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SECOND EDITION

INVERTEBRATES 2003

Richard C. Brusca
Gary J. Brusca
2
Clade 2

Clade 1
3
4
6
Illustration Credits

Table of Contents Photographs: McDonald. 3.1 7C: Courtesy of C. DiGiorgio. 3.1 7E: By the
authors. 3.18: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 3.1 9A-C: Courtesy of
Chapter 3 A common land snail, Helix sp. Courtesy of
P. Fankboner. 3.19D,C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 3.19E: After
G. McDonald. Caldwell and Dingle. 3.19F: Courtesy of T. Case. 3.19H:
Chapter 6 Siliceous spicules from a demosponge, Tethya aurantia. Courtesy of D. Perry. 3.22B: After Mercer 1959. 3.22D: From
Courtesy of L. Friesen. Jurand and Selman 1969. 3.23A: After Wilson and Webster
Chapter 8 Acontiate anemones, Metridium farcimen. Courtesy of 1974. 3.23B: After Goodrich 1945. 3.23D: After Snodgrass
L. Friesen. 1952. 3.26A: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.26B: By the authors.
Chapter 12 A rhabditid hookworm, Necator arnericanus. 0A. M. 3.26C: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 3.26D-C: After Barnes 1980.
Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited. 3.26H: 0P. J. Bryant/BPS. 3.28A: After Kuhll938.3.28B:
Chapter 13 A polychaete worm, Chaetopterus variopedatus. After Gibson 1972. 3.28C: Photo by S. Riseman. 3.30:
Courtesy of L. Friesen. Courtesy of L. Friesen. 3.31B: After Prosser and Brown 1961.
Chapter 16 A Costa Rican land crab. Courtesy of L. Friesen. 3.31C: Courtesy of T. and M. Eisner (top); 0P. J. Bryant/BPS
Chapter 17 Mating damselflies, Argia vivida. Courtesy of (bottom). 3.32A: After Wells 1968. 3.34A: 0J. Morin. 3.34B:
Courtesy of M. K. Wicksten. 3.34C: By the authors. 3.34D:
L. Friesen.
Courtesy of G. McDonald.
Chapter 20 The pismo clam, Tivela stultorum. Courtesy of
L. Friesen. Chapter 4 Opener: Sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryo, 2-cell
Chapter 23 Lightbulb tunicates, Clavelina hunstmani. Courtesy of stage; 0RMF/Visuals Unlimited. 4.1 3C: After Hyman 1940.
L. Friesen. 4.14: After Butschli. 4:15A: Modified from Pearse et al. 4.15C:
Chapter 24 Eye-to-eye with a mantis shrimp (Crustacea: After Hollande 1952 [Trait&de Zoologie V, 111. 4.15D,C,H: After
Stomatopoda). Courtesy of L. Friesen. Hyman 1940. 4.15E: After various sources. 4.15F: After
Frenzel 1892. 4.29: After Jagersten 1955. 4.20: After Goodrich
Chapter 1 Opener: The ctenophore Lampocteis cruentiventer; G. 1946.
Matsumoto/OMBARI. 1.1 : All after Jenkins, in Lipps and
Signor 1992. 1.3A,D-H: By Marianne Collins, from S. J. Chapter 5 Opener: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki.
Gould's Wonderful Life, W. W. Norton, 1989. 1.5A,C-F: By the 5.1A: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS. 5.1 B: 0Alfred Owczarzak/BPS.
authors. 1SB: 0Painet. 5.1C: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.1 D:
0J. Solliday/BPS. 5.1 E: 0M. Kreutz/micro*scope
Chapter 2 Opener: Nudibranchs (Flabellina telja) on a gorgonian; (http:/ /www.mbl.edu/microscope). 5.1 F: 0D. Patterson
courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 2.3A: From Margulis 1981. 2.38: After and M. Farmer/micro*scope. 5.1C: Courtesy of M. G.
Hadzi 1963. 2.3C: From Hyman 1940. Schultz/Centers for Disease Control. 5.1 H: 0A. M.
Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited. 5.1 I: Courtesy D. Lipscomb and
Chapter 3 Opener: A caridean shrimp, Gnafhophyllum K. Kivimaki. 5.1J:00. R. Anderson/micro*scope. 5.2:
panamense; courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 3.1 : Courtesy of J. Modified from Sleigh 1989. 5.3E: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb.
DeMartini. 3.1 B: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS*. 3.3B: 0S. K. Webster/ 5.4A: Courtesy of B. S. C. Leadbeater. 5.4B: 0G. F.
BPS. 3.3C-E: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.3F: By the authors. Leedale/Biophoto Associates. 5.4C: Courtesy of G. Brugerolle.
3.4B,C: Courtesy of 0. Feuerbacher. 3.9A: Courtesy of R. 5.4D: Courtesy of K. Vickerman. 5.5: After Raikov 1994.568:
Emlet. 3.98: Courtesy of P. Bergquist. 3.7C: After Brusca and Courtesy of L. Tetley. 5.6C: 0M. Bahr and D. Patterson/
Brusca 1978. 3.8F,C: From Brusca and Brusca 1978. 3.9C: By micro*scope.5.8: From Bricheux and Brugerolle 1987.
the authors. 3.9D: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.10A: From Courtesy of G. Brugerolle. 5.9A: After Chen 1950. 5.9B: 0D.
Brusca and Brusca 1978. 3.1OB: After Sherman and Sherman Patterson/micro*scope. 5.1 1B: After Brugerolle et al. 1979.
1976. 3.10C: From Lutze and Wefer 1980. 3.10D: Courtesy of 5.1 1C: Courtesy of L.Tetley and K. Vickerman. 5.13A: 0E. B.
G. McDonald. 3.10E: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 3.13A,B: Small/BPS. 5.1 3B-D: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K.
Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.13C: Courtesy of J. Haig. 3.13D: Kivimaki. 5.13E: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS. 5.13F: Courtesy D.
From Sanders 1963. 3.14A: After Fauchald and Jumars 1979. Lipscomb. 5.1 3C: 0M. Kreutz/micro*scope. 5.15:A,B: After
3.14B: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.14C: Courtesy of K. Banse. Sleigh 1973. 5.15C: Redrawn from Grelll973, after Parducz
3.1 5: Courtesy of G. G. Warner. 3.16A,B: After Fauchald and 1954. 5.15H: Redrawn from Grelll973. 5.1 7A: 0G. Antipa.
Jumars 1979. 3.16C: By the authors. 3.1 7A,B: Courtesy of G. 5.1 7B: 0M. Kreutz/micro*scope (http:/ /www.mbl.edu/
microscope). 5.18: After Sleigh 1973a. 5.19B,C,D: Redrawn
"BPS = Biological Photo Service from Grell 1983, after Bardele and Grell 1967. 5.20A Courtesy
898 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.20B: From Lynn and Chapter 8 Opener: The sea pen PfiZosarcus undulatus; courtesy
Didier 1978, courtesy D. Lynn. 5.20C: 0M. Kreutz/ of A. Kerstitch. 8.1A: 0R. Campbell/BPS. 8.1B: 0R. Brons/
micro*scope. 5.22: 0R. Brons/BPS. 5.23A,B: Redrawn from BPS. 8.1 C,D: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 8.1 E,C,I: 0D. J.
Grell 1973, after Grell 1953. 5.23C,D: Redrawn from Grell 1973, Wrobel/BPS. 8.1 F: 0H. W. Pratt/BPS. 8.1 H: By the authors.
after Mugge 1957. 5.23E: After Grelll973.5.24B: After 8.1J: 0J. Mondragon. 8.1 K: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 8.2:
Marquardt and Demaree 1985.5.24C: Courtesy of D. From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.3: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.25: After Grell 1973. 5.26: After 8.4: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.5A-E: From Bayer and
Miller et al. 1985. 5.27A: After Mackinnon and Hawes 1961. Owre 1968.8.6A: After Bayer and Owre 1968, with modifica-
5.278: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS. 5.27C: 0T. Hazen/Visuals tion to mouth area. 8.8A-C,E,F: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
Unlimited. 5.28A: After Grell 1973. 5.28B: After Spector 1984, 8.8D,C: 0J. Morin. 8.8H: From Alvarifio 1983. 8.81: 0D. J.
from a drawing by J. Holt. 5.29A,C: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb Wrobel/BPS. 8.9: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.10: From
and K. Kivimaki. 5.29B: 0D. Wrobel/BPS. 5.30: After Sleigh Fields and Mackie 1971.8.1 1A-E: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
1989.5.31A,B: 0The Natural History Museum, London. 8.1 1F: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 8.1 1C,H: 0J. Morin.
5.31 C: 0M. Geisen/The Natural History Museum, London. 8.1 2A,B,D: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.1 2C: By the authors.
5.32B: 0D. Patterson/micro*scope. 5.32C: Courtesy of D. 8.1 2E: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 8.14A: From Bayer and
Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.32D: 0D. Patterson/ Owre 1968.8.14B: After Barnes 1987.8.15: After Larson 1976.
micro*scope.5.32F: 0D. Patterson and A. Laderman/ 8.16: Courtesy of F. Bayer and W. R. Brown, Smithsonian
micro*scope.5.33: After Grell 1973. 5.34C: 0Robert Brons/ Institution. 8.1 7: After Cairns 1981.8.18: From Bayer and
BPS. 5.358: Redrawn from Grelll973, from film E-1643 by Owre 1968.8.19: After Mackie and Passano 1968.8.20: From
Netzel and Heunert 1971. 5.36A: 0J. Solliday/BPS. 5.368: Bayer and Owre 1968.8.21 B: After Hyman 1940.8.21 D: From
From Grelll973, after Haeckel. 5.36C: 0R. Brons/BPS. 5.36D: Dunn and Bakus 1977.8.21 E: Courtesy of C. Birkeland. 8.22:
Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.37: After 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.23: After Sherman and Sherman 1976.
Margulis and Schwartz 1988, from a drawing by L. Meszoly. 8.24A: From Holstein and Tardent. 8.24B-E: From Mariscal
5.38B: 0M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited. 5.39A: After Sleigh 1974.8.25: After Mariscal, in Muscatine and Lenhoff 1974.
1973. 5.39B: Redrawn from Grell 1973, after Hollande and 8.26A-D: From Hamner and Dunn 1980.8.26E: Courtesy of C.
Enjumet 1953. 5.40A 0R. Brons/BPS. 5.40B: 0D. Caron/ Birkeland. 8.27A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.27B: Courtesy of C.
micro*scope. 5.41 0D. Patterson/microscope. 5.42 Redrawn Birkeland. 8.28: After Russell-Hunter 1979. 8.29A, B: Courtesy
from Grell 1973, after Myers 1943. 5.43B: After Grelll980. of D. Fautin. 8.30: From Cairns and Barnard 1984.8.31A:
5.43C: After Schmidt and Roberts 1989, from a drawing by After Bayer and Owre 1968. 8.31 B: Courtesy of J. Smith.
William Ober. 5.44: After Sleigh 1989. 5.45A,C: After Grell 8.31 C: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.32A: After Wells 1968.8.32B:
1973.5.45B: After Sleigh 1989.5.46A: Courtesy of D. After Barnes 1987.8.32C: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.33:
Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.46B: 0Carolina Biological From Mariscal 1974.8.34A,B: After Hyman 1940. 8.34C,D,F:
Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited. 5.46C: 0RMF/Visuals From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.34E: After Conant 1900.8.35:
Unlimited. 5.47A: Redrawn from Grell 1973, after Kudo and From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.36: From Stretch and King 1980.
Daniels 1963.5.47B: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. 8.37: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.39: From Bayer and Owre
Kivimaki. 5.48: 0D. Patterson and M. Farmer/micro*scope. 1968.8.40A,C: 0Robert Brons/BPS. 8.40B,D: Courtesy of S.
5.49: 0D. Patterson/micro*scope (http:/ /www.mbl.edu/ Keen and B. Cameron. 8.41A,B: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
microscope). 5.50:Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 8.41 C: After Calder 1982. 8.42A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.428:
5.51 :After Sleigh in House 1979, modified from Margulis From Bayer and Owre 1968.
1970.
Chapter 9 Opener: The lobate ctenophore Bolinopsis; 0J. Morin.
Chapter 6 Opener: Close-up of a sponge in Channel Islands 9.1A,B,E,F,C: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 9.1 C,D: G. Matsumoto/O
National Park, CA; 0J. Mondragon. 6.1A: 0D. Wrobel/BPS MBARI. 9.1 H: 0J. Morin. 9.2B,C,F,L: After Harbison and
6.1B: 0 S. K. Webster/BPS. 6.1C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. Madin 1983.9.2E,K: After Mayer 1912.9.2C: After Komai
6.1 D: By the authors. 6.1 E: 0D. W. Fawcett/Visuals 1934.9.2H: After Bayer and Owre 1968.9.3A: From Bayer and
Unlimited. 6.1 F: From Bergquist 1978. 6.1C: 0J. Mondragon. Owre 1968. 9.5: After Hyman 1940. 9.6A: After Bayer and
6.1 H: 0Robert Brons/BPS. 6.2A: After Hartman 1963. 6.2B: Owre 1968. 9.6B: After Franc 1978.9.6C-E: Courtesy of P.
After Bergquist 1978. 6.2C,D: After Reiswig 1975. 6.3: From Fankboner. 9.7: From Mills and Miller 1984. 9.8A: After Komai
Bayer and Owre 1968.6.4A: From Bayer and Owre 1968.6.4B: 1922.9.8B: After Hyman 1940.9.9A: After Hyman 1940.9.9C:
After Sherman and Sherman 1976.6.4C: 0R. Brons/BPS. 6.5: From Bayre and Owre 1968.9.10: After Hyman 1940.9.11:
From Bergquist 1978. 6.6A: After Bergquistl978. 6.6B: After After Hyman 1940.
Reiswig 1979.6.7A-D,I: After Connes et al. 1971.6.7E,C: From
Bayer and Owre 1968.6.7F: After Barnes 1980.6.7H: After Chapter 10 Opener: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 10.1A: 0P. J.
Brill 1973. 6.8A-C: After Bergquist 1978. 6.8D: After Hyman Bryant/BPS. 10.1 B: 0M. Hooge. 10.1C: 0S. K. Webster/BPS.
1940. 6.9A: After Bergquist 1978. 6.9B,C: From Bergquist 1978. 10.1D: From the photo collection of Dr. James P. McVey,
6.1 OA,C: In part from Bergquist 1978; Photo of asterose NOAA Sea Grant Program. 10.1 E: 0J. Solliday/BPS. 10.1F: 0
microscleres by B. Beaumont, courtesy of P. Bergquist. R. Brons/BPS. lO.lC,H: 0J. Morin. 10.1 I: Courtesy of L.
6.1 OB-D: After Hyman 1940. 6.1 OF: After Hartman 1969. Friesen. 10.3A,E: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 10.4B: After Brown
6.10C: Courtesy of P. Bergquist. 6.1 1: Photos courtesy of J. 1950. 10.4C: After Hyman 1951. 10.5A: After C. Bedini and F.
Vacelet. 6.1 2A: From Bayer and Owre 1968. 6.1 2B,C: After Papi, in Riser and Morse 1974. 10.5B: After Bayer and Owre
Hyman 1940.6.1 3A,B: After Brien and Meewis 1938.6.1 3C: 1968. 10.6A: After Sherman and Sherman. 10.7A: After L. T.
From Reiswig 1970. 6.13D: From Reiswig 1976. 6.14 After Threadgold, 1963, Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 104. 10.7B: After Barth
Hyman 1940. 6.1 5 A After Hyman 1940.6.1 5B: After and Broshears 1982. 10.8A: After Schelll982. 10.8B,C: After
Bergquist 1978.6.15C: After Levi 1956.6.15D: From Bergquist Marquardt and Demaree 1985. 10.8D: Courtesy of J.
1978.6.16B-F: From Bayer and Owre 1968.6.1 7A: 0D. J. DeMartini. 10.9A,B: Redrawn from Hyman 1951. 10.9C-E:
Wrobel/BPS. 6.20: After Bergquist 1978. Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 10.9F: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 10.10:
After Hyman 1951. 10.1 1A-D: After Russell-Hunter 1979.
Chapter 7 Opener: The placozoan Trichoplax adkaerens; 0R. 10.1 1E: After Hyman 1951. 10.1 1F: 0M. Hooge. 10.12: After
Brons/BPS. 7.1A,B: 0R. Brons/BPS. 7.1C: Adapted from Bayer and Owre 1968. 10.13B-D: After Hyman 1951. 10.14
Grell. 7.1 D: Redrawn from McConnaughey 1963. 7.1 E: After After Hyman 1951. 10.15: After Hyman 1951. 10.16: From
Lapan and Morowitz 1972. 7.1 F,C: After Atkins 1933. 7.2B: Bayer and Owre 1968.10.1 8A-F: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
After Lapan and Morowitz 1972. 7.3A: Redrawn from Hyman 10.18C: Courtesy of R. Hochberg. 10.19: After Hyman 1951.
1940. 7.3B,C: After Lapan and Morowitz 1972. 7.3D: Redrawn 10.20: After Hyman 1951. 10.21A: From Bayer and Owre, after
from McConnaughey 1963; after Nouvell948. 7.5: After Ivanov 1955. 10.21C: After Hyman 1951. 10.22A: After von
Hyman 1940. 7.6: Redrawn from Hyman 1940. 7.7: Redrawn Graaf 1904-08. 10.22B,C: From Bayer and Owre 1968. 10.23A:
from Hyman 1940. After Boolootian and Stiles 1981. 10.23B: After Hyman 1951,
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 899

drawn by Hyman from a photograph in Kato 1940. 10.24 1962. 13.10: Redrawn from Russell-Hunter 1979. 13.11A:
From Bayer and Owre 1968, after Kato 1940. 10.25A: From From Brusca and Brusca 1978. 13.11B: After Nicoll931.
Bayer and Owre 1968, after Kato 1940. 10.25B: From Bayer 13.11C: After Barnes 1980. 13.1 1D: After Benham, In Harmer
and Owre 1968. 10.26: After Hyman 1951. 10.28B: After and Shipley (eds.) 1895-1909, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. 2.
Barnes 1980, from Smyth and Clegg 1959. 10.28C: After Noble 13.11E: 0J. Morin. 13.11C: By the authors. 13.11H: 0D. J.
and Noble 1982. 10.29B: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 10.30A: Wrobel/BPS. 13.12A-D: After Russell-Hunter 1979, adapted
After Olsen 1974. 10.30B: Adapted from Smyth 1977. from Gary and Lissmann 1938. 13.12E: After Russell-Hunter
10.31C,D: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 10.32A: After Marquardt 1979. 13.13: After Russell-Hunter 1979, adapted from Gary
and Demaree 1985. 10.32B: After Noble and Noble 1982. and Lissmann 1938. 13.14A: From Brusca and Brusca 1978.
10.34A: After Ax 1963. 10.34B: After Karling 1974. 10.34C: 13.14B: Redrawn from 1980. 13.15A,B: After Barnes 1980.
After Barnes 1980. 13.15C-E: After Dales 1955. 13.15F: After Carlton and Smith.
13.15C: After Kaestner 1967. 13.16A,B: After Newell 1970.
Chapter 11 Opener: The nemertean Baseodiscus mexicanus; 13.16C: After Borradaile et al. 1958. 13.1 7A: After Brusca and
Courtesy of 0. Feuerbacher. 11.1A, B: courtesy of P. Fankboner. Brusca 1978. 13.17B: After Eisig 1906. 13.188: Redrawn from
11.1C: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 11.1D: 0J. Morin. 11.1 E,F: Barnes 1980, after Dales 1967. 13.18C: Redrawn from Barnes
From Bayer and Owre 1968. 11.1C: After Gibson 198213. 1980. 13.18D,E: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 13.19A,B:
11.2A,B: After Hyman 1951. 11.2C: From Bayer and Owre Redrawn from Jamieson 1981, after Van Gansen 1963.
1968; after Coe 1943. 11.3: After Gibson 198213. 11.4: Courtesy 13.19C,D: Redrawn from Barnes 1980. 13.20A,B: Redrawn
of S. Stricker. 11SA-D: After Russell-Hunter 1979, based on from Barnes 1980. 13.20C: After Mann 1962. 13.22A: After
papers by R. Gibson. 11S E : After Gibson 1982b. 11SF-H: Edwards and Lofty 1972. 13.22B: Redrawn from Edwards and
Courtesy of S. Stricker. 11.6: After Gibson 1982b. 11.7: After Lofty 1972, after Grove and Newell 1962. 13.23A: Redrawn
Hyman 1951. 11.8: After Hyman 1951. 11.9: After Hyman from Barnes 1980. 13.23B: After Mann 1962. 13.24A,B: After
1951. 1l.lOB,C: From Bayer and Owre 1968. 11.10D: After Goodrich 1946. 13.24C: After Thomas 1940. 13.25: After
Hyman 1951. 11.11: After Coe 1934. 11.12: After Hyman 1951. Edwards and Lofty 1972. 13.26A: After Mann 1962. 13.26): 0
11.13: After Hyman 1951. 11.14 After Hyman 1951. R. K. Burnhard/BPS. 13.27C,H: Redrawn from Meglitsch.
11.15A,C: Redrawn from Gibson 1972. 11.15B: After 13.28: From P. J. Mill 1976, Structure and Function of Proprio-
Gontcharoff 1961. ceptovs in the Invertebrates, Halsted Press [Wiley],NY; courtesy
of D. A. Dorsett, with the permission of Methuen and Co., Ltd.
Chapter 12 Opener: 0R. Brons/BPS. 12.1A-D: After Nogrady 13.29A,B,E: After Fauvel et al. 1959. 13.29C,D: After Hermans
1982. 12.1E: 0R. Brons/BPS. 12.6: After Hyman 1951. 12.8: 0 and Eakin 1974. 13.29F: Redrawn from Barnes 1980.13.31:
R. Hochberg. 12.9B,C: After Hyman 1951. 12.9D: After After Mann 1962. 13.32A,C: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972.
Hummon 1982. 12.9E: OM. Hooge. 12.9F: 0R. Hochberg. 13.32B: After Russell-Hunter 1979. 13.32D-F: Redrawn from
12.11: After Hyman 1951. 12.12A,B: After Higgins 1951. Barnes 1980, after Fauvel et al. 1959. 13.33: After Anderson
12.12C: After Hyman 1951. 12.12D: 0R. Hochberg. 12.13: 1973. 13.34B-F: After Smith 1977. 13.346: 0M. Hooge.
After Hyman 1951. 12.14: After Hyman 1951. 12.15A: 0J. D. 13.35B,C: After Blake 1975. 13.36A,B: After Edwards and
Eisenback/BPS. 12.15B: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 12.15C,D: Lofty 1972. 13.36D,E: After Barnes. 13.36F-H: After Edwards
After Hyman 1951. 12.15E: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. and Lofty 1972, after Tembe and Dubash 1961. 13.361: After
12.15F: 0M. Hooge. 12.15C: 0R. Hochberg. 12.16D: After Brinkhurst and Jamieson 1972. 13.36): 0R. K. Burnhard/BPS.
Hyman 1951.12.16E:Adapted from Lee and Atkinson 1977. 13.37C: After Barnes 1980. 13.37D: After Barnes 1980, from
12.17A,C,E: After Hyman 1951. 12.1 7D: After Noble and Nagao 1957. 13.38A: After Southward 1984. 13.38C: After
Noble 1982. 12.17F: After Pennak 1953. 12.18A-C: Based on Ivanov 1952. 13.3813: After Southward 1969. 13.386: Courtesy
Sassar and Jenkins 1960. 12.19A: After Hyman 1951. 12.20A: of R. Hessler. 13.39A,B: After Ivanov 1962. 13.39C: After
Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 12.20B,C: Modified from Ivanov 1957. 13.39D: After Hyman 1959, after Jagersten 1957.
Hyman 1951. 12.20D: After Noble and Noble 1982. 12.21A,B:
From Sherman and Sherman 1976. 12.21C: After Barnes 1980. Chapter 14 Opener: The sipunculan Sipuncula nudus, 0J.
12.21D: After Hyman 1951. 12.22: Modified from Boveri 1899. Morin. 14.1A: 0R. Humbert/BPS. 14.1B: Courtesy of A.
12.24A: 0A. M. Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited. 12.25A: 0R. Kerstitch. 14.1C,D: After Hyman 1959. 14.2A: Redrawn from
Calentine/Visuals Unlimited. 12.25B-F: Adapted from Hyman 1959. 14.2B: After Fischer 1952. 14.3A-D,F: All
Hyman 1951.12.26A-C: Redrawn from Hyman 1951. 12.26H: redrawn from Hyman 1959. 14.3E: After Stehle 1953. 14.4:
Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 12.27A: After Hyman 1951. After Hyman 1959. 14.5A-D: After Hyman 1959. 14.5E-K:
12.27B: After Storch et al. 1995. 12.27D,E: Redrawn from pho- Courtesy of M. Rice. 14.6A: After Barnes 1980. 14.6B: After
tographs in Calloway 1982. 12.28B: After Hyman 1951. Fischer 1946. 14.6C: After MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1968.
12.28C: Redrawn from Hyman 1951, after Lang. 12.29B,C: 14.6D: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 14.7A: After Barnes 1980.
After Hyman 1951. 12.291): After Noble and Noble 1982, from 14.7B: After a drawing by W. K. Fischer. 14.7C,D: Courtesy of
Cable and Dill. 12.29E: After Yamaguti 1963. 12.31A: After Ohta, from Ohta 1984. 14.8A: After Barnes 1980. 14.8C: After
Nielson 1964. 12.31B(left): 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 12.31B Meglitsch 1972. 14.8D-C: Courtesy of M. Apley. 14.9:
(right): 0R. Brons/BPS. 12.31C: Courtesy of K. Wasson. Courtesy of M. Apley.
12.31D: After Hyman 1951. 12.32: After Hyman 1951. 12.33A:
Courtesy of K. Wasson. 12.33B-D: After Nielson 1971. 12.34 Chapter 15 Opener: An Arizona scorpion, as it appears under a
After Sterrer 1982. 12.35A-F: After a sketch supplied by "black (ultraviolet) light; 0A. Morgan. 15.1A,C-D: Photos by
Robert Higgins. 12.35B-D: From Higgins and Kristensen 1986. the authors. 15.1B: Courtesy of M. Hooge. 15.1E: Courtesy of
12.35E: Courtesy of R. Kristensen. 12.36: From Funch and G. McDonald. 15.1F: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 15.1C: 0J. N. A.
Kristensen 1995, photos 0R. Kristensen. Lott/BPS. 15.2A,B: After Ramskold and Hou 1991. 15.2C:
After Could 1989. 15.3A: Courtesy of H. Ruhberg. 15.3B,C:
Chapter 13 Opener: The polychaete Aphrodita refulgida; courtesy Courtesy of U. Sellenschio and H. Ruhberg. 15.4A: After
of A. Kerstitch. 13.1A: 0C. R. Wyttenbach/BPS. 13.1B: 0A. Manton 1977. 15.7A,B: After Borradaile and Potts 1961. 15.7C:
Yen. 13.1C: 0J. Solliday/BPS. 13.2A,B: Courtesy of L. Friesen. After Manton 1977. 15.7D: After Barth and Broshears 1982.
13.2C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 13.2D: 0S. K. Webster/BPS. 15.8A: After Borradaile and Potts 1961. 15.8B-H: After
13.2E,C,H: 0J. Morin. 13.2F: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 13.2K: Anderson 1973. 15.9A: From Kristensen 1982. 15.9B: From
G. Matsumoto/O MBARI. 13.2L: 0M. Hooge. 13.3A,B: Kristensen and Hallas 1980. 15.9C: From Kristensen 1984.
Courtesy of D. Zmarzly. 13.4C,E,F: After Pennak 1953. 13.5A: 15.9D,E: From Kristensen and Higgins 1984. 15.10A: From
After Mann 1962. 13.5B-F: After Stuart 1982. 13.5D: After Kristensen 1984. 15.1OB: Courtesy of R. Kristensen. 15.1OC:
Barnes 1980. 13.61-4: Redrawn from Smith and Carlton 1975. After Morgan and King 1976. 15.12: After Morgan and King
13.7A: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 13.7D: 0R. Hochberg. 1976. 15.13: After Kristensen 1981. 15.14: After Morgan 1982.
13.8A: After Sherman and Sherman 1976, from Storer and 15.20: After Manton 1977. 15.22C: Photo by the authors.
Usinger 1957. 13.9A: After Kaestner 1967. 13.9B: After Mann 15.22D: From Foelix 1982, reprinted with the permission of
900 ILLUSTRATiON CREDiTS

