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Either of the parallel sides of a trapezoid; A prime number is an integer p greater than

Absolute Value Either of the parallel sides of a 1 with exactly two positive factors: 1 and p.
The absolute value of a number is its parallelogram. A composite number is an integer greater
distance from zero. Box and Whisker Plot than 1 that has more than two positive
For any x, |x| is defined as follows: | x |= x, For data ordered smallest to largest the factors. The number 1 is neither a prime nor
if x > 0, and | x |= −x, if x < 0 median, lower quartile and upper quartile a composite number.
Acute Angle are found and displayed in a box along a Compound Interest
An angle whose measure is greater than 0 number line. Whiskers are added to the Interest added to the principal of an
degrees and less than 90 degrees. right and left and extended to the least and account, so that the added interest also
Example of an acute angle greatest values of the data. earns interest going forward.
Acute Triangle Compound Event
A triangle in which all three angles are Example of a box and whisker plot See: Event.
acute angles. Cartesian Coordinate System Cone
Addition Property of Equality See: Coordinate Plane. A three-dimensional figure with a circular
If a= b, then a + c= b + c. Center of a Circle base joined to a point called the apex.
Additive Inverse A point in the interior of the circle that is
For any number x, there exists a number equidistant from all points of the circle. Example of a cone
−x, such that x + −x= 0. Congruent
Adjacent Angle A circle and its center Used to refer to angles or sides having the
Two angles that share a common vertex and Chord same measure and to polygons that have the
a common side. A segment whose endpoints are points on a same shape and size.
Altitude of a Triangle circle. Conjecture
A segment drawn from a vertex of the An assumption that is thought to be true
triangle perpendicular to the opposite side PQ is a chord of the circle based on observations.
of the triangle, called the base, (or Circle Constant
perpendicular to an extension of the base). The set of points in a plane equidistant from A fixed value.
a point in the plane. Constant of Proportionality
AD is an altitude of the triangle Circle Graph If a function has a rule in the form y= Kx,
Angle See: Pie graph. then for any input x≠0, the quotient of y/x
An angle is formed when two rays share a Circumference will always have the value K. The number
common vertex. The distance around a circle. Its length is K is called constant of proportionality.
Area the product of the diameter of the circle and Constant Rate Of Change
The surface area of a two-dimensional pi. y= mx + b, here m is the constant rate of
figure. Coefficient change.
Area Model In the product of a constant and a variable Constant Rate Of Proportionality
A mathematical model based on the area of the constant is the numerical coefficient of Another term for scale factor.
a rectangle, used to represent multiplication the variable and is frequently referred to Coordinate(s)
or to represent fractional parts of a whole. simply as the coefficient. A number assigned to each point on the
Arithmetic Sequence Combining Like Terms number line which shows its position or
A sequence a1, a2, a3, a4,... is an arithmetic nk + nm= n(k + m). Also commonly called location on the line. In a coordinate plane
sequence if there is a number c such that for factoring. that ordered pair, (x,y), assigned to each
each n, an + 1= an + c, that is an + 1 – an = Common Denominator point of the plane showing its position in
c. A common multiple of the denominators of relation to the x-axis and y-axis.
Associative Property of Addition two or more fractions. Also see: Least Coordinate Plane
For any numbers x, y , and z: (x + y) + z= x Common Denominator A plane that consists of a horizontal and
+ (y + z). Common Factor vertical number line, intersecting at right
Attribute A factor that two or more integers have in angles at their origins. The number lines,
A distinguishing characteristic of an object common. Also see: Greatest Common called axes, divide the plane into four
such as angles or sides of a triangle. Factor. quadrants. The quadrants are numbered I,
Average Common Multiple II, III, and IV beginning in the upper right
See: Mean. See: Least Common Multiple. quadrant and moving counterclockwise.
Axis Commutative Property of Addition
A number line in a plane. Plural form is For any numbers x and y: x + y = y + x. Coordinate Plane
axes. Also see: Coordinate Plane. Commutative Property of Multiplication Corresponding Angles
Bar Graph For any numbers a and b: ab= ba. If two lines are cut by a transversal the
A graph in which rectangular bars, either Complement angles on the same side of the transversal
vertical or horizontal, are used to display The complement of a set is a set of all the and on the same side of the two lines are
data. elements of the universal set that are not in corresponding angles. If the lines are
the given set. parallel the pairs of angles will have equal
Example of a bar graph Complementary Angles measure.
