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Piezoelectric Sensor based

Nondestructive Strength Monitoring of


Geopolymer Concrete Via Equivalent
Structural Parameters

Dr. T. Visalakshi
Professor & Head
Department of Civil Engineering
ITS Engineering College
Gr. Noida
Table of Contents

• Introduction
– Geopolymer Concrete
– EMI Technique
• Tests on Geopolymer Concrete
– Strength Monitoring
– Variation of equivalent stiffness and damping
• Conclusions
• References
Introduction to
Geopolymer Concrete
Why Geopolymer Using flyash
• Concrete is mostly used construction material and is
Produced by using OPC
• Production of OPC depletes the natural resources and
liberates large amount of CO2
• It is appx estimated that in Production of 1 ton of cement
emits 1 ton of CO2
• Cement production is also highly energy-intensive, after
steel and aluminium.
• World Average Temperature will rise by at least 4°C by the
year 2100 and at least by 8°C by 2200 (Ref. Times of India,
Mumbai, 21st October 2013)
Practically 4000Mt
Steady Increase

Fig. 2.1: Worldwide Cement Production


Why Geopolymer Using flyash Contd….
On the other hand
• Coal burning power generation plants produce huge
quantities of fly ash which is considered as waste and
dumped in landfills creating environmental problems.

Geopolymer concrete using flyash will address the issues of


reducing the mission of green house gases, reduction in
energy requirement and also the disposal of the byproducts
in an environment-friendly way.
Geopolymer concrete using flyash
• The geopolymer technology proposed by Davidovits
(1988a; 1988b) which shows considerable promise for
application in concrete industry as an alternative binder
to the Portland cement.
• In terms of reducing the global warming, the geopolymer
technology could reduce the CO2 emission to the
atmosphere caused by cement and aggregates industries
by about 80% (Davidovits, 1994c).
• geopolymers describe a family of mineral binders with
chemical composition similar to zeolites but with an
amorphous microstructure.
Source Materials and Alkaline Liquids

The source materials for geopolymers should be rich in silicon


(Si) and aluminium (Al).
• These could be natural minerals such as kaolinite, clays,
micas etc
• Alternatively, by-product materials such as fly ash, silica
fume, slag, rice-husk ash, red mud, etc could be used as
source materials.
• The alkaline liquids are from soluble alkali metals that are
usually Sodium or Potassium based.
These Silicon and Aluminium is dissolved in an alkaline
activating solution and subsequently polymerizes into
molecular chains and become the binder.
Geopolymerization contd..

Geopolymerization involves the chemical reaction of alumino-


silicate oxides (Si2O5, Al2O2) with alkali polysilicates yielding
polymeric Si – O – Al bonds.
Geopolymerization contd..

water is released during the chemical reaction that occurs


in the formation of geopolymers. This water is expelled
from the mixture during the curing process.

Unlike ordinary Portland/pozzolanic cements,


geopolymers do not form calciumsilicate- hydrates (CSHs)
for matrix formation and strength, but utilise the
polycondensation of silica and alumina precursors and a
high alkali content to attain structural strength.
Geopolymer concrete

• Fly ash is activated by alkalis:


– Sodium Hydroxide
– Sodium Silicate
• Geopolymerization reaction is exothermic
• Water is primarily used to mix the materials and does
not react
• Geopolymer paste can provide superior mechanical
properties to cement paste

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OPC Vs Geopolymer chemistry
Materials Used for the present study
The materials used for making fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
specimens are low-calcium dry fly ash as the source material,
aggregates, alkaline liquids, water, and super plasticiser.
Alkaline Liquid
The alkaline liquid used was a combination of sodium silicate solution
and sodium hydroxide solution.
Characteristic compressive strength = M 30
Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.2
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.7
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.7
Zone of sand = Zone I
Specific gravity of NaOH = 1.44
Specific gravity of sodium hydroxide = 1.6
Concrete mix proportions
S. No Material Amount in Kg/m3

1 Sodium silicate 227.14


2 Sodium hydroxide 90.85
3 water 10.6

4 Fly ash 530

5 Fine aggregate 526.75

6 Coarse aggregate 936.40


Fresh Geopolymer concrete
SEM images of Flyash
SEM images of Geopolymer concrete during curing

Partially participating in
reaction

Particles not participating in


reaction
Amorphous geopolymer phase incorporates the sand particles.
The microstructure is dense and compact and is characterized by the
presence of a glassy geopolymeric matrix.
A few pores are visible, due to air bubbles incorporated during the
mixture preparation.
The geopolymer glassy matrix shows some minor crystals likely due to
unreacted or residual particles of fly ash.
Compressive strength

Age Compressive Strength (MPa)


(Days)
7 22.83

14 27.65

21 29.71

28 34.2
Introduction to EMI
technique
EMI Technique
10mm
First invented by Liang et al. (1994)
Uses Piezo ceramic materials (PZT) 10mm 0.3mm

Bottom electrode film


Top electrode film
wrapped to top surface

Direct Effect
Mechanical Stress Electrical Charge
+++++++++++
T T

Converse Effect
Electric Field Mechanical Strain
E Elongation
EMI TECHNIQUE

A PZT patch is surface bonded on a structure using high strength


adhesive and excited at high frequency (30-400 kHz) by an impedance
analyzer.