Harvard University Press. 15.26B,C: After Barnes 1980. Graham 1976. 17.26: After Clarke 1973. 17.29: After Slifer et
15.26D: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 15.27B: After Parry, i n al. 1959, J. Morphol. 105: 145-191. 17.30: After Michelsen 1979.
Waterman 1960. 15.28D: From Derby 1982. 15.28F: After 17.31: After Blaney 1976. 17.32: Photos by S. Prchal. 17.33:
Foelix 1982, with the permission of Harvard University Press. After Snodgrass 1935. 17.34: After Anderson 1973. 17.35A:
15.29A: After Pearse et a1 1987. 15.31A,B: After Snodgrass After Chapman 1971, after Southwood and Leston, Land and
1952. 15.31C,E: After Stormer 1949. 15.31D,F: After Bergstrom Water Bugs of the British Isles, 1959, Warne and Co., London.
1973. 15.31C: 0J. N. A. Lott/BPS. 15.31H: 0B. J. Miller/BPS. 17.35C: Photo by S. Prchal. 17.36A: After Chapman 1971, after
15.33A,B: Redrawn from Manton 1977, after Cisne 1975. Urquhart 1960. 17.36B: After Ross 1965. 17.36C: Photos by S.
15.33C,D: Redrawn from Manton 1977, after Whittington Prchal. 17.37A: After B. Rodendorf, ed., 1962, Arthropoda-
1975. 15.33F: Redrawn from Manton 1977. Tracheata and Chelicerata, in Textbook of Paleontology, Academy
of Sciences, U.S.S.R. 17.37B: After Snodgrass 1952. 17.37C:
Chapter 16 Opener: Courtesy of E. Peebles. 16.1A,D,E,F,C,M: After R. J. Wooten 1972, Paleontology 15: 662. 17.38: After
Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 16.1B,I,P: By the authors. 16.1C: Kristensen 1991.
Courtesy of 0.Feuerbacher. 16.1H: Courtesy of L. Friesen.
16.lJ:Photo by D. Williams, courtesy of J. Yager. 16.1K,R,S: Chapter 18 Opener: 0R. A. Wyttenbach/BPS. 18.1A: Photo by
Courtesy of G. McDonald. 16.1 L: 0T. Adams/Visuals the authors. 18.1 B: 0 R. A. Wyttenbach/BPS. 18.1C,E: Photo
Unlimited. 16.1N: From Boxshall and Lincoln 1987. 16.10: by S. Prchal. 18.1D: 0 R. K. Burnard/BPS. 18.1F,C: After
Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 16.1Q: Courtesy of S. Weeks. 16.1T Snodgrass 1952. 18.2B,C: After Beck and Braihvaite 1968.
Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.1 U: Courtesy of C. Holliday. 16.3B: 18.2D,E: After Snodgrass 1952. 18.2F,H: After Manton 1965.
Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.3C: After Heard and Gocke 1982, 18.2C: After Anderson 1996, Atlas of Invertebrate Anatomy,
Gulf Res. Rpts. 7: 157-162. 16.3D,F: Courtesy of F. Schram. Univ. New South Wales Press. 18.21: After Lewis 1981.
16.4B: Courtesy of N. Rabet. 16.4)-L: From Martin et al. 1986, 18.3A-D: After Russell-Hunter 1969. 18.3E: After Manton
Zool. Scripta 15: 221-232. 16.4M: Courtesy of J. Olesen. 1965. 18.2F: After Barth and Broshears 1982. 18.4A: After
16.5C,D: Courtesy of T. Haney. 16.7A: Courtesy of A. Kaestner 1969. 18.4B,C: After Lewis 1981. 18.5: After Lewis
Kerstitch. 16.7C: Courtesy of R. Caldwell. 16.8C: After Abele 1981. 18.6: After Lewis 1981. 18.7: After Grenacher 1880, Arch.
and Felgenhauer, in Parker 1982. 16.9A,B,E: After Abele and Mikrosk. Anta. Entwmech. 18: 415467. 18.8: After Lewis
Felgenhauer, in Parker 1982. 16.1ON: Courtesy of E. Spivak. 1981, based on Tichy 1973, Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 91: 93-139. 18.9:
16.11H: Courtesy of A. Baeza. 16.12A,C: Courtesy of E. After Rilling 1968, in Grosses Zoologisches Praktikum, Part 13b,
Peebles. 16.12F: Courtesy of J. Corbera. 16.13A,B: Redrawn Fischer, Stuttgart. 18.10A,C: After Lewis 1981. 18.10D: Photo
from McLaughlin 1980. 16.13C: Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.13D: by S. Prchal.
Courtesy of M. Spindler. 16.14A,C, D, F, H: Drawn by F. Runyon.
16.14): Courtesy of G. McDonald. 16.15A,B: After Bowman Chapter 19 Opener: The golden web spider Nephila clavipes;
and Gruner 1973. 16.15C: From a drawing by T. Haney. Photo by C. Hogue, LACM. 19.1C: 0 B. J. Miller/BPS. 19.2C:
16.15D,E: Courtesy of E. Peebles. 16.15F: Courtesy of T. 0 Fred Bruemmer/DRK Photo. 19.3A: After Savory 1977.
Haney. 16.15): After Lava1 1972. 16.15K: Courtesy of E. 19.3C: From Barnes 1980, after Craig and Faust 1971. 19.3C:
Peebles. 16.16A,D: After Zullo, i n Parker 1982. 16.161: From Barnes 1980, after Baker and Wharton 1952. 19.3H: 0 R.
Courtesy of J. Hseg. 16.1 7A,B: After Boxshall and Lincoln Brons/BPS. 19.4A,F: From Barnes 1980, after Millot et al. 1949
1983. 16.17C,D: From Boxshall and Lincoln 1987, courtesy of and other sources 19.4B,D,L: Photo by S. Prchal. 19.4H: 0 P. J.
G. Boxshall. 16.18A: Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.18H: Courtesy Bryant/BPS. 19.4J:0 R. Humbert/BPS. 19.4N: Photo by G.
of E. Peebles. 16.181: Courtesy of M. Dojiri. 16.18K: After Bodner. 19.5A-C: From Gertsch 1979 and Foelix 1982, reprint-
McLaughlin 1980. 16.18L: Courtesy of G. McDonald. ed with permission of Harvard University Press. 19SD,F,J,K:
16.20A,B,E(b-s): Courtesy of D. J. Horne. 16.20C,D,E(a): Photos by R. F. Foelix. 19.5C: 0B. J. Miller/BPS. 19.5H,I: 0 P.
Courtesy of A. Cohen 16.22F: Photo by D. Williams, courtesy J. Bryant/BPS. 19.5L,M: After Kaestner 1969. 19.5N: Photo by
of J. Yager. 16.23B: 0 K. Sandred/Visuals Unlimited. 16.24B,C: M. Hedin. 19.50: Courtesy of W. Maddison and G. Bodner.
From Schembri 1982. 16.241): From Abele 1985. 16.25: After 19.6A: Photo S. Prchal. 19.7A: From Foelix 1982, after Peters
Hseg and Lutzen 1985, and Oeksnebjerg 2000; courtesy of J. T. 1955. 19.7C: From Foelix 1982, after Peters 1967. 19.7D,F:
Hseg. 16.26A-F: From Hseg 1985. 16.266,l: Courtesy of J. T Photos by R. Foelix. 19.8A-E: After Foelix 1982, Gertsch 1979,
Hseg. 16.261-1: From Glenner and Hareg 1995. 16.27A,D-C: and others. 19.9A,B: Photos by R. F. Foelix. 19.9C: 0 M.
After McLaughlin 1980. 16.27H: After Kaestner 1970. 16.271: Keasey/ASDM. 19.10: After Root and Bowerman 1978. 19.11:
After Warner 1977. 16.28E-1: After Kaestner 1970. 16.30A: After Foelix 1982. 19.12A: From Foelix 1982, after slow-motion
After Laverack 1964, Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 13: 301-321. pictures by Parry and Brown 1959. 19.12C: From Foelix 1982,
16.30C: After Cohen 1955, J. Physiol. 130: 9. 16.30D: After after Frank 1957. 19.12D: From Foelix 1982, after Foelix 1970b.
Kaestner 1970. 16.31: Micrographs courtesy of B. Felgenhauer. 19.12E: Photo by R. F. Foelix. 19.13: From Foelix 1982, reprint-
16.321): 0R. Walters/Visuals Unlimited. 16.32F: Courtesy of ed with permission of Harvard University Press. 19.15A:
C. Holliday. 16.326: Courtesy of C. McLay. 16.33C: After Photo by R. F. Foelix. 19.15B-E,C: From Foelix 1982, after vari-
Cameron 1985. 16.331: From Harvey et al. 2002. 16.35: ous other sources. 19.151,J:Photos courtesy of W. Maddison
Courtesy of D. Waloszek. and G. Bodner. 19.16A: From Foelix 1982, after Millot et al.
1949. 19.16B: After Foelix 1982. 19.16C: Photo by R. F. Foelix.
Chapter 17 Opener: Photo by S. Prchal. 17.1A,B,C,H,K,O,P: 0 19.16D: 0 P. J. Bryant/BPS. 19.17A: After Barnes 1980.
P. J. Bryant/BPS. 17.1C: 0 R. A. Wyttenbach/BPS. 17.1D: 19.17B,C: After Foelix 1982. 19.18B: After Foelix 1982.
Courtesy of Bridget Watts. 17.1E: 0R. Humbert/BPS. 17.1F: 19.18C,D: Photos by R. F. Foelix. 19.20A,E: Photos by R. F.
Photo by M. Picker. 17.1I: Photo by P. J. Bryant/BPS. 17.1J: Foelix. 19.20B: From Foelix 1982, after Gauorner 1965. 19.20C:
Courtesy of the Centers for Disease control. 17.1L: Courtesy of From Foelix 1982, after Barth 1971. 19.20D: After Foelix and
Scott Bauer/USDA ARS. 17.1M: 0Painet. 17.1N: Photo by M. Chu-Wang 1973, photo by R. F. Foelix. 19.21B,C: From Foelix
Picker. 17.1Q: Photo by G. McDonald. 17.1R: Photo by S. 1982 after Hoffman 1971. 19.21D-F: Photos by R. F. Foelix.
Prchal. 17.4: After Lawrence et al., in CSIRO 1991, based on 19.22A: After Fage 1949. 19.23A: From Foelix 1982, after
Snodgrass 1935. 17.7: After Chapman 1982. 17.8: After Melchers 1964. 19.23B: From Foelix 1982, after Osaki 1969.
Snodgrass 1952. 17.1 2: Photos by S. Prchal. 17.14: After 19.23C,D,F: After Foelix 1982. 19.23E: From Barnes 1980, after
Anderson and Weis-Fogh 1964. 17.18: After Snodgrass 1944. Millot et al. 1949. 19.25A,B: From Foelix 1982, after von
17.19D-C: Photos by S. Prchal. 17.20B: After Wigglesworth Helversen 1976. 19.25C: From Foelix 1982, after Bristowe 1958.
1965. 17.21B: After Sherman and Sherman 1976. 17.229: After 19.25D,F,H: After Foelix 1982. 19.256: After Bristowe 1958.
Wigglesworth 1965. 17.22C: After Chapman 1971. 17.23A: 19.27A: From Foelix 1982, after Lauters 1966. 19.27B,C: From
After Snodgrass 1935. 17.238: After Clarke 1973. 17.23D: Foelix 1982, after Holm 1940. 19.27D: From Meglitsch 1972,
Photo by S. E. Hendrixson. 17.24 From Allen and Brusca after Bristowe 1958. 19.27E: Photo by S. Prchal. 19.27F:
1978, Can. Entomol. 110: 413433. 17.25: After Fretter and Courtesy of D. Maddison and G. Bodner. 19.27C,H: From
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 901

Foelix 1982, reprinted with permission of Harvard University 21.1OB,C,D-I: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 21.lOJ: After
Press. 19.271,J,K: From Foelix 1982, after Vachon 1957. Ryland 1970. 21.1 1A,B: Redrawn from Ryland 1970. 21.1 1C:
19.28A,C: After Hedgpeth 1982. 19.28B: After a sketch by J. After Hyman 1959. 21.1 2A: After Winston 1978. 21.1 2B-D:
W. Hedgpeth. 19.28D: After Schram and Hedgpeth 1978. After Winston 1979. 21.1 3: After Gordon 1975. 21.14A: After
19.28E: After Wyer and King 1974. 19.28F: 0F. Awbrey/ Cook, in Larwood (ed.) 1973. 21.14B: Redrawn from Hyman
Visuals Unlimited. 19.29A: After Fage 1949 and other sources. 1959, after Toriumi 1941. 21.14C: Redrawn from Hyman 1959,
19.29B: After Schram and Hedgpeth 1978. 19.29C: Original after Brien 1953. 21.1 5:After Ryland 1970. 21.16: After
drawing by J.W. Hedgpeth, from a photo of a live specimen in Woollacott and Zimmer 1975. 21.1 7A: After Ryland 1970.
an aquarium. 19.30A,C: After Fage 1949. 19.30B: After 21.1 78: After Hyman 1959. 21.1 7C: After Woolacott and
Schram and Hedgpeth 1978. 19.30D: After Hedgpeth 1982. Zimmer 1971.21.18A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 21.18B: 0J.
Morin. 21.18C,C: After Rudwick 1970. 21.18D-F: After
Chapter 20 Opener: By the authors. 20.1A: Courtesy of W. Hyman 1959. 21.18H: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 21.19A: After
Jorgensen. 20.1 B,F: By the authors. 20.1 C,E: 0K. Lucas/BPS. Williams and Rowell, in Moore 1965. 21.19B: After Anderson
20.1 D,C,I,J,K: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.1 H: Courtesy of L. 1996. 21.1 9C: Redrawn from Hyman 1959, after Williams 1956.
Friesen. 20.1 L,M: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 20.1 N,O: D. J. 21.19D: After Rudwick 1970. 21.20: Redrawn from Rudwick
Wrobel/BPS. 20.1 P: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.2A-C: After 1970. 21.21 : Redrawn from Rudwick 1970. 21.22A,B: Redrawn
Hyman 1967. 20.2H,I: After Scheltema and Morse 1984. from Hyman 1959. 21.22C: Redrawn from Rudwick 1970, after
20.3A,B,D,E: After Lemche and Wingstrand 1959. 20.3C: 0W. Percivall944.21.22D: After Hyman 1959. 21.22E: Redrawn
Jorgensen. 20.4C: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.5A: After from Hyman 1959, after Percival 1944. 21.22F: After Meglitsch
Hyman 1967.20.5B,C: After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.6B: 1972.
After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.7A,C: After Hyman 1967.
20.78: By the authors. 20.7E: Courtesy of J. King. 20.7F,C: Chapter 22 Opener: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.1A: Courtesy of L.
From Brusca and Brusca 1978.20.7H: 0J. Mondragon. 20.7J: Friesen. 22.1 B: J. N. A. Lott/BPS. 22.1 F,L,O,P: Photos by the
Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.71: By the authors. 20.8A: From authors. 22.1 C: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.1 D: Courtesy of P.
Brusca and Brusca 1978. 20.1 1D: Courtesy of J. King. 20.12B: Fankboner. 22.1E: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.1C: After
After Lane 1960. 20.1 2C: After Winkler and Ashley 1954. Baker et al. 1986. 22.1 H: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 22.1 I:
20.1 2E-C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.16A,H,I: From Brusca Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 22.1): Photo by M. Wicksten. 22.1 K:
and Brusca 1978. 20.16B: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.17: 0 Courtesy of L. Friesen. 22.1 M: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.1 N:
K. Lucas/BPS. 20.18A-D: After Lang 1900, Lehrbuch der ver- Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.1 Q: Courtesy of S. Ohta.
gleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere 3: 1-509. 20.18E: 22.3B,C,C,H,K: After Hyman 1955. 22.3D,E: After Baker et al.
After Morton 1979. 20.18F: After Barnes 1980. 20.19A,B: 1986. 22.4A: After Barnes 1980, modified from Nichols 1962.
Modified after Miller 1974. 20.19C: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.4B: From Ellers and Telford 1984, courtesy of M. Telford.
20.19D: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 20.19E: After Hyman 1967. 22.4C: From Turner 1984, photograph courtesy of R. Turner.
20.20A-D: After Trueman 1966. 20.21A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.4D: From Emlet 1982, photographs courtesy of R. Emlet.
20.22A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 20.22B: By the authors. 20.22C: 22.4E: After Campbell 1983. 22.4F: After Chia and Amerongen
Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.24A: After Solem 1974. 20.24B: 1975. 22.4C,H: After Barnes 1980. 22.41,): Modified from
After Hyman 1967. 20.24C: After McLean 1962, Proc. Malac. Russell-Hunter 1979. 22.5C,E: After Clark 1977. 22.5 D,F:
SOC.London 35: 23-26. 20.25A,C,E,F: After Fretter and Graham After Hyman 1955. 22.56: After Baker et al. 1986. 22.6A,B:
1962. 20.25B,D: After Hyman 1967.20.26: Courtesy of C. After Hyman 1955. 22.6C,D: After Clark 1977. 22.6E: Photo by
DiGiorgio. 20.27: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.28: After Barnes J. Mondragon. 22.7A,B: After Nichols 1962. 22.7C: After
1980.20.29: After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.30A: After Cuenot 1948. 22.8A: After Nichols 1962. 22.8D: Photo by the
Yonge and Thompson 1976.20.30B-D: After Reid and Reid authors. 22.9A,B: After Nichols 1962. 22.9C: After Barnes
1974. 20.31 C-I: Courtesy of S. Hendrixson. 20.32A-E: After 1980. 22.9D: After Pentreath 1970. 22.9E: After Warner and
Hyman 1967. 20.32F: After Bullough 1958. 20.33B: After Woodley 1975. 22.9F: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.1 1A: After
Hyman 1967. 20.35A: After Cox in Moore (ed.) 1960. 20.35B: Nichols 1962. 22.1 1B,C,E: After Barnes 1980. 22.1 1D: After
After Pearse et al. 1987. 20.36: After Fretter and Graham 1962. Hyman 1955. 22.1 1F: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 22.1 1C: After
20.378: 0J. N. A. Lott/BPS. 20.37C: By the authors. 20.38: Cu6not 1948. 22.12A: After Nichols 1962. 22.12B: After
Modified from Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.39: After Hyman Cuenot 1948.22.1 2C: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 22.1 2D: 0D. J.
1967. 20.40A,C: After Cox, in Moore (ed.) 1960. 20.40B: After Wrobel/BPS. 22.1 2E: From Costelloe and Keegan 1984, cour-
Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.42A: After Wells 1963. 20.42B: tesy of J. Costelloe, used with permission of Springer-Verlag.
After Winkler and Ashley 1954. 20.42D: After Russell-Hunter 22.1 2F: Photo by J. Mondragon. 22.1 2G: Courtesy of A. Ker-
1979. 20.43: After Hyman 1967. 20.44F: 0H. W. Pratt/BPS. stitch. 22.1 2H: After Barnes 1980, from a photograph by I.
20.45: After Hadfield, in Giese and Pearse 1979. 20.46: After Bennett. 22.1 3A: After Ubaghs 1967. 22.1 3B: After Herreid et
Yonge, in Moore (ed.) 1960; after Hyman 1967. 20.47A After al. 1976. 22.14A: After Barnes 1980. 22.14B: After Cuenot
Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.47B,C: After Hyman 1967. 1948. 22.14C,D,E: Redrawn from Shick 1983 after the follow-
20.47D: After Cameron and Redfern 1976.20.50A: After ing original sources: C, after Phelan 1977 and Smith 1978; D,
Sherman and Sherman 1976. 20.508: After Hadfield, in Giese after Fenner 1973; E, after Smith 1980. 22.15: After Cuenot
and Pearse 1979. 20.50C: After Hyman 1967. 20.51A,B: Re- 1948. 22.16A,C: After Cu6not 1948.22.16B: Redrawn from
drawn from Hyman 1967, after Werner 1955, Helg. Wissensch. Hyman 1955. 22.1 7C: From Emlet 1982, photo courtesy of R.
Meeresuntersuchungen, 5. 20.51 C: Redrawn from Hyman Emlet. 22.1 7H: Courtesy of and copyright by M. Apley. 22.18:
1967, after Dawydoff 1940. 20.51 E: After Brusca 1975. 20.52: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972, after Dawydoff 1948. 22.1 9A:
After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.54: After Scheltema 1993. After Barnes 1980. 22.19B,C: After Paul and Smith 1984.
22.1 9D,E,H,I: After Nichols 1962. 22.1 9F: Redrawn from
Chapter 21 Opener: The ectoproct Flustvellidvu; 0J. Morin. Barnes 1980, from Kesling in Moore (ed.) 1967. 22.1 9C:
21.1A-C: Redrawn from Hyman 1959. 21.1 D: 0D. J. Wrobel. Redrawn from Cu6not 1948. 22.19): After Hyman 1955.
21.1 E,F: 0P. Wirtz. 21.2: Redrawn from Hyman 1959.21.3A: 22.21A: After Paul and Smith 1984.
After Hyman 1959. 21.3B-D: After Zimmer 1967. 21.4A: After
Hyman 1959. 21.4B,C: After Dawydoff and Grass6 1959. Chapter 23 Opener: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 23.1A: Courtesy of
21 SA: After Pennak 1978. 21SB: Redrawn from Barnes 1980. E. Thuesen and R. Bieri. 23.1 B: 0C. R. Wyttenbach/BPS.
21SC: Redrawn from Hyman 1959. 21SD: Courtesy of G. 23.1 C: Courtesy of K. M. Halanych. 23.1 D: 0J. Mondragon.
McDonald. 21SE: 0R. Brons/BPS. 21.6A,C-I: After Ryland 23.1 E: By the authors. 23.1 F: Courtesy of G. McDonald.
1970. 21.6B: 0H. W. Pratt/BPS. 21.6C: 0K. Lucas/BPS. 23.1C: 0R. Brons/BPS. 23.2A,B: After Barnes 1980. 23.2C,F,I:
21.6D: 0C. Wyttenbach/BPS. 21.6E: 0R. Brons/BPS. 21.F: After Hyman 1959. 23.2D: After Feigenbaum 1978. 23.2E:
After Barnes 1980. 21.7: 0J. Bailey-Brock. 21.8: After Ryland After Meglitsch 1972. 23.21-1: After Burfield 1927. 23.3:
1970. 21.9: After Ryland 1970. 21.1 OA: After Barnes 1980. Courtesy of E. Theusen and R. Bieri. 23.4: Courtesy of M.
902 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

Terazaki and C. B. Miller. 23.5: After Hyman 1959. 23.6A: authors. 23.14E: 0D. J. Wrobel. 23.14F: Courtesy of J. King.
After Sherman and Sherman 1976. 23.6B: Courtesy of J. 23.146: After Pechenik 1985. 23.141-1: After Alldredge 1976.
Williams. 23.6C,D,J: After Hyman 1959. 23.6E: After Burdon- 23.1 5C: After Berrilll935. 23.1 5D: After Grasse 1948. 23.1 5E:
Jones 1952. 23.6F,C: After Lester 1985. 23.6H: After Pechenik After Van Name 1945.23.1 5F:After Thorne and Thorndyke
1985. 23.61: After Meglitsch 1972. 23.78,C: After Hyman 1959. 1975. 23.16A: After Brien, in Grasse 1948. 23.1 7A,C: After
23.8: After Burdon-Jones 1956.23.9: After Hyman 1959. Seeliger, in Grass6 1948. 23.1 7B: After Cloney and Torrence
23.1 0: After Lester 1985. 23.1 1: After Lester 1985. 23.1 2A: 1982. 23.18B: Photo courtesy of L. Friesen. 23.18B: After
After Hyman 1959. 23.1 2B: After Meglitsch 1972. 23.1 2C: McFarland et al. 1985. 23.18D: After Romer 1956. 23.29:
After Burdon-Jones 1952. 23.1 3A: 0G. Corsi and B. Adapted from Romer 1956.
Corsi/Visuals Unlimited. 23.1 3B: Courtesy of L. Friesen.
23.1 3C: 0D. W. Gotshall/Visuals Unlimited. 23.1 30: Chapter 24 Opener: A polychaete worm on a sponge inhabited
Courtesy of L. Friesen. 23.1 3E: 0L. S. Roberts/Visuals by a symbiotic zoanthid cnidarian; courtesy of A. R. Picciolo,
Unlimited. 23.1 3F: After Romer 1956. 23.1 36,K: 0C. R. NOAA. 24.2: From Nielsen 2001, after various sources. 24.3:
Wyttenbach/BPS. 23.1 31,J: By the authors. 23.1 3L,M: After After Nielsen 2001, after various sources. 24.4: From Nielsen
Barnes, 1980, after photographs by Monniot and Monniot 2001, after various sources.
1975.23.13N: D. J. Wrobel/MBARI 1995.23.14A By the
Index

Numbers in boldface signify definitions of the listed terms; page numbers


followed by n indicate fGo&otes.
abdA gene, 18,481 acoelomate grade, 48 aedeagus, 607
abdB gene, 481,884 acontia/acontium, 227-228,245 Aedes, 593
abdomen, 515,550 acorn barnacles (Cktkamalus Aedes aegypti, 593
Hexapoda, 606-607 anisopoma), 513 Aedes albopictus, 593
abductors, 55 acraspedote, 235-236 Aegidae, 37
aboral canal, 278 Acrobeles, 355 Aegina, 277,278
aboral (entoneural) system, 825 Acroechinoidea, 805 Aegina citrea, 278
aboral surface, 44 acron, 478 Aequorea, 253,254
Abra cadabra, 26n Acropora palmata (Caribbean elkhorn Aequorea macrodactyla, 253,254
abyssal plain, 10,12 coral), 220 aesthetascs, 571
abyssopelagic zone, 10 acrorhagi (marginal spherules), 246 aesthetes, 723,752,754
Acaenoplax, 762 Acrothoracica, 516 aestivation, 13
Acantkamoeba, 156,158 Actiniaria, 224 afferent branchial arteries, 867
Acantkaria, 162 Actinopkrys, 161,164 afferent ctenidial vessels, 744,745
Acantkaster, 65, 815 Actinopoda, 124,161-165 afferent nerve, 77
Acantkaster planci, 803,815 characteristics, 161 afferent vessels, 775,776
acanthella, 371 nutrition, 163-164 African relapsing fever (”tick fever”),
Acantkina, 65 reproduction, 164-165 659
Acan tkobdel la, 399 support and locomotion, 162-163 agametes, 215,216
Acantkobdella peledina, 394,397,409 Actinoptychus, 155 Agassiz, Louis, 808
Acanthobdellida, 394 Actinopyga, 823 Agauopsis auzendei, 659
Acantkobotkrium, 295 Actinospkaerium, 163,164 Agelas, 181, 198
Acanthocephala (acanthocephalans), Actinostola, 240 Agelenidae, 654
9,338,368-371 Actinotrocka, 772 agglutinated tests, 166
Acantkocepkalus, 369 Actinotrocka brackiata, 772 Aglaophenia, 85
Acantkockitona, 749 actinotroch larvae, 778 Aglaura, 256
Acanthochitonida, 703 actinula larvae, 255 Agleja (Navanax), 752
Acan tkocyst is, 163 Actinulida, 223 Agra vation, 26n
Acant kocyt kereis, 549 aculeus, 665 Agroeca brunnea, 691
Acantkopleura, 752 Adamsia, 247 Aguinaldo, A. M. A., 381,485,499,
acanthopodia, 158 Adamson, 352 765,883
acanthor larva, 371 adaptation, 15,106 A k a ha, 26n
Acari, 654,656-659 adapta tionist paradigm, 15-1 6 Ahlrichs, W., 381
Acariformes, 654 adductors, 55, 723 AIDS, 146
accessory boring organ (boring adelphophagy, 761 Aiptasia, 245
gland), 735 Adenophorea (Aphasmida), 352 Akera, 750
accessory digestive gland, 859,861 adhesive papillae, 864 Alaurina, 303
accessory glands, 87,624,625,647 adhesive sac, 791 albumin gland, 755,756
acetabulum, 294,295 adhesive tubes, 346 Alciopidae, 391
Acetes, 527 adoral zone of membranelles (AZM), Alcippe, 540
Ackelia eckinata, 692, 695 136,139 Alcyonacea, 224
acicula, 396,398 adradial canals, 278 Alcyonidium, 791
acidiphiles, 3 Adrianov, A. V., 381 Alcyonium, 234
Acineta, 141 Adula, 732 Alcyonium verilli, 781
Acmaea, 709 advanced (derived) character states, Alexandrium spp., 150
Acoela, 286 31 alkaliphiles, 3
904 INDEX

allelochemicals, 201 anal cone, 372,373,815 Anomalocaris, 8, 505


Allogramia, 166 Analges, 658 Anomalodesmata, 714
Allopora, 230,239 anal lacuna, 327 Anomma wilverthi, 590
Allopora californica, 408 anal pores, 278 Anomura, 515,529
Alma emini, 416 anal (posterior) plates, 720 Anopheles, 146, 147, 600
Almidae, 393 anal somite, 551 Anopla, 321
Aloha, 26n anal vesicles, 455, 456 Anoplocotyloides papillata, 294
alpha level of systematics, 27 anamorphic development, 578,648 Anostraca ,514,519
alpha tocopherol, 345 Anaphe, 489 distinguishing features, 552-553
Alpheus, 528,559 Anaspidacea, 515 reproductive features, 556-557
alternating tripod sequence, 607 Anaspides, 524 Antarctic krill (Euphausiasuperba),511
alveolar membrane system, 135 ancestor-descendant relationships Antedon
Alveolata, 124,135 (genealogy),31,32 brooding, 827,828
Alvinella pompejana ("Pompeii morphological similarity/ locomotion, 813
worm,'), 408 dissimilarity vs.,35-37 oral surface, 815
Amanita phalloides, 26n ancestral character states, 32 antennae, 395,463,515,550
Amanita vaginata, 26n ancestral (primitive) character states, insect, 604
Amaroucium, 859 31 antenna1 (maxillary) glands, 71,491,
Amaurobius, 668 ancestrula, 778, 789 492,568,569
Amblypygi, 654,659-660 Anchistropus, 522 antennary nerves, 570
ambulacra, 806 Anderson, D., 2,42,503 antennary segment, 642
ambulacral grooves, 806 Androctonus, 665 antennulary nerves, 570
arnbulacral surfaces,804,806 Androctonus australis, 672, 673 antennules ,515,550
amebas. See also Rhizopoda (amebas) androdioecy, 574 anterior artery, 744, 745
anatomy of, 156 anecdysis, 487 anterior cardinal veins, 866,867
naked, 156,157-158 Anelosimus, 675 anterior end, 44
testate, 156,157 Anelosimus eximius, 668 anterior lobe, 797
amebic dysentery, 158 angiosperms, appearance of, 7 anterior region, 397
American lobsters (Homarus ameri- animalcules, 338 Anthomedusae (Gymnoblastea or
canus), 511,529 Animalia. See Metazoa (Animalia) Athecata), 223,236
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' animals Anthopleura, 246,258
disease), 133, 593, 613 origin of, 5-6 Anthopleura elegantissima, 246,247,260
Amerongen, H., 817 segmental identity in, 4 An t hopleura xan thogrammica,249
amictic ova, 344, 345 animal-vegetal axis, 94 Anthothoe, 245
ammonia, 66 anisogamy, 128 Anthozoa, 220,223-224
ammonites, 703n anisomyarian condition, 731 polypoid form, 226-233
ammonotelic animals, 66 Annelida (segmented worms), 9, reproduction, 258-260
Amoeba, 122 387443 skeletons, 238-239
nutrition in, 159 bauplan, 395-433 Anthuridea, 516
pseudopodia in, 158 body forms, 395-397 Antipatharia, 225
reproduction in, 160 body wall and coelomic arrange- antiplectic metachrony, 138
Amoeba proteus, 155,157,158 ment, 397400 antizoea larvae, 577,579
amoeboid locomotion, 10 circulation and gas exchange, aperture, 166, 722, 724
amphiblastula larvae, 199,200 413-417 Aphasmida (Adenophorea), 352
amphidial nerve, 357,358 digestive system, 410-413 Aphelenchus, 356
amphidial pouch, 357,358 excretion and osmoregulation, aphotic zone, 10,12
&nphidinium, 152 417420 Aphragmophora, 841
Amphidiscophora, 182 feeding, 405410 Aphrocallistes vastus, 187
amphids, 357,358 nervous system and sense organs, Aphrodita ("sea mouse,,), 391,411
Amphionidacea (amphionids), 515, 420425 Aphroditidae, 391
526-527 regeneration and asexual repro- apical cells, 213
reproductive features, 556-557 duction, 425427 apical ciliary tuft, 428,429
Amphionides, 527 sexual reproduction and develop- apical complex, 145
Amphionides reynaudii, 526 ment, 427433 apical field, 340
Amphipholis squamata, 215 support and locomotion, 400405 apical sense organ, 428
Amphipoda, 516,537-540 cladogram, 37 Apicomplexa (apicomplexans), 123,
Amphiporus, 324, 327, 328 classification, 388-394 124,145-148,149
Amphiporus bimaculatus, 325 comparison of onychophorans, characteristics, 146
Amphiporus forrnidabilis, 325 tardigrades, arthropods and, nutrition, 146-147
Amphitrite, 407 464-465 reproduction and life cycles,
Amphiura, 811 phylogeny, 438440 147-148,149
Amplexidiscus, 245 Pogonophoridae, 434438 support and locomotion, 146
Amplexidiscus senestrafer, 245 taxonomic history, 388 Apis dorsata, 592n
ampulla(e), 239, 356, 810, 811, 864 annelid cross, 97 Apis mellifera, 592, 617
anabiosis, 470 annuli, 395 Apis mellifera scutellata, 592
anagenesis (microevolution), 15-16,18 Annulonemertes, 326 Aplacophora, 703
anal canals, 278 Anodonta, 742 Apley, Martyn, 457
anal commissure, 329 anogenital tagmata (terminalia), 607 Aplidium, 856-857
INDEX 905

