CALCULUS 1

Calculus - is built upon 2 great ideas

a) derivative = which examines slope of

curve and rate of change
b) Integral =deals with sums, areas and
volume

Both ideas are the basis for much

mathematics and for many
accomplishment towards the new
millennium.

Calculus - is a latin word for stone or

pebble.
- roughly means a method of
calculation
 - it began in Greek by
Archimedes, he used the method
of exhaustion to find the area
bounded by 2 curve.

Function and Relation:

Relation - is a set of ordered pairs of

mathematical quantity
- is pairing or association of some
kind between quantities

Function - is a relation in which on

elements in the domain correspond
with one and only one elements in the
range

Ordered Pair - composed of 2 coordinates,

x&y
Domain - is the 1st set of coordinate of the ordered pairs
of the relation
- it is the X coordinate
Range - is the 2nd coordinates of the ordered pairs in
the relation.
- it is the Y coordinates
Graph - is the set of points in the plane that
correspond to the ordered pairs of the relation

Example:
If a bank pays 6% interest per year,
I=6% x P or I = 0.06P

1. Find the value of I, if P=2000, P=7000.

2. How would you interpret the value.
3. What is the relation of the two.

Example 1: List all ordered pairs that can be obtained

from Y= X + 3, if X can be (1, 2, 3, and 4). Plot the
ordered pairs in a graph.
 2: List all ordered pairs that can be obtained
from Y= -2x + 7, if X can be (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4). Plot the
ordered pairs in a graph.

3:Determine the domain and the range and

plot the set points defined by the relation.
A=
{(-2,-1),(-2,1)(-1,-2),(-1,2),(0,-3),(0,3),(1,-2),(1,2),(2,-1),
(2,1)}

A function in symbol is Y =f(x), which read as “ y is a

function of X”

Where Y = is the dependent variable

- is expressed explicitly in terms of X. An
implicit function is not expressed in terms of
a single variable F(x)=0
X = is the independent variable.

Example Decide if the following are function

1: 2x + 3y = 6
2: Y = x² + 4x
 3: y² = X , supposed x=16
4: Y ≤ x + 2

Letters such as f, g, and h are open use to name

functions.

Example: 1. To show that f is used to name the

function y = 2x-3,

Write f(x) = 2x-3

where f(x) read “f of x” is used Instead of y.

The symbol f(x) has 2 advantages;

> it shows that this function is named f.
> it shows that X is the dependent variable.

Supposed f(x) = (5),(-4), ( 0), (-8)

f(x) = 2x-3
F(5) = 2(5)-3
F(5) = 7
 Types of function:
A) Linear Function - f(x) = ax + b
B) Quadratic Function - f(x) = ax² + bx + c
C) Absolute Value Function - f(x) = /x/ = {x, x >0
0, x =0
-x, x<0

Exercises: 1. Let g(x) = -4x + 5, Find g(3)

2. Let f(x) = x² - 4x + 5. Find F(-1)
3. h(x) = /x/ + 3

Use the linear function y = 2x-4, complete the ordered

pairs (-2, ___ ), (0, ___ ), (2, __ ),(4, ____). Graph these
points and draw a straight line through them.

Quiz 1. Let g(x) = 3x² +9x+5, Find g(x) -6, 3, 9, 7

Graph the ordered pair.
Quiz 2.

1. Supposed that an economist has studied the

supply and demand for aluminum sliding and
has come to the conclusion that unit price (P),
and demand (X), in appropriate units, are
related by linear function

P=60 - -¾x
a. Find the demand at a price of 40, when p=40
b. Find the price if the demand is 42
c. Get the ordered pair
d. Plot the graph.

2. A developer estimates that the total cost to built

x large apartment complexes in a year is
approximated by;

A(x) = X² + 80x + 60
Where A(x) represents cost in hundreds of
thousand of dollars.
Find the total cost to built;
 a. 4 complexes
b. 10 complexes.

