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Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Effects of House Hold Detergents Using


Chromosomal Aberration Assay in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Root Tip Cells

Article  in  World Applied Sciences Journal · November 2014


DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.32.07.14543

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World Applied Sciences Journal 32 (7): 1381-1387, 2014
ISSN 1818-4952
© IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.32.07.14543

Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Effects of House Hold Detergents Using


Chromosomal Aberration Assay in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Root Tip Cells
1
Sadaf Tabasum Qureshi, 2Abdul Ghafar Soomro, 1Hadi Bux and 3Abida Yasmeen

1
Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan
2
University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan
3
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract: Seven famous shampoos and five high power laundry detergents were evaluated for possible
genotoxic effects in the chick pea root tip cells. Plant chromosomal aberration assay was exploited for screening.
Chickpea seeds were incubated for 30 minutes in aqueous solutions of shampoos (5%) and laundry detergents
(1.5%).The untreated seeds were used as positive control and 0.4% Ethyl methane sulphonate treated seeds
as negative control. Few tested shampoos and all the laundry detergents inhibit germination percentage. Prima
has the maximum inhibitory effect on germination. The most inhibitory laundry detergent was Ariel with only
30% germination followed by Brite Total (33%). 40% shampoos and all the tested laundry detergents cause
fragmentation the most deleterious damage like negative control. Oxidative damages were mostly induced by
laundry detergents but few shampoos also cause mild cell membrane damage. On the basis of abnormality index
Pentene Pro-V, Lifebuoy and Prima (100%) are top most. Maximum Abnormal dividing cells (A.I.) were found
in Ariel (100 %) followed by Bonus (98%). On the basis of abnormality index and oxidative damages Ariel is the
most genotoxic laundry detergent. Therefore daily use of shampoos and hand washing with laundry detergents
may cause scalp and skin cancer.

Key words: Genotoxic Carcinogenic House hold detergents Chromosomal aberration assay

INTRODUCTION Shampoos are one type of detergents. Shampoos can


be defined as “Any of various liquid or cream
The damage of DNA or genotoxicity is an important preparations of soap or detergent used to wash the hair
consideration, because it has a potential to cause and scalp (www.Wikipedia. com). Shampoo is generally
irreversible changes to genes and even cancer. Many made by combining a surfactant, most often Sodium
industrially and environmentally important industrial Lauryl Sulfate or Sodium Laureth Sulfate with a co-
chemicals display effects that lead them to viewed and surfactant, most often Cocamidopropyl Betaine in
regulate as genotoxic [1]. Cytogenetic abnormalities are a water to form a thick, viscous liquid. Other essential
characteristic attribute of cancer cells. To date, ingredients include salt (Sodium chloride),
chromosome aberrations have been found in all major Methylisothiazoline, Parabens, Phthalates and
tumor types. Formaldehyde. These ingredients are commonly found in
Detergents are the part of a large group of popular brand name shampoo and conditioners, such as
chemicals compounds. Collectively called as Head and shoulders and Pantene. Most of these
“Surface Active Agents or Surfactants”. They reduce ingredients are toxic and reported to cause irritation and
surface tension of water [2]. Detergent can be toxic abrasive affects on the skin and hair [7-9]. They are
to aquatic invertebrates, fish, plants even humans linked to cancer, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity,
[3-5]. Even in waste water studies detergents are neurotoxicity and skin irritation allergic reactions and
declared as main causative agent of the genotoxic damage to the nervous system, thyroid, liver, kidney and
effects [6]. lung damage as well as reproductive system and sexual

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sadaf Tabasum Qureshi, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Mob: 03003055292.
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World Appl. Sci. J., 32 (7): 1381-1387, 2014