Aplysia, 750, 756 carnivory and scavenging, 23-25 bauplan and arthropodization,
Aplysilla, 200 chemoautotrophy, 26 476497
Aplysina archeri, 198 deposit feeding, 21-22 appendages, 479482
Apodacea, 806 dissolved organic matter (DOM), body wall, 478479
apodemes, 478 25-26 circulation and gas exchange, 72,
Apodida, 806 herbivory, 22-23 489491
apomorphy, 31,32-34 intracellular and extracellular digestive system, 489
Aponomma ecinctum, 658 digestion, 16-17 excretion and osmoregulation,
apophyses, 685,686 suspension feeding, 18-21 491492
apopyle, 184 gas exchange, 33-37 growth, 485488
appendage buds, 626,649 gas transport, 34-37 nervous system and sense organs,
appendage hypothesis, 629 structures for, 33-34,35 492495
appendages, Arthropoda, 479-482 germ layers, 8 reproduction and development,
Appendicularia (Larvacea), 855 hormones and pheromones, 44 495-497
appositional eyes, 494,495 locomotion, 9-12 support and locomotion, 482485
apterous gene, 630 nervous systems and sense organs, characteristics, 475
apterous wings, 606 3744 classification, 476
Apusomonas proboscidea, 128 bioluminescence, 42 comparison with annelids, ony-
aquiferous system, 182-183 body plans and, 4244 chophorans, and tardigrades,
sponge, 183-188 independent effectors, 42 464-465
Aquipecten, 753 invertebrate sense organs, 37-42 evolution, 499-506
Arabellidae, 389 reproduction, 4448 emerging views of arthropod rela-
Arabidopsis, 883 asexual, 4546 tionships, 503-506
arabinosides, 202 parthenogenesis, 48 evolution within Arthropoda,
Arachnida, 654,656-666 sexual, 46-47 500-503
Arachnocampa luminosa, 615 support, 9,12-16 molecular phylogenetics, 505
Arachnosphaera oligacantha, 161 Architeuthis, 715-717 neurological features, 504-505
Araneae, 654,661-663 Archosauria, 36 origin, 499-500
Araneidae, 654 Arctic ice cap, 9 paleontological data, 505-516
Araneomorphae, 654 Arctonoe, 407,409 Hox gene function, 17
Araneus, 667,671 Arctonoe vittata, 817 taxonomic history, 475476
humidity receptor in, 682 Arendt, D., 884 terrestrial success, 14
palpal organ of, 685 Arenicola, 391 trilobites, 497499,500
spinnerets of, 668 burrowing movements, 401 arthropodization, 477
Araneus diadematus, 662,669,688 digestive system, 410 articles (podites), 480
Araneus gemma, 676 excretion and osmoregulation, 418 articulamentum, 723,752
Arbacia, 820 feeding, 406 articular membranes (arthrodial mem-
Arbacia punctulata, 58 gas exchange, 437 branes), 482,483
Arca vivipara, 759 locomotion, 402 Articulata theory, 499, 793
Arcella, 156, 157, 158, 160 nuchal organ, 423 Artomonema, 353-354
Archaea (Archaebacteria), 1-2,3 trochophore larva, 430 Asaphus, 498
refugial lifestyle, 2-3 Arenicolidae, 389 Asbestopluma, 194, 195
archaeocyathan, 205 areoles, 363,364 Ascaris
archaeocytes, 190,191,197 Argiope, 667, 669 amphid, 358
Archaeogastropoda, 703-707,709 Argonauta, 724,758,759 cross section, 354
Archaeognatha (Microcoryphia), 594, Argulus, 543,557 intestinal epithelium, 356
595 Argulus foliaceus, 544 reproductive systems, 359
Archaeopulmonata, 712 Argus persicus, 659 tripartite lip, 355
archenteric pouching, 101 Argyroneta aquatica, 672 Ascaris lumbricoides, 338
archenteron, 99 Argyronetidae, 654 Ascaris suum, 352
archetype, 42 A rgyro theca, 797 ascending arm, 738,740
Architecture, animal. See also bauplan arista, 622 Ascetospora, 124,173
body cavities, 8-9 Aristotle, 93, 107, 222,338 Aschelminthes, 338
body size, 6-8 Aristotle’s lantern, 818 Ascidiacea, 855
body symmetry, 3-6 armored (thecate) dinoflagellates, 151 social, 856, 857
cellularity, 6 arolium, 598 solitary, 856, 857
circulation, 31-33 arrow worms. See Chaetognatha Ascoglena, 131
circulatory systems, 31-32 (arrow worms) asconoid condition, 183,186
hearts and other pumping mecha- artery(ies) ascophoran cheilostomates, 785, 786
nisms, 33 anterior, 744,745 ascopore, 785,786
internal transport and, 31 branchial, 867 Ascorhynchus, 694
excretion and osmoregulation, intestinal, 867 Ascothoracida, 516,540
26-31 segmental, 867 Ascothorax ophiocentenis, 540
nitrogenous wastes and water arthrobranchs, 527 ascus (compensation sac), 448, 785,
conservation, 26-27 arthrodial membranes (articular mem- 786
osmoregulation and habitat, 27-28 branes), 482,483 Asellota, 516
structures for, 28-31 Arthropoda, 9,35,461-510. See also asexual reproduction, 4 5 4 6
feeding mechanisms, 16-26 under specific taxa Annelida, 425427
906 INDEX

Chordata, 862 ephyrae, 255 basement membrane, 479


Ctenophora, 280 life cycle, 259 Baseodiscus, 328
Echinodermata, 826 rhopalium, 252 Baseodiscus mexicanus, 319
ectoproct, 789-790 scyphistoma, 258 Basipodella, 542
Nemertea, 331 swarming, 246 Basipodella atlantica, 542
Platyhelminthes, 303 auricles, 274,301,302, 821 Basommatophora, 712
sponges, 196-197 auricular groove, 274,276 basopinacocytes, 188
Aslia, 821 Australeremus cooki, 560 Bateson, 840
Aslia lefevrei, 822 Austrodecus palauense, 691 Bathycyasis consagensis (cup coral), 234
aspidobranch (bipectinate) condition, Austrognatharia kirsteueri, 376 Bathynella, 525
744 autapomorphy, 32 Bathynellacea, 515
Aspidochirotacea, 806 author, 26 Bathynomus, 534
Aspidochirotida, 806 autogamy, 128,145 Bathynomus giganteus, 531
Aspidogastrea, 288 autotomy, 826 bathypelagic zone, 10
Aspidophorus, 346 autozooids, 233,781 Batillipes, 473
Aspidosiphoniformes, 447 Aves, 36 Batillipes noerrevangi, 471,474
Aspidosiphon parvulus, 451 avicularia, 783 Batman, 26n
Asplanchna, 340,342-345 Ax, Peter, 313,315,338,375,381 bauplan, 1-3,4143,225-260,806-830.
Astacidea, 515,529 axial cell, 212 See also under spec@ phyla
Astacus, 490 axial gland, 823,824 Bdelloidea, 340
Asterias, 816, 825 axial sinus, 823,824 Bdellonemertea, 322,324,329,335
Asterias rubens, 825 axial skeletons, 236 Bdelloura, 291, 296
Asterina, 815 Axiothella rubrocincta (bamboo worm), Bdelloura candid, 292
Asterina gibbosa, 827 403 beard worms. See Pogonophoridae
Asteroidea, 804,810-812,815-817 A x i u s vivesi, 513 Beebe, William, 461
Asteronyx, 806-807 axoblasts, 213 beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), 291,
Astropecten, 816 axocoels, 828, 830 313,314
Astropecten armatus, 803 axopodia, 161,162,163 Beklemischev, W. N., 476,581
A s t rophy ton murica turn, 817 axostyle, 170 Bely, A. E., 830
astropyle, 162 Aysheaia, 463 Beneden, Edouard van, 209
Astrorhiza, 166 Aysheaia pedunculata, 463 benthic boundary layer, 12
astrorhizae, 205 Aysheaia prolata, 463 benthic cold seep communities, 12
Astrosoma agassizii, 817 AZM (adoral zone of membranelles), benthic organisms, 12
asulcal, 227 136,139 benthic zone, 10
asymmetrical animals, 43/44 Berg, G., 326
Athalamida, 165,166 Babcock, R., 260 Bergh, R. S., 114
Athecata, 223 bacteria Berghia, 741
athecate hydroid, 232 luminous, 17 Berglund, A., 427
athecate (naked) dinoflagellates, 151 symbiosis in, 14-15 Bergquist, P. R., 187, 188,201,202
Athous haemorrhoidalis, 608 tetrodotoxin-secreting, 17 Berlese, organ of, 624
athrocytes, 374 Baer, Karl von, 42 Beroe, 270,271,273,276
Atkinson, J., 2,42 Ba humbugi, 26n Beroe forskali, 270
Atlantic "red beard" sponge Baker, A. N., 804,812,817 Beroe ovata, 278
(Microciona prolifera), 184, 191 balancers, 279 Beroida, 271,273
atokous animals, 428 Balanoglossus, 849,853, 854 beta level of systematics, 27
Atolla, 252,255 Balanoglossus clavigerus, 849 Bierne, J., 332
atractophore, 170 Balanophyllia elegans, 243 bilaterally symmetrical animals, 4-6
A t r a x robustus, 675 Balantidium coli, 135,141 protosome and deuterostome ori-
atria (auricles), 744, 745 Balanus galeatus, 574 gins and, 877-878
atrial dilator muscles, 784 bamboo worm (Axiothella rubrocincta), bilaterogastrea, 112,114
atrial (excurrent) siphon, 857, 859 403 binary fission, 128
atrial sphincter, 784 banana slug, 75 binomen, 24,25
Atrina, 730 Bankia, 732 binomial nomenclature, 24
atriopore, 865,866 Banta, W. C., 785 binominal nomenclature, 25
atrium, 617, 618, 645, 679, 865,866 Barentsia, 372 Binyon, J., 825
atrium (cloaca1water chamber), 857 Barentsiidae, 373 biochemical agents, sponge, 201-202
atrium (spongocoel), 183 Barlow, R. B., Jr., 680 biodiversity. See diversity
attachment Barnea, 732 bioerosion, 203
Acanthocephala, 369-370 Barnes, 503 biogenetic law (law of recapitulation),
Platyhelminthes, 294-295 baroception, 79 107
Atubaria, 849,850,852,853 barophiles, 3 biological classification, 24
Atubaria heterolopha, 850 Barrington, E. J. W., 1,41,45, 84,85 biological nomenclature, 24-27
Atwood, H. L., 571 Bartlett, 503 biological species definition (genetical
A t y a , 572 Bartsch, I., 659 species concept), 26
Atypicae, 654 basal body (kinetosome, blepharo- bioluminescence, 82,253
A t y p u s , 673,675 plast), 50 biominerals, 53
Aulactinia incubans, 260 basal groups, 882-883 Bipalium, 286,295
Aurelia (moon jelly), 241,258 basal plate, 238
INDEX 907

bipectinate (aspidobranch) condition, boring gland (accessory boring broad fish tapeworm
744 organ), 735 (Diphyllobothrium latum), 313,314
bipectinate plan, 738 Borlase, W., 321 Brown, R. H. J., 654
biradial symmetry, 43 Bothria, 295 brown bodies, 788
biramous limbs, 480,481 bothridia, 295 Brownell, P. H., 672
birds, 35-36 Bothrioplana, 301 Brumeister, C., 702
Birgus, 568 Botryllus, 85, 857, 862, 863 Bryozoans (Ryland), 771
Birgus latro, 513 Bot ryocrin us, 806-807 buccal cavity, 326
Birstenia, 436 botryoidal tissue, 400 buccal cirri, 865, 866
Bivalvia (Pelecypoda; Boury-Esnault, 194 buccal diverticulum (stomochord),
Lamellibranchiata), 712 Bowen, I. D., 298 847,851
bivium, 808 Bowerbankia, 780, 781, 784, 785 buccal field, 340
bladder, 299,300 Bowerman, R. F., 670 buccal funnel, 379
bladder worm (cysticercus), 313 Bowmanella braziliensis, 533 buccal ganglia, 749,750
Blair, J. E., 883 Boxshall, G. A., 542 buccal tube, 342,775,776,851
Blake, D. B., 804 brachial axis, 795 buccal tube feet, 812
Blaps mortisaga, 148 brachial food groove, 795 Buccinum, 734
blastea, 109 brachial lobes, 749-750 budding, 128
blastema, 426 brachial valve, 793, 794 propagative, 862
blastocoelom, 49 brachiole, 833 survival, 862
blastocoelomate grade, 48 Brachiopoda, 9,792-798 Bugula, 781,783,791
Blastocoelomate phyla, 337-386 body wall and coelom, 793-795 Bugula neritina, 787, 790, 791, 792
blastocoelomate condition, 338 characteristics, 793 bulbous pharynx, 296,297
circulatory system, 72 circulation and gas exchange, 796 Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 25
p hylogenetic considerations, classification, 793 Burgess Shale deposits, 8
381-382 eggs and embryos, 94-102 Burns, John, 1975
taxonomic history, 338 excretion, 796 bursae, 824
blastocoel (primary body cavity), 98 life cycles, 102-1 06 Bursovaginoidea, 376
blastoderm, 468,469,649 lophophore, feeding, and digestion, Buthus, 672,686
syncitial, 625 795-796 Buthus martensi, 665
blastomeres, 94 mixed, 103 Biitschli, O., 110
blastopore, 99 nervous system and sense organs, byssal threads, 730,731
blastostyle, 232 796 byssus gland, 731
blastozooids, 862 ontogeny-phylogeny relationship, ”by-the-wind sailor” (Velella), 220,
blastula, 98 106-108 233,246
blastula larvae (coeloblastula larvae), origin of Metazoa, 108-116 Bythotreptos, 522
199,200 reproduction and development,
Blattodea, 594,596 796-798 Caecosagitta macrocephala, 841
blepharoplast (basal body, kineto- support, 793-795 Caenorhabditis elegans, 351,574,883
some), 50 brachypterous wings, 606 Calabozoidea, 516
blind (incomplete) gut, 57 Brachyura, 515,529 calamistrum, 667, 668
blood, 71 bract, 233 Calanoida, 516
Bmp-4 gene, 869,884 branchiae, 413414 Calanus, 490
Bod0 caudatus, 134 branchial arteries, afferent, 867 Calcarea, 182
bodonids, 131 branchial chambers, 565,568,569 calcareous body skeletons, 6
body cavity(ies), 8-9 branchial (gill) pores, 848, 849, 852 calcareous tests, 166
formation, 100-102 branchial hearts, 747 Calcaronea, 182
phoronid, 775-776 branchial region, 848, 849 calciferous glands, 411,412
Pogonophoridae, 434436 branchial sac, 851,852 Calcinea, 182
Rotifera, 341 Branchinecta, 521 Caligus, 544
body forms, Annelida, 395-397 Branchinecta gigas, 519 Calliactis, 234, 245, 248
body plans, nervous systems and, Branchiobdellida, 394 Callianassa (mud shrimp), 532, 559
4244 branchiopericardial vessel, 678 Callinectes, 487
body size, 6-8 Branchiopoda, 514,519-522 Callinectes sapidus, 577
body whorl, 722,724 distinguishing features, 552-553 Calliostoma, 729
Bolbosoma, 369 reproductive features, 556-557 Callipallene brevirostris, 694-695
Boloceroides, 240,258 Branchiostoma, 353, 854, 866 Callipodida, 639
Bolteniopsis, 856-857 Branchiostoma lanceolatum, 865 Callistochiton viviparous, 755
Bombus, 592n Branchipus schaefferi, 521 Callopora, 786
Bombyx, 489 Branchiura, 393,516,542-543,544-545 Callyspongia vaginalis, 817
Bond, C., 183 circulation and gas exchange, 416 Calman, W. T., 523
Bonellia, 216,451,456 reproductive features, 556-557 calotte, 365
Bonellia viridis, 453, 455 Brandenberger, J. L., 302 Calycophorae, 233
bonellin, 451 Bredocaris, 582 calymma, 162
book lungs, 74,490-491,663,665 brevetoxins, 151 Calyptoblastea, 223
Boophilus annulatus, 659 Briareum, 260 calyptopis, 579
Boore, J. L., 505,884 Bridge, D., 263 calyx, 373
Borchiellini, C., 883 broadcast spawning, 86 Camallanus, 357
908 INDEX

”Cambrian explosion,” 6 Caullery, M., 434 ceras/cerata, 736,742, 747


Cambropackycope clarksoni, 582 Caulorampkus, 787 Ceratium, 122, 150,152
camera1 fluid, 733 Caulorampkus spiniferum, 787 cercaria, 309,312
Cameron, C. B., 869 ceca cerci, 607
campaniform sensilla, 493 capillary, 775, 776 cerebral canal, 330-331
Campbell, A. C., 808 gastric, 615, 616 cerebral ganglion/ganglia, 83, 749,
Camptostroma, 832, 833-834 cecal coccidiosis, 146 750,862
Camptostroma roddyi, 831 cecal portal vein, 866, 867 cerebral organ(s), 330,450
Canadaspis, 8 cecal vein, 866, 867 cerebral vesicle, 867
Cancellaria cooperi, 736 cell(s) Cerebratulus, 320,323,328
Cancelloidokytodermogammarus sponge cell aggregation, 191 cerebropleural ganglia, 749
(Loveninsuskytodermogammarus) sponge cell types, 188-191 Ceriantharia, 225
loveni, 26n cell-cell communication, 4 Ceriantipatharia, 225
Cancer, 530 cell fates, problem of, 98 Ceritkidea califarnica, 309
Cancer magister, 324, 575 cell rosettes, 278, 279 Cestida, 271,273
Candona, 549 cells (of insect wings), 608 Cestoda, 288,290-291
Cannery Row (Steinbeck),801 cellularity, 6 anatomy, 290-291
cannibalism, 65 Celtia, 549 body wall, 93
Cannon, 16 cement body, 758 eating and digestion, 98-99
Cannon, H. G., 558 cement (lipoprotein) layer, 478,479 excretion and osmoregulation, 300
”cannonball jellyfish” (Stomolopkus Cenozoic era (65 mya-present), 7-9 life cycles, 14
meleagris), 259 Centipedes. See Myriapoda nervous system and sense organs,
cap, 758 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, 7 302-303
cap cells, 69 central cells, 187 sexual reproduction, 12-13
capillary ceca, 775,776 central disc, 806 support, locomotion, and attach-
capitate tentacles, 228 central nervous system, 83 ment, 94-95
Capitellida, 389 central sinus, 851, 852 Cestodaria, 288
capitulum, 658 central stomach, 787 Cestodes, 291
Caprella, 538 centric diatoms, 154 Cestum, 270,271,273
Caprellidea, 516 centrolecithal eggs, 94 chaetae, 395,396
capsule cells, 213 Centropyxis, 158 Ckaetoderma loveni, 706
capsule (mucous) gland, 755,756 Centruroides, 639 Ckaetoderma productum, 706
captacula, 741 Centruroides exilicauda, 672 Chaetodermomorpha (Caudofoveata),
carapace, 515,550 cephalic (anterior) plates, 720 703,706
carbonic anhydrase, 76 cephalic glands, 330 Chaetognatha (arrow worms), 9,
carcinoecium, 247 cephalic lacuna, 327 839-847
Carcinonemertes, 324, 331 cephalic lobe, 434,435 bauplan, 841-847
Carcinonemertes errans, 324 cephalic shield (head shield), 550 body wall, 841-842
Carcinoscorpius, 656 cephalic slits, 330 circulation and gas exchange, 845
Carcinus, 540 cephalic tentacles, 752 excretion, 845
Carcinus maenas, 561n cephalization, 45, 83 feeding and digestion, 842-844
cardia, 787 Cepkalobaena tetrapoda, 546 nervous system and sense organs,
cardiac stomach, 561,568,816,817 Cepkalobellus, 358 845
cardinal veins, 866,867 Cepkalobothrium, 294 reproduction and development,
Caribbean elkhorn coral (Acropora Cephalocarida, 514,518,519 845-847
palmata), 220 distinguishing features, 552-553 support and movement, 841-842
Caridea, 515,528 reproductive features, 556-557 characteristics, 841
caridoid escape reaction, 552 Cephalochordata, 9,855,8644367,868 classification, 841
Carinaria, 710 bauplan, 865-868 phylogeny, 868-870
Carinina, 328, 331 body wall and coelom, 865 taxonomic history, 839-840
Carinoma, 326 circulation and gas exchange, 867 Chaetonotida, 346
Carle, K. J., 785 feeding and digestion, 865-867 Ckaetonotus, 346,347
carnivores, 58 nervous system and sense organs, Chaetopterida, 389
carnivory, 23-25 867 Chaetopteridae, 389
Carpenter, G. H., 504n reproduction and development, Ckaetopterus, 391
carrier cell (transfer choanocyte), 198, 867,868 circulation and gas exchange, 414
199 support and locomotion, 865 feeding, 60,407,408,454
caruncle, 422 phylogeny, 868-870 regeneration, 425
Carybdea, 252 Cepkalodiscus, 840, 849, 850, 852, 853, Chagas’ disease (American trypanoso-
Case, J. F., 841 854 miasis), 133, 593, 613
Cassiopea, 250,252 cephalon, 497,498, 550 Challengeron wyvillei, 161
Caswell, H., 105 Cephalopoda (Siphonopoda), 714-715 chambered hearts, 73
Catenulida, 286 coloration and ink, 754-755 Chaos, 158
caudal appendage, 365,366 eyes in, 81 Chaos chaos, 26n
caudal fin, 865,866 cephalosome (cephalothorax), 515, characters, 28-29
caudal lobes, 363,364 546,550 convergent, 29
caudal organ, 348 Cepkalotkrix, 327 character state polarity analysis, 34
caudal rami, 551 Ceractinomorpha, 182 character states, 30
INDEX 909

advanced (derived), 31,32 classification, 855 Cirripedia, 516,540-542


changes in, 34 derived character states, 31 cirrus, 87, 304, 574
primitive (ancestral), 31,32 phylogeny, 868-870 cirrus sac, 307, 308, 312
Ckarnia, 6 taxonomic history, 840-841 clades, 31, 33
Ckarniodiscus, 6 Ckordeuma, 648 cladistic analysis
Ckaronia, 815 Chordeumatida, 639 extension to other disciplines, 37-38
cheeks, 497,498 ckordin gene, 869,884 steps in, 34-35
Cheilostomata, 779 chordoid larva, 381 cladistics (phylogenetic systematics),
chelicerae, 653,657, 660,661,662 Ckordotes, 365 15,32-34
Chelicerata, 654,656 chordotonal organs, 621 traditional systematics vs., 35-37
Cheliceriformes, 9,476, 653-699 thorion, 625 Cladocera, 515,522
bauplan, 666-691 chromatophores, 754 cladogenesis, 16,35
circulation and gas exchange, Ckromodoris, 704, 705 cladogram(s), 32, 34
678-679 chromosomal nuclei, 129 of annelids, 37
digestive system, 676-677 Ckryptockiton stelleri, 722 computer-assisted construction, 34
excretion and osmoregulation, Ckrysaora, 255 as explicit phylogenetic hypotheses,
679-680 Cktkamalus anisopoma (acorn barna- 34-35
feeding, 672-676 cles), 513 of living vertebrates, 36
locomotion, 670-672 Chuang, S. H., 796 speciation and, 36
nervous system and sense organs, cibarial muscles, 612 testing, 35
680-683 cibarium, 612 Cladorkiza, 194
reproduction and development, Cidaris, 819 clam shrimps, 522
683-691 Cidaroidea, 805 Clark, A. H., 338,373
spinnerets, spider silk, and spider cilia, 50-52 Clark, R. B., 112,114,115,337
“webs,” 667-670 simple, 137 classification, biological, 24
characteristics, 654 ciliary cone apparatus, 251 conflicting, 35-37
classification, 654-655 ciliary eyes, 82 constructing, 31-38
phylogeny, 696-697 ciliary fans, 844 subordinated (hierarchical), 37
taxa, 656-666 ciliary loop (corona ciliata), 841 Clatkria, 187
Ckelifer cancroides, 661, 664 ciliary-mucous mechanism, 60 Clatkrina, 183, 199
chelifores, 693 ciliary muscles, 81 clava, 473
Ckeliplana, 286, 297 ciliated furrows (ciliated grooves), Clavelina, 857, 862
Ckelonibia, 542 279,280 Clavella adunca, 544
chemical coordinators, 84 ciliated organs, 419,420 clavoscalids, 377,378
chemical sensitivity, general, 80 Ciliated Protozoa, The (Corliss), 137 cleaner shrimps, 15
chemoautotrophy, 66 ciliates. See Ciliophora (ciliates) cleavage, 94
chemolithotrophs, 3n ciliate-to-acoel hypothesis, 313 determinate, 98
chemoreceptors, 80 ciliature equal, 94
Chia, F. S., 428, 727, 817 compound, 137 equatorial, 95
chilaria, 656, 657 oral, 137 holoblastic, 94
Chilognatha, 639 somatic, 137 indeterminate, 98
Ckilomonas, 172 Ciliophora (ciliates), 122,123, 124, latitudinal, 95
Chilopoda, 639,640,647-648 135-145 longitudinal (meridional), 94
Chinese golden carp (Macropodus oper- characteristics, 137 orientation of cleavage planes,
cularis), 312 hypotrich, 139 94-95
Ckironex (sea wasp), 244 nutrition, 139-142 radial, 95-98
Ckiropsalmus, 244 reproduction, 142-145 spiral, 95-98
chitin, 5n, 54 support and locomotion, 135-139 Clement, P., 343
chitinous structures, 5 Cimex kemipterus, 613 Cleveland, L. R., 171
Cklamydomonas, 173 Cimex lectularius, 613 Clibinarius, 248
Cklamydomonas pulsatilla, 68 cinclides, 245 Clinoa, 203
Cklamydomonas reinkardtii, 172 Cinderella, 26n Clinocardium, 705, 730
Cklamydopkorus, 157 cingulum, 340,342 Clio, 710
chloragogen cells, 412 Ciona, 857,859 clitellar region, 397
chloragogenous tissue, 412-413 Circinalium, 863 Clitellata, 392
Cklorkydra, 249 circular muscles, 239, 240 clitellum, 397,430-432
chlorocruorins, 76 circulation, 31-33, 299 cloaca, 342, 474, 860
Chlorophyta, 122,124,172,173 hearts and other pumping mecha- cloacal irrigation, 456
choanocyte chambers (flagellated nisms, 33 cloacal water chamber (atrium), 857
chambers, radial canals), 184 internal transport and, 31 Cloney, R. A., 864
choanocytes, 183,188,189 circulatory system, 31-32, 71 Clonorckis (Opisthorckis) sinensis, 290
choanoderm, 183 circumapical field, 340 closed circulatory systems, 71
Choanoflagellata, 124, 173 circumoral canal, 810 closed mitosis, 128, 129
Chondrophora, 223,233 circumoral field, 340 Clubionidae, 654
Ckondrosia, 191 circumoral nerve ring, 826 Clypeaster, 821
Ckonopeltis, 543 Cirolanidae, 35,37 Clypeaster rosaceus, 814
Chordata (chordates), 3,9,854-870 Cirratulida, 389 clypeolabrum, 603,604
cephalochordates, 864-867,868 Cirratulidae, 389 clypeus, 604, 642
characteristics, 857 cirri, 395,541, 542, 558, 813 Cnemidocarpa, 840
910 INDEX