Function Notation:

Function are being written in different ways, in which

every element in the range is “3 more than” the
corresponding element in the domain can be written
using any of these forms;

1. F: x → x+3 =being read as “ under function f, x

maps to x+3, or under f” x is
assigned to x+3, or the image of x
under f is x+3.
2. X → x+3 = is being read the same way as
number 1
3. f={(x,y):y=x+3} = being read as “ the function of f is
the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) such
that y equals x+3
4. f(x) = x+3 = being read as “ f of x equal x+3”
5. Y = x+3 = being read as “y equals x+3
Example:
1. The salary (s) is dependent on Educational
attainment E, in function notation, this can written as:
S=f(E)
2. The circumference of a circle (C) is dependent on its
radius ( r ).
C=f( r )

3. Write a function notation in which every element in

the range is twice its corresponding element in the
domain in 5 different ways.
F: x → 2x²
X → 2x²
F={(x,y): y=2x²}
F(x)=2x²
Y=2x²

4. Write a function notation in which every element in

the range is the cube of 5 less that its corresponding
element in the domain.

F:x →(x-5)³
 x→(x-5)³
F={(x,y): y= (x-5)³}
F(x) = (x-5)³
Y= (x-5)³

Evaluating Function:

The process on how to we evaluate algebraic expression

will be applied, wherein;
1. We substitute the given value for the given
variables
2. We simplify the resulting expression.

Example:½
1. Find the numerical values of f(x)=-x+15 at f(-3)
2. Given the function, f(x)=x²-3x+5. a) f(½), b) f(√2).
Solution:
1. f(x)=-x+15, at f(-3)
f(-3) =- -3 + 15
 = 18, therefore, numerical value of function f(x)
at f(-3) is 18.

2. f(x) = x²-3x+5, at f(½)

f(½)= (½)² - 3(½) + 5
= ↓ ↓→ x the numerator by the whole # 3
Square the numerator and the denominator
= ¼ - 3/2 + 5 →get the LCD
= 1-6+20 → the LCD is 4, to get the numerators, ÷ the LCD
4 by each of the denominators, then x by each
of the numerators of the fraction.

= 15/4

F(√2) = (√2)² - 3(√2) + 5

= 2 - 3√2 + 5 → combine all like terms
= 7-3√2

Sample: f(x) = -2x³ + 5x²- 6x + 7 f(√3)

Assign: f(x) = -2x³ + 5x²- 6x + 7 f(-½)

 Combination of Functions:
It is the the process on how we performed the
different operation on algebraic expression.

1. The sum of 2 function:

2. The difference of 2 function
3. The product of 2 function
4. The quotient of 2 function

Given: f(x) = 6x-1 , f(x) = x-1

g(x) = x + 5
p(x) = x² + 3x +2, P(x) = x²-2x+1
h(x) = x² -5x + 4, h(x) = x²+10x+25
G(x) = 2x-2

Example:

Special Function:

Types of Special Function

a. Absolute Value Function- a number is always
positive
- it can never be negative
- the graph is symmetric about the y axis.
- the domain is the set of real number
- the range is the set real numbers ≥ to 0.

x, x>0
f(x) = /x/= 0, x=0
-x, x<0

b. Signum Function - a latin word for sign

-except @ zero, the value is determined by
algebraic sign of its argument.
 When argument is +, sgn X=+1, when x is -, sgn
x =-1

1, x > 0
sgn x = 0, x = 0
-1, x<0

c. Greatest Integer Function - the symbol [x] is

define as the greatest integer which is less than
or equal to the number x. the greatest integer
function is defined by;
f(x)= [x]=the largest integer n such that n ≤ x.
 = [x] = -3 if -3 ≤ x < -2
= [x] = -2 if -2 ≤ x < -1
= [x] = -1 if -1 ≤ x < 0
= [x] = 0 if 0 ≤ x < 1
= [x] = 1 if 1 ≤ x < 2
= [x] = 2 if 2 ≤ x < 3, and so on.

d. Split Function - is defined by different formulas

for different parts of its domain

-x x≥0
f(x) = 1-x, x<0
 Example:

If x ≥ 0, then f(x) = -x
If x < 0, then f(x) = 1-x
To find the value of x,

X≥0 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = -x 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
X<0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
y = 1-x 2 3 4 5 6 7

Limits

-limit of a function is the cornerstone of both

differential and integral calculus
- is one of the fundamental ideas that distinguishes
from other areas of mathematics.

Example 1: Evaluate Lim (x+3)

x→2
When we write x→2 (x approaches 2)
We do not assume that x=2,
But that x gets closer and closer to 2 from either
Side

x -2 -1 0 1.99 1.999 2.0 2.001 2.01 3

y=f(x) 1 2 3 4.99 4.999 5 5.001 5.01 6
 From the table,the value of F(x) = x+3 come closer and
closer to the value of 5 as the value of x gets nearer and
nearer to 2. So we can find a value of f(x) as close as we
please to 5.