developmental abnormalities especially in young and photographed with Olympus 1x51 Microscope at 100 x
developing children (http://www.cosmeticsdatabase.com). magnification. Five slides per treatment were used to
A University of Washington study of top-selling score number of cells for each chromosomal aberration
laundry products and air fresheners found the products (DNA damages).
emitted dozens of different chemicals. All six products
tested gave off at least one chemical regulated as toxic or Data Analysis
hazardous under federal laws, but none of those Mitotic Index (M.I.): Mitotic index was calculated as
chemicals was listed on the product labels. Plus, five of described by Rãcuciu [12]. It was calculated by following
the six products emitted one or more carcinogenic formula:
'hazardous air pollutants,' which are considered by the
Environmental Protection Agency to have no safe Total dividing cells
exposure level ( www.sciencedaily.com). M.I = ------------------------------- x 100
Mostly Shampoos are used twice or once a week. But Total cells analyzed
few people with silky hairs use shampoo daily to make
their hairs puffy in Pakistan. Mainly high Power stain Abnormal Index (A.I.): Abnormal index was calculated by
removing detergents are formulated for fully automatic the method of Rãcuciu [12] according to following
washing machines. But in Pakistan maximum people hand formula.
wash the clothes or at least rinse with hands after simple
machine wash without protective gloves. Detergent Total abnormal dividing cells
caused Allergies are commonly reported in Pakistan. They A.I = ------------------------------------------ x 100
may be one of the skin cancer risk factors. This is first Total dividing cells
chromosomal aberration study induced by laundry
detergents in Pakistan. Present investigation will highlight RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
possible hazards of shampoos and laundry detergents to
users. Among seven tested shampoos the maximum
Therefore, seven shampoos and five high power abnormal dividing cells were found in Prima and Lifebuoy
laundry detergents were selected to study the genotoxic (100%). The minimum abnormal dividing cells were found
effects in the chick pea root tip cells. The present study is in Bio-Amla (45%) followed by Clear (50%) (Table 1 and
an effort to reveal their genotoxic, carcinogenic potential Fig. 1). The maximum abnormal dividing cells among
and effect on abnormality index (A.I) and mitotic index laundry detergent were found in Ariel (100%) followed by
(M.I) and categorization of detergents according to Bonus (98%). Whereas, the minimum abnormal dividing
Genotoxicity level. cells were recorded for Surf Excel (71%) (Table 1 and
Fig.2).
MATERIALS AND METHODS In comparison to positive control (100 %) maximum
number of dividing cells in shampoos was found in
5% solution of shampoos and 1.5% solutions of Lifebuoy (58%) and the minimum number of dividing cells
laundry detergents were prepared in distill water. The was observed in Head and Shoulder (20 %). Bio-Amla and
untreated seeds were used as positive control. Whereas, Clear exhibited 100% diving cell (Table 1 and Fig. 3). In
0.4% Ethyl methane sulphonate treated seeds was used as case of laundry detergent the maximum dividing cells was
negative control. Seeds were soaked for 30 minutes in scored in Surf Excel and Brit Total (57%). While, the
solutions of shampoos, laundry detergents, Ethyl minimum dividing cells was observed in Express Power
methane sulphonate and plane water respectively. After (34%) (Table 1 and Fig.4)
incubation seeds were washed with dH2O (water) for 2 to Fig. 5 show the intact normal cells and the negative
3 times than seeds were sown in the pots (sand) for roots control root tip cells with broken segments of
germination. 2cm root sample were collected and fixed in chromosomes during mitosis, while Fig.6 provide the
Carnoyl solution 2. (3:1 alcohol and glaciered acetic acid) cytological evidence of chromosomal aberrations induced
for 24 hour. Roots were then transferred to 70% alcohol by shampoos in the form of sticky metaphase
until used. Root tips were spread by using the squash (translocations), multinuclei, scatting and high level of
technique [10, 11] and stained with 2% Acetocarmine (2% Micro-nuclei and fragmentation cells. Some of the
in 45% glacial acetic acid). Sides were studied and shampoos (Sun silk, Bio-Amla, Clear and Prima) also

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World Appl. Sci. J., 32 (7): 1381-1387, 2014

Table 1: Effect of shampoos and laundry detergents on mitosis in root tip cells of chickpea
No of No of abnormal No of normal No of non
Treatment dividing cells dividing cells dividing cells dividing cells A.I (%) M.I (%)
Positive cont. 500 0 500 500 0 100
Shampoos (5%) Sun silk 300 320 70 200 77 60
Pentene Pro-V 270 270 0 230 100 54
Head and Shoulders 400 230 170 100 58 80
Bio-Amla 500 220 280 230 45 100
Lifebuoy 210 210 0 290 100 42
Clear 500 250 250 0 50 100
Prima 250 250 0 250 100 50
Laundry Detergents (1.5%) Bonus 150 150 0 350 100 30
Surf Excel 250 125 125 250 50 50
Brite Total 387 287 100 113 74 77
Express Power 20 20 0 480 100 4
Ariel 232 232 0 268 100 47
EMS 500 500 0 500 100 100

Fig. 1: Effects of shampoos on Abnormality Index (A.I)

Fig. 2: Over all effects of Laundry Detergents on abnormality Index

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World Appl. Sci. J., 32 (7): 1381-1387, 2014

Fig. 3: Effects of shampoos on Mitotic Index (M.I.)