cnidae (nematocysts), 152,219, collar, 188, 239,365, 366,402,403, 784, Conus, 65,704,705,735
242-244,243 848,849 Conus purpurescens, 736
structure and function, 242 Collembola, 594-595 convergence, 28,30,248
Cnidaria, 5,6,9,219-268 collenchyma, 22012 convergent characters, 29
bauplan, 225-260 collenchyme, 22012 convergent evolution, 29-30
body wall, 226-236 collencytes, 188 Convoluta, 301
circulation, 72,250 Collin, R., 728 co-option (gene recruitment), 29
cnidae (nematocysts), 242-244 Collisella scabra, 735 Copepoda, 516,544-545,546-547,
defense, interactions, and symbio- colloblasts, 276,277 556-557
sis, 246-250 collophore, 594 copepodite, 578
excretion, 250 collum, 641,642 coprophagy, 62
feeding and digestion, 244-246 colonial theory, 109 copulatory apparatus, 307,308
gas exchange, 250 colony(ies), 85 copulatory bursa, 304,624,625,755,
locomotion (movement), 239-242 definitions of the term, 785 756
medusoid form, 233-236,237 Ectoprocta, 781,782 copulatory organ, 547
nervous system and sense organs, coloration, cephalopod, 754-755 coracidium, 313
250-253 Colossendeis, 691, 695 coral, 85
osmoregulation, 250 Colossendeis australis, 693 coral bleaching, 250
polypoid form, 226-233 Colossendeis colossea, 695 Corallanidae, 37
reproduction and development, Colossendeis scotti, 693 Corallimorpharia, 225
253-260 Colpidium, 135, 141 corallite, 238
support, 236-239 columella, 238, 722, 724 Corallium, 236
bioluminescence, 253 comb jellies. See Ctenophora corallum, 238
characteristics, 222 comb plates (ctene), 274,275,276 coral reefs, 9
classification, 223-225 comet, 826 cor frontale, 563
phylogeny, 261-264 commensalism, 15 Corliss, J. O., 123, 137, 174
regeneration, 253 comminator muscles, 819 cormidia, 233,253
roles in folklore, 246 common cardinal veins, 866,867 cornea (corneal lens), 81,494
taxonomic history, 222-223 common descent, recency of, 32 corneagen cells, 494
toxins of, 244 comparative biology, 23 Corolla, 710
cnidoblasts, 242 compasses, 821 Corona, 339,340
cnidocil, 242 compensation sac (ascus), 448,785, corona, rotifer, 340-341
cnidocyte(s), 226, 242 786 corona ciliata (ciliary loop), 841
cnidoglandular band, 245 compensation system, 448 coronal muscles, 240
cnidosacs, 736 competent larva, 104 Coronatae, 225
coastal marshlands, 13 complete mesenteries, 227,229 Coronula, 540
coccidians, 145-148 complete metamorphosis Coronula, 542
coccoliths, 154 (holometabolous development), corpora allata, 619,620
cochineal, 598 626-627,628 corpora cardiaca, 488,619,620
cocoon, 432,433 complex eyes, 80 cortex, 135,137,183-184
Codonophilus, 536 complex lensed ocelli, 494 Corymorpha, 233
Codosiga, 173 compound ascidians, 856,857 Corynactis californica, 243,251
Coe, W. R., 321 compound ciliature, 137 Corynosoma, 369
coeloblastula, 98 compound cirri, 739 costa, 170
coeloblastula larvae (blastula larvae), compound eyes, 80,494 Costello, D. I?, 98
199,200 compound plates, 808 Cotylaspis, 290
coelogastrula, 99 conchin, 718 coxa, 480,606
coelom (eucoelom), 48. See also under Conchoderma, 540 coxal glands, 491
specific phyla condyles, 482,483 coxal plates, 534,536
formation, 101-1 02 cone snail, 65 coxal sac, 619
coelomic channels, 447,448 conglobation (enrollment), 497,498 Crania, 792, 796
coelomic condition, origin of, 112-116 conjugants, 143 cranium, 749
coelomocytes, 776 conjugation, 128,143 craspedote, 235
coelomoducts, 70-71 Conklin, E. G., 873 Crassostrea virginica, 739
Coeloplana, 279, 280,282 connecting ducts, 685,686 Craterostigmomorpha, 639
Coelosphaera hatchi, 184 Conniff, R., 410 Crenobia, 301
coenenchyme, 220n Conocoryphe sulzeri, 498 Crepidula, 756, 757, 760
Coenobita, 568 Conocyema, 214 Crepidula fornicata, 757
coenosarc, 232 Conocyema polymorpha, 214 Cretaceous period, 7
coenosteum, 239 Conopeum seurati, 781 cribellum, 667, 668
Cohen, 2 continental edge, 10,12 Cribrilaria, 782
Cohen, A. C., 574 continental shelf, 10,12 cribrimorph ectoprocts, 785
Cohen, J., 42 continental slopes, 10,12 Criconema, 352
Colacium, 129,131 contractile cells, 188-190 Crinoidea, 804,812,814-815
Coleoidea (Dibranchiata), 714-715 contractile hypothesis, 244 Cristatella, 779-780
Coleoptera, 594,599 contractile vacuoles (water expulsion Cristatella mucedo, 780
Coleps, 137 vesicles), 29, 68, 125 Crithidia, 135
collagens, 3 contractile vessels, 72, 73 crocodilians, 35-36
INDEX 911

crop, 411,412, 615,616,644, 743, 744 ctenophore-polyclad theory, 313 dactylostyles, 239
cross fertilization, mutual, 87 Ctenoplana, 273,282 dactylozooids, 232
Crustacea, 9,476,511-587 Ctenostomata, 779 Dahl, E., 581
bauplan, 550-579 cubomedusae, 237 Dahlella caldariensis, 523
circulation and gas exchange, Cubozoa, 225,258 Dalyellioida, 288
563-568,569 Cucmaria minata, 822 Daphnia, 521
development, 576-579 Cucullanus, 354 dart sac, 757
digestive system, 561-563 cucullus, 664 Darwin, Charles, 18,23,25
excretion and osmoregulation, Cucumaria, 821,822 Darwinula, 549
568-570 Cucumaria crocea, 828 Davis, G. E., 511,514,519,527,540
feeding, 555,557-561 Cucumaria planci, 806-807 DDT, 146
life cycle, 564-565 Cuenot, 16 Dearborn, J. H., 817
locomotion, 551-557 Culcita, 815 DeBary, H. A., 14
nervous system and sense organs, Culex, 593,600,614 de Blainville, 447, 702, 772
570-573 Cumacea, 516,532-534 Decapoda. See Teuthoida (Decapoda)
reproduction, 556-557,573-576 cup coral (Bathycyasis consagensis), 234 Deccan Traps, 7
characteristics, 514 Cupiennius, 682 Decolopoda, 694
classification, 514-5 17 Cupuladria, 781 Decolopoda australis, 692
comparison of distinguishing fea- Cuspidaria, 739 defense, cnidarian, 246-250
tures among classes, 552-553 Cuspidaria rostrata, 739 definitive (primary) host, 14,106
diversity, 513 cutaneous gas exchange, 74 dehiscent wings, 596
isopod, 37 cuticle, 54,478479 Deibel, D., 860
pentastomid, 7 cuticular lens, 682,683 Deiopea, 273
phylogeny, 579-582 cuticulin layer, 478,479 delamination, 99
synopses of taxa, 517-550 Cutler, E. B., 447 Demodex, 658
cryptobiosis, 470 Cuvier, Georges, 180,286,321,388, Demodex brevis, 659
Cryptochiton stelleri (giant gumboot 447,475,476,499,702 Demodex canis, 659
chiton), 75,720 Cuvierian tubules, 822,823 Demodex folliculorum, 659
cryptocyst, 785,786 Cyamus, 538 Demospongiae, 182
Cryptodonta. See Solemyida Cyamus erraticus, 538 Dendraster, 806-807,821,829
Cryptolithodes (umbrella crab), 532 Cyamus monodontis, 538 Dendraster excentricus, 803, 820, 821,
Cryptomonada, 124,172 Cyamus scammoni, 513 830
Cryptomonas, 172 Cyanea, 246,255 Dendrobranchiata, 515,527
Cryptops, 643,645 Cyanobacteria, 5 dendrobr anchiate gills, 527
Cryptosporidia, 146 Cyclestheria, 521,522 Dendrochirotacea, 805-806
Cryptosula pallasiana, 789 Cyclestheria hislopi, 522 Dendrochirotida, 806
Cryptotethya crypta, 202 Cyclestherida, 515 Dendrocystites, 831
crystalline cone, 494 Cycliophora, 9,378-381 dendrogram, 30-31. See also clado-
crystalline cone cells, 494 cyclomorphism, 521,522 gram(s)
crystalline cone stalk, 494 cyclomorphosis, 471 Dendy, Arthur, 180
crystalline style, 743, 744 Cyclopoida, 516 dengue, 593
ctene (comb plates), 274,275,276 Cyclorhagida, 349 dental sac, 819
ctenidia, 717,718 Cydippida, 271,273 Deoterthron, 513
plicate, 747 cydippid larvae, 280,281 deposit feeders, 21-22, 58
ctenidial vessels, afferent, 744,745 cymbium, 685 Derby, C. D., 571
Ctenizidae, 654 Cymothoidae, 35,37 derived characteristics, shared, 38
Ctenocepha 1ides can is, 599 cyphonautes, 791 derived character states, 31,32
Ctenocephalides felis, 599, 614 Cyprinotus, 549 Dermacentor, 658
Ctenocheilocaris, 543 cypris adductor muscle, 540 Dermacentor andersoni, 659
Ctenodiscus, 806-807 cypris larva, 540,562,576, 579 dermal gills (papulae), 824
Ctenophora (comb jellies), 9, 269-283 cyrtocyte (solenocyte), 69,347 dermal membrane, 187
bauplan, 274-281 Cyrtograpsus angulatus, 530 dermal pores (ostia), 183,184,489,
circulation, 279 Cyrtophora moluccensis, 668 490,616,617,644,739,740
excretion, 279 cystacanth, 371 Dermaptera, 594,596-597
feeding and digestion, 276-279 cysticercus (bladder worm), 313 Dermasterias imbricata, 817
gas exchange, 279 cystid, 779,780 Dero, 393,416
general anatomy of major groups, Cystisoma, 513, 531 Derobrachus, 628
272-273 Cystonectae, 233 Derocheilocaris, 543, 544
nervous system and sense organs, cysts, 470 Derocheilocaris ingens, 543
279-280 Cythere1loidea, 549 descending arm, 738,740
osmoregulation, 279 cytokinesis, 128 ”descent with modification,” 24
reproduction and development, cytopharynx, 139 Deshayes, gland of, 741
280-281 cytoproct, 125 Desmoscloex, 352
support and locomotion, 274-276 cytostome, 125 Desor, E., 333,335
characteristics, 271 Desor larva, 333
classification, 271-274 Dactylochirotida, 805-806 determinate cleavage, 98
phylogeny, 281-282 Dactylogyrus vastator, 310 detorted gastropods, 725, 726
taxonomic history, 271 dactylopores, 239 detritivores, 58
912 INDEX

Deuterostomes. See also Chaetognatha Dinomischus, 8 dorsal organs, 572


(arrow worms); Chordata (chor- Dinophilus, 388n dorsal sac, 823,824
dates); Echinodermata; Dinopidae, 655 dorsal vessel, 415-416
Hemichordata; Lophophorates Dinopis, 673 dorsoventral muscles, 609, 610
evolution, 880-882 dioecious animals, 87 Dorylaimus, 356
origins, 877-878 Diopatra, 406 doublets (microtubules), 50
phylogeny, 868-870 Dipkyllobothrium, 295 d p p gene, 869,884
protostomes vs., 113,114-115 Dipkyllobothrium latum (broad fish Draculoides bramstokeri, 26n
representative, 840 tapeworm), 313,314 dragline, 671
deutocerebrum, 492,493,570 dipleurula larva, 868 Drake Passage, 7
development, 93-119 diploblastic animals, 48 Drepanophorus, 328
eggs and embryos, 94-102 Diplogaster, 356 Drosophila, 18,502,621-622
life cycles, 102-106 Diplomonadida, 124,167-169 Drosophila melanogaster, 16,17, 883
mixed, 103 Diplopoda, 639,648 Dugesia, 286, 302, 303
ontogeny-phylogeny relationship, diplosegments, 637,641 Dunagan, T. T., 369
106-108 Diplosoma, 861 Dunham, P. J., 574
developmental canalization, 42 Diplostraca, 514,522 duplex walls, 785
developmental polymorphism, distinguishing features, 552-553 dycyemid rhombozoan, 111
344-345 reproductive features, 556-557 Dynamics in Metazoan Evolution
developmental studies, 34 Diplura, 594,595 (Clark), 112,337
Devescovina, 171 Dipluridae, 654 dynein arms, 50
dextrotropic direction, 95 Diptera, 594,599-600 dysentery, amebic, 158
D’Hondt, J.-L., 879 Dipteropel tis, 543
Diadematacea, 805 Dipylidium, 295 Eakin, R. M., 82,302
Diadumene, 240,245,258 direct deposit feeders, 61-62 ecdysiotropin, 488
diagonal rhythm sequence, 670,671 direct development, 103 ecdysis, 477, 485
Diamus montanus, 599 direct eye, 81 ecdysone, 485,487
diapause, 13,579 direct fission, 253 Ecdysozoa hypothesis, 500,883-884
diaphragm, 783 direct flight muscles, 609,610 Echinacea, 805
Diaplauxis hatti, 147 direct ocelli, 80 Echinarachnius parma, 808, 820
diaplectic metachrony, 138 Discinisca, 792 E chinaster graminicol us, 824
Diaptomus, 513 discoblastula, 99 Echiniscoides, 470
Diastylis, 533 disjugal furrow, 656 E chiniscoides sigismund i, 470
diatoms, 153,154 Disperella, 782 Echiniscus, 471,473
Diaulula, 710, 711 disphotic zone, 12 Echinocardium, 825
Diazona, 859 dissolved organic matter (DOM), Echinococcus, 291
Dibranchiata. See Coleoidea 25-26,65 Echinococcus granulosus, 291
Dickinsonia, 5, 6 Distal-less (Dll) gene, 29,481482, 579, Eckinocyamus pusillus, 821
dicondylic joint, 482 604,606,884 Eckinoderes, 349
Dicrotendipes thanatogratus, 26n distal screening pigments, 494,495 Echinodermata, 5,9,801-837
Dictyota, 558 Distaplia occidentalis, 864 bauplan, 806-830
Dicyema, 209,211,212 divergence, 30 body wall and coelom, 808-810
dicyemids, 212-214 diversity circulation and gas exchange,
Didemnum, 861 in freshwater habitats, 14 823-824
Didinium, 138, 139, 140 hexapod, 591-592 excretion, 823-824
diductor muscles, 795,796 of known extant species, 9 feeding and digestion, 814-823
Dientamoeba fragilis, 170, 171 molluscan, 704-705 nervous system and sense organs,
Difflugia, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 symbiosis and, 15 825-826
Digenea, 288 vertebrate, 7 osmoregulation, 825
digestion/digestive system. See also DNA, transposable elements (TEs) in, reproduction and development,
feeding; nutrition 16-17 826-830
extracellular, 56-57 docoglossate radulae, 735 support and locomotion, 813-8 14
extracorporeal, 56 Dodecaceria, 425,427 water vascular system, 810-812
intracellular, 56 Dodecolopoda, 694 characteristics, 805
digestive cecum/ceca, 489,741,742,743 Dodson, E. O., 217 classification, 804-806
Digonata, 340 Dohle, W., 504 phylogeny, 830-834
dilator muscles, atrial, 784 Doliolum, 858 taxonomic history, 803-804
Dimas tigella, 134 Dolops, 542, 543 Echinoidea, 805,812,818-821
dimorphic life cycle, 219 Dolychisme, 26n Echinosquilla guerinii, 525
dimyarian condition, 730 domains, 3 Echinothurioidea, 805
Dinan, L., 884 DOM (dissolved organic matter), Echinus, 811
Dinobrion, 122 25-26,65 Echiura, 5,9,28,451457
Dinoflagellata, 122,123,124,148-152 dormancy, 13 body wall and coelom, 453
characteristics, 149 dorsal aortae, 866, 867 characteristics, 453
nutrition, 151-152 dorsal end, 44 circulation and gas exchange,
osmoregulation, 151 dorsal epibranchial ridge, 851 455-456
reproduction, 152 dorsal lamina, 859, 861 classification, 453
support and locomotion, 151 dorsal longitudinal muscles, 609,610 excretion and osmoregulation, 456
INDEX 913

feeding and digestion, 454 Eleodes, 624 entoneural (aboral) system, 825
nervous system and sense organs, elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis), Entoprocta (entoprocts), 9,371-375
456 362,593,613 body wall, 373
phylogeny, 457 Eleutheria, 241 characteristics, 373
reproduction and development, Eliot, T. S., 873 circulation and gas exchange, 374,
456457 elongation factor 1-alpha (Ef-I)gene, 788
support and locomotion, 453454 879,883,884 classification, 373
taxonomic history, 452 elongation factor (EF-2) gene, 884 excretion, 374
Echiuroinea, 453 Elphidium, 165, 167 feeding and digestion, 373-374
Echiurus, 453,455,456 elytra, 608 nervous system, 374
ectoderm, 48 Embata, 342 reproduction and development,
ectognathous mouth appendages, 595 Embioptera (Embiidina), 594,597 374-375
ectognathous mouthparts, 604 Embletonia, 742 support and movement, 373
ectomesoderm, 100 embolus, 685-686 entosaccal coelom, 784
ectoneural (oral) system, 825 Embryology and Evolution (Conklin), Entosiphon, 130,131,132
ectoparasites, 14,106 873 Enypniastes, 803
ectoplasm, 50 embryonic development, 94-102 Ephelota gemmipara, 144
Ectoprocta, 9,778-792 blastula types, 98-99 Ephelota gigantea, 142
bauplan, 779-792 cell fate problem, 98 ephemeral pools (vernal pools), 13,
body wall and coelom, 373, cleavage, 94-98 14n
783-785 gastrulation and germ layer forma- Ephemeroptera, 594,595-596
circulation and gas exchange, 788 tion, 99-100 ephippium, 521,522
excretion, 788 Hox gene functions in, 17 Ephydatiafluviatilis, 194, 198
lophophore, feeding, and diges- mesoderm and body cavities, Ephyra, 222
tion, 785-788,789 100-102 ephyrae, 255,258
muscles and movement, 783-785 embryophore, 313 Epiactis, 240
nervous system and sense organs, embryo sacs, 790 Epiactis prolifora, 245
788-789 Emeraldella, 497 epibenthic forms, 12
reproduction and development, Emerita, 59,532, 559,560 epiboly, 99
789-792 Emiliania huxleyi, 155 epibranchial groove, 866
zooid interconnections, 785,786 Encope, 806-807 epicardial sacs, 862
characteristics, 779 end bulb, 774 Epicaridea, 516
classification, 779 Endeavouria, 295 epicone, 151
colonies, 781,782 endites, 480, 550,554 epicoxa, 629
Edgecombe, G. D., 504 endocrine hormones, 84 epicuticle, 478,479
Ediacara, 6 endocrine system, 84 epidemic broadcast spawning, 103
Ediacaran epoch, 5-6 endocuticle, 478,479 epidermal lamella, 364,365
Ediacaran fauna, 5 endocytosis, 56,159 epidermal papillae, 718-719
Edmonds, S. J., 447 endoderm (entoderm), 48 epidermis, 478,479
Edwardsia, 260 Endolimax nana, 156 epifauna, 12
edwardsia stage, 260 endoparasites, 14, 106 epigastric furrow, 662,663
Ef-lz (elongation factor 1-alpha) gene, endophallus, 607 epigynum, 663,685,686
879,883,884 endopinacocytes, 183,188 Epimenia, 762
EF-2 (elongation factor) gene, 884 endoplasm, 50 Epimenia verrucosa, 706
effector, 77 endopod, 480,481,515,550,554 epimorphic development, 578,648
efferent branchial arteries, 867 endopolyogeny, 128 epipelagic zone, 10
efferent ctenidial (branchial) vessels, endoskeletons, 14, 53 epiphysis, 819
744,745 endostyle (hypobranchial groove), epiplasm (cortex), 135,137,183-184
efferent nerve, 77 857,858,859,861,865-866 epipodial tentacles, 752
efferent "ring" vessel, 776 engrailed (en)gene, 478,496,499,884 epipods, 480,481
efferent vessels, 775, 776 engrailed expression, segmental, 879 epistome, 773
egg, 94 Enopla, 322 epitheca, 151
egg capsules, 756 enrollment (conglobation), 497,498 epithelial sense organs, 424
egg nauplius, 578 Entamoeba, 161 epitheliomuscular cells, 226
Ehlers, U., 286,293,302,313,315,316, Entamoeba coli, 156,157 epitoke, 428
382 Entamoeba gingivalis, 156 epitokous individual, 428
Ehrenberg, 772 Entamoeba hartmanni, 158 epitoky, 428
Eifelocrinus, 831 Entamoeba histolytica, 156,157,158, 160 Epitonium scalare, 704, 705
18s rDNA gene, 882-884 Entamoeba moshkovskii, 158 Epizoanthus, 247
Eimeria, 146 Enterobius verrnicularis, 361 equal cleavage, 94
Eisenia, 430 enterocoel theory, 114 equatorial cleavage, 95
Eisenia foetida, 412 enterocoely, 101 Eremobates, 661
ejaculatory duct, 87 Enteropneusta, 847 Ergasilus pitalicus, 544
ejaculatory organ, 758 entoderm (endoderm), 48 Erofircata, 691
Elasipodida, 806 Entognatha, 594-595 Erpobdella, 420, 433
Eldredge, N., 2, 19,42 entognathous mouth appendages, 594 errant animals, 12
Electra, 786, 790 entomesoderm, 100 Erwin, Terry, 26n, 590
Eledone, 742 entomology, 593 erythrocytes, 76
914 INDEX

Esckerickia coli, 156 E urystomella, 780 maxillopodan, 540


Eschscholtz, 271,840 Eusarsiella, 549 median (naupliar), 571,573
esophagus, 326,615,616 Euspongia, 191 secondary, 682,683
Essig, Edward, 637 eutely, 212n, 341 stalked, 495, 550
estuaries, 13 euthyneury, 725 eye spots, 80,127
etching cells, 203 Euzonus, 415
Eteone, 430 Evadne, Podon, 522 Fabricia, 422
Etkmolaimus, 356 evisceration, 823 Facetotecta, 516,542
Euapta, 61,803 evolution, 15-19. See also facets, 494
Eubacteria, 1-2, 3 phylogeny(ies) facultative (opportunistic) symbionts,
Eucalanus, 571 convergent, 29-30 14
Eucarida, 515,526,556-557 divergence, 30 families, 24
Eucestoda, 289 invertebrate, 4-9 family-level taxa, 26-27
Euchinoidea, 805 macroevolution, 15,16-19 family tree, 34
Eucklanis, 343 microevolution, 15-16,18 Fasciola hepatica, 286, 293,308
Eucklora rubra (Haeckelia rubra), 248, nucleotide, 34 fate maps, 98
278 parallel, 29-30 Fauchald, K., 387,389
eucoelom. See coelom (eucoelom) radiation, 30 Faussek, V., 114
eucoelomate grade, 48 evolutionary convergence, 28,30 Fecampia, 296
Eucomonympka, 171 evolutionary developmental biology, feeding mechanisms, 16-26. See also
eucone eyes, 620,621 884-885 digestion/digestive system;
Eudistylia, 75,403 evolutionary reversal, 30 nutrition
Eudorina, 173 evolutionary species concept, 26 carnivory and scavenging, 23-25
eudoxids, 233 evolutionary trees, 30-31 chemoautotrophy, 26
Euglena, 81,122,129,130,131,132, 135 exconjugants, 143-144 deposit feeding, 21-22
Euglena spirogyra, 128 Excorallana, 536 dissolved organic matter (DOM),
Euglenida (euglenids), 122,123, 124, excretion, 26-31 25-26
129-1 31 nitrogenous wastes and water con- herbivory, 22-23
characteristics, 130 servation, 26-27 intracellular and extracellular diges-
nutrition, 131,132 osmoregulation and habitat, 27-28 tion, 16-17
reproduction, 131,132 structures, 28-31 suspension feeding, 18-21
support and locomotion, 130-131 excurrent (atrial) siphon, 857, 859 female atrium, 304
euglenoid movement (metaboly), 130 excurrent canals, 185 femur, 606
Eukyperamoeba, 158 exhalant (dorsal) chamber, 738, 744 fenestrae, 128
eukaryotes, 1,2,3,4 exhalent canals, 185 Fenner, D. H., 824
eukaryotic cell, symbiogenic origin of, exites, 480481, 550 Ferguson, J. C., 810,812,824
17 exocuticle, 478,479 Ferrari, F. D., 817
Eukroknia, 845,846 exocytosis, 57,244 fertilization, 86
Eukrohnia batkypelagica, 846 exopod, 480,481,515,550,554 fertilization ducts, 685, 686
Eukroknia fowleri, 846 exosaccal cavity, 784 fibrils, 191
Eulamellibranchia (Heterodonta), exoskeleton, 15, 53,476477 fiddler crab (Uca princeps), 513
712-71 4 explicit phylogene tic hypo theses, Field, K. G., 505,882
Eulimnadia texana, 574 34-35 filamentous branch, 499
eulittoral zone, 10 explosive cells, 563 filariasis, 359
Eumalacostraca, 515,524-540 explosive radiation, 37 filarids, 359-362
distinguishing features, 552-553 extensors, 54-55 Filibranchia (Pteriomorphia), 712
reproductive features, 556-557 externa, 542, 561,562 filiform tentacles, 228
Eunice, 421 extinction, 15, 18 Filograna implexa, 391
Eunicida, 389 anthropogenic, 27 filopodia (”rhizopodia”), 158
Eunicidae, 389 mass, 5n,7,16 Filospermoidea, 376
Euoplometopus (Hawaiian regal lob- extinction rate, 4n first maxillary segment, 642
ster), 513 extracellular digestion, 56-57 first walking legs, 693
Eupentacta, 821, 823 extracorporeal digestion, 56 fishes, agnathan, 7
Euphausiacea, 515,526,556-557 Extradenticle (Exd) gene, 481, 606 fission, direct, 253
Eupkausia superba (Antarctic krill), 511, extranuclear mitosis, 128 fissiparity, 826
526 extrapallial space, 723 Fissurella, 709
Euphoria, 26n extremophiles, 3 fixing muscles, 448,449
Euplectella (Venus’s flower basket),, extrinsic muscles, 480 flabella, 656
181,187,202 extrusomes, 126-127 Flabellifera, 516
Euplotes, 136,139,140, 145 exumbrella, 235 Flabellina, 710
Euproops, 684 exuvium, 487 Flaccisagitta kexaptera, 844
euproops larva (”trilobite larva”), 684 eyes flagellated chambers (choanocyte
euryhaline animals, 68 appositional, 494,495 chambers, radial canals), 184
Eurylepta californica, 286 ciliary, 82 flagellation, heterokont, 154
Eurypterida, 654,656 complex, 80 flagellum/flagella, 5-12,480, 603
Eurypterus, 655,656 compound, 80,494 flame bulbs, 69
Eurypterus remipes, 655 direct, 81 flatworms. See Platyhelminthes
Euryspongia, 181 eucone, 620,621 flexors, 54-55
INDEX 915

