Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Ashish Pant
B.Tech 4th semester
JIMS Engineering Management technical Campus
Aff. To Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
New Delhi
I would also like to thank Mr. Ashu Kr Mishra for their guidance and help
through the course of training.
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words,
writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio ,
optical or electromagnetic systems .Telecommunication occurs when the
exchange of information between communication participants includes the
use of Technology. It is transmitted either electrically over physical media,
such as cable, or via electromagnetic radiation.
Optical communication is a form of telecommunication that uses optical
fibers, by use fiber we can send lots of information at very high speed and
eventually will change our society and make our lives more comfortable.
1. Introduction
2. Optical Fibres
3. Types of optical fibres
4. Multiplexing
5. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)
6. PDH vs SDH
7. Dense Wavelength Digital Multiplexing
8. Transceivers Vs Transponders
9. Network management system
10. IPv4
11. TCP/IP
12. MPLS Network
13. Powergrid’s MPLS network
14. Traffic Engineering
15. Technical specifications for shelters
16. Type testing
17. Installation of underground fibre optic cable system
INTRODUCTION
POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED
a) Establish and maintain an efficient and effective "national grid" with due
regard to time, cost, technology, and value additions.
Salient features
Most of the POWERGRID’s optic fibre backbone network is laid overhead on
the extra high voltage Power transmission lines .The Telecom network on the
Transmission lines has proved to be sturdy and secure, rodent menace free,
vandalism proof which offers it distinct advantage over the underground
optic fiber. The other advantages of leasing bandwidth capacity on
POWERGRID’s Telecom route are:
Fibers are also used for illumination and are wrapped in bundles so that they
may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces.
Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications,
including sensors and fiber lasers.
Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or
cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then spliced
together, either mechanically or by fusing them with heat. Special optical
fiber connectors for removal connections are also available.
FUNCTIONING AND CONSTRUCTION
A main purpose of a fibre optic cable is to protect the fibre core inside the
cable that carries the light signal transmission. The following diagram shows
the construction of a fibre optic cable.
Core
The fibre core is made of silica glass and is the central part of the fibre optic
cable that carries the light signal. They are hair-thin in size and the diameter
of the fibre core is typically 8 µm for single mode fibre, and 50 µm or 62.5
µm for multi-mode fibre.
Cladding
The cladding is also made of glass, and is the layer that surrounds the fibre
core. Together, they form a single solid fibre of glass that is used for the
light transmission. The diameter of the cladding is typically 125 µm.
Primary Coating
After the cladding, there is the primary coating that is also known as the
primary buffer. This layer provides protection to the fibre core and cladding.
They are made of plastic and only provide mechanical protection. They do
not interfere with the light transmission of the core and the cladding.
Strength Members
The next layer is strength members. They are strands of agamid yarn, or
better known as Kevlar. They are added to the fibre optic cable to prevent
the breakage of the fibre glass during installation. When fibre is pulled
through a duct, the outer cover would stretch and the pulling load would be
rested on the fibre. The strength members prevent this as their material is
designed to take the strain.
Cable Jacket
The last layer is the cable jacket, which are comprised of different materials
depending on the choice of the end user and the application in use. Like the
primary coating, they serve only as a mechanical protection to the fibre core
and cladding inside
Types of Optical fiber
Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the
propagating light cannot be modeled using geometric optics. Instead, it must
be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, by solution of Maxwell's
equations as reduced to the electromagnetic. The electromagnetic analysis
may also be required to understand behaviors such as speckle that occur
when coherent light propagates in multi-mode fiber. As an optical waveguide,
the fiber supports one or more confined transverse modes by which light can
propagate along the fiber.
The waveguide analysis shows that the light energy in the fiber is not
completely confined in the core. Instead, especially in single-mode fibers, a
significant fraction of the energy in the bound mode travels in the cladding
as an evanescent wave.
