Kevinaries K.

Nair
XII-B
Roll No.:36
D.A.V. Public School
New Panvel
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel great pleasure to acknowledge all those

involved in the process of making my

investigatory project . first of all I would like to

record my deep and sincere gratitude to our

Principal Mrs. Jayashree Khandekar for

providing us the opportunity to make this

project, Next I would like to thank

Mrs.Sreedevi Pillai for her supervision,

advice, guidance, and crucial contribution,

which made her a backbone of this project.

Her understanding, encouraging and personal

guidance have provided a good basis for the

present project. Her involvement with his

originality has triggered and nourished our

intellectual maturity that we will benefit from,

for a long time to come.

I wish to express my gratitude towards our

lab in charge Mr. Parag Madhavi, who helped

us throughout our course work.

I sincerely wish to thank our Librarian to

provide me with good books for completing

my study on the topic

Finally, I would like to thank my parents and

friends without because without their

involvement this project work could not have

been a success
 CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION NO._______________
This is to certify that master Kevinaries K. Nair
of std, XII-B studying in D.A.V. Public
School,New Panvel has satisfactorily
completed his investigatory project on the
topic
Diary Farming under my guidance and has
submitted the project to my satisfaction and it
represents his bonafied work during the year
2018-19
Date:

Subject teacher’s sign Principal’s sign

External examiner’s sign School stamp

 INTRODUCTION
India has the largest Cattle and Buffalo population
in the world. Considerable importance was given
to the Livestock Development Programme for
increasing the production of
major products such as milk, meat, wool & eggs
etc. to increase the income of the economically
weaker sections of the community i.e. small
farmers, marginal farmers and Agricultural
Labourers. One of them in the field of Animal
Husbandry is Cattle Breeding. Cattle are normally
bred during the summer so that calving may occur
the following spring. However, cattle breeding can
occur at other times of year, such as late summer
to early fall. Owners can select the breeding time
based on a number of factors, including
reproductive performance and seasonal cattle
pricing. Breeding to meet the demand for beef
production, owners also use selective breeding to
attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example
of a desired trait could be leaner meat or
resistance to illness. Breeds known as dual-
purpose breeds are also used for beef production.
These breeds have
been selected for two purposes at once, such as
for both beef and dairy production. India
possesses 27 acknowledged indigenous breeds of
cattle and seven breeds of buffaloes.
These well-defined breeds are found in the dry
parts of the country. Good breeds of cattle are
mostly confined to comparatively dry areas such
as Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh. Pastures in these areas may
qualitatively be enough, but they are often scarce.
If you are looking towards leveraging on the
agriculture industry to generate huge income, then
one of your best bet is to start cattle rearing
business. Cattle rearing business is all about mass
– breeding of cattle (cows, oxen, bulls, bullocks,
steers, heifers and calf et al) for the sole aim of
making profits. In most cases it is referred to as
livestock farming business.
 PROPER FEEDING OF CATTLE
TO BEST QUALITY
• Convincing local farmers to prioritise proper
feeding of cattle to maximise milk quantity and
quality, rather than giving them what's left over
from crops grown for human consumption, is also
a challenge.

• Reducing stress levels is seen as key:

Bhagyalaxmi cows are untethered and have
individual pens with rubber mats instead of straw
or hard brick floors. Music plays in the milking
parlour.

• Another part of the programme is improving

indigenous stock: already male calves from
Bhagyalaxmi, born through artificial insemination
from pedigree bulls in North America, are being
given to local farmers.
POINTS TO CHECK BEFORE
OPENING A DIARY FARM

1)Availability of good quality dairy breed cows in

nearby livestock market

2)Nearness of the Farm to Veterinary Hospital,

Artificial Insemination Center/livestock Aid
Centers, MPCS

3)Marketing facility of milk and milk product in

the locality

4)Availability of concentrates ,fodder & medicine

in that locality.
THIS PROJECT REPORT IS BASED
ON THE FOLLOWING
ASSUMPTIONS:
1.Freshly calved indigenous dairy breed/
crossbred cows like Red Sindhi/ Sahiwal/ Gir /
Rathi / Crossbred cows in 1st or 2nd lactation will
be purchased in two batches of two animals each
at an interval of 5 to 6 months.
2.Availability of 2 acre of irrigated land is
prerequisite for the project
3.Cost of labour has not been taken into
consideration since full time labour is not required
for the small unit. Family labour will be utilized for
maintance of the dairy farm.
4.Fodder cultivation considered in 2 acre land
,Two crops considered per year.
5.Cow dung produced will be utilized as Manure
for fodder cultivation.
6.Cost of rearing calves is not considered as it will
be nullified by their sale value
7.In case of death cow new cow will be purchased
from insurance claim money
HOUSING FOR COWS
Floor –Pucca, strong concrete cemented,
impervious to moisture ,and have slope 1 in 60
towards gutter. Plinth should be 2ft. higher than
ground.
Walls-3ft. high lengthwise brick wall on sides, End
wall should be solid made of bricks.
Roof– 14-16ft. high at the center and 8ft. high on
the side wall .there should be hang over
3ft beyond wall to prevent rain water from entering
cow shade. Roof should be of asbestos, cement
asbestos, or tile. thatched roof can replace
asbestos in low cost housing
TAIL TO TAIL SYSTEM OF HOUSING

LENGTH IN
ITEMS
METER
MANGER 0.6M
STANDING PLACE 1.5M
GUTTER 0.4M
FEEDING 1.2M ON BOTH
PASSAGE SIDE
MILKING PLACE 1.2M
 COST INVOLVED