Flight in insects, 608-610 funnel (infundibulum, stomach), 275, gene order, 884-885
origins, 629-630 278 genera (genus), 24
Flood, P. R., 860 funnel (siphon), 732 general chemical sensitivity, 80
Florichisme, 26n furcilia, 579 general sensory cells, 251
Florida Everglades, 13 furcula, 595 gene recruitment (co-option), 29
Floscularia, 339,340 Fustiaria, 705 genes
flosculi, 343 evolutionary developmental biol-
flukes, 290 gaits, 485 ogy and, 884-885
anatomy, 290 Galeodes arabs, 661 orthologous, 29
body wall of, 293 gall, 614 paralogous, 29
excretion and osmoregulation, gametes, 86 gene sequencing, 34
299-300 gametic nuclei, 143 genetical species concept (biological
feeding and digestion, 298-299 gamma level of systematics, 27 species definition), 26
nervous system and sense organs, Gammaridea, 516 genetic drift, 16
302-303 gamonts, 128 genital atrium (vulva), 648
reproduction in, 307-312 Ganesha, 273 genital canals, 826
support, locomotion and attach- Ganeshida, 271,273 genital chamber, 624,625, 686
ment in, 294 Garcia-Fernandez, J., 884 genitalia, 607
Flustra, 781 Gardiner, S. L., 357,434,438 genital operculum, 684
Flustrellidra, 787 Garey, J. R., 382 genital plates, 827
Foelix, R. F., 670, 681 Garstang, W., 107,429, 727,869 genital region, 848,849
foliacious limbs (phyllopodia), 480, Garypus, 664 genital segment, 647-648
481,551 gas exchange, 33-37,73 genital sinuses, 826
food groove, brachial, 795 gas transport, 34-37 genital wings, 848,849
food vacuole, 56-57,125 structures, 33-34,35 Geodia mesotriaena, 202
foot, 717,718 gastral groove, 626,649 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E., 869
Foraminif era, 165-1 67 gastral plate, 828 Geonemertes, 329
force-sensitive organs, 493 gas transport, 34-37 Geophilomorpha, 639
forcipate mastax, 341,342 Gastraxonacea, 224 Geoplana, 292
Forcipulatida, 804 gastrea, 109 Geoplana mexicana, 302
forcipules (prehensors), 641,644 gastric ceca, 615, 616 georeceptors, 79
forebrain, 421,422 gastric glands, 342 Gephyrea, 28
foregut, 489 gastric mill (gizzard), 411,412, 561, Gephyreaster swifti, 241
forepart, 434,435 568,615,644, 741 germarium, 304
forewings, 595 gastric ring, 823, 824 germinal disc, 625-626,649
fork-tailed katydid (Scudderiafurcata), gastric shield, 743, 744 germinal zone, 358
80 Gastrodes parasiticurn, 281 germ layers, 48,93,99-100
Formica exsectoides, 590 gastroneuron, 115 germovitellaria, 304,344
fossil record(s), 4. See also Gastrophilus, 76 giant fibers, 421,422
ph ylogeny(ies) Gastropoda, 703-712 giant gumboot chiton (cryptochiton
Burgess Shale deposits, 8 gastropores, 239 stelleri), 75, 720
character state analysis using, 34 gastrostyles, 239 giant hermit crab (Petrochirus cali-
Ediacaran, 5 Gastrotricha, 9,345-348 forniensis), 513
Lower Cambrian Chengjiang, 6-7 body wall, 346-347 giant sea anemone (Metridium), 220,
founder effect, 16 characteristics, 345 245,246,258
Fourtner, 482,485 circulation, 347 giant Tasmanian crabs (Pseudocarcinus
frame webs, 673,674 classification, 346 gigas), 511
Francour, P., 823 excretion, 347 giant west Pacific anemone
Franke, H. D., 427 feeding and digestion, 347 (Heteractis), 234
Franz, D., 827 gas exchange, 347 Giardia, 168, 169
Fredericella, 785 nervous system and sense organs, Giardia agilis, 168
Frenzel, J., 111, 112,210 347 Giardia ardeae, 168
fresh water adaptations, 106 osmoregulation, 347 Giardia intestinalis, 167, 168, 169
freshwater habitats, 13-14 reproduction and development, Giardia lamblia (G. intestinalis, G. duo-
Frey, 803 347-348 denalis), 168
frontal glands, 330 support and locomotion, 346-347 Giardia muris, 168
frontal membrane, 785,786 gastrovascular cavity, 227 Giardia psittaci, 168
frontal plane, 45 gastrozooid, 232 Gibbs, P. E., 447
frontal processes, 572 gastrula, 99 Gibson, R., 319
frontal sense organ, 330,331 gastrulation, 99 Gierer, Z., 255
frontal surface, 785, 786 Gegenbaur, 286,772 Gigantocypris, 547
frontal tract, 785 Gelyelloida, 516 Gigantowales chisholmi, 641
frustule, 154 gemmules, 196,197 Gilbert, J. J., 342
Fry, W. G., 691 genealogical kinship (relatedness), 24 gill bailers (scaphognathites), 565, 569
Funch, P., 338,379,380,381 genealogy (ancestor-descendant rela- gill bars, 865,866
fungi, 2 tionships), 31,32 gill books, 666,678
funiculus, 785,786 morphological similarity / dissimi- gill (branchial) pores, 848,849, 852
larity vs., 35-37 gills, 74, 490,491, 618
916 INDEX

dendrobranchiate, 527 Gorgas, William, 147 Halechin iscus, 473


dermal (papulae), 824 Gorgonacea, 224 Halichondria, 202
plicate, 747 Gorgonia, 220,235 Halichondria moorei, 202
gill slits (pores), 851 gorgonians, 233,235,238 Ha1ichond ria pan icea, 194
girdle, 151, 720, 722 Gorgonocephalus, 818 halichondrins, 202
gizzard (gastric mill), 411,412, 561, Gorgonorhynchus, 326 Haliclona, 181
568,615,644,741 Gotte’s larva, 305 Haliclona permollis, 184
glabella, 497,498 Gould, S. J., 2,19,42, 107, 108 Haliclystis, 220, 242
Glabratella, 167 grades, 31,33 Halicryptus, 367
Glandiceps hacksii, 850 Graff, 702 Halicryptus spinulosus, 365-366,367
gland of Deshayes, 741 Graffilla, 296 Haliotis, 734, 753, 761
Glanduloderma, 296 Grammostola, 685 Haliotis rufescens, 62, 704, 705, 735
Glaucilla, 732 Grandiderella, 558 Haliplanella, 258
glaucothoe, 579 Grant, R. E., 180 Halisarca, 188, 191
Glaucus, 732 Grantia, 199 Hall, B. K., 107
Globigerina, 165 Granuloreticulosa, 122,124,165-167 Hallucigenia, 463
Globigerinella, 122, 165 grasping spines, 841,843,844 Hallucigenia sparsa, 463
glochidia, 760 grazers, 58,63-65 Halobacterium salinarum, 3n
Glomerida, 639 Greeffiella, 352 Halobiotus, 473
Glomeridesmida, 639 Gregarina, 145 Halobiotus crispae, 470,471
Glomeris marginata, 638 gregarines, 145-1 48 Halocyprida, 517
glomerulus, 851,852 Grell, K. G., 111,210 halophiles, 3
glossae, 600, 603 Grobben, K., 338 halophytes, 13
Glossina (tsetse fly), 132 grooves, 330 Halosydna, 391,407
Glottidia, 792, 793 growth rates, sponge, 202 Halotydeus destructor, 659
Glycera, 402,405,406,411 growth zone, 358,426,428,430 halteres, 608
Glyceridae, 391 Grylloblattodea, 594,596 Hancock, 772
glycocalyx, 157-158 Guilding, L., 463 Hansen, 542
Gnathia, 536 Gurney, R., 581 Hansenocaris, 542
Gnathiidea, 516 Gust, G., 823 Hanson, E. D., 109
gnathobases, 480,481,656,657 gut, incomplete (blind), 57 Hanson, J. L., 823
gnathocephalon, 602 gut sinus, 414,415 Haplognathia simplex, 376
gnathochilarium, 641,642 gutter (proboscis groove), 451,454 Haplopharyngida, 286
Gnathophausia, 533 Gymnoblastea, 223 Haplopharynx Yostratus, 298
Gnathophausia ingens, 531,551 Gymnodinium breve, 151 Haplotaxida, 393
Gnathorhynchus, 297 Gymnodinium catenatum, 150 haptocysts, 140-141
Gnathostomula mediterranea, 376 Gymnodiniumcatenella, 151 Harbison, G. R., 271,281,282,283
Gnathostomulida, 9,375-377 Gymnolaemata, 779 Hardy, Alister, 269, 839
Gochliomyia americana, 613 gymnosperms, 7 Harpacticoida, 516
Goldfuss, 123 Gymnostreptus, 643 Hartmanella, 156, 158
Goldschmidt, 16 Gyrocotyle fimbriata, 291 Harvell, C. D., 783
Golfingia, 448,450,451,452, 762 Gyrodactylus, 290 Haszprunar, G., 759
Golfingiaformes, 447 Hatschek, B., 114,222,271,338,476,
Golfingia minuta, 451 habitat(s) 772
Goljingia vulgaris, 448 estuaries and coastal marshlands, Hatschek’s pit, 865, 866
Golfingiidae, 447 13 Hausdorf, B., 884
gonads, 86 freshwater, 13-14 Hawaiian regal lobster
gonangia (gonozooids), 232 hypogean, 14n (Euoplometopus), 513
gonangium, 232 marine, 9-13 head shield (cephalic shield), 550
gonapophyses, 631 osmoregulation and, 27-28 heamosporidians, 145-148
Gondwana, 7 symbiotic, 14-15 hearts, 33
Gonionemus, 241 terrestrial, 14 branchial, 747
gonochoristic animals, 87 hadalpelagic zone, 10 chambered, 73
gonocoel theory, 114,115 Haddock, S. H. D., 841 neurogenic, 73
gonopericardial ducts, 755 Hadfield, 200 ostiate, 73
gonophores, 232 Hadzi, J., 109 heart vesicle, 851, 852
gonopod(s), 87,574,648 Haeckel, Ernst, 1,2, 3,42,43, 107,109, Hectocotylus, 758n
gonopore, 87 123,476 hectocotyly, 758
gonotheca, 232 Haeckelia, 277,278 Hedgpeth, J. W., 285,445,691,771
Gonothyraea, 258 Haeckelia rubra (Euchlora rubra), 248, Helicoplacus, 831
Gonothyrea, 220 278 Helicoprorodon, 127, 141
gonozooids (gonangia), 232,790 Haemadipsa, 394 Helicotylenchus, 356
Gonyaulax, 148 Haementeria ghilianii, 397 Heliophanus, 683
Gonyaulax tamerensis, 150 Haemoproteus, 146 Heliophanus cupreus, 691
Goodrich, E. S., 68-69, 114 hair sensilla, 680-681 Helioporacea, 224
Gordioidea, 362 hair worms. See Nematomorpha (hair Helix, 62, 742, 746, 753, 756, 757
Gordius, 362 worms) Helix aspera, 757
Gordius of Phrygia, King, 362n Halanych, K. M., 765,799,883 hellgrammites, 599
INDEX 917

hemal channels, 467 Heteromyota, 453 hirudin, 410,413


hemal ring, 824 Heteronemertea, 321,324,329,335 Hirudinida, 394
hemal (stomachic) plexus, 775, 776 heteronereid, 428 Hirudinoidea, 394
hemal system, 823-824, 845. See also heteronomous annelids, 395 body forms, 397
circulation Heteropkl ias, 538 body wall and coelomic arrange-
hematodochae, 685,686 Heteropkrys, 163 ment, 399400
hemerythrins, 76 Heteropodidae, 655 circulation and gas exchange,
Hemichordata, 9,847-854 Heteroserolis, 536 416417
bauplan, 849-854 Heteroteutkis, 754 development, 432433
body wall, 850 heterotrophic organisms, 312,57 digestive system, 413
circulation and gas exchange, 851, heteroxenous trypanosomes, 135 excretion and osmoregulation,
852-853 heterozooids, 783 419420
excretion, 852-853 Hexabranchus sanguineus, 737 feeding, 409410
feeding and digestion, 850-852, hexacanth, 313 nervous system and sense organs,
853 Hexacorallia (Zoantharia), 224 424425
nervous system and sense organs, Hexactinellida, 182,187-188 reproduction, 427,432433
853 Hexamida, 169 support and locomotion, 404405
reproduction and development, Hexamida meleagridis, 167-1 68 hirudinoideans, 394
853-854,855 Hexamida salmonis, 167 Hirudo, 400,413,417,433
support and locomotion, 850 Hexamita, 168 Hirudo medicinalis (medicinal leech),
characteristics, 849 Hexapoda (insects), 9,476,589-635 394,410
classification, 847 bauplan, 601-628 Histiomena, 710, 711
phylogeny, 868-870 abdomen, 606-607 Histioteutkis, 705
taxonomic history, 840-841 circulation and gas exchange, Histomonas meleagridis, 170, 171
Hemicytkerura, 549 617-61 8 Ho, J. S., 511
Hemigrapsus sexdentatus, 575 development, 626-628 Hochberg, F. G., 213,217
hemimetabolous development digestive system, 615-616 Hoeg, J. T., 542
(incomplete metamorphosis), embryogeny, 625-626 holaspis larva, 499,500
626,627 excretion and osmoregulation, Holland, L. Z., 865
Hemiptera, 594,598 618-619 Holland, N. D., 865
Hemipterodea, 593 feeding, 610-615 Holland, P. W. H., 884
Hemitkyris, 792 head, 602-605 holoblastic cleavage, 94
hemocoel, 72,477,497 locomotion, 607-610 Holometabola, 593
hemocoelomate, 72 nervous system and sense organs, holometabolous development (com-
hemocyanins, 76 619-623 plete metamorphosis), 626-627,
hemocytes, 76 reproduction, 623-625 628
hemoglobin, 76,347 thorax, 605-606 holoplanktonic animals, 13
hemolymph, 72,490 characteristics, 590 Holothuria, 821, 823
Hendler, G., 817,818,827 classification, 593-594 Holotkuria impatiens, 822
Henia vesuviana, 639 diversity, 591-592 Holotkuria tubulosa, 821-823
Henley, C., 98 evolution, 628-632 Holothuroidea, 805-806,812,821-823
Hennig, W., 32,631 evolution within Hexapoda, holozoic heterotrophs, 125
Henricia, 816 630-632 Homalorhagida, 349
Henry, L. M., 669 insect flight, origin of, 629-630 Homarus, 493,574
hepatic cecum (digestive cecum), 866 origin, 628-629 Homarus americanus (American lob-
hepatic region, 848, 849,852 Hox gene mutations in, 18 sters ), 511,529
hepatopancreas (digestive ceca / gland, major taxa, 594-601 homeobox (Hox) genes, 4,17-18
liver), 489 Paleozoic, 7 homokaryotic opalinids, 174
Hepatus, 530 parasitic, 14 homologues, 29,30
herbivores, 58 species, 24 homology, 29
herbivory, 22-23 Hexasterophora, 182 homonomous annelids, 395
hermaphroditic animals, 87 hibernation, 13 homoplasy, 30,34
hermaphroditic duct, 756 hierarchy, 24 Homo sapiens, 65,883
hermatypic corals, 249 Higgins, R. P., 377,378 Homoscleromorpha, 182
Herpetomonas, 135 Higgins larva, 378,379 honeydew, 598
Herreid, 482,485 higher categories, 26 hood, 841
Hesperonoe adventor, 407 higher taxa, 26-27 Hope, W. D., 357
Hessinger, D. A., 242 hindbrain, 421,422 Hoplocarida, 515,524,556-557
Hessling, R., 879 hindgut, 489 Hoplonemertea, 322-323,324,329,335
Heteractis (giant west Pacific hindgut irrigation, 74 Hormiphora, 280
anemone), 234 hindwings, 595 hormones, 84
Heteranomia squamula, 215 hinge ligament, 722,723 Hormurus, 689
heterochrony, 108 hinge teeth, 722,723 Hormurus australasiae, 689
Heterocyemida, 214-2 15 Hippoporida calcarea, 247,248 horseshoe crabs. See Limulus
Heterodonta. See Eulamellibranchia Hippospongia, 192 host, 14,106
(Heterodonta) Hippotkoa, 787 Hou, X., 463
heterokont flagellation, 154 Hirsutia, 534 house (gelatinous casing), 858,860
Heterokroknia, 841 Hirsutia batkyalis, 534 Hox genes. See homeobox (Hox) genes
918 INDEX

H-system of collecting canals, 357 Hyptiotes, 673, 675 Intertentacular organ, 786,790
Hubrecht, A., 114 hysterosoma, 658,659 intertidal zone, 11
Hubrechtella dubia, 332n Intestina, 286
Humphries, W. F., 519 I.C.Z.N. (International Code of intestinal arteries, 867
Hutchinsoniella, 518 Zoological Nomenclature), 25 intestinal ganglia, 749, 750
Huxley, 180 Ichthyotomidae, 389 intestinal veins, 866, 867
Hyale, 538 Ichthyotomus sanguinarius, 408 intestine, 326
hyaline tests, 166 Idmodronea, 782 intracellular digestion, 56
Hydra, 219,220,228,248,522 Idotea, 536 intranuclear mitosis, 128
budding, 84 Idotea resecata, 536 intrinsic muscles, 480
life cycle, 256 Ikeda, 451,456 Introduction to Seashore Life
locomotion, 240 Ikeda taenioides, 451 (Hedgpeth), 285,445
medusoid phase, 255 Illacme plenipes, 638 introvert (presoma), 365,445,446
nematocysts, 242,243 Ilyocypris, 549 introvert retractor muscles, 448
nerve net, 251 imaginal discs, 606 invagina tion ,99
regeneration, 253 imagos, 623-624 invertebrates, 4
Hydractinia, 230,248 imago stage, 632 habitats of, 9-15
hydranth, 232 impunctate shells, 793 estuaries and coastal marshlands,
hydrocaulus, 232 Inarticulata, 793 13
hydrocoels, 828,830 incomplete (blind) gut, 57 freshwater, 13-14
hydrocorals, 239 incomplete mesenteries, 227,229 marine, 9-13
Hydroctena, 281-282 incomplete metamorphosis symbiotic, 14-15
Hydroida, 223 (hemimetabolous development), terrestrial, 14
hydroids, 232 626,627 origins and evolution of, 4-9
hydromedusae, 235-236,246,251,253, incudate mastax, 341, 342 Invertebrates: A Synthesis, The (Barnes
254 incurrent canals, 184 et al.), 503
hydropore, 807,811,812,828,830 incurrent (oral) siphon, 857,859 Invertebrates, The (Hyman), 179
hydrorhiza, 232 incurrent pore (ostium), 183 invertebrate sense organs, 3742
hydrostatic skeleton, 52 independent effectors, 42 Invertebrate Structure and Function
hydrotheca, 232 indeterminate cleavage, 98 (Barrington), 41
hydrothermal vent communities, 12 indirect development, 103 inverted ocelli, 80
hydrotube, 828,830 indirect eye, 81 involution, 99
Hydrozoa, 220,223 indirect flight muscles, 609,610 Iodamoeba buetschlii, 156
colonies, 228-230 infauna, 12 ionic stress, 14
life cycles, 256 infranuclear fiber, 168-169 Iridia, 167
medusoid form, 236 infundibulum (funnel, stomach), 275, iris, 81
polypoid form, 226-233 278 Iris cells, 494
reproduction, 253-255 infusoriform larva, 213 Irregularia, 805
skeletons, 239 infusorigens, 213 Ischnochitonida, 703
Hyman, L. H., 57,108,109,179,213, Ingolfiella, 538 isogamy, 128
321,338,447,772,779 ingression, 99 isolecithal eggs, 94
Hymenolepis diminuta, 293-294 inhalant siphons, 746 Isophyllia sinuosa, 247
Hymenoptera, 594,600-601 inhalant (ventral) chamber, 738, 744 Isopoda, 516,534-537
Hyperiidea, 516 ink, cephalopod, 754-755 Isoptera, 594,596
hypermastigotes, 169-171. See also ink sac, 754 Isostichopus badionotus, 823
Parabasilida inquilism, 15 isotonic fluids, 67
hyperparasitic parasites, 14 Insecta, 594,595-601 Ivanov, A. V., 434
hypertonic fluids, 67 insects. See Hexapoda (insects) Ivanova-Kazas, 0. M., 98
hypobranchial groove (endostyle), insertion, 55 Iwata, F., 321, 333
857,858,859,861,865-866 instars,485 Iwata larva, 333
hypobranchial ridge, 851 integumentary gas exchange, 74 Ixodes pacificus, 659
hypocerebral ganglion, 619,620 interambulacrum, 806 lxodes ricinus, 658
Hypochilus, 668 interfilament spaces, 739, 740
Hypoconcha, 530 intermediate host, 14,106 Jackson, R. R., 675
hypocone, 151 intermediate valves, 720, 722 Jagersten, G., 107, 112, 114
hypodermic impregnation, 305 intermittent (temporary) parasites, 14 Jamieson, B. G., 393
hypodermis, 478 interna, 542,561 Janaria mirabilis, 247, 248
hypogean (underground) habitats, internal transport, 31 Janthina, 732, 735
14n International Code of Botanical Japanese spider crabs (Macrocheira
hypognathous mouthparts, 604,605 Nomenclature, 25 kaempferi), 511
hyponeural (deep oral) system, 825 International Code of Zoological Jassa, 577
hyponeural sinus, 823,824 Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N.),25 jaws, 463
hypopharynx, 605,642 International Commission on Jeannel, R., 16
hypostome, 227 Zoological Nomenclature, 25 Jeffries, R. P. S., 799
hypostracum (periostracum), 719, 720, inter-plate ciliated groove, 279 Jennings, J. B., 296
723,793,794 interradial canals, 278 Joeropsis, 536
hypotheca, 151 interstitial cells, 226,227 jointed legs, 33
Hypsibius annulatus, 474 interstitial organisms, 12 Jokiel, P. L., 296
INDEX 919

Jones, M. L., 434,438,503 labium, 603,604-605,612,642,661, lateral side, 45


Julida, 639 662 lateral tracts, 785
Jurassic period, 7 Laboea, 142 latitudinal cleavage, 95
Jussieu, 772 labrum, 497,498,604,642 Latrodectus, 662
Just, J. J., 294 lac, 598 Latrodectus mactans, 675, 687
juvenile hormone, 627 Lacazella, 797 lattice organs, 540
lacinia mobilis, 529 Laurasia, 7
Kalyptorhynchia, 288 Lacrymaria, 139 Laurer’s canal, 308
Kampfer, S., 352 lacunae, 327 Lauterbach, K.-E. von, 762
Karling, T. G., 313,315 lacunar system, 369,370 Laval, P., 539
karyomastigont system, 167 ladder-like nervous system, 83,300, Lawn, 196
Keegan, H. L., 672 301,302 law of recapitulation (biogenetic law),
kenozooids, 783 Laevicaudata, 514 107
kentrogon, 561,562,564,565 Lafont, R., 883 Leach, W. E., 26n
Keratella slacki, 345 Lagerstatten, 505n Lecithoepitheliata, 286
Khan, Genghis, 600 Lake, J. A., 393 lecithotrophic larvae, 103
Kimberella quadrata, 763 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 180,222,286, Lecudina tuzetae, 147
kinetocysts, 164 388,447,475,514-515,803 leeches, 394
kinetoplast, 133 Lameere, A., 216 Leeuwenhoek, A. van, 121,123,167,
Kinetoplastida, 122,123,124,131-135 lamellae, 491 338
characteristics, 133 epidermal, 364,365 leglets, 606
nutrition, 134 lamellar calcium layer, 720 legs, jointed, 33
reproduction and life cycles, 135 Lamellibranchia, 434,436, 712-714 Leiobunum, 661
support and locomotion, 133-134 Lamellibranchiata. See Bivalvia Leishmania, 132n, 135
kinetosome (blepharoplast, basal (Pelecypoda; Lamellibranchiata) Leishmania braziliensis, 132n
body), 50 Lamellisabella, 435, 437 Leishmania donovani, T X n
King, J. L., 511 Lampea (formerly Gastrodes), 277 Leishmania major, 132n
kingdoms, 2 land, adaptations to, 106 Leishmania mexicana, 132n
Kinorhyncha, 9,348-351 Lang, A., 114 leishmaniasis, 132
body wall, 349-350 languets, 861 Leishmania tropica, 132n
characteristics, 349 Lankester, E. R., 114,476,504~~ Lemmatophora typa, 629
circulation and gas exchange, 350 Lapan, E., 213,217 lemnisci, 369, 370
classification, 349 lappets, 253 Lenhoff, H. M., 255
excretion and osmoregulation, 350 Laqueus, 792 Leocinclis, 130
feeding and digestion, 350 larva/larvae Leonard0 davincii, 26n
nervous system and sense organs, actinotroch, 778 Lepadocystis, 831
350 actinula, 255 Lepas anatifera, 513
reproduction and development, blastula, 199,200 Lepidopleurida, 703
350-351 chordoid, 381 Lepidoptera, 18,594,600
support and locomotion, 350 coeloblastula, 199,200 Lepidurus, 519
Kirkaldy, G.W., 26n competent, 104 Lepidurus arcticus, 519
Klass, K.-D., 597 cypris, 540,562,576, 579 Leptasterias tenera, 816, 827
Klein, Jacob, 803 Desor, 333 Leptocottis, 538
kleptocnidae, 736 dipleurula, 868 Leptodora, 521,522,557
Koenenia, 661 euproops, 684 Leptodora kindtii, 522
Kofoidinium, 152 Gotte’s, 305 Leptogorgia, 236
Kolbasov, G. A., 542 Higgins, 378,379 Leptomedusae (Calyptoblastea or
Komai, T., 281 holaspis, 499,500 Thecata), 223,236
Koolman, J., 884 infusoriform, 213 Leptomonas, 132,135
Kowalevsky, A., 702 Iwata, 333 Leptostraca (leptostracans, nebali-
Kozloff, E., 217,351 lecithotrophic, 103 aceans), 515,523-524
Kristensen, N. P., 595, 631 lobate, 797 Leptosynapta, 827
Kristensen, R. M., 338, 377, 379,380, loricate, 367,368 Lernaeodiscus porcellanae, 565
472 metanauplius, 578 Leucetta, 181
Krohn, A.,209 nauplius, 576,578 Leuckart, R., 222,476,803
Krohnitta subtilis, 842 primary, 574 Leucocytozoon, 146
Kronborgia, 296 protaspis, 499,500 Leuconia, 182
Kruppomenia minima, 706 protonymphon, 694,696 leuconoid condition, 183,184-185
K-selected (specialist) species, 94,105 protozoa, 578 Leucosolenia, 183,186, 188, 193
Kukalovi-Peck, J., 481,48ln, 605,606, pseudozoea, 579 Leucothea, 270,276
606n, 629,631 tadpole, 863,864 Lkvi, 180
Kukrohnia bathypelagica, 840 trochophore, 388,428,429 levotropic direction, 95
vesiculariform, 791 Li, C.-W., 877
LaBarbera, M., 58 larval (primary) mesenchyme, 828 lichens, 17
labellum/labellae, 600,605 Lasionectes, 518,555 life, first appearance of, 2n,4-5
labial palps, 738 lasso cells, 276 life cycle(s), 94, 102-106
Labidiaster annulatus, 816-817 lateral canals, 810,811 adaptations to land and fresh water,
labidognathous jaws, 663 lateral end spines, 348 106
lateral proboscis veins, 851,852 classification, 102-1 03
920 INDEX

dimorphic, 219 liver (digestive ceca/gland, Luffariella variabilis, 202


direct development, 103,105 hepatopancreas), 489 Lumbricidae, 393
indirect development, 103-104 Lobata, 271-274 Lumbriculida, 393
mixed development, 103,105-106 lobate larva, 797 Lumbriculidae, 393
parasite, 106 lobopodal walking legs, 158,465-466 Lumbricus
settling and metamorphosis, locks (stops), 482,483 circulatory system, 416
104-105 locomotion, 9-12,607-608 excretion and osmoregulation, 419
ligaments, 369 amoeboid, 10 feeding, 409
hinge, 722,723 cilia and flagella, 10-12 foregut, 412
ligament sacs, 369,370 pedestrian, 607-608 gas exchange, 415
Light, S. F., 26n Lohmann, K. J., 752 nervous system, 424
Lightiella, 518 Loligo reproductive system, 430
Lightiella serendipida, 26n anatomy, 715 Lumbricus terrestris, 427
light-sensitive pigments, 80 axons, 750 Lumbrineridae, 389
Ligia, 536 circulation, 745 luminescence, 82
Ligia pacifica, 513 digestive system, 742 lung, 74,747
Lima, 705,753 nervous system, 751 lung slits, 662, 679
Limax appearance, 158 reproduction, 758 lung vein, 678, 679
limax rhizopodans, 158 longitudinal fission, 258 lunules, 807,814
Limifossor, 706 longitudinal (meridional) cleavage, 94 lurking predators, 63-65
Limnocnida, 256 longitudinal parietal muscles, 784 Lycosa, 662
Limnocythere, 549 Loomis, W. F., 255 book lung, 678
Limulus (horseshoe crab), 82,292,296, lophocytes, 188,190 mechanoreceptors, 682
656,657 Lophogastrida, 516,531-532 parental care, 691
circulation, 679 Lophogorgia, 85 Lycosa erythrognatha, 675
digestive tract, 676,677 lophophoral end, 775 Lycosa rabida, 688
opisthosomal appendage, 678 lophophoral organs, 777,778 Lycosidae, 654
reproduction, 684 lophophoral vessels, 776 Lycoteuthis, 754
sense organs, 680 Lophophorates, 771-800 Lydekker, Richard, 589
Limulus polyphemus, 656,657 bauplan, 773-798 Lyme disease, 659
Linckia, 826, 827 brachiopods, 793-798 Lymnaea, 762
Linckia laevigata, 803 ectoprocts, 779-792 lymphatic channels, 293
Lincoln, Roger, 542 phoronids, 774-778 lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis),
Linderiella, 521 overview, 771-772 362,593,613
Lineus, 331 phylogeny, 798-799 Lynceus, 521
Lineus longissimus, 319 taxonomic history, 772-773 lyriform organs, 681
Lineus ruber, 327,332 lophophore(s) Lyrocteis, 273
Lineus vegetus, 331 brachiopod, 795-796 Lysmata californica, 513, 528
Linguatula serrata, 546 ectoproct, 785-788,789 Lytechinus variegatus, 823
Lingula, 792,793,794, 796, 797 phoronid, 774,776 Lytocarpus, 244
Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linne), Lophophus, 779,780
24-25,26n, 180,222,271,286, lophopodid colony form, 779,780 Maccabeidae, 367
365,388,447,475,702,803 Lophotrochozoa hypothesis, 883 Maccabeus, 367
Linuche, 250 Lorenzen, S., 382 Maccabeus tentaculatus, 366,368
Linyphia litigiosa, 687 lorica, 131,340,377-378 McClintock, Barbara, 16
Linyphia triangularis, 675 loricate larva, 367, 368 McCook, Henry, 669
Linyphiidae, 654 Loricifera, 9, 377-378 McEdward, L. R., 103
Liphistius, 662,675 Lotan, A., 243 McHugh, D., 434,879
Liponema brevicornis, 240,241 Lottia gigantea, 735 Mackey, L. Y., 799
lipoprotein (cement) layer, 478,479 lousiness, 613 McKinney, M. L., 108
Lipscomb, D. L., 123,174,176 Loven, 702 McNamara, K. J., 108
Liriope, 236 Lovenia, 803 Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, 369,
Lissoclinum, 861 Lowe, C. J., 833 371
Lissodendoryx isodictyalis, 199 Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fossil Macrobiotus, 473
Listriolobus, 453 record, 6-7 Macrocheira kaempferi (Japanese spider
Listriolobus pelodes, 451 Loxokalypodidae, 373 crabs), 511
Lithcolla, 163 Loxophy 11um, 136 macroconjugant, 145
Lithobiomorpha, 639 Loxorhynchus, 530 Macrocypris, 549
Lithobius, 641, 645 Loxosceles reclusa, 675 Macrocystella, 831
Lithobius forficatus, 646, 647 Loxoscelidae, 654 Macrocystis, 153
Lithophaga, 732 Loxosoma, 372,374 Macrodasyida, 346
Little Gidding (Eliot), 873 Loxosoma harmeri, 375 Macrodasys, 348
littoral region, 10-11 Loxosoma leptoclini, 375 macroevolution, 15,16-19. See also
Littorina Loxosomatidae, 373 extinction; speciation
anatomy, 709 Loxosomella, 372, 375 macrogamete, 148
eye, 753 Lucernaria, 241 macroherbivory, 62-63
kidney and nearby organs, 748 Lucifer, 527 macromeres, 94,827
reproductive system, 757 luciferase, 82 macronuclei/macronucleus, 129,142
taenioglossan condition, 734 luciferin, 82 macrophages, 58
INDEX 921