When two devices are connected by a point-to-point link they usually do not
use the full capacity of the transmission medium. For efficiency, it should be
possible to share that capacity. A generic term for such sharing is
multiplexing. The network element that accomplishes this function is called a
multiplexer (MUX).
Different technologies are used for multiplexing signals. They are frequency
division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM) and (dense)
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Radio and television broadcasts use
FDM. WDM is related to the transport of different signals through an optical
fiber by using different wavelengths. TDM is commonly used for multiplexing
digitized voice streams and data streams.
TM aggregate
m/n m/n
tributaries
ADVANTAGE OF SDH
In response to the demand for increased bandwidth, reliability, and high
quality service, SDH developed steadily during the 1980s eliminating many
of the disadvantages inherent in PDH. In turn, network providers began to
benefit from the many technological and economic advantages this new
technology introduced including:
RELIABILITY
Modern SDH networks include various automatic back-up circuit and repair
mechanisms which are designed to cope with system faults and are monitored by
management. As a result, failure of a link or an NE does not lead to failure of the entire
network.
SDH networks are subdivided into various layers directly related to the
network topology.
I. The lowest layer is the physical layer, which represents the
transmission medium. This is usually a glass fiber or possibly radio or
satellite link.
II. The regenerator section is the path between regenerators. Part of the
regenerator section overhead (RSOH) is available for the signalling
required within this layer. The remainder of the overhead, the
multiplex section overhead (MSOH) is used for multiplex section
needs. The multiplex section covers the part of the SDH link between
multiplexers.
III. The carriers or virtual containers (VC) are available as payload at the
two ends of this section. The two VC layers represent a part of the
mapping process.
IV. Mapping is the procedure whereby the tributary signals, such as PDH
and ATM are packed into SDH transport modules. VC-4 mapping is
used for 140-Mbps or ATM signals and VC-12 mapping is used for 2-
Mbps signals.
REGENRATORS
A digital signal can be transmitted only a limited distance before attenuation
endangers the integrity of the data. To achieve greater distances, repeaters
are used. The term used in SDH is regenerator. The repeater takes the
signal, interprets and reproduces it. So if the distance between two
repeaters is optimal, we will have a close-to-original signal after the
repeater.
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH)
PDH is a popular technology that is widely used in network of
communication in order to transport huge amounts of data over digital
equipment for transportation like optic system. PDH works in a state
when the various different parts of a network are clearly synchronized.
But with the change in technology, the PDH is now being replaced by
the SDH. The SDH is useful equipment that is used in most of the
telecommunication networks.
PDH Vs SDH
As the technology has improved with the passing of time, now the
telecommunication companies have replaced the PDH equipment with
that of SDH equipment, which has the capability of transmitting the
data at much higher rates as compared to the PDH system.
The SDH is an international standard that is highly popular and used
for its high speed data transfer of telecommunication and digital
signals. The SDH is designed in order to design simple and flexible
network infrastructure. This system has bought a considerable amount
of change in the telecommunication networks that were based on the
optical fibres as far as performance and cost were concerned.
Brief
With today’s seemingly limitless demand for transmission capacity, service
providers often cope with extreme fiber usage and exhaust across significant
portions of their networks. An enormous amount of bandwidth capacity is
therefore needed to provide the services required by customers. The
expansion of existing links calls for simple, cost effective solutions that cause
minimum disruption to working systems.
The telecommunications industry has so far met these needs by using dense
wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. In allowing both new and
existing fiber optic links to carry several channels simultaneously, DWDM
can optimize the use of current facilities whilst offering greater capacities for
the future.
WHI IS IT NEEDED?
Depending on path length and type of fiber used, one or more OFAs can be
used to boost the optical signal for long fiber spans.
At termination on the receiving end, the optical signals are pre-amplified,
then separated using optical filters (de-multiplexer) before being converted
into electrical signals in the receiver modules.
