ABSTRACT:

Localization is a fundamental issue

of wireless sensor networks that has
been extensively studied in the
literature. Our real-world
experience from GreenOrbs, a sensor
network system deployed in a forest,
shows that localization in the wild
remains very challenging due to
various interfering factors. In this
paper, we propose CDL, a Combined
and Differentiated Localization
approach for localization that
exploits the strength of range-free
approaches and range-based
approaches using received signal
strength indicator (RSSI). A
critical observation is that ranging
quality greatly impacts the overall
localization accuracy. To achieve a
better ranging quality, our method
CDL incorporates virtual-hop
localization, local filtration, and
ranging-quality aware calibration.
We have implemented and evaluated
CDL by extensive real-world
experiments in GreenOrbs and large-
scale simulations. Our experimental
and simulation results demonstrate
that CDL outperforms current state-
of-art localization approaches with
a more accurate and consistent
performance. For example, the
average location error using CDL in
GreenOrbs system is 2.9 m, while the
previous best method SISR has an
average error of 4.6 m.
EXISTING SYSTEM:
This work is motivated by the need
for accurate location information in
GreenOrbs, a large-scale sensor
network system deployed in a forest.
An indispensable element in various
GreenOrbs applications is the
location information of sensor nodes
for purposes such asfire risk
evaluation, canopy closure
estimates, microclimate observation,
and search and rescue in the wild.
Our real-world experiences of
GreenOrbs reveal that localization
in the wild remains very
challenging, in spite of great
efforts and results developed in the
literature. The challenges come from
various aspects. First, nonuniform
deployment of sensor nodes could
affect the effectiveness of range-
free localization. On the other
hand, for range-based localization,
the received signal strength
indicators (RSSIs) used for
estimatingdistances are highly
irregular, dynamic, and asymmetric
between pairs of nodes. To make it
even worse, the complex terrain and
obstacles in the forest easily
affect RSSI-based range
measurements, thus incurring
undesired but ubiquitous errors.
Ranging-based localization
techniques often produce better
localization than range-free
techniques. Ranging quality
determines the overall localization
accuracy. Bearing this in mind,
recently proposed approaches focused
more on error control and
management. Some of those methods
enhance the localization accuracy by
deliberately reducing the
contribution of error prone nodes to
the localization process. Other
schemes are to identify large
ranging errors and outliers relying
on topological or geometric
properties of a network.
DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
Range-based approaches measure the
Euclidean distances among the nodes
with various ranging techniques.
They are either expensive with
respect to hardware cost, or
susceptible to environmental noises
and dynamics.
Range-free approaches perform
localization by relying only on
network connectivity measurements.
However, localization results by
range-free approaches are typically
imprecise and easily affected by
node density.
Non-uniform deployment of sensor
nodes could affect the effectiveness
of range-free localization.
On the other hand, for range-based
localization, the received signal
strength indicators (RSSIs) used for
estimating distances is highly
irregular, dynamic, and asymmetric
between pairs of nodes.
To make it even worse, the complex
terrain and obstacles in the forest
easily affect RSSI-based range
measurements, thus incurring
undesired but ubiquitous errors.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In this paper, we propose CDL, a
Combined and Differentiated
Localization approach. CDL inherits
the advantages of both range-free
and range-based methods. It starts
from a coarse-grained localization
achieved by method such as DV-hop,
and then it keeps improving the
ranging quality and localization
accuracy iteratively throughout the
localization process.
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:
Using virtual-hop, the initial
estimated locations are more
accurate than those output by other
range-free schemes.
To improve the ranging quality, we
design two local filtration
techniques, namely neighborhood hop-
count matching and neighborhood
sequence matching, to find nodes
with better location accuracy.
We employ the weighted robust
estimation to emphasize
contributions of the best range
measurements, eliminate the
interfering outliers, and suppress
the impact of ranges in between.
We implement CDL in GreenOrbs system
with more than 300 sensor nodes
deployed in a forest and evaluate it
with extensive experiments and
large-scale simulations. Our
experimental and simulation results
demonstrate that CDL outperforms
existing approaches with high
accuracy, efficiency, and consistent
performance
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:-
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:-

Processor - Pentium –IV

Speed - 1.1 Ghz
RAM - 256 MB
Hard Disk - 20 GB
Key Board - Standard
Windows Keyboard
Mouse - Two or Three Button
Mouse
Monitor - SVGA

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Operating system : - Windows XP.