macrophagy, molluscan, 733-737 Martesia, 732 meroblastic cleavage, 94


Macropodus opercularis (Chinese Martin, J. W., 511,514,519,527,540 meroplanktonic animals, 13
golden carp), 312 Martinssonia elongata, 582 Merostomata, 654,656
macroseptum, 426,427 mass extinction(s), 5n,7, 16 4 merozoites, 147
macrospheric generation, 167 Massin, C., 821 Mertensia ovum, 276
Macrostomida, 288 mastax, 339 Mesanthura, 536
Macrostomum, 298 Masterman, A., 114 mesenchyma, 220n
Madin, L. I?., 271 Mastigias, 249,250 mesenchyme, 101,220n
Madreporaria (Scleractinia),224 mastigonemes, 51 secondary, 82
madreporite, 806, 807, 811 Mastigoproctus, 661, 666 mesenterial filament, 227,229
MADS box transcription factor, 4 Mastigoproctus giganteus, 661 mesenteries, 227,229
Magadina cumingi, 792 Mastophora, 673,675 mesentoblast, 101
Magellania, 796 mata malu (Rhodactis howesii), 246 mesocoel, 101,772
Maggenti, A. R., 352 mating. See reproduction mesoderm, 48
main eyes, 682,683 mating thread, 687,688 formation, 100-102
Maitland, D. P., 568 mating types, 145 use of term, 100
major claw, 574,575 maturation zone, 358 Mesogastropoda, 707-711
Malacobdella, 323, 326,327, 331 maxillae, 550, 604-605,661-663 mesoglea, 101,220n
Malacobdella grossa, 320 maxillary (antennal) glands, 71,491, mesohyl, 183
Malacostraca, 515,522-523 492,568,569 mesomeres, 827
distinguishing features, 552-553 maxillipeds, 550 mesonotum, 605
reproductive features, 556-557 Maxillopoda, 516,540-550 mesoparasites, 14,106
Malakhov, V. V., 382 distinguishing features, 552-553 mesopelagic zone, 10
malaria, 146, 147, 593 reproductive features, 556-557 mesopeltidium, 666
Maldanidae, 389 maxillopodan eye, 540 mesosoma, 654,655,660,665
male atrium, 304 maxillules, 550 mesosome, 772
Mallatt, J., 883 Mayorella, 158 Mesostoma, 65, 301
malleate mastax, 341 Mayr, Ernst, 2,26, 27,42 Mesothelae, 654
Malpighian tubules, 71,491-492 Mealybugs, 614 mesothorax, 602,605
Mammalia, ancestral character states, Meckel, J., 107 Mesozoa, 209-217
31 Mecoptera, 594,599 bauplans, 210-216
Manayunkia aestuarina, 61 medial side, 45 phylogeny, 216-217
mancas, 529 median dorsal aorta, 867 use of term, 210
mandibles, 550,604,605,783 median (naupliar) eye, 571, 573 Mesozoic era (250-65 mya), 7
mandibular glands (salivary glands), medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), metaboly (euglenoid movement), 130
342,378,413,615,616,644 394,410 metacercaria, 309
mandibular segment, 642 medulla terminalis, 487-488 metachronal coordination, 137-138
Mangelia, 734 medusae, 222,236 metachronal waves, 52
mangrove swamps, 11,13 locomotion in, 241 metacoel, 101, 772
Mangum, C., 414 sensory structures in, 252 metamerism, 387
manoalide, 202 medusa theory, 261,262 teloblastic, 879
”man-of-war” (Physalia),230,232,233, medusoid form, 219,233-236,237 metamorphic development, 578
244,246,249 Megalaspis acuticauda, 498 metamorphosis, 104-105
mantis shrimp, 65 Megalodicopia hians, 856-857 metanauplius, 578
mantle, 859, 860 megalopa, 577, 579 metanauplius larva, 578
Mollusca, 719-720 megalopores, 723,752 metanephridia, 70
mantle canals, 794, 795 Megaloptera, 594,598-599 metanephridium, 70
mantle cavity (pallial cavity), 74, 717, Meganyctiphanes, 526 metanephromixium, 71
718,773,793 megascleres, 192 metanotum, 605
Mollusca, 718,719-720,721 Megascolecidae, 393 metapeltidium, 666
mantle lobe, 793-795,797 Megascolides australis, 388 metapleural folds, 866,867
mantle (pallium), 717,718 megaspheric generation, 167 Metapolycope, 549
Mantodea, 594,596 Mehlis’s glands, 308,312 metasoma, 654,655,660, 665
Manton, S. M., 503,589 meiofauna, 5n,12 metasomal sac, 778
Mantophasmatodea, 594,597 Meiopriapulus fijiensis, 367, 368 metasome, 546, 772
manubrium, 227,235,236,274 Melibe, 741 metathorax, 602, 605
Manylov, 0. G., 347 Melita, 538 metatrochal bands, 429
Marcus, E., 474 Me11ita quinquiesperforata, 821 Metazoa (Animalia), 1,2,3,46
marginal spherules (acrorhagi), 246 Membranipora, 781, 783, 790, 791 evolution, 876-882
Marginifera, 792 membranous sac, 784 bilateral symmetry and, 877-878
Margulis, L., 17,175, 503 Menippe adina, 577 deuterostomes, 880-882
Marichisme, 26n Menodium, 130 first metazoans, 877
marine habitats, 9-13 meraspis larva, 499,500 protosome, 878-880
Marrella, 497 Mercenaria, 713 roots, 876-877
Marshall, S. D., 681 Mereschkovsky, Konstantin, 17 Hox gene function, 17-18
marshes, salt, 11,13 meridional canals, 278,279 organization on basis of body con-
marshlands, coastal, 13 meridional (longitudinal) cleavage, 94 struction, 7
marsupium, 576 Merlia normani, 184 origins, 4,108-116
922 INDEX

bilateral condition, 112 mitosis Monoplacophora, 703,704,707


coelomic condition, 112-116 closed, 128,129 monopodial growth, 228
theories of, 108-112 extranuclear, 128 Monosiga, 173
phylogeny, 32-33,873-882 intranuclear, 128 Monostilifera, 322
bilateral symmetry and, 877-878 open, 128,129 monoxenous trypanosomes, 135
characters used to construct clado- in protists, categories of, 129 Monstrilloida, 516
gram, 876 semi-open, 128,129 Montastrea cavernosa, 201
deuterostome evolution, 880-882 mixed development, 103 Montipora, 296
evolution, 876-882 mixis stimuli, 344 moon jelly. (See Aurelia)
first metazoans, 877 mixonephridium, 71 Moore, R. C., 712
protostome evolution, 878-880 Mnemiopsis, 270, 273,278 Mopalia, 737
roots (origins), 876-877 Mnemiopsis leidyi, 278 Morin, J. G., 574
tree, 875, 876 modern synthesis, 15-16 Mormonilloida, 517
metazonite, 642 molecular biology, 15 Morowitz, H., 213,217
Metchnikoff, Elie, 16 molecular phylogenetics, 882-884 morphogenesis, 17,102
Metridium (giant sea anemone), 220, Molgula, 857 Morton, B., 712
245,246,258 Mollusca, 5,9, 701-769 mosaic ova, 98
Metridium giganteum, 226 bauplan, 715-761 motile stalkers, 63-65
Metschnikoff, E., 56, 109,281 body wall, 718-719 Motokawa, 813
Mettam, C., 438 cephalopod coloration and ink, motor nerve, 77
Meyer, E., 114 754-755 mouth appendages
Miciloricus kadalis, 377 circulation and gas exchange, 721, entognathous, 594
microbes, 1 744-747 Myriapoda, 642
Microciona prolifera (Atlantic ”red development, 759-761 mouthparts, 489
beard” sponge), 184,191 digestion, 741-744 hypognathous, 604,605
microconjugant, 145 excretion and osmoregulation, movement. See locomotion
Microcyema, 214,215 747-74 8 Movile Cave, Romania, 1271
Microcyema gracile, 214 feeding, 733-741 mucocysts, 131,152,164
Microdajus pectinatus, 542 locomotion, 728-733 mucous (capsule) gland, 755, 756
microevolution (anagenesis), 15-16,18 mantle and mantle cavity, 718, mucous net (mucous trap), 59-60
microgametes, 148 719-720,721 mud shrimp (Callianassa), 532,559
microgranular tests, 166 nervous system, 748-751 Miiller, 629, 772
micromeres, 94,827 reproduction, 721,755-759 Miiller, H.-G., 543,581
micronuclei, 129,142 sense organs, 752-754 Miiller, K. J., 377,505,543,581
microphages, 58 shell, 718,719,720-725 Miiller, 0. F., 170, 808
microphagy, molluscan, 737-741 torsion, 725-728 Miiller’s larva, 305,306
Microphal lus, 299 characteristics, 702 multicellularity, 4
Microplana, 295 classification, 703-71 5 multiple fission, 128
micropores, 723,752 diversity, 704-705 Multitubulatina, 346
micropredators, 14 Ediacaran, 5 Murex, 742
micropyle, 196,197 evolution and phylogeny, 761-765 Murex brandaris, 701n
microscleres, 192,193 taxonomic history, 702-703 Muricea californica (Pacific gorgonian),
Microspora, 124,172-173 molluscan cross, 97,762 235
Microstoma caudatum, 248 Molpadida, 806 Muricea fiuticosa, 238
microtriches, 293 molting, 485488 Musca domestica, 158
microtubules (doublets), 50 molting chamber, 689,690 muscle arms, 353,354
Mictacea, 516,534 molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), muscles, 12-16. See also support
mictic females, 344 487488 atrial dilator, 784
mictic ova, 344,345 Moment, G. B., 427 cibarial, 612
Mictocaris, 534, 535 Monadenia fidelis, 704, 705 ciliary, 81
Mictocaris kalope, 534 Monera, 2 circular, 239, 240
midbrain, 421,422 Moniezia, 303 comminator, 819
midgut, 489 Moniligastrida, 393 cypris adductor, 540
midsagittal plane, 44 Moniligastridae, 393 diductor, 795,796
MIH (molt-inhibiting) hormone, Monniot, C., 863 Ectoprocta, 783-785
487488 Monoblastozoa, 9,209,210-211 fixing, 448,449
Millepora, 230,244 Monobrachium, 230 flight, 609,610
Milleporidae, 223 Monocystis, 147 intrinsic, 480
Miller, D. M., 369 Monodella, 535 parietal, 784
Miller, R. L., 827 monodisc strobilation, 255 parietal protractor, 785
Miller, Stanley, 4n monoecious animals, 87 retractor, 239,240, 731, 733
Millipedes. See Myriapoda (cen- Monogenea, 288 introvert, 448
tipedes, millipedes) Monogononta, 340 pedal, 728
Milne-Edwards, 702,772 monomyarian condition, 731 proboscis, 326
mineralization, 479 Mononckus, 352,356 velar/foot, 725
Minot, 286,321 monopectinate (pectinobranch) condi- sphincter, 53
miracidia, 309 tion, 721, 746 spindle, 448,449
Misophrioida, 516 monophyletic group, 28 Mushegian, A. R., 883
Misumenoides, 662 Monopisthocotylea, 288 mushroom bodies, anterior, 879
INDEX 923

mutation, 16 Nausitkoe, 255 nemertean worms, 78


in Hox genes, 17 Nautiloidea (Tetrabranchiata), 714 Nemertea (ribbon worms), 319-336
mutual cross fertilization, 87 Nautilus, 763 bauplan, 322-333
mutualism, 14-15 anatomy, 714 body wall, 322-323
Mycale, 190 circulation, 744 circulation, 327-328
Mygalomorpha, 654 digestive system, 744 excretion, 328-329
myiasis, 600 eyes, 754 feeding and digestion, 323-327
myocytes, 188-190 locomotion, 732 gas exchange, 327-328
Myodocopa, 517 metamerism, 763 nervous system and sense organs,
Myodocopida, 517 reproduction, 758 329-331
myoepithelial cells, 226, 227 shell, 723, 724 osmoregulation, 328-329
myogenic hearts, 73 Navanax (Agleja),752 reproduction and development,
Myoida, 714 Navicula, 155 331-333
myonemes, 226 Navratilova, Martina, 146 support and locomotion, 323
myotomes, 865,866,869 Neantkes succinea, 95 characteristics, 321
Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes), 9, Nebalia, 339,342, 523 classification, 321-322
476,637-651 Nebalioposis typica, 523 phylogeny, 333-335
anatomy, 641 Necator, 361 taxonomic history, 321
bauplan, 640-649 neck, 290,291 Nemertes, 321
circulation and gas exchange, Nectocaris, 8 Nemertodermatida, 288
644-646 Nectocarmen antonioi, 230 neoblast cells, 427
embryogeny, 649 Nectonema, 362,363,365 Neocopepoda, 516
excretion and osmoregulation, 646 Nectonematoidea, 362 neo-Darwinian evolutionary model
feeding and digestion, 644 nectophore, 232 (modern synthesis), 15-16
head and mouth appendages, 642 Needham’s sac, 758 Neodasys, 347
locomotion, 642-644 Neis, 271 neodermis, 293,309
nervous system and sense organs, nekton, 12 Neofibularia, 201
646-647 Nemata (nematodes), 351-362 Neogastropoda, 711
reproduction and development, body wall, 352-353 Neomenia carinata, 706
647-649 characteristics, 353 Neomeniomorpha (Solenogastres),
characteristics, 640 circulation and gas exchange, 703,706
classification, 639 355-357 Neometra, 806-807
phylogeny, 649-650 classification, 351-352 Neomus, 249
taxa of, 639-640 excretion and osmoregulation, Neonesidea, 549
Mysida, 516,531 355-357 Neopilina, 701, 704, 705, 707
mysis larva, 579 feeding and digestion, 353-355 Neopilina galatkeae, 703, 763
Mystacocarida, 516,543-546 life cycles, 359-362 Neoptera, 594,597-601
reproductive features, 556-557 nervous system and sense organs, neoteny, 108
Mytilus, 713, 740 357,358 Neotky ris lent icular is, 792
Mytilus californianus, 739, 740 reproduction and development, Nepkila, 668, 687
Mytilus edulis, 731, 739 357-359,360 Nepkila clavipes, 675
Myxobolus cerebralis, 247 support and locomotion, 352-353, nephridia, 28-31,68-71
Myzopkyllobotkrium, 295 354 nephridial capsule, 419,420
myzorhynchus, 294,295 nematocysts (cnidae), 152,219, nephridioduct, 69
Myzostoma, 392 242-244,243 nephridiopores, 69
Myzostomida, 389,392 structure and function, 242 nephrocoel theory, 114
Nematoda, 9 nephrocytes, 619,680,862
Nabokov, Vladimir, 600n Nema tod inium, 152 nephromixia, 71
nacreous calcium layer, 720 nematogens, 212 Nephrops noruegicus (Norwegian lob-
Naegleria fowleri (N. aerobia), 157 stem, 213, 214 ster), 380
nagana, 132 Nematomorpha (hair worms), 9, nephrostome, 70
naiads, 626, 632 362-365 Nephtyidae, 391
Naididae, 393 body wall, 363 Nepktys, 402
Nakauchi, M., 862 characteristics, 363 Nereidae, 391
naked amebas, 157-158 circulation and gas exchange, Nereis, 762
naked (athecate) dinoflagellates, 151 363-365 circulation and gas exchange in, 414
Nanaloricus mysticus, 377, 378 classification, 362 locomotion in, 400-401
Nasanov gland, 623 excretion and osmoregulation, nervous system of, 421
Nassula, 136 363-365 pharyngeal jaws of, 405
Nassulopsis, 140 feeding and digestion, 363 sense organs in, 423
Nassulopsis elegans, 141 nervous system and sense organs, Nereis fucata, 407
Natica, 734 365 Nereis irrorata, 426
Natronobacterium gregoryi, 3n reproduction and development, 365 Nereis virens, 388,410
natural group, 28 support and locomotion, 363 Nerilla, 388n
natural selection, 15,16 nematomorphan larva, 364,365 neritic zone, 10
naupliar (median) eye, 571,573 Nematopsides, 152 nerve(s)
nauplius, 551,562 Nemertea, 9 afferent, 77
nauplius larva, 576,578 Nemerteans (Gibson), 319 antennary, 570
924 INDEX

antennulary, 570 nucleotide evolution, 34 oligochaetes, 37,393


efferent, 77 Nucula, 737,738 olynthus, 183,186,200
radial, 826 Nuculida (Palaeotaxodonta), 712 ommatidia, 81,494
stomatogastric, 422 Nummulites, 167 omnivores, 58
nerve nets, 82,250-251,826 Nummulites gizekensis, 166 Oncknesoma, 450
nerve rings, 251,302-303 nuptial net, 648 Onckocerca volvulus, 351,529
nervous system(s), 3 7 4 4 nutritive-muscular cells, 226 Oncideves, 614
bioluminescence, 42 Nyctalops crassicaudatus, 661 oncomiracidium, 309
body plans and, 4244 Nygolairnus, 355 oncosphere, 313
central, 83 Nympkon, 694 Oniscidea, 516
independent effectors, 42 Nympkon rubrum, 693 ontogenetic analysis, 34
invertebrate sense organs, 37-42 Nympkopsis spinosossima, 692 ontogeny-phylogeny relationship,
ladder-like, 83,300,301, 302 nymphs, 626 106-108
Neuhaus, B., 350,382 Nyssodesmus, 638 Onuphidae, 389
neural crest, 869 Onychophora, 5,9,463469
neural crest cell, 869 Obelia, 256 bauplan, 463469
neural plate, 863, 867 obligatory symbionts, 14 circulation and gas exchange, 467
neural (subneural) gland, 859,862 obturaculum, 434 excretion and osmoregulation, 467
neural tube, 867 oceanic temperatures, 10 feeding and digestion, 466
neuroblasts, 505 oceanic zone, 10,12 locomotion, 465466
neurochord, 853 ocelli, 80 nervous system and sense organs,
neurogenic hearts, 73 complex lensed, 494 468
neurohormones, 84 direct, 80 reproduction and development,
neurons, 77 simple, 494 468-469
neuropodium, 396,398 Ockromonas, 153 comparison of annelids, tardi-
neuropore, 867 Ockham’s razor, 34n grades, arthropods and, 464465
Neuroptera, 594,599 Octacnemus, 856-857 oocyst, 148
neurosecretory cells, 84 Octocorallia (Alcyonaria), 224 ooecial fold, 790,791
neurotroch, 428,429 Octonitis, 169 ooecial vesicle, 790, 791
Newberry, A. T., 87 Octopoda, 715 ooecium (ovicell), 790
Newby, W. W., 452 Octopus, 704, 705, 716, 737 ookinete, 148
Nicholls, J. G., 424 Octopus ckierckiae, 716 Ooperipatus, 468
nidamental glands, 758, 778 Octopus digueti, 716 Oops, 26n
Nielsen, C., 115,338,373,772,798, Octopus dofeini, 717 oostegites, 529, 576
873,874,876,879,884 octopuses, 65 ootheca, 596
Niobia, 254 Octopus horridus, 716 ootype, 308,312
Nipkargus, 537 Ocypode, 530 oozooid, 862
nitrogenous wastes, 26-27 Ocyropsis, 280 Opabinia, 8
nits, 598 Odonata, 594,596 Opalina, 174
Nitsche, 772 Odontaster crassus, 803 Opalinida, 122,124,173-174
Noctiluca, 151, 152 odontoblasts, 733 open circulatory systems, 71
Nolella, 790 Odontogripkus, 8 opening lever, 687,689
nomenclature, biological, 24-27 odontophore, 733,734 open mitosis, 128, 129
nonstoloniferous colony form, 780, odontophore protractor, 733 opercula, 242, 622, 779
781 Oegophiurida, 804-805 Opheliida, 389
Nonsuck: Land of Water (Beebe), 461 Oekiocolax, 296 Opheliidae, 389
Norrevang, A., 115 Oesopkagostomum, 357 Opkiactis, 826
Norwegian lobster (Nepkrops norvegi- Oikopleura, 858 Opkiocoma, 817
cus), 380 Okada, 197 Opkioderma, 817
notochord, 854-855 Olenellus gilberti, 498 Opkioderma appressun, 812
Notodelpkys, 544 Olenoides serratus, 498 Opkionereis, 817
Notomastus, 423 Oligochaeta, 31,37,393 Opkionereisfasciata, 818
notoneuron, 115 body forms, 397 Opkiopkolis aculeata, 803
notopodium, 396,398 body wall and coelomic arrange- Opkiopkragmusfilagraneous, 825
Notopygos ornata, 391 ment, 399 Opkiotkrix, 817, 818
Notosaria, 794 circulation and gas exchange, Opkiotkrix fragilis, 61, 818
Notostigmophora, 639 415416 Opkiotkrix lineata, 817-818
Notostraca, 514,519-522 digestive system, 411-413 Ophiurida, 805
distinguishing features, 552-553 excretion and osmoregulation, Ophiuroidea, 804-805,812,817
reproductive features, 556-557 418-419 Opkryotrocka,422
Novodinia antillensis, 816 feeding, 409 Opilioacariformes, 654
Nubler-Jung, K., 884 nervous system and sense organs, Opiliones, 655, 664
Nucella, 735, 756, 761 424 opisthaptor, 294
Nucella emarginata, 735 regeneration and asexual reproduc- Opisthobranchia, 711
nuchal organs, 421,422,423 tion, 427 opisthognathous mouthparts, 604
nuchal tentacles, 445,450 reproduction and development, Opistkopatus, 464
Nuclearia, 156, 158 430432 Opistkopatus roseus, 464
nucleomorph, 172 support and locomotion, 402404 Opistkorckis, 312
INDEX 925

Opistkorckis (Clonorckis) sinensis, 290 Ottoia prolifca, 366 Pandalus, 569


Opistkorckis sinensis, 309 out-group analysis, 34 Pandaros, 202
opisthosoma, 434,435,653-654,655, ovaries, 86 Panderia, 498
657,662,665 ovarioles, 624,625 pandora larvae, 381
Opisthothelae, 654 ovicell (ooecium), 790 Pangaea, 7
opportunistic (facultative) symbionts, oviducal gland, 433, 758 Panulirus argus, 555,557
14 oviduct (pallial duct), 87, 755,756 Panulirus (spiny lobster), 532,571
opposable thumbs, 31 ovigers, 653,691,693 papillae
optic cushions, 826 oviparous animals, 105 adhesive, 864
optic nerves, 570 ovipositor, 625 epidermal, 718-719
optic tentacles, 752 ovisacs, 430,431 oral (slime), 463-465
oral appendages, 540 ovitestis, 358 papulae (dermal gills), 824
oral ciliature, 137 ovotestis, 755 parabasal fiber, 169,170
oral cone, 348,377 Ovoviviparous animals, 105 Parabasilida, 124,169-71
oral disc, 227, 229 ovular nuclei, 129 characteristics, 170
oral grooves, 276 ovum/ova, 94 nutrition, 171
oral hood, 865,866 mictic, 344, 345 reproduction, 171
oral (incurrent) siphon, 857,859 Owen, Richard, 2 support and locomotion, 170-171
oral lobes, 274 Owenia, 411,429 Parabutkus, 672,686
oral papillae (slime papillae), 463-465 Oweniida, 391 Paracentrot us, 819
oral stylets, 348, 377,472,473 Oweniidae, 391 Paracerceis, 536
oral sucker, 294 Oxidus gracilis, 638 Parafossarulus, 309
oral surface, 44 oxygen paragastric canals, 278
Orbiniida, 391 atmospheric, 5 paraglossae, 600,603
Orbiniidae, 391 in estuaries, 13 Paragonimus, 529
Orckestia, 553 Oxyopes, 685 Pa ragonim us wes termani, 311
Orckestoidea, 553 Oxyopidae, 654 Paragordius, 362,365
Oreaster, 815 Ozobranchus, 394 parallelism, 29-30
Oreaster reticulatus, 815 paralogous genes, 29
organic tests, 166 Pack ygraps us ,530 Paramecium, 58, 136
organ of Tomosvary, 79,647 Pacific gorgonian (Muricea californica), asexual reproduction, 142
orifice (in cystid), 779 235 locomotion, 138-139
origin, 55 pads, 465,466 “paranoiac,” 139
Ornitkonodorus moubata, 659 paedogenesis, 108 as protist-metazoan intermediate,
orogenital pore, 305 paedomorphosis, 108 111
Orsten, 543,581,582, 697 Paguristes, 532 reproduction, 143,144
orthognathous jaws, 663 Paguristes pilosus, 560 sexual processes, 145
orthologous genes, 29 Pagurus, 248,532 trichocyst, 127
orthomitosis, 128 Palaeocopida, 517 Paramecium caudatum, 139,143
intranuclear, 129 Palaeonemertea, 321,324,329,335 Paranema, 132
open, 129 Palaeoptera, 594,595-596 Paranemertes, 324
semi-open, 129 Palaeoscolex, 439 Paranemertes peregrina, 324, 325
orthonectid, 111 Palaeotaxodonta. See Nuculida paranotal lobe hypothesis, 629
Orthonectida, 9,209 (Palaeotaxodonta) Parapagurus, 247
bauplan, 215-216 Palagotkuria, 803 Parapagurus dofleini, 248
taxonomic history, 209 Paleoheterodonta, 712 parapet (collar), 239
Ortkoporus ornatus, 638 Paleozoic era (570-250 mya), 6-7 paraphyletic group, 28
Orthoptera, 594,597 palinura, 516,529 paraphyletic taxa, 28
Orthopterodea, 593 pallial cavity, 74, 717, 718, 773, 793 classification construction and,
Orzeliscus, 473 Mollusca, 718,719-720,721 31-32
Oscarella, 191 pallial duct (oviduct), 87, 755, 756 in traditional systematics, 36
osculum, 183 pallial groove, 747 Parapinnixa, 530
osmoconformers, 68 pallial line, 722, 723 parapodia, 395,396,732
osmoregulation, 26-31, 66 pallial (parietal, intestinal) ganglia, parapolar cells, 212
habitat and, 27-28 749,750 parapyles, 162
structures, 28-31 pallial tentacles, 753 Parasagitta hispida, 845
osmoregulators, 68 Pallisentis fractus, 369 Parascaris equorum, 360
osmotic hypothesis, 244 pallium (mantle), 717, 718 parasite(s)
osmotic stress, 14 Palola viridis, 426 evolution of hosts and, 17
osphradia, 717,752 palpal organ, 685 life cycles, 106
ossicles, 801, 808 Palpigradi, 655,664 Parasitiformes, 654
ostia (dermal pores), 183,184,489, palp proboscis, 738 parasitism, 14
490,616,617,644,739,740 palps, 395,693 parasitoids, 14
ostiate hearts, 73 Palytkoa toxica, 246 Parastickopus, 803,821,822
ostium (incurrent pore), 183 palytoxin, 246 Parastomonema, 353-354
Ostracoda, 517,547-550 Pampkagus, 160 Paravortex, 296
reproductive features, 556-557 Panagrolaimus, 355 paraxonemal rod, 151
Ostrea, 758 Panama isthmus, 9 parazoan grade of body construction,
otolith, 863,864 Panarthropoda, 461 179
926 INDEX