Recent innovations in DWDM transport systems include pluggable and
software-tunable transceiver modules capable of operating on 40 or 80
channels. This dramatically reduces the need for discrete spare pluggable
modules, when a handful of pluggable devices can handle the full range of
wavelengths.
HISTORY
The laying of new fiber was once the only way to cope with fiber exhaust in
telecommunication networks. A cost and labor intensive process, the main
drawback of this solution was its inability to enable network operators to
provide new services. At the beginning of the 1980s, time domain
multiplexing (TDM) made it possible to increase the bit-rate. With TDM, the
capacity of a single fiber could be increased by slicing time into smaller
intervals and thereby multiplexing the different signals. In TDM systems,
each telecommunication fiber is able to transport an optical signal from a
single laser (figure 1). This optical signal is converted into an electrical signal,
regenerated (electrically reshaped, retimed and reamplified) and finally
transformed back into an optical signal again encountering losses. High bit-
rate transmissions via TDM however proved to be challenging.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), the simultaneous transmission
of multiple signals at different wavelengths over a single fiber proved to be
a more reliable alternative.
The first networks deploying WDM technology at the end of the 1980s,
multiplexed signals from the lasers of two very different wavelength
(a technology now referred to as Coarse WDM). The disadvantage of this
technique was that the multiplexed signal had to be separated each time
before being electrically regenerated .Today’s modern CWDM system (such
as those with over 20 nanometers (nm) channel spacing), are used for short
range transmissions where no regeneration is required. They transmit up to
16 channels between 1310 and 1610 nm, thus making CWDM a cost
effective solution.
While debate continues as to whether WDM or TDM is best suited for the
expansion of existing fiber networks, it has become clear that only solutions
incorporating both technologies will give service providers the flexibility and
capacity for future requirements.
2R- Re-time and re-transmit. Transponders of this type were not very
common and utilized a quasi-digital Schmitt triggering method for signal
clean-up. Some rudimentary signal quality monitoring was done by such
transmitters that basically looked at analogue parameters.
Muxponder
The muxponder (from multiplexed transponder) has different names
depending on vendor. It essentially performs some relatively simple time
division multiplexing of lower rate signals into a higher rate carrier within
the system. More recent muxponder designs have absorbed more and more
TDM functionality.
Transceivers versus Transponders
Transceivers –
Transponders –
In practice, the signal inputs and outputs will not be electrical but
optical instead (typically at 1550 nm). This means that in effect we
need wavelength converters instead, which is exactly what a
transponder is. A transponder can be made up of two transceivers
placed after each other: the first transceiver converting the 1550 nm
optical signal to/from an electrical signal, and the second transceiver
converting the electrical signal to/from an optical signal at the
required wavelength. Transponders that don't use an intermediate
electrical signal (all-optical transponders) are in development.
Network Management System (NMS)
A Network Management System (NMS) is a combination of hardware and
software used to monitor and administer a network.
Individual network elements (NEs) in a network are managed by an element
management system.
Network management
Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools
that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of
networked systems.
Operation deals with keeping the network (and the services that the
network provides) up and running smoothly. It includes monitoring the
network to spot problems as soon as possible, ideally before users are
affected.
Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and
how they are assigned. It includes all the "housekeeping" that is
necessary to keep the network under control.
Maintenance is concerned with performing repairs and upgrades—for
example, when equipment must be replaced, when a router needs a
patch for an operating system image, when a new switch is added to a
network. Maintenance also involves corrective and preventive measures
to make the managed network run "better", such as adjusting device
configuration parameters.
Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to
support a given service. For example, this might include setting up the
network so that a new customer can receive voice service.
A common way of characterizing network management functions is FCAPS—Fault,
Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security.
Functions that are performed as part of network management accordingly include
controlling, planning, allocating, deploying, coordinating, and monitoring the
resources of a network, network planning, frequency allocation, predetermined
traffic routing to support load balancing, cryptographic key distribution
authorization, configuration management, fault management, security
management, performance management, bandwidth management, Route
analytics and accounting management.