Base Two angles are complementary if the sum If two polygons are similar the angles that
If any number x is raised to the nth power, of their measures totals 90º. are in the same relative position in the
written as x^n, x is called the base of the figures are corresponding angles and have
expression; Complementary angles, a and b equal measures.
Any side of a triangle; Composite Number Corresponding Sides
If two polygons are similar the sides of the For any two numbers x and y, the distance Suppose that n is a whole number. Then,
polygons in the same relative positions are between x and y is the absolute value of for any number x, the nth power of x, or x
corresponding sides and the ratio of the their difference; that is, Distance= |x – y|. to the nth power, is the product of n factors
lengths of each pair is the same. Dividend of the number x. This number is usually
Counterclockwise The quantity that is to be divided. written x^n. The number x is usually called
A circular movement opposite to the Divisibility the base of the expression x^n, and n is
direction of the movement of the hands of a Suppose that n and d are integers, and that d called the exponent.
clock. is not 0. The number n is divisible by d if Exponential Notation
there is an integer q such that n= dq. A notation that expresses a number in terms
Counterclockwise direction Equivalently, d is a factor of n or n is a of a base and an exponent.
Counting Numbers multiple of d. Face
The counting numbers are the numbers in Division Algorithm Each of the surface polygons that form a
the following never-ending sequence: 1, 2, Given two positive integers a and b, we can polyhedron.
3, 4, 5, 6, 7... We can also write this as +1, always find unique integers q and r such Factor
+2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7,... These numbers that a= bq + r and 0 ≤ r < b. We call a the An integer that divides evenly into a
are also called the positive integers or dividend, b the divisor, q the quotient, and r dividend. Use interchangeably with divisor
natural numbers. the remainder. except in the Division Algorithm.
Coupon Divisor Factorial
A percentage discount or a fixed amount of The quantity by which the dividend is The factorial of a non-negative number n is
money taken off the sale price of an item. divided. written n! and is the product of all positive
Cube Domain integers less than or equal to n. By
A three-dimensional shape having six The set of input values in a function. definition 0!= 1!= 1.
congruent square faces. Edge Fraction
The third power of a number. A segment that joins consecutive vertices of Numbers of the form m/n, where n is not
a polygon or a polyhedron. zero.
Cube Elements Frequency
Cylinder Members of a set. The number of times a data point appears in
A three-dimensional figure with parallel Empirical Probability a data set.
circular bases of equal size joined by a Probability determined by real data Function
lateral surface whose net is a rectangle. collected from real experiments. A function is a rule which assigns to each
Empty set member of a set of inputs, called the
Cylinder Also called a Null Set. A set that has no domain, a member of a set of outputs,
Data elements. called the range.
A collection of information, frequently in Equation Graph of a Function
the form of numbers. Each individual piece A math sentence using the equal sign to The pictorial representation of a function.
of information is called a data point. state that two expressions represent the Greater than, Less Than
Data Analysis same number. Suppose that x and y are integers. We say
The process of making sense of collected Equilateral Triangle that x is less than y, x < y, if x is to the left
data. An equilateral triangle is a triangle with of y on the number line. We say that x is
Data Point three congruent sides. An equilateral greater than y, x > y, if x is to the right of y
See: Data. triangle also has three congruent angles, on the number line.
Degree which we can also call equiangular triangle. Greatest Common Factor, GCF
The circumference of a circle is divided Equivalent Suppose m and n are positive integers. An
into 360 equal parts or arcs. Radii drawn to A term used to describe equations or integer d is a common factor of m and n if d
both ends of the arc form an angle of 1 inequalities that have the same solution. is a factor of both m and n. The greatest
degree. A term used to describe fractions or ratios common factor, or GCF, of m and n is the
The degree of a term is the sum of the that are equal. greatest positive integer that is a factor of
exponents of the variables. The degree of a A term used to describe fractions, decimals, both m and n. We write the GCF of m and n
polynomial is the highest degree of any of and percents that are equal. as GCF (m,n).
its terms. Event Height
Denominator An event is any subset of the sample space. The length of the perpendicular between the
The denominator of a fraction indicates into A simple event is a subset of the sample bases of a parallelogram or trapezoid; also
how many equal parts the whole is divided. space containing only one possible outcome the altitude of a triangle.