Fig. 4: Over all effects of Laundry Detergents on Mitotic Index

Fig. 5: Positive control showing normal mitotic cells (A) and EMS control showing damaged cell membrane (B) and
fragmentation (C)

damage cell membranes. Fig. 7 show the cytological The data of chromosomal aberration was induced by
evidence of chromosomal aberrations caused by the shampoos is compiled in Table 2.The least frequent
Laundry detergents in the form of bridges, translocations, abnormality induced by Sun Silk was multi-nuclei (10),
multinucleate, scatting and fragmentation and high level while most frequent abnormality was fragmentation (80).
of cell membrane damage. The least frequent abnormality caused by Clear was

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World Appl. Sci. J., 32 (7): 1381-1387, 2014

Fig. 6: Shampoo induced chromosomal aberrations: abnormal telophase (A);Microniclei and stichky meta phase(B);
Misronuclei (C); A normal anaphase(D); Metaphase bridges(E); Fragmentation (F)

Fig. 7: Laundry detergent induced chromosomal aberrations: Multivalents (A); Anaphase bridge (B); Fragmentation (C);
Sticky metaphase (D); Translocation rings (E); Micronuclei (F)

micro-nuclei (11). On the other hand, most frequent The results for chromosomal aberration induced by
abnormality was multi-nuclei (135). The least frequent Laundry detergent are presented in Table 2. In Bonus the
abnormality found in Bio-Amla was scattered nuclei (10) most frequents abnormality was scattering and least
whereas most frequent abnormality was micro-nuclei frequent abnormality was translocation. In Surf Excel the
(210). The least frequent abnormality induced by Head most frequents abnormality was fragmentation and least
and Shoulder was sticky metaphase (30), while as the frequents abnormality was bridges. In case of Brite Total
most frequent abnormality was fragmentation (200). the most frequent abnormality was and least frequent
Pentene (270), Prima (200) and Lifebuoy (210) cells abnormality was translocation. In Express Power, the most
exhibited only one type abnormality (fragmentation). frequent abnormality was fragmentation and least

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World Appl. Sci. J., 32 (7): 1381-1387, 2014

Table 2: Types of chromosomal aberrations induced by different Shampoos in each phase of mitosis in chickpea
Control (%) Shampoos (5%)
-------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mitosis stage S. No Abnormalities Positive Cont. (0) EMS (.4) Sun silk Pentene Pro-V Head and Shoulders Bio-Amla Lifebuoy Clear Prima
Metaphase 1 Sticky metaphase 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0
2 Translocations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anaphase 3 Bridges 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Scattered nuclei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0
5 Multi-polar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Fragmentation 0 500 85 270 200 10 210 36 200
7 Laggard 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Telophase 8 Micronuclei 0 0 85 0 0 200 0 11 0
9 Multinuceli 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 35 0
10 Dinuclei 0 0 30 0 0 10 0 0 0

Table 3: Types of chromosomal aberrations induced by different Laundry detergents in each phase of mitosis in chickpea
Control (%) Laundry Detergents (1.5 %)
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mitosis stage S.No Abnormalities +tive (0) EMS (.4) Bonus S. Excel Brite Total E.Power Ariel
Metaphase 1 Metaphase bridges 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
2 Sticky metaphase 0 0 0 25 0 0 0
3 Translocations 0 0 0 159 50 0 50
Anaphase 3 Bridges 0 0 26 0 117 0 0
4 Scattering 0 0 153 200 0 220 50
5 Multipolar 0 0 0 0 100 0 0
6 Fragmentation 0 500 173 337 481 500 480
Telophase 8 Micronuclei 0 0 35 0 0 0 200
9 Multinuceli 0 0 15 0 0 0 0

frequents abnormality was translocation observed in 1%. 2. Varsha, J., K.D. Mishra, S. Madhuri and P. Govind,
In Ariel the most frequents abnormality was fragmentation 2011. Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, N detergent
and least frequents abnormality was bridges. This induced toxicity on the Gill of puntius tic to fish.
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