Data for network management is collected through several mechanisms, including
agents installed on infrastructure, synthetic monitoring that simulates
transactions, logs of activity, sniffers and real user monitoring. In the past
network management mainly consisted of monitoring whether devices were up or
down; today performance management has become a crucial part of the IT team's
role which brings about a host of challenges—especially for global organizations.
Network Architecture
Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a
framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their
functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and
procedures, as well as data formats used in its operation.
In computing, the network architecture is a characteristics of a computer
network. The most prominent architecture today is evident in the framework of
the Internet, which is based on the Internet Protocol Suite.
In telecommunication, the specification of a network architecture may also
include a detailed description of products and services delivered via a
communications network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under
which services are compensated.
In distinct usage in distributed computing, network architecture is also sometimes
used as a synonym for the structure and classification of distributed application
architecture, as the participating nodes in a distributed application are often
referred to as a network. For example, the applications architecture of the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) has been termed the Advanced Intelligent
Network. There are any number of specific classifications but all lie on a
continuum between the dumb network (e.g., Internet) and the intelligent
computer network (e.g., the telephone network). Other networks contain various
elements of these two classical types to make them suitable for various types of
applications. Recently the context aware network, which is a synthesis of the two,
has gained much interest with its ability to combine the best elements of both.
Network Monitoring
The term network monitoring describes the use of a system that constantly
monitors a computer network for slow or failing components and that notifies the
network administrator in case of outages via email, pager or other alarms. It is a
subset of the functions involved in network management.
While an intrusion detection system monitors a network for threats from the
outside, a network monitoring system monitors the network for problems caused
by overloaded and/or crashed servers, network connections or other devices.
For example, to determine the status of a web server, monitoring software may
periodically send an HTTP request to fetch a page; for email servers, a test
message might be sent through SMTP and retrieved by IMAP or POP3.
Commonly measured metrics are response time and availability (or uptime),
although both consistency and reliability metrics are starting to gain popularity.
The widespread addition of WAN optimization devices is having an adverse effect
on most network monitoring tools -- especially when it comes to measuring
accurate end to end response time because they limit round trip visibility.
Status request failures, such as when a connection cannot be established, it
times-out, or the document or message cannot be retrieved, usually produce an
action from the monitoring system. These actions vary: an alarm may be sent out
to the resident (SMS, email...) sysadmin, automatic failover systems may be
activated to remove the troubled server from duty until it can be repaired,
etcetera.
Monitoring the performance of a network uplink is also known as network traffic
measurement, and more software is listed there.
Network Tomography
Network tomography is an important area of network measurement, which deals
with monitoring the health of various links in a network using end-to-end probes
sent by agents located at vantage points in the network/Internet.
Route Analytics
Route analytics is another important area of network measurement. It includes
the methods, systems, algorithms and tools to monitor the routing posture of
networks. Incorrect routing or routing issues cause undesirable performance
degradation or downtime.
Routing
It is a process of selecting a path for trafficin a network, or between or
across multiple networks.
OSI Model
ABSTRACTION LAYER:
In computing, a layer is a way of hiding the implementation details of a
particular set of functionality. A layer is considered to be on top of another if
it depends on it.
A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For
Example, a layer that provides error free communication across a network
provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls the next
lower layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents of the
path. Every layer can exist without the layers above it, and requires the
layer below it to function. Frequently abstraction layers can be composed
into a hierarchy of abstraction levels. The OSI model comprises seven
abstraction layers. Each layer of the model encapsulates and addresses a
different part of the needs of digital communications, thereby reducing the
complexity of the associated engineering solutions.
2) INTERNET LAYER:
The internet layer exchanges datagrams across network boundaries. It
provides a uniform networking interface that hides the actual topology
(layout) of the underlying network connections. It is therefore also referred
to as the layer that establishes internetworking. Indeed, it defines and
establishes the Internet.