The denominator appears beneath the of an experiment. A compound event is a Horizontal Axis
fraction bar. subset of the sample space containing two See: Coordinate Plane.
Dependent Variable or more outcomes. Hypotenuse
The output values for a function. Experiment The side opposite the right angle in a right
Diameter A repeatable action with a set of outcomes. triangle.
A segment with endpoints on the circle that Experimental Probability
passes through its center. See: Empirical Probability. Hypotenuse of a right triangle
Distributive Property Expressions Improper Fraction
n(k + m)= nk + nm. Mathematical phrases used to describe A fraction in which the numerator is greater
Distance quantities. than or equal to the denominator.
Exponent Independent Events
If the outcome of the first event does not Numerator
affect the outcome of the second event. Example of a line plot The expression written above the fraction
Independent Variable Line of Symmetry bar in a common fraction to indicate the
The input values for a function. Half of the figure is the mirror image of the number of parts counted.
Inequality other half. Obtuse Angle
A statement that one expression is less than An angle whose measure is greater than 90
or greater than another. Example of a line of symmetry degrees and less than 180 degrees.
Input Values Line of Reflection
The values of the domain of a function. The line across which a figure is reflected. Example of an obtuse angle
Integers Obtuse Triangle
The collection of integers is composed of Examples of lines of reflections A triangle that has one obtuse angle.
the counting numbers, their negatives, and Linear Model for Multiplication Opposite Angle
zero; ... −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4... Skip counting on a number line. The angle that is opposite to a given side of
Intersection of Sets Magnitude a plane figure.
A set whose elements are all the elements The absolute value of a number; its distance Order Of Operations
that the given sets have in common, written from zero. The order of mathematical operations, with
A ∩ B. Mean computations inside parentheses to be done
Irregular Polygon The average of a set of data; sum of the first, and addition and subtraction from left
A polygon that is not a regular polygon. data divided by the number of items. Also to right done last.
Isosceles Triangle called the arithmetic mean or average. Ordered Pair
A triangle with at least two sides of equal Measures of Central Tendency A pair of numbers that represent the
length is called an isosceles triangle. Generally measured by the mean, median, coordinates of a point in the coordinate
or mode of the data set plane with the first number measured along
Isosceles Triangle Median the horizontal scale and the second along
Lateral Area The middle value of a set of data arranged the vertical scale.
The surface area of any three-dimensional in increasing or decreasing order. If the set Origin
figure excluding the area of any surface has an even number of items the median is The point with coordinate 0 on a number
designated as a base of the figure. the average of the middle two items. line; the point with coordinates (0,0) in the
Lattice Point Missing Factor Model coordinate plane.
A point of the coordinate plane, (x,y), in A model for division in which the quotient
which both x and y are integers. of an indicated division is viewed as a Origin
Law Of Large Numbers missing factor of a related multiplication. Outcomes
As the number of trials in an experiment are Mixed Numbers The set of possible results of an experiment.
increased, the average of the experimental The sum of an integer and a proper fraction. Outlier
probability approaches the theoretical Mode A term referring to a value that is
probability. The value of the element that appears most drastically different from most of the other
Least Common Denominator frequently in a data set. data values.
The least common denominator of the Multiplicative Inverse Output Values
fractions p/n and k/m is LCM(n, m). The number x is called the multiplicative The set of results obtained by applying a
Least Common Multiple, LCM inverse or reciprocal of the positive integer function rule to a set of input values.
The integers a and b are positive. An n if x · n= 1. Parallel Lines
integer m is a common multiple of a and b Multiplicity Two lines in a plane that never intersect.
if m is a multiple of both a and b. The least The number of times a factor appears in a
common multiple, or LCM, of a and b is factorization. Example of two parallel lines
the smallest integer that is a common Natural Numbers Parallelogram
multiple of a and b. We write the LCM of a See: Counting Numbers. A parallelogram is a four-sided figure with
and b as LCM (a,b). Net Yardage opposite sides parallel.
Legs Total number of yards gained or lost at the
The two sides of a right triangle that form end of a series of plays in a sports game. Parallelogram
the right angle. Negative Integers Percent
The equal sides of an isosceles triangle or Integers less than zero. A way of expressing a number as parts out
the non-parallel sides of a trapezoid. Nets of 100; the numerator of a ratio with a
One way to see the surface area of a three denominator of 100.