Coding Language : C#.Net.

REFERENCE:
Jizhong Zhao, Associate Member,
IEEE, Member, ACM,WeiXi, Student
Member, IEEE, ACM, Yu an He, Student
Member, IEEE, Member, ACM, Yunhao
Liu, Senior Member, IEEE, Xiang-Yang
Li, Senior Member, IEEE, Lufeng Mo,
and Zheng Yang, Student Member,
IEEE, ACM “Localization of Wireless
Sensor Networks in the Wild: Pursuit
of Ranging Quality” - IEEE/ACM
TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 21,
NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2013.

LOCALIZATION is crucial for many services provided by wireless

sensor networks (WSNs) [22], which have received substantive
attention in recent years. The Global Positioning System (GPS)
consists of popular localization schemes, but usually fails to
function indoors , under the ground, or in forests with dense
canopies. Range-based approaches measure the Euclidean distances
among the nodes with various ranging techniques. They are either
expensive with respect to hardware cost, or susceptible to
environmental noises and dynamics. Range-free approaches perform
localization by relying only on network connectivity
measurements. However, localization results by range-free
approaches are typically imprecise and easily affected by node
density. This work is motivated by the need for accurate location
information in GreenOrbs , a large-scale sensor network system
deployed in a forest. An indispensable element in various
GreenOrbs applications is the location information of sensor
nodes for purposes such as fire risk evaluation, canopy closure
estimates, microclimate observation, and search and rescue in the
wild. Our real-world experiences of GreenOrbs reveal that
localization in the wild remains very challenging, in spite of
great efforts and results developed in the literature. The
challenges come from various aspects. First, nonuniform
deployment of sensor nodes could affect the effectiveness of
range-free localization. On the other hand, for range-based
localization, the received signal strength indicators (RSSIs)
used for estimating distances are highly irregular, dynamic, and
asymmetric between pairs of nodes. To make it even worse, the
complex terrain and obstacles in the forest easily affect RSSI-
based range measurements, thus incurring undesired but ubiquitous
errors. Ranging-based localization techniques often produce
better localization than range-free techniques. Ranging quality
determines the overall localization accuracy. Bearing this in
mind, recently proposed approaches focused more on error control
and management. Some of those methods enhance the localization
accuracy by deliberately reducing the contribution of errorprone
nodes to the localization process. Other schemes are to identify
large ranging errors and outliers relying on topological or
geometric properties of a network. Ranging quality indeed
includes two aspects. One of them refers to the location accuracy
of the reference nodes. The other concerns the accuracy of range
measurements. Both aspects play important roles on the accuracy
of localization. Most of the recently proposed techniques address
only one aspect, thus failing to achieve satisfactory accuracy.
To address these challenges and limitations, we propose CDL, a
Combined and Differentiated Localization approach. CDL inherits
the advantages of both range-free and range-based methods. It
starts from a coarse-grained localization achieved by method such
as DV-hop, and then it keeps improving the ranging quality and
localization accuracy iteratively throughout the localization
process. The contributions of this work are summarized as
follows.
1) We propose a range-free scheme called virtual-hop
localization, which makes full use of local information to
mitigate the nonuniform node distribution problem. Using virtual
hop, the initial estimated locations are more accurate than those
output by other range-free schemes.
2) To improve the ranging quality, we design two local filtration
techniques, namely neighborhood hop-count matching and
neighborhood sequence matching, to find nodes with better
location accuracy. The filtered good nodes can be used to improve
the location accuracy of neighboring nodes.
3) Using the good nodes to calibrate the bad ones, we employ the
weighted robust estimation to emphasize contributions of the best
range measurements, eliminate the interfering outliers, and
suppress the impact of ranges in between.
4) We implement CDL in Green Orbs system with more than 300
sensor nodes deployed in a forest and evaluate it with extensive
experiments and large-scale simulations. Our experimental and
simulation results demonstrate that CDL outperforms existing
approaches with high accuracy, efficiency, and consistent
performance. For example, the average location error using CDL in
Green Orbs system is 2.9 m, while the previous best method SISR
has an average error of 4.6 m. The rest of this paper is
organized as follows. Section II briefly reviews the related
work. Section III presents real-world observations on Green Orbs.
The design of CDL is elaborated in Section IV, followed by
performance evaluation in Section V. We conclude the paper in
Section VI.