It provides internetworking between two networks. It is used to transport
network packets from the host to the destination specified by the IP address.
The most notable example of internetworking is the Internet, a network of
networks based on many underlying hardware technologies. For the Internet,
the Internet Protocol defines a unified, global address format and provides
rules for format and handling of packets, and routers are the components
interconnecting networks.
The Internet Protocol performs two basic functions:
4) APPLICATION LAYER:
The application layer is the top layer of the Internet protocol suite."[21] The
application layer includes the protocols used by most applications for
providing user services or exchanging application data over the network
connections established by the lower level protocols. This may include some
basic network support services such as protocols for routing and host
configuration. Examples of application layer protocols include the Hypertext
transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), the Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP)It is the scope within which applications create user
data and communicate this data to other applications on another or the
same host.
The TCP/IP model does not consider the specifics of formatting and
presenting data, and does not define additional layers between the
application and transport layers as in the OSI model (presentation and
session layers). Such functions are the realm of libraries and application
programming interfaces.
MPLS NETWORK:
MPLS stands for Multi Protocol Label Switching; ‘multi protocol’ because
its techniques are applicable to ANY network layer protocol, of which IP is
the most popular. MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) is a relatively new
technology that can improve network performance for select traffic. In the
typical network without MPLS, packet paths are determined in real time as
routers decide each packet’s appropriate next hop. However, conventional IP
routing requires time and eliminates opportunity to influence packets’ paths.
With MPLS, you predefine explicit paths for specific types of traffic, identified
by path labels put in each packet.
Important advantages:
Classification of packets based on the source of the packets (FEC
assignment).
Packets can be assigned a priority label, making quality-of-service
guarantees possible.
Packet payloads are not examined by the forwarding routers, allowing
for different levels of traffic encryption and the transport of multiple
protocols.
A packet can be forced to follow an explicit route rather than the route
chosen by normal dynamic algorithm as the packet travels through the
network. This may be done to support traffic engineering, as a matter
of policy or to support a given QoS
MPLS is independent of the layer 2 and layer 3 technologies and hence
allows integration of networks with different layer 2 and layer 3
protocols and hence different services.
MPLS network
The MPLS cloud:
Routers that perform routing based only on the label are called label switch
routers (LSRs). The entry and exit points of an MPLS network are called label
edge routers (LERs), which, respectively, push an MPLS label onto an
incoming packet and pop it off the outgoing packet. Alternatively,
under penultimate hop popping this function may instead be performed by
the LSR directly connected to the LER.
Labels are distributed between LERs and LSRs using the Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP). LSRs in an MPLS network regularly exchange label and
reachability information with each other using standardized procedures in
order to build a complete picture of the network they can then use to
forward packets. Label-switched paths (LSPs) are established by the network
operator for a variety of purposes, such as to create network-based IP
virtual private networks or to route traffic along specified paths through the
network. In many respects, LSPs are not different from permanent virtual
circuits (PVCs) in ATM or Frame Relay networks, except that they are not
dependent on a particular layer-2 technology.
In a swap operation the label is swapped with a new label, and the packet is
forwarded along the path associated with the new label.
MPLS label is placed over IP packet and the packet is forwarded using
Layer-2 (Ethernet) frame.
Data in Ethernet frame exits the PE router and handed over to CPE
device.
POWERGRID’S MPLS NETWORK
Core layer at 10 gbps and Edge layer at 2.5 gbps makes highest of
capacities possible at any instant and at any location.
Highly reliable.
Reliability of 99.99%
Fast Switching:
o The Switching is done at Layer 2.5, thereby taking less time as
compared to IP based routing which involves Layer-3 processing
and corresponding routing Tables.