Legs of a right triangle dimensional figure by cutting along its Perfect Cube
Less Than edges to produce a two-dimensional figure. An integer n that can be written in the form
See: Greater Than. n= k³, where k is an integer.
Line Graph Example of a net of a square pyramid Perfect Square
A graph used to display data that occurs in Notation An integer n that can be written in the form
a sequence. Consecutive points are A technical system of symbols used to n= k², where k is an integer.
connected by segments. convey mathematical information. Perimeter
Number Line Model The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of
Example of a line graph A pictorial representation of numbers on a the lengths of its sides.
Line Plot straight line. Perpendicular
A graph that shows frequency of data along Null Set Two lines or segments are perpendicular if
a number line. See: Empty Set. they intersect to form a right angle.
The formula that states that if a and b are A decimal in which a cycle of one or more
Perpendicular Lines the lengths of the legs of a right triangle digits is repeated infinitely.
Pi and c is the length of the hypotenuse, then Right Angle
The ratio of the circumference to the a² + b² = c². An angle formed by the intersection of
diameter of any circle, represented either by Quadrant perpendicular lines; an angle with a
the symbol π, or the approximation 22/7 or See: Coordinate Plane. measure of 90º.
3.1415926... Quadrilateral Right Triangle
Pie Graph A plane figure with four straight edges and A triangle that has a right angle.
A graph using sectors of a circle that are four angles. Root
proportional to the percent of the data Quotient The nodes in a tree diagram to represent
represented. The result obtained by doing division. See events.
the Division Algorithm for a different use Sale
Example of a pie graph of quotient. A reduction in the sale price of an item.
Polygon Radical Notation Sample Space
A polygon is a simple, closed, plane figure A math symbol to denote the root of an The set of all possible outcomes of an
formed by three or more line segments. expression, such as square roots. experiment.
Radius Scaffolding
Examples of polygons The distance from the center of a circle a A method of division in which partial
Polyhedron point of the circle. Plural form is radii. quotients are computed, stacked, and then
A three-dimensional figure with four or Range combined.
more faces, all of which are polygons. The difference between the largest and Scale Factor
smallest values of a data set. See Function If polygons A and B are similar and s is a
Examples of polyhedrons for another meaning of range. positive number so that for each side of A
Positive Integers Rate with length k there is a corresponding side
See: Counting Numbers. A rate is a division comparison between of B with length sk, then s is the scale
Power two quantities with different units. Also see factor of A to B.
See: Exponent. Unit Rate. Scalene Triangle
Prime Number Ratio A triangle with all three sides of different
See: Composite Number. A division comparison of two quantities lengths is called a scalene triangle.
Prime Factorization with or without the same units. If the units
The process of finding the prime factors of are different they must be expressed to Examples of scalene triangles
an integer. The term is also used to refer to make the ratio meaningful. Scaling
the result of the process. Rational Number A process by which a shape is reduced or
Prism A number that can be written as a/b where a expanded proportionally.
A type of polyhedron that has two bases is an integer and b is a natural number. Choosing the unit of measure to be used on
that are both congruent and parallel, and Ray a number line.
lateral faces which are parallelograms. Part of a line that has a starting point and Scientific Notation
continues forever in only one direction. A mathematical shorthand to represent
Examples of prisms Rebate large numbers.
Probability Money that the customer receives, typically Sector
In an experiment in which each outcome is from the manufacturer, after making a A region of a circle bounded by two radii
equally likely, the probability P(A) of an purchase. and an arc of the circle which joins their
event A is m/n where m is the number of Reciprocal endpoints.
outcomes in the subset A and n is the total See: Multiplicative Inverse.
number of outcomes in the sample space S. Rectangular Prism Example of a sector of a circle
Proof A solid 3D object that has six faces, each Sequence
A reasoning to help establish a fact. face being a rectangle. A list of terms ordered by the natural
Proper Fraction numbers. The outputs of a function whose
A fraction whose value is greater than 0 and Example of a rectangular prism domain is the natural numbers or whole
less than 1. Reflection numbers.
