC depletes the natural resources and
liberates large amount of CO2
• It is appx estimated that in Production of 1 ton of cement
emits 1 ton of CO2
• Cement production is also highly energy-intensive, after
steel and aluminium.
• World Average Temperature will rise by at least 4°C by the
year 2100 and at least by 8°C by 2200 (Ref. Times of India,
Mumbai, 21st October 2013)
Practically 4000Mt
Steady Increase
11
OPC Vs Geopolymer chemistry
Materials Used for the present study
The materials used for making fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
specimens are low-calcium dry fly ash as the source material,
aggregates, alkaline liquids, water, and super plasticiser.
Alkaline Liquid
The alkaline liquid used was a combination of sodium silicate solution
and sodium hydroxide solution.
Characteristic compressive strength = M 30
Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.2
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.7
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.7
Zone of sand = Zone I
Specific gravity of NaOH = 1.44
Specific gravity of sodium hydroxide = 1.6
Concrete mix proportions
S. No Material Amount in Kg/m3
Partially participating in
reaction
14 27.65
21 29.71
28 34.2
Introduction to EMI
technique
EMI Technique
10mm
First invented by Liang et al. (1994)
Uses Piezo ceramic materials (PZT) 10mm 0.3mm
Direct Effect
Mechanical Stress Electrical Charge
+++++++++++
T T
Converse Effect
Electric Field Mechanical Strain
E Elongation
EMI TECHNIQUE
E3
Structural
Impedance
CRACK
PZT Patch
PZT
Structure
Patch
100mm
100mm
Damage
5mm
5mm
0.6
0.6
Conductance
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
Strength using Piezo
sensors Non-
Destructively
Non destructive strength evaluation
LCR meter
PZT patch
Concrete cube
(150*150*150mm)
Signatures
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
Conductance (G)
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0.012
Frequency (kHz) 0.011
0.01
0.009
Susceptance (B)
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Frequency (kHz)
Strength with age
0.004
29.71 MPa
0.0035 22.83 MPa
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Frequency (kHz)
Variation ofCequivalent parameters with age
34
33.5 Age Compressive Strength (MPa)
33
32.5 7 22.83
C (Ns/m)
32
31.5
31 14 27.65
30.5
30 21 29.71
29.5
29
0.00 7.00 14.00 21.00 28.00
28 34.2
Age (Days)
60
50
40
K (kN/m)
30
20
10
0
0.00 7.00 14.00 21.00 28.00
Age (Days)
Conclusions
34