Quality Of Service
Critical
This class for Low Delay, Low Jitter, Low Packet loss
CRITICAL Application
applications e.g. Tele-protection Signaling etc
traffic
Business Data, This class is intended for network non-real time traffic
BUSINESS Enterprise which is not delay and Jitter sensitive e.g. Video
Applications recordings etc
The Bulk Data class is intended for background, non-
Bulk Data/
interactive traffic flows, such as large file transfers,
STANDARD Transactional
content distribution, database synchronization, backup
Data
operations, and email.
Default The Best Effort class is also the default class. Generally
BEST EFFORT
Data/Internet used for non critical internet traffic
Traffic Engineering :
MPLS traffic engineering routes traffic flows across a network based on the
resources the traffic flow requires and the resources available in the network.
• Label-switched path (LSP) tunnels, which are signalled through RSVP, with
traffic engineering extensions. LSP tunnels are represented as IOS tunnel
interfaces, have a configured destination, and are unidirectional.
• A link-state IGP (such as IS-IS) with extensions for the global flooding of
resource information, and extensions for the automatic routing of traffic onto
LSP tunnels as appropriate.
The Major Services, as per present market trend, are classified as under:
Introduction
This section describes the functional requirement, major technical
parameters and all the testing requirements for telecom shelter system
including its sub-systems.
shelters are used to amplify data , stabilize electricity and to give back up to
optical fibre cable and to distribute or underground cable wires
Shelter Dimensions
The minimum internal and external dimensions of the shelters shall be as
per Table 2.1 as specified below:
Requirements
General
The shelters shall be protected and insulated to achieve sound proof,
thermal resistance and impact withstand capabilities. The shelters shall be
100% leak and water proof with IP 55 protection. The shelters shall be
maintenance free having minimum life of 15 years. These shelters shall be
suitable for outdoor and may be mounted at any location including ground
and rooftop and in any climatic conditions throughout India. The shelters
shall be easily assembled and installed at site. The shelters shall be re-
locatable as and when required. The steel shelter shall be installed at most
of the locations, however, at costal areas or high pollution area, aluminium
shelters shall be installed.
Shelter Panels
The shelter shall be made of “sandwich insulated panels” 80 mm thick with
Poly Urethane Foam (PUF) as filler material between polyester pre-coated
cold rolled steel or aluminium sheets.
Floor
The floor shall consist of standard PUF sandwich panels suitably reinforced to
support the minimum load capacity of 2000 kg/m2 and having at least 19
mm Marine plywood covered with anti static PVC flooring. In case of floor
panel, 19 mm Marine plywood shall be provided on top of the panel and no
steel or aluminium sheet shall be provided inside the panel. The anti static
flooring shall be provided with pacific blue anti static vinyl robust rolls of at
least 2 mm thickness. The floor shall be even surfaced, scratch proof having
long life The installation of various proposed equipment shall be possible
either by direct placement on the floor or by grouting to the floor or through
C rails. The Contractor shall submit the reinforcement and other details
calculations in support of the meeting the load capacity.
Roof
Roofs shall be made of the panels same as specified for walls. A secondary
slanting roof of suitable material shall be provided to protect the primary
roof from direct sunlight and rainwater. A minimum down slant of 1:50 shall
be maintained from front to back. The secondary roof shall have minimum
projections and shall be hidden by angular profiles on the rooftop to
decrease the aerodynamic effect and improve on aesthetics. The secondary
roof shall be suitably clamped/ bolted to the shelter panels to withstand the
specified wind load. The details of the secondary roof and its attachment
arrangement shall be enclosed with the Bid. The cable tray shall be attached
suitably from the roof and the roof shall have sufficient strength to support
the load of cable trays and the cables installed on the cable tray. The
detailed load calculation shall be submitted for Employer’s approval during
detail engineering.