Proportion The transformation that moves points or Set
An equation of ratios in the form a/b = c/d, shapes by “flipping” them across a line or A collection of objects or elements.
where b and d are not equal to zero. axis; a mirror image of the original set of Set Model
Protractor points. If B is the reflection of A in line L, A representation of groups of objects.
An instrument used to measure angles in then L is the perpendicular bisector of Similar Polygons
degrees. segment AB. Two polygons whose corresponding angles
Regular Polygon have equal measures and whose
Example of a protractor A polygon with equal length sides and corresponding side lengths form equal
Pyramid equal angle measures. ratios.
A type of polyhedron that has one face, Relatively Prime Simple Event
called a base, and triangular lateral faces Two integers m and n are relatively prime if See: Event.
that meet at a point called the apex. the GCF of m and n is 1. Simple Interest
Remainder Interest (money) that one earns by investing
Square Pyramid See: Division Algorithm. money in an account.
Pythagorean Theorem Repeating Decimal Simplest Form of a Fraction
A form in which the greatest common Any line that intersects two or more lines at The whole numbers are the numbers in the
factor of the numerator and denominator is different points. following never-ending sequence: 0, 1, 2, 3,
1. Trapezoid 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ....
Simplifying A four sided plane figure with exactly one x-axis
The process of finding equivalent fractions set of parallel sides. The horizontal axis of a coordinate plane.
to obtain the simplest form. x-coordinate
Skewed Example of a trapezoid The first number provided in an ordered
An uneven representation of a set of data. Tree Diagram pair (a, b).
Slant Height A process used to find the prime factors on y-coordinate
An altitude of a face of a pyramid or a an integer. The second number provided in an ordered
cone. A method to organize the sample space of pair (a, b).
Solution compound events. y-axis
The value of the variable that makes the Triangle The vertical axis of a coordinate plane.
equation true. A plane figure with three straight edges and Zero Pair
Square Root three angles. For any natural number n, n + (−n) is called
For non-negative numbers x and y, y= x , Triangle Sum Theorem a zero pair because their sum is zero.
read “y is equal to the square root of x,” The sum of the measures of the interior
means y² = x. angles of any triangle is 180 degrees.
Standard Notation Trichotomy
Mathematical notation that is commonly A property stating that exactly one of these
used. statements is true for each real number: it is
Stem and Leaf Plot positive, negative, or zero.
A method of showing the frequency of a Unit Fractions
certain data by sorting and ordering the Fractions of the form 1/n
values. Union of Two Sets
A set that contains all of the elements that
Example of a stem and leaf plot appear in either of the given sets, written A
Straight Angle ∪ B.
An angle with a measure of 180 degrees Unit Rate
formed by opposite rays. A ratio of two unlike quantities that has a
Subset denominator of 1 unit.
Set B is a subset of set A if every element Universal Set
of set B is also an element of set A. A set containing all of the elements under
Subtraction Property of Equality consideration.
If a= b, then a – c= b – c. Variable
Supplementary Angles A letter or symbol that represents an
Two angles are supplementary if the sum of unknown quantity.
their measures totals 180º. Venn Diagram
A diagram involving two or more
Two supplementary angles, x and y overlapping circles that aids in organizing
Surface Area data.
The total area of all the faces of a
polyhedron. The total of the lateral area and Example of a Venn diagram
base area of a cone. The total of the lateral Vertex
area and the two bases of a cylinder. The common endpoint of two rays forming
Term an angle.
Each member of a sequence. A point of a polygon or polyhedron where
Each expression in a polynomial separated edges meet.
by addition and subtraction signs. Vertical Angles
Terminating Decimal If two straight lines intersect at a point, then
If a and b are natural numbers with b ≠ 0 each line is divided into two rays. The
and a ÷ b yields a finite quotient, the angles formed by using opposite rays from
decimal formed is a terminating decimal. each line are called vertical angles.
Tessellation Vertical Angle Theorem
Tiling of a plane with some shape. If two lines intersect at a point P, then the
Example of a tessellation vertical angles formed will always have the
Theoretical Probability same measure.
Probability based on mathematical law Vertical Axis
rather than a collection of data. See: Coordinate Plane.
Translation Volume
A transformation that moves a figure along A measure of space; the number of unit
a line in a plane but does not alter its size or cubes needed to fill a three-dimensional
shape. shape.
Transversal Whole Numbers

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