Lim= (x+3) = 2+3 = 5

x→2
x→2－ (x approaches 2 from value of less than 2)
x→2＋ (x approaches 2 from value of greater than 2)
Lim= (x+3) = 5 Lim= (x+3) = 5 Lim= (x+3) = 5
x→2－ x→2＋ x→2
Graph:

Example 2:
 Find the value of f(x)
Lim (3X+1)
x→2
Assign some value of X near, but not equal, to a specific
Number.
x 1.5 1.89 1.999 2.009 2.05 2.16 2.3
f(x)=y 5.5

Lim (3x+1) = 3(1.5) + 1

x→2 = 4.5+1
= 5.50
And so on……

Properties of Limits:

A. Limit of a constant: lim = c, lim c=c

x→k x→a

Let c - be any constant

n - as any positive integers
f and g - as the given function, which have limits at k, a
 Note: The limit of a constant as x approaches to any
constant is always equal to the given constant.

Example:
Lim - 3 = -3, lim(-8) = -8, lim π = π
x→4 x→1 x→0

B. Limits of a function: lim x = k, lim x = a

x→k x→a
Where a = any real number

Note: the limit of the function x as x approaches to

any constant is always equal to the constant

Example:
Lim x = 1, lim x = ¾, lim x = π
x→1 x→¾ x→π

C. Limit of a constant and an function f(x):

Lim lim cf(x) = c lim lim
 x→k x→k

Lim (nx +c) = an + c Lim c f(x) = c lim f(x)

x→a x→a x→a
Note: in evaluating the limit of a constant and a
function, the following steps can be followed;
1. Express the limit as a product of a constant and
the limit of a function x.
2. Find the limit of the function x based on the
given value for x.
3. Simplify the resulting numbers.

Example
1. Lim 3x = 3 lim x 2. lim (2x-1 = (2(4)-1)
x→-2 x→-2 x→4 x→4
=-6 = 8-1
=7

D. Limit of sum and difference of a functions:

 lim[f(x)+-g(x)] = lim f(x) +-lim g(x)
x→k x→k x→k

lim[f(x)+-g(x)] = lim f(x) +-lim g(x)

x→a x→a x→a

Example:
Lim 4x-2 = 4limx - lim2
x→-5 x→-5 x→-5
= 4(-5) - 2
= -20-2
= -22

Lim -3x-4 = -3limx - lim4

x→1/3 x→1/3 x→1/3
= -3(1/3) - 4
=-1-4
=-5

E. Limit of Product of Functions:

 Lim [f(x) . g(x)] = lim f(x) . lim g(x)
x→k x→k x→k

Lim [f(x) . g(x)] = lim f(x) . lim g(x)

x→a x→a x→a

Example:
Lim(3x)(5) = (3limx) (lim5)
x→1 x→1 x→1
= [3(1)] (5)
= 15

Lim(2x+1(x+5) = [2(limx) + lim1] (limx + lim5)

x→-2 x→-2 x→-2 x→-2 x→-2
=[2(-2) + 1] (-2 +5)
= (-4+1)(3)
= (-3)(3)
=-9

F. Limit of Quotient of Function:

Limf(x)
 Lim f(x) = x→k provided that g(x) ≠ 0
x→k g(x) limg(x)
x→k

Limf(x)
Lim f(x) = x→a provided that g(x) ≠ 0
x→a g(x) limg(x)
x→a
Example:
Lim√x+1
Lim √x+1 = x→3
x→3 x limx
x→3

= √3+1
3
= 2/3

G. Limits of power of functions:

Lim [f(x)]ⁿ = [lim f(x)]ⁿ
 x→k x→k

Limxⁿ = aⁿ provided aⁿ exists.

x→a
Example:
Lim3x + 9x² = 3[limx] + 9[limx]²
x→-3 x→-3 x→-3
= 3(-3) + 9(-3)²
=3(81) + 9(9)
= 243 + 81
= 324

H. Limits of Root of functions:

Lim ⁿ√f(x) = ⁿ√limf(x), Lim ⁿ√f(x) = ⁿ√limf(x)
x→k x→k x→a x→a
Provided that lim f(x)>0 when n is even or
N = any positive integer and f(x) >0 if n is even

Example:
Lim(√x²+2 ) = √limx²+2
x→1 x→1
 = √(1)²+2

= √1+2
= √3

One-sided Limits:
* The Right-hand Limit L - of a function f(x) at a point
a is the limit of the function at a as x approaches a
from decreasing values of a. we write the
right-hand limit by the notation.