Door
The Shelters shall have one door for main entrance. The door dimensions
shall be 1000 mm (W) X 2200 mm (H). Main door opening outwards shall be
provided with external and internal handles/knobs respectively. A reputed
make lock shall be provided in door handle. The make of the lock shall be
got approved during detail engineering. The door can be opened from inside
when locked. Door, when locked cannot be removed even if the hinges are
removed. The door shall generally be hinged at right, however, other option
may be also required at some sites to meet the actual site condition. The
door shall have aluminium biddings extrusions in door/jamb profile,
replaceable and suitable neoprene rubber gaskets around its border for
proper weather proofing. The door shall also be equipped with a hydraulic
auto closure and the door latch / stopper shall be provided to keep the door
in open position. The door shall have a limit switch to indicate intrusion and
switch on one light provided inside the shelter. A canopy of minimum size
1200 mm X 500 mm shall also be fixed up above the external light / door for
protection from direct sun/rain. The canopy shall suitable slope and shall be
covered from both sides.
Jointing
All panel to panel connections shall be made with eccentric cam locks. The
wall to floor and wall to roof jointing shall be made with angular frames of
suitable size. The panel to panel jointing at the corners shall either be
suitably angular frames of suitable size or a single corner panel may be
provided. All internal corners shall be jointed suitable angles. All the joints
shall be suitable sealed with PU or silicon sealant to provide 100 % leakage
and water proofing. The Contractor shall submit the drawing indicating
details of all joints in support of meeting the specified requirement.
Opening
The shelter shall have provision for openings for required air-conditioners,
piping and all electrical and optical cablings on the wall panels. The details
of openings required for different applications and the locations of the
openings shall be decided during detail engineering. All openings shall be
custom built based upon the actual application required at each site. The
Contractor shall provide the required cut outs for above purpose. Any sealed
cut outs required for future use may also be provided and the size of this cut
out shall be finalised during detail engineering. All the openings shall be
sealed for water and leak proof with suitable flexible sealing arrangement for
the proposed cable connections and also for addition and deletion of
cables/pipes in future. The sealing arrangement shall be fire retardant and
type/make/details shall be got approved by the Employer.
The Contractor shall submit the earlier carried out type tests reports for PUF
material. In case the contractor does not submit the reports or the
submitted reports are not meeting the requirements, the contractor shall
carry out the type tests on PUF material for the following:
Colour
The shelter panels shall be factory coated with good quality and long life
paints. The thickness, quality, make and the process of colouring of panels
shall be got approved by the Employer before manufacturing. The finished
panels shall be provided with suitably protection to avoid scratches during
transportation, handling and installation.
The colour shall be stabilised grey on all external sides and off white on all
internal sides. The colour of the slanting roof shall also be stabilised grey.
However, the actual colouring scheme shall be finalised during detail
engineering.
Fire and Smoke Detection System
Suitable fire & smoke detection system shall be provided in each of the
shelters. The offered fire & smoke detection system shall work on DC supply
(-48V) being provided by the Contractor under this contract. In case, the
smoke detector and fire alarm system requires other voltage than the above
stipulated voltage (-48V DC) for operations, suitable converter & hardware
shall also be provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall provide all
required cabling & accessories for full functioning of the offered system with
both power supplies. At least two ionisation type smoke detectors along with
fire detection panel shall be provided below the roof panel in strategic
locations inside the shelter. The alarm should activate only if both fire
detectors are actuated to avoid any false alarm.
Lighting system
Normal and emergency lighting shall be provided inside the shelters. The
normal lights shall consist of two nos. (36 Watts) of reputed make
fluorescent lights along with requisite fittings and shall be powered with ac
supply from ACDB. Two nos. emergency light with requisite fittings shall also
be provided which shall be powered with dc supply available (-48 V DC) for
telecom equipment from DCDB. Additionally, at least one of the normal
lights inside the shelter shall be lit up with the opening of the shelter door.