Pardosa amentata, 672 Pelagothuria, 806-807 Petrolisthes armatus (porcelain crab),


parenchyma, 220n Pelecypoda. See Bivalvia 513,532,572
parenchyme, 22012 pellicle, 125,130 Petrolistkes cabriolli, 565
parenchymula (parenchymella) lar- Pelomyxa, 158, 159 Petrolistkes elegans, 59
vae, 199 pelta, 170 Petta, 411
Parerytkropodium, 260 Peltogaster paguri, 563 Pettibone, M. H., 389,407
parietal (intestinal, pallial) ganglia, Penaeus, 527,577 Peyssonal, 772
749,750 Penaeus setiferus, 528 Pfiesteria, 151n
parietal protractor muscles, 785 Penicillata, 639 Pfiesteria piscicida, 151
paroral membrane, 140 penis, 87 Pkacus, 130
parsimony, principle of logical, 34 pennate diatoms, 154 Pkaeodaria, 162
pars intercerebralis, 488 Pennatulacea, 224,232,233 phaeodium, 163
parthenogenesis, 88 Pennatula (sea pen), 234 Phagocata, 303
Paruroctonus mesaensis, 672 Pennington, J. T., 428,727,828 phagocytosis, 56
Pasilobus, 675 Pentanympkon, 694 Pkallonemertes murrayi, 320
Passamaneck, Y., 883 Pentapora, 781 Phallus impudicus, 26n
Patella, 746 Pentapycnon, 694 Phanerozoic eon, 6
patelliform, 724 pentaradial symmetry, 44 pharmacology, systematics and, 27
pattern formation, 4 Pentastomida, 516,543,546 pharyngeal canals, 278
Patterson, 123 Pentastomum, 546 pharyngeal cavity, 297,298
Paucitubulatina, 346 Pentatrichomonas komonis, 170 pharyngeal gill slits (stigmata), 80,
Paul, C. R. C., 833,834 Pentkaleus major, 659 127,857,859,865,866
Paulus, H. F., 697 Pequignat, E., 810 pharyngeal glands, 296
PAUP (software), 34 Peracarida, 516,529-540,556-557 pharyngeal pump, 612
Pauropoda, 639,640,649 Peranema, 130,131 pharyngeal tubes, 347
Pauropus silvaticus, 638 pereon, 517n, 550 pharynx, 615,616
Pax-6 gene, 504 pereonites (pereomeres), 517n, 550 bulbous, 296,297
Paxillosida, 804 pereopods, 515,517n, 550 plicate, 296,297
p d m gene, 630 Perez, F. M., 785 simple, 296,297
Pearse, J. S., 827 periblastula, 99 Pkascolion, 446,450
Pecten, 753 pericardial cells, 619 Phascolion crypta, 451
Pectinaria, 403,406,407 pericardial chamber, 717,744,745 Phascolionidae, 447
Pectinariidae, 392 pericardial sinus, 465,489,490, 616, Pkascolion strombi, 451
pectines, 681 617,644 Pkascolosoma, 446,448,451,452
pectinobranch (monopectinate) condi- Pericimenes brevicarpalis, 249 Pkascolosoma agassizii, 450
tion, 721, 746 Peridineum, 150 Phascolosomida, 447
pedal cords, 748,749 Peridinium, 122 Phascolosomiformes, 447
pedal disc, 227 Peridinium volzii, 152 Phasmida (Phasmatoptera), 594,597
pedal ganglia, 420,421, 749, 750 perihemal sinuses, 823 Phasmida (Secernentea), 352
pedal gland, 340, 728 periostracum (hypostracum), 719, 720, phasmids, 357,358
pedal laceration, 258 723,793,794 Pkeretima, 430
pedal retractor muscles, 728 Peripatopsis, 466,468 pheromones, 84
pedestals, 693,694 Peripatopsis moseleyi, 464,467,469 Pkidiana, 710, 711
pedestrian arthropods, 482 Peripatopsis sedgwicki, 465 Pkilodina roseola, 339
pedicel, 603,661,662 Peripatus, 461,465,467 Philonexis, 758
Pedicellaria, 808 Peripatus capensis, 467 Pkixometra, 828
pedicellariae, 808, 809 Peripatus trinitatus, 469 Pklebotomus, 132n
Pedicellaria globifera, 808 peripheral tentacles, 445,450 pH of seawater, 10
Pedicellaria tridens, 808 Peripkylla, 255 Pkolas, 732
Pedicellaria tripkylla, 808 periplasm (peripheral cytoplasm), Pkoneutria fera, 675
Pedicellina, 372, 374 625,649 phonoreception, 79
Pedicellinidae, 373 periproct, 827 phonoreceptors, 621
pedicle, 792-793 perisarc, 228,230-232 phoresis, 15
pedicle valve, 793,794 peristalsis, 52 phoresy, 664
pediculosis, 613 peristomial field, 787 Phoronida, 9,773-778
Pediculus, 613 peristomial membrane, 816, 817 bauplan, 774-778
Pediculus kumanus, 614 peristomium, 395 body cavity, 775-776
Pediculus pubis, 613 peritoneum, 48 body wall, 775-776
pedipalps, 653, 655,657,660,661,662 peritrema, 645 circulation and gas exchange,
peduncle, 550n peritrophic membrane, 489,615,644 776-777
peduncular (pedicle) lobe, 797 perivisceral coelom, 717,810 excretion, 776-777
Peggickisme, 26n permanent parasites, 14 lophophore, feeding, and diges-
peg organs, 621 Peropkora, 856457,862 tion, 776
Pelagia, 220, 246,255,259 Perotrockus, 704, 705 nervous system, 777
Pelagia noctiluca, 245 petaloids, 824 reproduction and development,
pelagic organisms, 12 petasma, 574 777-778
pelagic zone, 12 Petrochirus californiensis (giant hermit support, 775-776
Pelagodiscus, 792 crab), 513 characteristics, 773
pelagosphera larva, 451,452 Pkoronis, 772, 773
INDEX 927

Phoronis architechta, 774 secondary, 495 Platylepas, 542


Phoronis australis, 777 pilidium, 333 Platysterida, 804
Phoronis hippocrepia, 774 pillbugs, 37 Plecoptera, 594,596
Phoronis ovalis, 777, 778 pinacocytes, 183,188,189 plectrum, 529
Phoronis psammophila, 774 pinacoderm, 183 Pleocyemata, 515,527-528
Phoronis vancouverensis, 774,777,778 pinnules, 228,407,408,434,807,812 pleon, 550-551
Phoronopsis, 773 pinocytosis, 56,57 pleonites (pleomeres), 550
Phoronopsis harmeri (P. viridis), 777, 778 pinocytotic channels, 57 pleopods, 515,551
phoront, 15 pinocytotic vesicles, 57 plerocercoid stage, 313
photic reaction, 80 piroplasms, 145-148 Plesiodiadema, 806-807
photic zone, 10,12 Pirsig, Robert M., 23 plesiomorphy, 31,33-34
Photis conchicola, 557,558 Pisaster giganteus, 24,25,26, 813 pleura, 478
photoautotrophy, 66 Pisaster ochraceus, 815-816,826 pleural ganglia, 749, 750
photocytes, 623 Pisaura, 683, 687 pleural lobes, 527
photophores, 754 Pisauridae, 654 Pleurobrachia, 270,271,273, 276, 277,
photoreceptors, 4042,77 Pisciola, 433 280
photosynthesis, 10 Pista, 407 pleurobranchs, 527
Phragmatopoma, 403 placental plate, 468 Pleurodasys, 346
Phragmophora, 841 placids, 348 pleuromitosis, 128, 129
Phreatoicidea, 516 Placiphorella, 737 Pleuroncodes planipes, 513
Phreatoicopis terricola, 292 Placiphorella velata, 734 Pleurostigmophora, 639
Phrynophiurida, 805 Placobdella, 417 Pleurotomaria, 744
Phthiraptera, 594,597-598 Placobranchus, 741 plicate ctenidia, 747
Phthiria relativitae, 26n placoids (rods), 473 plicate gill, 747
Phthirius pubis, 614 Placozoa, 9,111,209,210 plicate pharynx, 296,297
Phthirus, 613 plakula, 110 Pliciloricus enigmaticus, 378
Phylactolaemata, 779 Planctosphaera, 847,849 Pliciloricus gracilis, 378
Phyllobothrium, 295 Planctosphaera pelagica, 847, 849 Plocamia karykina, 202
phyllobranchiate gills, 527 Planctosphaeroidea, 847 Plumatella, 779, 780
Phyllocarida, 515,523-524 plankton, 12-13 plumatellid colony form, 779, 780
distinguishing features, 552-553 planktotrophic larvae, 103 pneumatophore, 232
reproductive features, 556-557 Planocera, 301, 305 pneumostome, 74,75,746,747
Phyllodoce, 429 Plantae (Metaphyta), 2 Pocillopora damicornis, 258
Phyllodocida, 391 Plante, C. J., 410 podia, 806
Phyllodocidae, 391 planula larva, 253 podites (articles), 480
phyllopodia (foliacious limbs), 480, plasmodial phase, 625 podium, 810,811
481,551 plasmodial stages, 215 podobranchs, 527
phylogenetic groups, natural vs. com- Plasmodium, 612,613 Podocopa, 517
posite, 1 diseases caused by, 146 Podocopida, 517
phylogenetic sequencing convention, life cycle of, 147, 149 Podocoryne, 248
35 Plasmodium falciparum, 146 Poecilostomatoida, 517
phylogenetic systematics (cladistics), plasmotomy, 128 polar cap, 212
15,32-34 Platnick, N. I., 687 polar fields, 280
similarity concept in, 24,38 Platycopida, 517 polarity, 43
traditional systematics vs., 35-37 Platycopioida, 516 Polaromonas vacuolata, 3n
phylogeny(ies), 873-888 Platyctenida, 273,274 polian vesicles, 810, 811
blastocoelomate phyla, 381-382 Platydesmida, 639 Polinices, 65, 729
constructing, 31-38 Platydesmus, 295 Polis, G. A,, 65
deuterostomes, 868-870 Platyhelminthes (flatworms), 9/81, Politolana, 78
evolutionary developmental biol- 285-318 Pollicipes polymerus, 540
ogy, 884-885 bauplan, 289-313 Polybrachia, 435,436
molecular phylogenetics, 882-884 attachment, 294-295 Polycelis tenuis, 298
ontogeny and, relationships body wall, 291-294 Polychaeta, 31,388
between, 106-108 circulation, 299 body forms, 395-396
physa, 227 excretion, 299-300 body wall and coelomic arrange-
Physa, 756 feeding and digestion, 295-299 ment, 397-398
Physalia ("man-of-war"), 230,232, 233, gas exchange, 299 circulation and gas exchange,
244,246,249 life cycles, 310-311, 314 413415
Physalia physalis, 232 locomotion, 294-295 digestive system, 410411
Physonectae, 233 nervous system and sense organs, excretion and osmoregulation,
phytoplankton, 12-13 300-303 417-41 8
Picrophilus oschimae, 3n osmoregulation, 299-300 feeding, 405409
pigment cells, 682 reproduction and development, Middle Cambrian, 7
primary, 494 303-313 nervous system and sense organs,
pigments support, 294-295 420424
light-sensitive, 80 characteristics, 288 regeneration and asexual reproduc-
proximal, 494,495 classification, 286-289 tion, 425427
respiratory, 34-36,74 phylogeny, 313-31 7 sexual reproduction and develop-
screening, 494,495 taxonomic history, 286 ment, 427-430
928 INDEX

support and locomotion, 400402, distribution and ecology, 201 primitive (ancestral) character states,
403 growth rates, 202 31
Polychaete Worms (Fauchald), 387 phylogeny, 203-205 Primno, 538
Polychisime, 26n evolution within Porifera, 204-205 principal filaments, 747
Polychoerus, 306 origin of sponges, 203-204 principle of logical parsimony, 34
Polycirrus, 414 symbioses, 202-203 prions, 2
Polycladida, 288 taxonomic history, 180-182 prismatic calcium layer, 720
Polyclinum, 840 Porites astereoides, 247 Pristionchus aerivora, 359
Polycope, 549 porocytes, 183,188,189 Probopyrus bithynis, 577
Polycystina, 162 Porpita, 230, 246 Proboscidactyla, 230
Polydesmida, 639 Portia, 662, 675, 683 proboscides, 738
polydisc strobilation, 255 postclitellar, 397 proboscis, 319-321,325-326,451,453,
Polydora, 402,406,408 postecdysis (postmolt period), 486, 600,692,693,848,849
Polydora alloporis, 408 487 Proboscis apparatus, 325-326
polyembryony, 626,791 posterior cardinal veins, 866,867 proboscis canal, 325,326
polygastry, 253 posterior end, 44 proboscis complex, 852
Polygordius, 388n posterior growth zone, 496 proboscis groove (gutter), 451,454
Polykrikos, 152 posterior region, 397 proboscis pore, 325,326,330
pofymerous species, 694 posterodorsal tubercle, 693,694 proboscis receptacle, 369
polymorphic species, 30 postlarva, 578, 579 proboscis retractor muscle, 326
Polynoidae, 391 postmolt period (postecdysis), 486, proboscis skeleton, 850,851
Polyophthalmus, 422 487 proboscis stalk, 848, 849
Polyopisothocotylea, 288 post-tarsus, 606 Procaris, 528, 559
Polyorchis, 220 Potamocypris, 549 Procaris ascensionis, 528, 560
polyphyletic group, 28 Powell, M. A., 741 procephalon, 602
polyphyletic taxa, 28,29 power stroke, 51 procercoid stage, 313
Polyphysia, 401,402 Pray, F. A., 344 Prochloron, 861
polypide, 779,780 preclitellar region, 397 Procryptobia, 134
Polyplacophora, 703,708 precoxa, 629 procuticle, 478,479
polypoid form, 219,226-233 predation, 63 proecdysis, 485
polyps, 222, 772 predators, 58 proglottids, 290,291
polyp theory, 261,262,263 lurking, 63-65 prognathous mouthparts, 604,605
Polystilifera, 322 predatory lifestyles, skeleton develop- Progymnoplea, 516
Polystoma integerrimum, 310 ment and, 6 prohaptor, 294
polythridium, 368 predictive function of classification, 24 prokaryotes, 1 , 2
Polytoma, 173 prehensors (forcipules), 641, 644 Prolecithophora, 288
Polytonella, 173 premandibular segment, 642 prolegs, 18,481
polytroph larvae, 429 premolt, 485,486 proloculum, 167
Polyxenida, 639 preoral ciliary organ, 851 Proneomenia, 749
Polyzoniida, 639 preoral hood, 778 Proneomenia antarctica, 706
Pomatias, 750 presoma (introvert), 365,445,446 pronotum, 605
"Pompeii worm" (Alvinella pompe- prestomach, 775, 776 propagative budding, 862
jana), 408 Priapulan protonephridia, 368 propeltidium, 666
Pompholyxophrys, 158 Priapula (priapulans), 9,28,338, Proplicastomata, 288
Pontobdella muricata, 394 365-368 propodium, 728
pools, ephemeral (vernal pools), 13, body wall, 367 propodosoma, 658,659
14n characteristics, 366 Propontocypris, 549
Porania, 816 circulation and gas exchange, 368 proprioceptors, 79
porcelain crab (Petrol is t hes armat us), classification, 366-367 Proseriata, 288
513,532,572 excretion and osmoregulation, 368 Prosobranchia, 703
porcelaneous tests, 166 feeding and digestion, 367-368 prosoma, 653,655,657,662,665
Porcellio, 491,568, 569 nervous system and sense organs, prosome, 546,772
Porifera (sponges), 5,9, 179-208 368 prosopyles, 184
bauplan, 182-201 reproduction and development, 368 Prosorhochmus, 333
activity and sensitivity, 194-196 support and locomotion, 367 prostate gland, 756
body structure and aquiferous Priapulidae, 366-367 prostatic glands, 304
system, 183-188 Priapulus, 367 Prosthiostomurn, 296
cell aggregation, 191 Priapulus australis, 366 Prostoma, 332
cell types, 188-191 Priapulus bicaudatus, 366 Prostoma graecense, 325
circulatory system, 72 Priapulus caudatus, 367 prostomium, 395
excretion, 192-194 primary body cavity (blastocoel), 98 protandric hermaphroditism, 87
gas exchange, 192-194 primary (definitive) host, 14,106 protandry, 87
nutrition, 192-194,195 primary larva, 574 protaspis larva, 499,500
reproduction and development, primary (larval) mesenchyme, 828 proterosoma, 666
196-20 1 primary literature, 26 Proterospongia, 110, 111, 173
support, 191-192,193 primary pigment cells, 494 Proterozoic era, 4,5
biochemical agents, 201-202 primary segment, 602,603 prothoracic glands, 488,619,620
classification, 182 "primeval soup" theory, 4n prothorax, 602,605
INDEX 929

Protista, 2, 9,121-178. See also under pseudotrachea, 74,534,535,568,569 rachiglossate radulae, 734,735
specific taxa pseudozoea larvae, 579 rachis, 233
bauplan, 124-129 Psocoptera, 594,597 radial canal, 184, 235, 810,811
activity and sensitivity, 125-127 Psolidium, 822 radial cleavage, 95
body structure, excretion, and gas Psolus, 814,821 radial nerves, 826
exchange, 124-125 Psolus chintinoides, 808 radial spokes, 50
nutrition, 125 psychrophiles, 3 radial symmetry, 4 3 4 5
reproduction, 127-129 ptenoglossate radula, 735 cnidarian, 225-226
support and locomotion, 125 Pteraeol id ia, 741 Radiaspis radiata, 498
classification, 123-124 Pteraster tesselatus, 803, 814 Radiata, 28
definability of, 121 Pteriomorphia. See Filibranchia radiation, 30
diversity of, 122 Pterobranchia, 847 explosive, 37
organization on basis of body con- Pteromonas lacertae, 128 radiolarian, acantharian, 161
struction, 7 pterothorax, 605 radioles, 407,408
phylogeny, 174-176 Pterotrachea, 710, 734, 752 radula, 63, 717,733
Stephanopogon, 174 Pterygota, 594,595 molluscan, 733-737
taxonomic history of, 123 Pterygotus, 656 radular membrane, 733,734
Protoalcyonaria, 224 Pterygotus buffaloensis, 655 radular protractor, 733
Protobranchia, 712 Ptilocrinus, 813 radular sac, 733
protocerebrum, 492,493,570 Ptilosarcus (sea pen), 220 Raikov, I. B., 128
protocoel, 101,772 ptychocyst, 243 rain forest (tropical wet forest), 11
protoconch, 724 Pugettia, 530 ramate mastax, 341
Protodrilus, 388n, 391 Pulex irritans, 599, 613 Ramskold, L., 463
Protoglossus, 850 Pulmonata, 712 Rapana, 735
Protoglossus kohleri, 851 pulsatile organs, 616, 617 Raphidioptera, 594,599
protogynic hermaphroditism, 87 pumping mechanisms for circulation, Rathkea, 254
protogyny, 87 33 Rebach, 574
protonephridia, 69,70,286 punctae, 793 recapitulation, law of (biogenetic law),
protonephromixium, 71 punctuated equilibrium model, 19 107
protonymphon larvae, 694,696 Puncturella, 709 recency of common descent, 32
Protopalina, 174 pupal stage, 626 receptor, 77
Pro t operid inium, 151 pupation, 626 recombination, 16
protopodite, 480481 pupil, 81 recovery stroke, 51
protopod (sympod), 480,515,550,554, Purchon, R. D., 712 rectal accessory gills, 618
605-606 pusules, 151 rectal glands (rectal sacs), 619,816,
protostomes Pycnogonida, 18,654,691-696 817
bilateral symmetry and origins, anatomy, 692-695 rectum, 326
877-8 78 circulation and gas exchange, redia, 309
developmental differences between 695-696 red tide, 150
deuterostomes and, 113,114-115 excretion, 695-696 reduction, morphological, 30
evolution, 878-880 feeding and digestion, 695 reduction bodies, 197
Protostyela longicauda, 863 locomotion, 695 reef corals, Paleozoic, 7
protostyle, 744 nervous system and sense organs, reefs, modern, 9
prototroch, 428,429 696 refugial lifestyle, 2-3
protozoa, 1,3,28 reproduction and development, 696 regeneration, 85,280,425427,826,
protozoa larva, 578 Pycnogonum litorale, 695, 696 827
protractors, 55 Pycnogonum rickettsi, 695 Regier, J. C., 884
Protura, 594,595 Pycnogonum stearnsi, 692 regulative ova, 98
proventriculus, 615,616 Pycnophyes, 351 Rehbachiella, 582
proximal pigments, 494,495 Pycnopodia, 813,814,826 Reiswig, H. M., 194, 196
prozonite, 642 pygidium (telson), 395,496,497,498, relatedness (genealogical kinship), 24
Pruvotina impexa, 706 515,551,653,655,660 Remane, 476
Psammogorgea, 235 Pylopagurus varians, 513 Remipedia, 514,517-519
Pseudamphithoides incurvaria, 553,558 pyloric ceca, 816,817 distinguishing features, 552-553
Pseudicyema, 209 pyloric ducts, 816, 817 reproductive features, 556-557
pseudoblastomeres, 468,469 pyloric gland, 861,864 renal appendages, 748
Pseudocarcinus gigas (giant Tasmanian pyloric stomach, 561,568,816,817 renal sacs, 748
crabs), 511 pylorus, 787 renal vesicles, 862
Pseudocella, 359 pyramids, 819 renette cells, 356, 357
Pseudoceros canadensis, 302 pyriform organ complex, 793 Renilla (sea pansy), 220
Pseudoceros ferrugineus, 286 Pyrodinium bahamense, 150 renopericardial duct, 745, 747
pseudocoelom, 49 Pyrolobus fumarii, 3n reproduction, 4448,556-557,573-576
pseudocoelomate grade, 48 Pyrosoma, 858 asexual, 4546
pseudofeces, 737 parthenogenesis, 48
Pseudoplexaura (sea fan), 235 quadriradial (tetramerous) symmetry, sexual, 4 6 4 7
pseudopodia, 50,158 44,235 reproductives, 596
Pseudoscorpionida, 655,664 Quammen, David, 593 reproductive success, 16
pseudosimplex, 470,471 Quatrefages, 447 reptant arthropods, 482
930 INDEX

Reptilia, 31, 35-36 Rice, M. E., 447,448449,451 Sadikov, 883


repugnatorial glands, 489, 638, 641, Ricinoides crassipalpe, 661 Sagartia, 245
664 Ricinulei, 655, 664 Sagartia troglodytes, 260
research, taxonomic, 4n Ridgeia, 436,438 Sagartiomorphe, 248
reserve stylet sacs, 325 Riedl, R. J. M., 338,375 Sagitta, 842, 844, 845
resilin, 477 Rieger, G. E., 382 Sagitta bipunctata, 78
respiratory pigments, 34-36,74 Rieger, R. M., 115 Sagitta elegans, 842
respiratory trees, 822,823 Riftia, 434,436 Sagitta hispida, 842
rete system, 363 Riftia pachyptila, 434, 435, 437 Sagitta pseudoserratadentatoides, 26n
retina, 81,682,683 ring canal, 235,810,811 Sahnicythere, 549
retinular cells, 80,494 ”ring” vessel, afferent, 776 Saipanetta, 549
retinula (retinular element), 494 Ripistes, 393,409 Salinella, 9, 111, 112, 209,210, 211,216,
retractor muscles, 239,240, 731, 733 Ristau, 180 874
pedal, 728 “river blindness,” 351 bauplan, 10-11
proboscis, 326 rivers, subterranean, 14n salinity
retractors, 55 Roberts, M. E., 842 of fresh water, 14
retrocerebral organ, 343 Rochdalia parkeri, 629 of seawater, 10
reversal, evolutionary, 30 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 659 salivary glands (mandibular glands),
Reynolds, Osborne, 49 rods (placoids), 473 342,378,413,615,616,644
Reynolds number, 49 Romafia’s Sign, 133 Salmon, M., 574
rhabdites, 292 Root, G., 670 Salpa, 277, 858
Rhabditis, 356, 357, 358 rootlets, 561 Salpingoeca, 173
Rhabdocalyptus, 196 rosette, 97 saltation theory, 16
Rhabdocoela, 288 Rostanga pulchra, 202, 725 Salticidae, 655
rhabdoids, 291-292 rostellum, 294,295 salt marshes, 11,13
rhabdome, 494,495 rostrum, 515,550,783 Salvini-Plawen, L. von, 762
rhabdomere, 495 Rotaliella, 167 Sander, K., 2,42
rhabdomeric eyes, 82 Rotaria, 341 Sandman, 571
Rhabdopleura, 849,850,852,853 Rotifera (rotifers), 9,338-345 Sao hirsuata, 500
Rhabdosphaera clavigera, 155 body cavity, 341 saprobic heterotrophs, 125
rhagon, 199 body wall, 341 Sarcoptes scabiei, 658
Rhamphos tomella argen tea, 782 characteristics, 340 Sars, Michael, 222
Rhenops, 497 circulation, 343 Sarsia, 254
rhinophores, 752 classification, 340 Satan, 26n
rhipidoglossate radulae, 734, 735 corona, details of, 340-341 Satoh, N., 869
Rhizobium, 741 excretion, 343 Saxipendium coronatum, 847
Rhizocephala, 516 external anatomy, 340-341 saxitoxins, 150-151
Rhizophora, 561 feeding and digestion, 341-342 Sayonara, 26n
Rhizopoda (amebas), 122,124, gas exchange, 343 Scalibregmidae, 391
155-161 nervous system and sense organs, scalids, 348, 377, 378
characteristics, 157 343 scape, 603
diversity of, 156 osmoregulation, 343 scaphognathites (gill bailers), 565,569
nutrition, 159-160 reproduction and development, Scapholeberis, 522
reproduction, 160-1 61 343-345 Scaphopoda, 714
support and locomotion, 157-159 support and locomotion, 341 scavengers, 58
Rhizostomae, 225 rotules, 821 scavenging, 23-25
Rhobdomonas, 130 Rovner, J. S., 683 scenarios, evolutionary, 31
Rhodactis howesii (mata malu), 246 Rowe, F. W., 804 Schabronath, J., 681
rhombogen, 213 Rowell, 798 Scheltema, A. H., 702,762,879
Rhombozoa, 9,209 r-selected (opportunistic) species, 94, Scheltema, R. S., 762
bauplan, 211-215 104 Schindewolf, 16
dicyemids, 212-214 Rudman, W. B., 725 Schistosoma, 311
Heterocyemida, 214-215 Ruppert, E. E., 305,332,338,448449, Schistosoma mansoni, 290,311
taxonomic history, 209 785,870 Schistosomiasis, 311
rhopalia, 253 Ruthmann, A., 210 schizocoely, 101
Rhopalura, 209,211 Ryland, J. S., 771 Schizomida, 655,664
Rhopalura granosa, 215 Rynkatropa pawsoni, 801 Schizoporella, 781
Rhopalura ophiocomae, 215 Schlagel, 129
Rhynchelmis, 430 Sabella, 402,407 Schmidt, I., 194
rhynchocoel, 319,326,330 Sabellariidae, 392 Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., 365
Rhynchocoela. See Nemertea (ribbon Sabellida, 392 Schmitt, W. L., 534
worms) Sabellidae, 392 Schneider, 772
Rhynchodemus, 295 sac, adhesive, 791 Schultz, J. W., 697, 884
rhynchodeum, 325,326 Saccocirrus, 388n Schultze, M. S., 321
Rhynchoscolex, 305 Saccoglossus, 840, 849, 852, 854 Scissurella, 746
Rhyniella praecursor, 595 Sqccoglossus horsti, 849 Scleractinia (Madreporaria), 224
ribbon worms. See Nemertea (ribbon Sacculina carcini, 540 sclerites, 236,238, 478, 685, 686
worms) sacculus, 467,569 scleroblasts, 236
INDEX 931