Lim f(x) -L or f(x)→L as x→a＋

x→a＋

* The Left-hand limit L of a function f(x) at point a as x

approaches a from increasing values of a. We
write the left-hand limit by the notation.

Lim f(x) =L or f(x)→ L as x→a－

Continuity -
 - A function is said to be continuous at (x)=x
- if there is no interruption in the graph of f(x) at a.
- Its graph is unbroken at a, there is no hole, jump
or gap. Except for a sudden drop at the point x=25

- A break in a graph is called discontinuity and

means that the graph is discontinuous at the given
point.
A function of f(x) is continuous at X=a if
Lim f(x) = f(a)
x→a

A function f(x) is continuous at x=a if it satisfies the

following condition;
a. limf(x) or f(c)exist
x→a

b. lim f(x) exist

x→a

c. lim f(x) = f∞(a) or f(c)

x→a

If any of this condition is not satisfied, the f(x) is said

to, be discontinuous at x=a
 Example:
Determine if f(x) = 4x²-3x+5 is continuous at x=2
Lim 4x²-3x+5 = 4(2)² - 3(2) + 5
X→2 = 16-6+5
= 15, the limit exists

We evaluate the function at x=2

F(x) = 4x² - 3x + 5
= 4(2)² - 3(2) + 5
= 16-6+5
= 15 the function exist

Lim 4x²-3x + 5 = F(x)

x→2 15 = 15

Example:1
The function of f(x) = x² is continuous at x=2 because
Lim x² = f(2) = 4. It is continuous for all finite value of
x.

Example 2.
 The function of f(x) = 1/2 is continuous at x=3
because lim 1 = F(3)= 1 it is however discontinuous
x→3 X x
At x=0 since lim 1 = ∞. the graph of the function
x→3 X
contains a break at x= 0

A. Continuity of a function on an open Interval

B. Removable discontinuity
A function is said to have a removable discontinuity
at x=a, if lim f(x) exists, and lim f(x)≠f(a)
x→a x→a
either because f(x) is undefined or the value of f(a)
differs from the values of the limit.

A function is said to have a jump discontinuity at

x=a, if lim f(x) ≠ lim f(x)
x→a－ x→a＋
Example:
Discuss the continuity of f(x) = x² - 1
x-1
i. f(1) = (1)²-1 = 1-1 = 0 it is undetermined
x-1 1-1 0
ii. Lim x²-1 = (x-1)(x-1) = lim (x-1) = 1+1=2
x→1x-1 x-1 x→1
iii. Lim f(x)≠f(1) thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x+1
x→1

C. Infinite Discontinuity
Definition of continuity at the point were x approaches
to zero.

Example
 Discuss the continuity of δ(x) = -1/x²
Lim (- 1/x²) = -∞ and lim (-1/x²)=-∞ limδ(x) = ∞
x→0- x→0+ lim→0
Since the limit of the function approaches infinity as x
approaches 0, we conclude that f(x) has an infinite
discontinuity at x=0

Illustration of graphs that are not continuous at a real

number a.

Assignment:

1. Let the function of g be defined by;

g(x) = 1 g (2)
 x-2
= 1
2-2
= 1
-0
= -0

The graph of f has a break at the point where x = 2,

f(2) is not defined
> Because the condition 1 is not satisfied, f is
discontinuous at 2.
> The discontinuity is essential because Lim f(x) does no
exist x→2
> The discontinuity is called infinite discontinuity.

2. Let g be defined by;

 1 if x ≠ 2
g(x) = x-2
3 if x = 2

a) g(2) = 3
b) Lim g(x) = lim 1 lim g(x) = 1
x→2-+ x - 2- x - 2+
= 1 = 1
2-2 2-2
= -∞ = -∞
Lim g(x) does not exist
d. ) because condition 2 is not satisfied, g is
discontinuous at 2.