E3

Structural
Impedance

A simple physical model of


A PZT Patch bonded to a structure
PZT PATCH ACTS AS SENSOR AND ACTUATOR SIMULTANEOUSLY
system (Liang et. al, 1994)
CRACK

Structure PZT Patch

CRACK
PZT Patch
PZT
Structure
Patch

CRACK DISRUPTS WAVE PROPAGATION

Damage Change in stiffness,


Structure Change in
damping Z
Change in Z is reflected in the electrical signal reflected
back=> indication of damage
55mm
55mm

100mm
100mm
Damage
5mm

5mm 

Mass Loss = 0.015%


0.8

After damage Undamaged


0.7 State
(mS)
Conductance(mS)

0.6
0.6
Conductance

0.5
0.5

0.4
0.4

0.3
0.3
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
Strength using Piezo
sensors Non-
Destructively
Non destructive strength evaluation

LCR meter

PZT patch

Concrete cube
(150*150*150mm)
Signatures
0.0035

0.003

0.0025
Conductance (G)

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0.012
Frequency (kHz) 0.011
0.01
0.009

Susceptance (B)
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Frequency (kHz)
Strength with age

0.004

29.71 MPa
0.0035 22.83 MPa

34.20 MPa 27.65 MPa


0.003
Conductance (G)

0.0025

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005
165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200

Frequency (kHz)
Variation ofCequivalent parameters with age
34
33.5 Age Compressive Strength (MPa)
33
32.5 7 22.83
C (Ns/m)

32
31.5
31 14 27.65
30.5
30 21 29.71
29.5
29
0.00 7.00 14.00 21.00 28.00
28 34.2
Age (Days)
60

50

40
K (kN/m)

30

20

10

0
0.00 7.00 14.00 21.00 28.00

Age (Days)
Conclusions

• User-friendly geopolymer concrete can be used


under conditions similar to those suitable for
ordinary portland cement concrete.
• These constituents of Geopolymer Concrete shall
be capable of being mixed with a relatively low-
alkali activating solution and must be curable in a
reasonable time under ambient conditions.
• The production of versatile, cost-effective
geopolymer concrete can be mixed and hardened
essentially like portland cement.
Conclusions

• Geopolymer Concrete can be used in repairs and


rehabilitation works.
• Due to the high early strength Geopolymer Concrete shall
be effectively used in the precast industries.
• In addition to that the Flyash shall be effectively used and
hence no landfills are required to dump theflyash.
• The government can make necessary steps to extract
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution from the
waste materials of chemical industries, so that the cost of
alkaline solutions required for the geopolymer concrete
shall be reduced.
• The EMI technique using equivalent parameters can be
effectively used for NDE of strength
References
• Davidovits, J. (1991). “GEOPOLYMERS Inorganic polymeric new materials.” Journal of Thermal
Analysis and calorimetry, 37(8), 1633-1656.
• Duxson, P., et al. (2007). "Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art." Journal of
Materials Science, 42(9), 2917-2933.
• Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) (2000). “Florida Method of Test for An
Accelerated Laboratory Method for Corrosion Testing of Reinforced Concrete Using
Impressed Current.” Designation: FM 5-522
• Hardjito, D. and Rangan, B.V. (2005). “Development and Properties of Low-Calcium Fly Ash-
Based Geopolymer Concrete.” Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.
• Provis, J.L., & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2009). Geopolymers: structure, processing, properties and
industrial applications. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK.
• Muntingh, Y. (2006), “Durability and Diffusive Behaviour Evaluation of Geopolymeric
Material”. Master of Science in Engineering. University of Stellenbosch. Stellenbosch. South
Africa.
• Reddy, D. V., Bolivar, J, C., and Sobhan, K. (2012). “Durability-based Ranking of Typical
Structural Repairs for Corrosion-Damaged Marine Piles,” ASCE Practice Periodical on
Structural Design and Construction.
• Reddy, D.V., Edouard, J., and Sobhan, K. (2013). ”Durability of Fly Ash–Based Geopolymer
Structural Concrete in the Marine Environment.” ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 25(6), 781–787.
• Wallah, S.E. and Rangan, B.V. (2006). “Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete:
Long-Term Properties.” Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.
Thank You

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