Sclerocypris, 549 Selenkothuria, 821 circulation and gas exchange,


sclerocytes, 188,190 Semaeostomae, 225 436437
Sclerolinum, 434 Semibalanus balanoides, 540 excretion and osmoregulation,
sclerotization, 479 seminal receptacle, 87,304,647, 755, 436437
scolex, scoleces, 290,291,295 756 nervous system and sense organs,
Scolopendra, 643, 644 seminal (sperm) funnels, 430 437
Scolopendra cingulata, 645, 648 seminal vesicle, 87, 648 nutrition, 436
Scolopendra heros, 638, 639, 648 semi-open mitosis, 128,129 reproduction and development,
Scolopendromorpha, 639 Semper cells, 49412 437438
Scoloplos, 428 sense organs, 3 7 4 2 taxonomic history, 434
Scopimera, Dotilla, 568 apical, 428 tube, body wall, and body cavity,
Scorpiones, 655,664-665 epithelial, 424 434436
Scotoplanes, 803,814 frontal, 330, 331 Siboglinum, 435,436,437
screening pigments, 494,495 slit, 79, 681, 682 Siboglinumfiordicum, 436
Scrobicularia, 730 sensilla, 493 Siboglinum weberi, 434
Scudderia furcata (fork-tailed katydid), slit, 493, 681 Siddall, M.E., 223
80 sensitivity Siernienkiewicziechinogammarus
Scutigera, 637, 641,643 Porifera, 194-196 siemienkiewitschii,26n
Scutigera coleoptrata, 638 Protista, 125-127 Siewing, R., 98
Scutigerella, 638 sensory nerve, 77 siliceous spicules, 5
Scutigerella immaculata, 644 sensory (receptor) cells, 682 silk, spider, 667-670
Scutigeromorpha, 639 general, 251 similarity(ies), 24,25, 38
Scypha (Sycon),184 sensory vesicle, 863, 864 simple cilia, 137
distribution of, 201 Sepia, 214,732, 754 simple development, 626
inversion in, 200 Sepioida, 715 simple ocelli, 494
larva of, 200 septum, septa, 238, 738 simple pharynx, 296,297
spicules in, 193 transverse septa, 723 simple plates, 808
Scyphistoma,222 Sergestes, 527 simple tactile hairs, 681, 682
scyphistomae, 227 serial homology, 387 Simpson, G. G., 26,27
scyphomedusae, 237 Serpulidae, 392 Simulium, 529
Scyphozoa, 220,225 Serpulorbis gigas, 737 sinus gland, 488
life cycles, 259 Serpulorbis squamigerus, 737 siphon, 454,455, 724,820,821
reproduction, 255-258 Serres, E. R. A., 107 siphonal canal, 722, 724
Scytodes, 675, 676 sessile animals, 12 siphonal chamber, 859,861
Scytodidae, 655 sessile eyes, 550 Siphonaptera, 594,599
sea anemone sessile opportunists, 63-65 siphon (funnel), 732
feeding in, 245 setal-net feeders, 59 Siphoniulida, 639
locomotion in, 240,241 settling, 104-5 Siphonodictyon,201
nerve net in, 83 Sexanymphon,694 Siphonodictyon coral1iphagum, 20 1
sea cucumber, 75 sexual reproduction, 4647 siphonoglyphs, 227,229
“Sea daisies,” 804 Annelida, 427433 Siphonophora, 223,232-233
”sea mouse” (Aphrodita),391,411 Chordata, 862-864 Siphonophorida, 639
sea pansy (Renilla),220 Ctenophora, 280-281 Siphonopoda. See Cephalopoda
sea pen (Pennatula),234 Cycliophora, 381 (Siphonopoda)
sea pen (Ptilosarcus),220 Echinodermata, 826-827 Siphonosoma, 452
sea slug, 75 Ectoprocta, 790-792 Siphonostomatoida, 517
sea spiders. See Pycnogonida Nemertea, 331-333 siphonozooids, 233
sea wasp (Chironex),244 Platyhelminthes, 303-313 siphuncle, 723
Secernentea (Phasmida), 352 Porifera, 197-201 Sipuncula, 9,28,445451
secondary eyes, 682,683 Shapeero, W., 365,367 body wall and coelom, 447449
secondary literature, 26 shared derived characteristics, 38 characteristics, 446
secondary mesenchyme, 828 Sharov, A. G., 476 circulation and gas exchange,
secondary pigment cells, 495 Shear, W. A., 649,669 447449
secondary segments, 602,603 sheet web, 673,674 classification, 447
second maxillary segment, 642 Sheina orri, 547 excretion and osmoregulation, 450
sedentary animals, 12 shell, Mollusca, 718,719,720-725 feeding and digestion, 449450
Sedgwick, A., 114,452 shell adductor muscles, 729,730 nervous system and sense organs,
Segestria, 685 shell glands, 718 450
segmental arteries, 867 Shick, J. M., 824 phylogeny, 457
segmental engrailed expression, 879 Shimomura, O., 253 reproduction and development,
segmental gland, 467 Shinn, G. L., 842,845,868 451,452
segmented worms. See Annelida (seg- Shostak, S., 242 support and locomotion, 449
mented worms) shrimps, cleaner, 15 taxonomic history, 447
Seison, 342,344 Shumardia pusilla, 500 Sipunculida, 447
Seison annulatus, 339 Siberian Traps, 7 Sipunculiformes, 447
Seisonidea, 340 Siboga (ship), 434 Sipunculus, 448,449
sejugal furrow, 656,658 Siboglinidae (beard worms), 434438 Sipunculus nudus, 446,447,448,451
selective deposit feeders, 62 characteristics, 436 sister taxa (sister groups), 34-35,37
932 INDEX

Skara, 581,582 Speleonectes ondinae, 513 squids, 17


skeletal lamina, 341 Speleonectes tulumensis, 572 Squilla, 490, 525
skeleton(s), 12-16. See also support Spengel, 702 stabilimentum, 667,669
axial, 236 Spengelomenia bathybia, 706 stalked eyes, 495, 550
calcareous body, 6 Speonebalia cannoni, 524 star-cell organ, 374
hydrostatic, 12-13, 52 spermathecae, 430,431,624,625 statoblasts, 790
hydrozoan, 239 spermatic cysts (sperm follicles), 197 statocysts, 79
predatory lifestyles and develop- spermatophores, 87 statolith, 79
ment of, 6 sperm duct, 87 Stauromedusae, 225
proboscis, 850,851 sperm tubes, 624,625 Steatoda castanea, 675
rigid, 13-16 sperm web, 685 Steganoblastus, 831
sponge, 191-192,193 sphaeridia, 826 Stegasoma, 858
cells secreting, 188,190 Sphaeroeca, 110 Stegophrynus darnmermani, 661
stramenopile, 155 Sphaeroeca volvox, 111 Steinbeck, John, 701,801
Slabber, Martinus, 839 Sphaeroma walkeri, 536 stellate ganglia, 750, 751
slime glands, 466 Sphaerotheriida, 639 stem, 233
slime papillae (oral papillae), 463-465 Spheciospongia, 203 Stemmiulida, 639
slit sense organs, 79,681,682 Spheciospongia vesparia, 202 stem nematogen, 213, 214
slit sensilla, 493, 681 spherical symmetry, 43 Stenodicfya lobata, 629
slugs, 31 spherulous cells, 190 stenohaline animals, 68
Smith, A. B., 804,805,833,834 sphincter, atrial, 784 Stenolaemata, 779
Snodgrass, R. E., 114,476,503,504 sphincter muscles, 53 Stenoplax, 762
social ascidians, 856, 857 spicules, 192, 193,350 Stenopodidea, 515,528
soglchordin precursor gene, 885 spiculospheres, 861 stenopodous limbs, 552
sog gene, 869,884 Spider Communication (Witt & Rovner), stenopods, 480,481
Solaster, 814 683 Stenopus, 528
Solaster dawsoni, 815 spider silk, 667-670 Stenopus hispidus, 572
Solaster stimpsoni, 815 spider ”webs,” 667-670 Stenorhynchus, 530
soldiers, 596 spigots, 667,668 Stentor, 122,136, 139, 140
sole, 728 spindle muscle, 448,449 Stephanocea, 128
Solemya, 741 Spinicaudata, 515 Stephanoceros, 339
Solemya reidi, 741 spinnerets, 661,662,667-670 Sfephanodrilus, 394
Solemyida (Cryptodonta), 712 spinoscalids, 377,378 Stephanopogon, 124,174
solenia, 228 Spinulosida, 804 Stephanoscyphus, 255
solenocyte (cyrtocyte), 69, 347 spiny lobster (Panulirus), 532,571 Stephen, A. C., 447
solitary ascidians, 856,857 Spionida, 391 Stephens, G., 810
Sollas, W. J., 180 Spionidae, 391 stercoral pocket, 676,678
Solpugida, 655,665-666 spiracles, 74, 467, 491, 617-618, 644, stereoblastula, 98
somatic cells, 212 645 stereogastrulae, 99
somatic ciliature, 137 spiral cleavage, 95 stereom, 808
somatocoels, 828,830 spire, 722,724 sternal plate, 348, 349
Somero, G. N., 741 Spirobolida, 639 sternite, 478
somite, 478 Spirobranchus grandis, 391 sternum, 662,663
Sonoran desert, 11 spirochetosis, fowl, 659 Sterrer, W., 376
Sopott-Ehlers, B., 302,316 spirocysts, 243 Stichodactyla mertensii, 226
Sorberacea, 855 Spironoura, 358 Sticholonche, 163
Ssrensen, M. V., 873,874,879 Spironucleus, 169 Stichopus, 821
Sorensen, Z., 879 Spirorbidae, 392 stigmata (pharyngeal gill slits), 80,
Spadella, 841, 842, 845 Spirostreptida, 639 127,857,859,865,866
Spadella cephaloptera, 845 Spirostreptus, 643 stilting, 680
spadix, 758 Spirula, 723 stochastic processes, 16
spat, 731 splash zone (supralittoral zone), 10 stolonal funiculus, 785
Spa thidiopsis, 172 Spodoptera, 673 Stolonifera, 224
spawning, broadcast, 86 Spondylus, 753 stoloniferous colony form, 780, 781
specialist (k-selected)species, 94, 105 sponges. See Porifera (sponges) stolons, 849, 850
speciation, 15,18 Spongia, 192,199 stomach, 326
macroevolutionary processes affect- Spongicola, 202 cardiac, 561,568,816,817
ing, 16 Spongicola venusta, 528 central, 787
models of, 37 Spongilla, 181, 197 infundulum or funnel, 275,278
phylogenetic systematics and, 36-37 spongin, 191,193 pyloric, 561, 568, 816, 817
species, 24 spongocoel (atrium), 183 stomachic end, 775
polymorphic, 30 spongocytes, 188,190 stomatogastric nerves, 422
species group categories, 26 spools, 667, 668 Stomatolepas, 542
Species Plantarum (Linnaeus), 25 sporocyst, 309 Stomatopoda, 515,524
specific epithet (trivial name), 24 sporosacs, 255 stomoblastula, 200
Spelaeogriphacea, 516,534 sporozoites, 147 stomochord (buccal diverticulum),
Spelaeogriphus, 535 spring trap, 673 847,851
Speleonectes, 518
lNDEX 933

stomodeal plane, 274,275 subterranean rivers, 14n Taboata ,298


Stomolophus meleagris ("cannonball jel- subtidal zone (sublittoral zone), 10 tabulae, 239
lyfish"), 259 subumbrella, 235 Tachypleus,656
Stomphia, 240,241 Succinea vaginacontorta, 26n Tachypleus tridendatus, 656
stone canal, 810,811 sulcal, 227 tactile receptors, 78
stops (locks), 482,483 sulcus, 151 tadpole larva, 863,864
storage organs, 865,866 superpositional eyes, 494,495 Taenia, 286,294,295
Storch, V., 367 support, 9,12-16 Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), 291,
Stramenopila (stramenopiles), 122, supporting cells, 242 313,314
123,124,153-155 suprabranchial chambers, 739 Taenia solium, 295,312,313
characteristics, 154 supraenteric ganglion, 83 taenidia, 617,618
nutrition, 154-155 supraintestinal (supraesophageal) taenioglossate radulae, 734, 735
reproduction, 155 ganglion, 725, 750 Tagelus, 730
support and locomotion, 154,155 supralittoral zone (splash zone), 10 tagmata, 477
Strathmann, M. F., 828 supraneural pore, 790 tagmosis, 477478
Strausfeld, N. J., 504 supranuclear fiber, 168-169 tail fan, 515, 523, 551
Strepsiptera, 594,598 survival budding, 862 Talitrus pacificus, 537
streptoneury, 725 suspension feeders, 58 Talitrus sylvaticus, 537
stretch receptors, 79 suspension feeding, 18-21,58-61 Tanaidacea, 516,534
Strickland code, 25 molluscan, 737-741 Tangaroa tahitiensis, 688
strict consensus tree, 876 sutures, 722,723,724 Tantulocarida, 516,542,556-557
Strigamia, 641 swamps, mangrove, 11, 13 Tanyst y l u m a n thomas ti, 692
Strobila, 222 swarmer, 142,164 tapetum, 682-683
strobila, 255,258, 290, 291 Swofford, D., 874 tapeworms. See Cestoda
strobilate, 290 Sycon. See Scypha (Sycon) Tardigrada, 9,469475
strobilation, 255 syconoid condition, 183-184 bauplan, 471475
stroma, 808 Syllidae, 391-392 circulation and gas exchange, 473
Stromatocystites ,834 Syllis ,426 feeding and digestion, 472473
Strombidium, 142 Symbiodinium, 150,249,741 locomotion, 472
Strombus, 728, 752 symbiogenesis, 17,175 nervous system and sense organs,
Stromonas, 131 Symbion pandora, 379,380 473
Strongylocentrotus, 63, 811,825 symbiont, 14 reproduction and development,
Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis, 26n symbiosis(es), 14-15 473475
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, 803,814, with Cnidaria, 246-250 comparison of annelids, ony-
825 evolutionary novelties arising from, chophorans, arthropods and,
Stunkard, H., 211-212,213,217 17 464465
Styela, 857 with sponges, 202-203 Middle Cambrian, 7
stygobionts, 511 symmetrical animals, 43 target site, 84
Stygobromus, 537 symmetry, 4346 tarsal organs, 681,682
Stygocarella, 525 nervous systems and, 42-43 tarsus, 606
Stylaria, 393 Symphyla, 639, 640,649 Tatjanellia grandis, 454
Stylasterias forreri, 808,816-817 symplectic met achrony, 138 taxis, 78
Stylasteridae, 223 symplesiomorphies, 33 taxonomic research, 4n
style sac, 743, 744 sympodial growth, 230 taxonomy (systematics), 27
stylet glands, 473 sympod (protopod), 480,515,550,554, taxon/taxa, 24
styletocytes, 325 605-606 f amily-level,26-27
stylets, 325, 561, 605, 612 Synagoga mira, 540 higher, 26-27
Stylobates, 247 Synalpheus, 559-560 monophyletic, 28
Stylobates aenus, 248 synapomorphy (shared derived char- paraphyletic, 28
Stylocephalus longicollis, 147, 148 acters, evolutionary novelties), classification construction and,
Stylocephalus sp., 147 32-34,38 31-32
Stylochus, 305 Syncarida, 515,524-526 in traditional systematics, 36
Stylommatophora, 712 reproductive features, 556-557 polyphyletic, 28, 29
Stylonychia, 138 syncitial blastoderm, 625 "positive" vs. "negative" characters
Styraconyx qivitoq, 470 syncytial theory, 109 basis for, 38
subdermal lacunae, 187 Syndesmis, 296 sister (sister groups), 34-35, 37
subenteric ganglion, 570 syngamy, 86,128 Technitella, 166
subequal cleavage, 94 synkaryon, 143 Tedania, 201
Suberites, 202 synonyms, 25 teeth, 841,843,844
subesophageal ganglion, 570 Synura, 153 hinge, 722,723
subimago stage, 632 Systellommatophora, 712 Tegenaria, 668, 677, 682
subintestinal (subesophageal) gan- Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 25,286, Tegiticula, 592-593
glion, 725,750 365,447 tegmentum, 723,752
sublittoral zone (subtidal zone), 10 systematics, phylogenetic (cladistics), tegmina, 597,606
subneural vessel, 415,416 15,32-34 tegument, 293,369-370
subordinated (hierarchical) classifica- traditional Systematics vs., 35-37 Telestacea, 224
tion, 37 systematics (taxonomy), 27 Telesto,234
subradular organ, 753-754 syzygy, 147 Telford, M., 814,821
subspecies, 25 teloblastic growth, 429
934 INDEX

teloblastic metamerism, 879 Thalassocalyce inconstans, 274 tornaria larva, 854,855


teloblastic segmental growth Thalassocalycida, 274 torsion, 717
(teloblasty), 496 Thalassophysa,164 Mollusca, 725-728
teloblasts, 428,496 Thaliacea, 855 torted gastropods, 725, 726
telolecithal eggs, 94 Thaumatoconcha,549 Townsley, S. J., 246
telopod, 480, 605,606 Thayer, C . W., 793 toxoglossate radulae, 734,735
telotroch, 428,429 theca, 238 Toxoplasma gondii, 146
telson (pygidium), 395,496,497,498, Thecamoeba, 158 toxoplasmosis, 146
515,551,653,655,660 Thecata, 223 Toxopneustes, 810
Temnocephala caeca, 292 thecate (armored) dinoflagellates, 151 Toxopneustes roseus, 62
Temnocephalida, 288 thecate hydroid, 232 trabecular network, 187
temperatures, oceanic, 10 Thecostraca, 516,540,556-557 tracheae, 74,467,491
temporary (intermittent) parasites, 14 Thelepus, 391 tracheal pouches, 618
Tenagodus, 729 Thelohania californica, 172 tracheal system, 617-618,644,645
tendinous bar, 497 Themiste, 449,451 Trachelomonas, 130, 131
tension hypothesis, 244 Themiste lageniformis, 451 tracheole end cell (tracheolar cell),
tentacle canal, 278 Themiste pyroides, 446,451 617,618,645
tentacle sheath, 274,275 Themistidae, 447 tracheoles, 617,618,645-646
tentacle suspension feeding, 60, 61 Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique, Trachylina, 223
tentacular crown, 372,373 25 transfer choanocyte (carrier cell), 198,
tentacular plane, 274,275 Thevaphosa leblondi, 681 199
tentacular scale, 817,818 Theraphosidae, 654 transgenic events, 16
tentillae, 274, 275 Theridiidae, 654 transposable elements (TEs), 16-17
tentorium, 603 Theridion, 691 transposase, 17
Terebella, 407 thermophiles, 3 transverse canals, 278
Terebellida, 392 thermoreceptors, 42 transverse cleavage, 95
Terebellidae, 392 Thermosbaenacea, 516,534 transverse fission, 258
Terebratalia, 792, 794 Thermosbaena mirabilis, 534 transverse parietal muscles, 784
Terebratella, 797 Thetys vagina, 26n transverse plane, 45
Terebratella sanguinea, 792 Thomas, Lewis, 209 transverse septa, 723
Teredo, 731, 732 Thomisidae, 654 Trapezia, 530
Teredo navalis, 63 Thompson, D’Arcy, 6,46 Trebius heterodont, 544
tergal plate, 348,349 Thompson, T. E., 702,772 tree of life, Haeckel’s, 1, 3
tergite, 478 Thoracica, 516 trees, 24. See also dendrogram
terminal bulb, 741 thoracomeres, 517n, 550 evolutionary, 30-33
terminal cells, 69 thoracopods, 517n family, 34
terminal claw, 465 thoracotropic hormone, 488 Trematoda, 288
terminalia (anogenital tagmata), 607 thorax, 497,498,517n,550 Trembley, Abraham, 253
terminal tube foot, 810 Hexapoda, 605-606 Trench, R. K., 142
termitaria, 596 Thraulodes, 618 Tresus, 713, 730
termites, 15 threshold, 77 Tretomphalus, 167
Terpios, 202 Thuesen, E. V., 844 Tretomphalus bulloides, 167
terrestrial habitats, 14 thumbs, opposable, 31 Triassic period, 7
test@),54, 125, 808 Thyone, 823,827 Triatoma, 614
calcareous, 166 Thysanoptera, 594,598 Trichinella spiralis, 359, 360
microgranular, 166 Thysanozoon,286,293 trichobothria, 681, 682
testability, 24 Thysanozoon brocchii, 292 trichobranchiate gills, 527
Testacella, 736 Thysanura, 594,595 trichocysts, 152
testate amebas, 157 tibia, 606 trichogon, 561, 562
testes, 86 Tichenor, Jermoe, 87 trichomes, 617, 618, 645
Tethya, 199 ”tick fever” (African relapsing fever), trichomonads, 169-171. See also
Tethys Sea, 7,9 659 Parabasilida
Tetrabranchiata, 714 tidal flat, 11 Trichomonas murius, 170
Tetraclita,577 Tiedemann’s bodies, 810,811 Trichomonas tenax, 170
Tetractinomorpha, 182 Tiegs, 476 Trichomonas vaginalis, 170-171
Tetragnatha, 685 Tilgner, E,, 597 Trichonympha, 169,170, 171
Tetragnathidae, 654 Tinerfe, 273 Trichoplax, 111, 211, 877
Tetrahymena, 135 tissues, 46 phylogeny of, 216
Tetrahymena pyriformis, 137 Tityus, 672 taxonomic history of, 210
tetramerous (quadriradial) symmetry, Tjalfella, 280 Trichoplax adhaerens, 111,209,210,211
44,235 tocopherol, 345 Trichoptera, 594,600
tetrapartite ommatidium, 494 Tomopteridae, 392 Trichuris trichiura, 359
Teuthoida (Decapoda), 515,527, Tomopteris, 391 Trichuris trichura, 360
528-529,530,715 Tomosvary, organ of, 79,647 Tricladida, 288,289
reproductive features, 556-557 tongue bar, 851,852 Tridacna, 705, 717
Texas cattle fever, 659 Tonicella lineata, 708 Tridacna gigas, 717
Thalamoporella, 782 Tonicia, 752 Trididemnum, 861
Thalassinidea, 516,529 Topsell, Reverend E., 653 Triebelina, 549
"trilobite larva" (euproops larva), 684 turbellarians feeding and digestion, 860-861
Trilobitomorpha (trilobites), 7,476, anatomy of, 289,290 nervous system and sense organs,
497499,500 archetype, 313-3 15 862
development, 499,500 body wall, 291-293 reproduction and development,
general body form, 497499 excretion and osmoregulation, 299 862-864
internal anatomy 499,500 feeding and digestion, 295-298 support and locomotion, 860
Trinchesia,742 nervous system and sense organs, Urodasys, 345,346,347
trinomen, 25 300-302 urogenital duct, 755, 756
Triopha, 735 sexual reproduction, 303-307 urogenital pore, 748
Triops, 519,521, 572 support, locomotion, and attach- uropods, 515,551
triploblastic, 48 ment, 294 uropolar cells, 212
tritocerebrum, 492,493,570 turbellarian theory, 261 Uropygi, 655,666
Tritonia diomedea, 752 Turbeville, J. M., 332, 869 Urosalpinx,735
Tritrichomonas,171 Turner, P.N, 338 urosome, 537,546
Tritrichomonas foetus, 170 "two-plasm" theory, 17 uterine bell, 369, 370,371
triungulins, 598 Tydeus starri, 658 uterus, 305
trivial name (specific epithet), 24 Tyler, S., 382
trivium, 808 tymbal, 622 Vacelet, 180, 194
trochaea, 115 tympanic membrane (tympanum), 79, Vaejovis spinigerus, 672
trochal discs, 341 621,622 vagabond's disease, 613
trochanter, 606 tympanic organs, 79,621,622 vagina, 87,308,624,625,755,756
trochoblasts, 428 type specimen, 25n Vaginacola, 136
trochophore larva, 388,428,429 Typhlatya, 560 Vahlkampfia, 159
Trochophores, The (Garstang), 429 Typhloplanoida, 288 Valentincic, 826
trochus, 340-342 typhlosole, 412,416 Valentine, J. W., 2,42,798
Trombicula, 658, 659 Typhlosyllis, 426 Valvatida, 804
trophi, 339 valves, 154, 717, 720,722
trophocytes, 196 Ubx gene, 18,481 Valvifera, 516
trophosome organ, 436 Uca Vampyromorpha, 715
trophozoite, 147 anatomy of, 530 Vampyroteuthis, 732
tropical dry forest, 11 reproduction in, 574,575 Vanadis,417,423
tropical wet forest (rain forest), 11 Uca princeps (fiddler crab), 513 van Beneden, Edouard, 209
tropics, deteriorating state of, 27 Uglem, G. L., 294 van den Biggelaar, J. A. M., 759
Trunculariopsis trunculus, 701n Uloboridae, 654 Van Essen, D., 424
trunk, 365,434,435,445,451,453, 550, Uloborus,668 Vannella, 156, 158
848,849 Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene, 18,481 Van Valen, L., 46,86
trunk cells, 212 Umbellula, 233 Vargula,549
Trypanosoma,122 umbo, 722,723 vas deferens, 756
avoidance of detection by human umbrella crab (Cryptolithodes),532 vasoperitoneal tissue, 777
immune system, 146 unequal cleavage, 94 vector tissue, 433
body plan of, 135 Ungemach, 196 vein(s)
diseases caused by, 132 unicellular grade, 46 cardinal, 866,867
Typanosoma brucei, 132, 133,134 unique-in-combination taxa, 338 cecal, 866,867
Trypanosoma cruzi, 133,135,613, 614 uniramous limbs (stenopods), 480,481 intestinal, 866, 867
Trypanosoma gambiense, 132 Upogebia, 559 lung, 678,679
Trypanosoma rhodesiense, 132 Upupa epops, 26n proboscis, 851,852
trypanosomes, 131-135. See also urea, 67 Velamen, 271
Kinetoplastida Urechis, 451 velar cilia, 761
tsetse fly (Glossina),132 anatomy, 455 velar/foot retractor muscle, 725
tube(s) circulation, 455 velar tentacles, 865,866
adhesive, 346 feeding, 454 Velella ("by-the-wind sailor"), 220,
Pogonophoridae, 434436 nephridia, 456 233,246
tube feet, 806 Urechis caupo, 407,453 veliger, 717, 759, 760
tube feet suspension feeding, 60,61 development, 457 velum, 235,236,759,760,817,865,866
tubercles, 808 feeding, 454 "Vendobionta," 5n
Tubifex, 247,393 healing capabilities, 456 "Vendozoa, 5n
If

Tubificidae, 393 ureotelic animals, 67 Veneroida,712-1 4


Tubiluchidae, 367 uric acid, 67 venom glands, 644
Tubiluchus corallicola, 366,368 uricotelic animals, 67 venous sinus, 851,852
Tubipora, 236 Urnatella, 373 ventral aorta, 866, 867
Tubulanus, 320,324,327,330,332 urns, 448 ventral end, 44
Tubularia, 228,233,256 Urochordata (Tunicata),9,854, ventral vessel, 415416
tunic, 856,857 855-864 ventricle, 744, 745
Tunicata. See Urochordata (Tunicata) bauplan, 857-864 Venus's flower basket (Euplectella),
tunicin, 860 body wall, 860 181,187,202
tun stage, 470 circulation and gas exchange, Vermes, 286
Turbanella, 346, 347 861-862 Vermetus, 752
Turbellaria, 286 excretion, 861-862 vermiform adults, 212,213,214,215
936 lNDEX

vermigon (vermiform instar), 561,562 Waltonia, 795, 797 Xenobalanus, 542


vernacular (common) names, 24n Ward, J. E., 733 Xenopnuesta, 453
vernal pools (ephemeral pools), 13, Wasson, K., 87 Xenoturbella bocki, 316
14n water conservation, 26-27 Xiphosura, 654,656
Verruca, 540 water expulsion vesicles (WEVs),29, X organ, 348,487-488
vertebra, 808,818 68,125 Xylopkaga, 732
Vertebrata, 3,9,31,855 water vascular system, 801,810-812 Xyloplax
vertebrates Watson, G. M., 242 anatomy of, 806-807
cladogram, 36 Watson, J. E., 687 water vascular system of, 811, 812
diversity, 7 waxy layer, 478,479 Xyloplax medusiformis, 803,804,817
eyes, 81 Wells, Martin, 1 Xyloplax turnerae, 804, 817
vesiculariform larvae, 791 Wenner, A. M., 623 Xysticus, 687, 688
vesicular nucleus, 129 Westheide, W., 438, 879
vestibule, 373, 841, 843, 865, 866 wetlands, destruction of, 14n Yager, J., 517,519
Vestimentiferans, 434 Weygoldt, P., 697 Yokoia, 8
vestimentum, 434 wheel organ, 865,866 Yoldia, 737
vibraculum, 783 whirling disease, 247 yolk, 94
vibration sensors, 78 whorls, 722, 724 yolk duct, 308
Vibrio, 844 Wickham, D. E., 324 yolk pyramids, 649
Victorella, 790 Wigglesworth, V. B., 629 Y-organ, 487,488
villi, 188 Wilcox, R. S., 675 Young, A. E., 727
viroids, 2 Wiley, E. O., 26 Young, C. M., 429,438,846,
viruses, 2 Wilkinson, C. R., 203
visceral cords, 748,749 William of Ockham, 34n Zanclea, 247
visceral ganglia, 749, 750 Willows, A. 0. D., 752 Zappa confluentus, 26n
visceral mass, 717 Wilson, D. M., 590 Zen, 26n
vitellarium, 304 Wilson, E. B., 95 Zeroseius ometes, 658
vitelline platelets, 196 Wilson, E. O., 590 Zeus, 26n
vitellogenesis, 94 Wilson, H. V., 191 Ziegler, H. E., 114
vitreous body, 682,683 Wilson, I., 883 Zimmer, R. L., 778,790,791,792,798
viviparous animals, 105 Winchell, C. J., 883 Zoantharia (Hexacorallia), 224
Viviparus, 734 wing pads, 626,627 Zoanthidea, 224
Vogt, 286,388 wings, insect, 608-610 zoarium, 779
Volckovia, 831 evolution, 629-630 zoea larva, 576,578
Voltzow, J., 728 Wingstrand, K. G., 762 zoecium, 779
Volvox, 110,111, 122, 172 Wingstrandarctus corallinus, 470,471 zonation, 11
colony formation in, 173 Winnepenninckx, B., 46,879 zonites, 348
as rotifer host, 342 Winston, J. E., 787 Zonosagitta bedoti, 844
von Baer, K. E., 2,107 Witt, I? N., 683 Zonosagitta pulckra, 844
von Frisch, K., 623 Wiwaxia, 8 Zoochlorella, 150
von Siebold, 123,47$3 Woese, Carl, 1 zooids, 785,786
Vorticella, 139, 140, 142 Wolbackia, 625 zooplankton, 12-13
Vorticella campanula, 144 Woodger, Joseph Henry, 2,42 zootypic stage, 42
Vosmaer, 271 Woodley, J. D., 817 zooxanthellae, 17
vulva (genital atrium), 648 Woollacott, R. M., 200,790, 791, 792 Zooxanthella (Symbiodinium), 150,249,
workers, 596 74 1
Wada, H., 869 Wray, G. A., 827,830,833 zooxanthellate corals, 249-250
Waddycepkalus teretiusculus, 546 Wright, 772 Zoraptera, 594,597
Wagener’s larvae, 214,215 Wuckereria bancrofti, 359-362, 593 Zrzavy, J., 874,882
Walker, C. W., 810 Wulff, J. L., 815 Zygentoma, 594,595
Wallace, Alfred, 25 Zygiella, 671
Walossek, D., 377,505,543,581 zygote, 86, 94

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