3. Let h be defined by
3+x if x ≤ 1
h(x) = 3 - x if 1 ˂ x

a) h(1) = 3 + x , b) lim h(x) = 3 - x , lim h(x) = 3 -1

=3+1 x→1- =3- x→1+ =3-1
=4 =4 =2
> because lim h(x) ≠ lim h(x), then lim h(x) doest not
exist. The discontinuity is essential.
> Condition 2 fails to hold at 1, h is discontinuous at 1
> the discontinuity is called jump discontinuity

4. Let F be define by

F(x) = /x-3/ if x ≠ 3
2 if x = 3

a) F(3) = 2
b) Lim F(x) = lim (3 - x) =lim (x - 3)
x→3± x→3- x→3+
 =3-3 =3-3
=0 = 0 therefore lim F(x) = 0
c) Lim F(x) ≠ F(3)
> because condition 3 does not satisfied, F is
discontinuous at 3.
> this discontinuity is removable because if F(3) is
redefined to be 0, then the new function is
continuous at 3

==========================================
Theorem about functions continuous at a number are
helpful for computing limits as well as for applying the 3
conditions and the limit theorem.

1. Theorem:
 If f and g are two functions continuous at the same
number a, then;
= f + g is continuous @ a;
= f-g is continuous @ a;
= f.g is continuous @ a;
= f/g is continuous @ a, provided that g(a)≠0

2. A polynomial function is continuous at every

number.
Ex. If f(x) = x³ - 2x² + 5x + 1 , at x=3
Lim ( x³ - 2x² + 5x + 1) = 3³ - 2(3)² + 5(3) + 1
x→3 = 27 - 18 + 15 + 1
= 25
Lim f(x) = f(3)
x→3

3. A rational function is continuous at every number in

its domain.

Ex. Determine the number at which the following

function is continuous
Ex. f(x) = x² + 1 when x = ± 3
 x² - 9
= 3² + 1 = (-3)² + 1
3² - 9 3² - 9
=9+1 =9+1
9-9 9-9
= 10 = 10
0 0

f(x) = x² + 1 when x = 2, X=5

x² - 9
= 4² + 1 = (5)² + 1
4² - 9 5² - 9
= 16 + 1 = 25 + 1
16 - 9 25 - 9
= 17 = 26
7 16

The domain of f is the set of R (range) of real numbers

except those for which x²-9 = 0, the domain of f is the
set of real numbers except for ± 3.
 Because f is a rational function, f is continuous at all
real number except for ± 3.

4. If n is a positive integer and f(x)=ⁿ√a, then

i) If n is odd, f is continuous at every number
ii) If n is even, if is continuous at every + number

5. The function of f is continuous at the number a if f is

defined on some open interval containing a and if f ir
any ε>0 therefore a δ>0 such that if /x - a/<δ then /f(x)-
f(a)/ < ε

6. Definition of continuity on an open interval.

A function is said to be continuous on an open
interval if and only if it is continuous at every number
in an open interval.

7. Definition of Right-hand continuity.

The function is said to be continuous from the right
at the number a if;
i) F(a) - exist
ii) Lim f(x) exist
 x→a＋
iii) Lim f(x) = f(a)
x→a+
8. Definition of left hand continuity
The function is said to be continuous from the left at
the number a if;

i) f(a) - exist
ii) Lim f(x) exist
x→a-
iii) Lim f(x) = f(a)
x→a-

9. Definition of Continuity on a closed interval

A function whose domain includes the closed interval
(a,b) is said to be continuous on (a,b) if an only if it is
continuous on the open interval (a,b) as well as
continuous from right at a and continuous from left at
b.

10. Definition of continuity on a half-open interval

 i) A function whose domain includes in the interval
half-open on the right (a,b) is continuous on (a, b) if
and only if it is continuous on the open interval (a,b)
and continuous at the right
ii) A function whose domain includes the interval
half-open on the left (a,b) is continuous on (a, b) if
and only if it is continuous on the open interval (a, b)
and continuous from the left at b.

Assignment:
5. Let the function of g be defined by;

g(x) = 2 g (2, 5) g (4)

x-4
= 2 = 2 = 2
2-4 5-4 4-2
= 2 =2 =2
-2 1 2
= -1 =2 =1
 The function g(x) is discontinuous at 4, which is in
the close interval

Derivatives:

Here are some of the differences of basic/ elementary

mathematics from Calculus.
Definition:
For y = f(x), the derivatives of f at x, denoted by f(x) to be
F(x) = Lim = f(x + Δx) - f(x)
Δx→0 Δx if the limit exist.