Loading Capacity
Structural Stability
Earthing
For satisfactory operation of the equipment inside the shelter, good and
proper earthing is required at each site. The earthing resistance generally
varies depending on soil resistivity. The earthing system at each site shall be
provided by the Contractor with earthing resistance not exceeding the five
(5) ohms. The Contractor shall provide the chemical earthing along with the
necessary hardware and accessories required. The chemical earthing shall be
free from periodic rejuvenation requirements. In case of pipe type earthing,
two earth pits shall be made at each location.
Installation
The shelter shall be installed on the foundation system as specified above
and to meet the actual requirement as per actual site/soil conditions. The
installation of shelters shall be carried out in such a way that it shall meet all
specified requirement. The installed shelters shall be suitable for both
transporting in assembled condition to another location and dismantling,
transporting to another site and reassembling there.
Environmental Conditions
As indicated in the appendices, the shelters shall be installed all over India.
The environmental conditions required are as under:
The following tests shall be carried out during Factory Acceptance testing
(FAT):
a. Dimensional and checks as per approved DRS/drawings
b.Quality checks as per approved MQP
c. BOQ verification as per approved drawings/documents
a. Test certificates from the Original Equipment Manufacturer.
b.Density test, Compression test and Thermal Conductivity test on the
PUF material.
FAT on other items shall be carried out as specified in this specifications and
relevant standards.
The site acceptance testing shall be carried out for each site. The installed
system shall be powered up and all the equipment shall be tested and
commissioned. The various installed system shall be tested for the specified
functional requirements and shall be as per approved drawings. The SAT
shall be carried in an integrated way and not individual equipment basis to
demonstrate the integrated functioning of the installed system. The tests
shall be carried out on following minimum items during SAT:
The Contractor shall propose preferably most suitable route for each link
The cable shall be installed inside one of the 40mm diameter PLB HDPE
pipes along the route(s). Generally the cable shall be installed by
compressed air blowing technique. However, for short spans, the Contractor
can use pulling method for installation of OFC in HDPE pipe. If any
temporary manhole or hand hole is required for installation of OFC, the same
will be done by the Contractor without any additional cost implication,
subject to approval of the Engineer-in-charge/Project. Contractor shall take
into consideration the following guidelines, for installation of OFC.
a. The Optical Fibre Cable Drums shall be handled with utmost care. The
drum shall not be subjected to shocks by dropping etc. They shall not
be normally rolled along the ground for long distance and when rolled,
shall in the direction indicated by the arrow. The battens shall be
removed only at the time of actual laying.
b. A blowing machine in association with an appropriate compressor shall
be used for blowing.
c. Temporary blowing chambers (if required) shall be constructed and
then backfilled after blowing operation is completed.
d. Locations along the route, which provide easy access points for
blowing machine and compressor, shall be determined.
e. Before starting the cable blowing, both PLB HDPE pipes shall be
checked for obstacles or damage.
f. Always blow downhill wherever possible.
While installing the cable, excess length of min 10 meters shall be stored at
each joint location for each side.
SAT for optical fibre cable shall be carried out link by link from
FODPs/FMS/FDMS to FODPs/FMS/FDMS for fibers spliced in the FMS/FODPs
as per Table – A, B & C.
All the issuance of OFC by POWERGRID, the contractor shall carry out OTDR
testing of the cable to ensure its healthiness. Subsequently, any damage
during handling/laying or otherwise shall be to the contractors account.
Table –A
Fibre Optic Cable Pre-Installation Testing
Table – B
Fibre Optic Cable Splice Testing
No testing of fibre under SAT shall be required in case total route length for
the specific connectivity is less than 500 meters.
Allowable Wastage
The Owners will provide the underground optical fibre cable to the
Contractor for installation. The Contractor is expected to make no wastage
of the same provided by the Owner, however in order to take care of
exigencies, wastage upto 2% of the material provided may be allowed
during installation. However for re-conciliation, OFC lengths of less than 50
meters shall be treated in the allowable wastage and shall not be taken over
by the owner.