Capital cost Price(in rs)

Cow shed for 10 cows 40sq.ft/cow
120000
@300/sqft
Calf pen for 10 calves 20 sq.ft./calf
60000
@300/sq.ft.
Cost of 10 CB cows with minimum
average 10 liter milk yield /day
350000
@35000/cow ( @ 3500/ liter of milk
yield/cow)
Cost of transportation @1000/cow 10000
Cost of one chaff cutter electric 25000
Cost of electrification 15000
Cost of single bucket milking machine 30000
Cost of dairy appliances @ 1500/cow 15000
Total 625000

Recurring cost to be capitalized

Cost of feed for first batch of one cows
15900
for one month as per feed chart
Cost of insurance first five animals @5%
8750
of animal cost
Cost of fodder cultivation in 2.5 acres of
30000
land for first session
Contingency 10350
Total recurring expenditure 75000
TOTAL PROJECT COST 700000
Margin money 10% of project cost 70000
Bank loan 90% of project cost 630000

FODDER MANAGEMENT
Cattle health mainly depends upon the type
and nutritional facts of the fodder. High milk
yield cows must be given 1kg of concentrate in
2.5ltr of milk yield. If a cow yields 10 litres of
milk then scientifically they should be provide
with 4 kg of concentrate with mineral mixture.
In fodder management we should know that
there are three types of fodder what we give to
the cattle.

• Dry fodder

•Green fodder

• Concentrate and mineral mixture

 HYBRIDISATION

1)It is an artificial method of developing high

quality plants and animals.

2)The offspring's produced by hybridization are

called hybrids

3)Human impact on the environment has resulted

in an increase in the intrabreeding between
species

4) From the point of view of genetics, several

different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID
VARIETIES

1)High Yield

2)Disease Resistance

3)Desirable characters

4)Tolerance to climate

5)High production capacity

INDIAN VARIETY CATTLE

1)Resistance to disease is high.

2)Easy to rear.

3)Weight of female less.

4)Milk production is low.

5)Milk production period is short.

FOREIGN VARIETY CATTLE

1)Resistance to disease is low.

2)Need more care.

3)More weight .

4)Milk production is high.

5)Milk production period is low

BENEFITS OF HYBRID VARIETY
CATTLES
1)Through hybridization we get high yielding
varieties.

2)Increasing milk production.

3)High longevity.

4)High immunity to disease.

CATTLE RESEARCH CENTRES

1) Indian Council of Agriculture Research Centre,
New Delhi.

2)Alamatty, Tamil Nadu

3) Surat Gargh, Rajasthan

4) Dharm road, Gujarat

 1) GIR
 This breed is otherwise called as Bhadawari,
Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati.

 Originated in Gir forests of South Kathiawar in

Gujarat also found in Maharashtra and adjacent
Rajasthan.

 Basic colours of skin are white with dark red or

chocolate-brown patches or sometimes black or
purely red.

 Horns are peculiarly curved, giving a ‘half moon’

appearance.

 Milk yield ranges from 12-15 Litres per day

 This bread is known for its hardiness and disease

resistance

 A cow produces 10-12 calves during their lifespan

 2) RED SINDHI
 This breed is otherwise called as Red Karachi and
Sindhi and Mahi.

 Originated in Karachi and Hyderabad (Pakistan)

regions of undivided India and also reared in
certain organized farms in our country.

 Colour is red with shades varying from dark red to

light, strips of white.

 Milk yield is around 10 litres per day

 Bullocks despite lethargic and slow can be used

for road and field work.
 3) SAHIWAL
 Originated in Montgomery region of undivided
India.

 This breed otherwise known as Lola (loose skin),

Lambi Bar, Montgomery, Multani, Teli.

 Best indigenous dairy breed.

 Reddish dun or pale red in colour, sometimes

flashed with white patches.

 Heavy breed with symmetrical body having loose

skin.

 The average milk yield of this breed is between 8-

10 litres per day.

1) JERSEY
 Originated from Jersey Island, U.K.

 Smallest of the dairy types of cattle.

 In India this breed has accliamatized well and is

widely used in cross breeding with indigenous
cows.

 The typical colour of Jersey cattle is reddish fawn.

 Dished forehead; compact and angular body.

 Economical producers of milk with 4.5% fat.

 Average milk yield is 12 litres.

2) HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN
 originated from the northern parts of Netherlands,
especially in the province of Friesland.

 Largest dairy breed and ruggedly built is shape

and possess large udder.

 Breeds have typical marking of black and white

that make them easily distinguishable.

 The average milk production of cow is 22-25 litre

per day

3) BROWN SWISS
 The mountainous region of Switzerland is the
place of origin of Brown Swiss breed.

 Breeds are rugged in nature and good milk

production.

 Average milk yield is 17-18 litres per day.

 The Karan Swiss is the excellent crossbred cattle

obtained by crossing this breed with Sahiwal cattle
at NDRI, Karnal.
 CONCLUSION
Different types of cattle and their types have been
discussed along with the requirements and the
precautions that has to be taken

This project has helped me to identify all the

hardwork and science that goes into Dairy farming
and what all work goes behind each dairy product
that we consume
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. entrepreneur.com
2. krishigrahan.com
3. agritech.tnau.ac.in
4. Hand book of dairy farming-EIRI
5.Fundamentals of agriculture-R.L. Arya
6. Biology class XII - NCERT