Q7. Dy11 vector diagrams: This diagram shows all the 3-phases vectors.

VAB The angles for the LV side voltages are thus (for HV a phase VAN = angle 0 deg):
Van = v angle 30 (where v is the magnitude of the LV side voltage)
Vbn = v angle -90
Vcn = v angle 150
VAN
Van
30
°
Vbn

VCN Vcn VBN

Q8. Taking the 'a' phase HV side of both transformers as referance angle 0, then
For Dy11, Van = v angle 30
For Dy1, Van = v angle -30 deg. Van( Dy11)
The effect is shown in the vector diagram:
Difference
The voltage difference is shown by the red vector. VAN
As a 60 deg equilateral triangle is formed, this difference
is equal to the full phase-neutral voltage van.
The effect is like a full short circuit across the transformers'
LV terminals. Van( Dy1)

Q9. Harmonics.
Fundamental: V1a = V1.cosωt , V1b = V1.cos(ωt+4π/3) , V1c = V1.cos(ωt+2π/3) , for a, b and c phases in a-b-c sequence (positive sequence).
2nd harmonic: V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos2(ωt+4π/3) , V2c = V2.cos2(ωt+2π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+8π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3)
V2a = V2.cos(2ωt) , V2b = V2.cos(2ωt+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(2ωt+4π/3) Now, replace 2ω by ω'
V2a = V2.cos(ω't) , V2b = V2.cos(ω't+2π/3) , V2c = V2.cos(ω't+4π/3)
Compare to fundamental, and note that phase sequence is now a-c-b, ie reverse or negative sequence.
3rd harmonic: V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos3(ωt+4π/3) , V3c = V3.cos3(ωt+2π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt+12π/3) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt+6π/3)
V3a = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3b = V3.cos(3ωt) , V3c = V3.cos(3ωt) Multiples of 2ω Now, replace 3ω by ω'
V3a = V3.cos(ω't) , V3b = V3.cos(ω't) , V3c = V3.cos(ω't)
Compare to fundamental, and note that all phases are now in phase, ie no rotation at all or zero sequence.

Q10. Fourier components fo square wave.

f(ωt) = 1 for 0<ωt<=nπ (n odd); f(ωt) = -1 for (n-1)π<ωt<=nπ (n even) Fourier series definition:

2π
1
an = . ∫ f (ωt ). cosnωt . d( ωt )
π 0
2π
1
bn = . ∫ f (ωt ). sin nωt . d (ωt )
π 0
Integrate over 1 cycle. From 0<ωt<=π, f(ωt) = 1; from π<ωt<=2π, f(ωt) = -1
an cos(nωt) terms are zero. bn sin(nωt) terms are 1 x 1/n.pi (integral of sin(nωt) = -1/n.cos(nωt) ).
an of zero means no DC component.