Chapter 5 Accessories of Hydraulic and Pneumatic System HAP/17522/5G

Content :

5.1 Filters :
Hydraulic filters and strainers – full flow and proportional types, function and
working, difference between filters and strainers.

Pneumatic filters –screen type and mechanical type, function and working,
FRL unit.

5.2 Hoses and Connectors for hydraulic and pneumatic systems :

Types, construction and applications.

5.3 Seals and Gaskets for hydraulic and pneumatic systems : Types, function,
construction, commonly used seals and gasket materials.

5.1 Filters :
What is the function of oil filter? List types of filters.

Function of filters is to remove the impurities and other foreign matters from the oil.
The filters used to clean the oil for the hydraulic system are termed as hydraulic filters.

Types of Hydraulic Filters

 Mechanical
 Absorbent
 Adsorbent
 Magnetic
 Full flow filters
 Proportional type filters

What are different types of filters? State its function.

Types of filters

A) Oil filters
1) Full flow filter
2) Proportional flow filter
B) According to material used
1) Surface or screen filter
2) Depth type filter
C) According to location of filter
1) Suction line filter
2) Pressure line filter
3) Return line filter

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D) Pneumatic type or Air type filter

Functions of filters :

1) To clean oil in hydraulic system.

2) To clean air in Pneumatic system.
3) To arrest unwanted materials.
4) To eliminate the contaminants founds in the oil.
5) To reduce the Chemical reaction products like sludge.

Draw a labeled sketch of any one type of filter and describe its working.

Proportional flow filter :

Working principle : By reducing cross sectional area of flow passage, a

pressure difference is created, due to which proportionate quantity of oil passes
through filter element.

Construction and Working: Main parts of Proportional flow filter are: Venturi
passage, Filtering element.

In this filter main oil flow passes through venturi, which create localize low pressure
area inside the filter element. Outside of the filter element there is high pressure
oil, due to the pressure difference crated across filter element. The propionate
quantity passes through filter element. In this filter the pressure drop is very low
hence is having wide application.

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OR

Full flow filter :

In this filter oil comes in through port A, passes through filter element and goes out
through port B. in this filter all flow passes through filter. Hence it is called as a full flow
filter. This is very efficient filter but only drawback of this filter there is large pressure
drop. It increases due to clogging of filtering element.

Air filter :

The compressed air which is unfiltered enters through the port A and comes into
bowl. It has no alternative than to enter into the filtering element. The special
zigzag passages created in filtering element, arrest the micron and sub micron
particles and clean air go out through port B.

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There are two types :

1) Screen type
2) Mechanical type

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FRL unit :

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OR

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Working of the FRL unit:

FRL unit means Filter Regulator Combine unit. It is nothing but Service unit in which
preparation of air takes place.
Most of the pneumatic system uses FRL unit. Main elements of FRL unit are : Filter,
Pressure Regulator, and Lubricator.

1. Filter : Air enters the inlet port of the air filter through angled louvers. The
centrifugal action of the rotating air causes the larger pieces of dirt and water
particles to be thrown against the inner wall of the filter bowl. These contaminants
then flow down into the bottom of the filter bowl.
A baffle prevents turbulent air from splashing water on to the filter element. The air
then passes through the filter element, where the fine dirt particles are filtered out.
The compressed air then exits through the outer port to regulator.
2. Relieving or Venting Type Pressure regulator : Outlet pressure is sensed by a
diaphragm preloaded with an adjustable pressure setting spring. The compressed air,
which flows through a controlled cross section at the valve seat, acts on the other side
of the diaphragm. The diaphragm has large surface area exposed to secondary
(outlet) pressure and is quite sensitive to its fluctuations. The movement of
diaphragm regulates the pressure.
3. Lubricator : As air enters the lubricator, its velocity is increased by a venture ring.
The pressure at the venture ring will be lower than the atmospheric pressure
and the pressure on the oil is atmospheric. Due to this pressure difference between
the upper chamber and lower chamber, oil will be drawn up in a riser tube. Oil droplets
mix with the incoming air and form a fine mist. The needle valve is used to adjust the
pressure difference across the oil jet and hence the oil flow rate. The air – oil mixture
is forced to swirl as it leaves the central cylinder so that large particles of oil goes back
to bowl and only the mist goes to outlet.

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Explain flexible hose. State its material and application.

Hoses are used as flexible connection between moving hydraulic components or

for connecting components located in places which are difficult to reach. They also
suppress noise & vibration. Hoses are manufactured in layers of elastomers & braided
cloth or wire. Hose pipes are in 3 layers.

Layer A
This is inner tube through which oil or fluid flow. This layer comes direct
contact with pressurized hydraulic fluid. This layer is called Hose Material layer.

Layer B
This layer is called Hose reinforcement. This increases strength of inner layer.
It provides structural strength to entire hose to withstand against hydraulic
pressure of oil which is very high in hydraulic system.

Layer C
This is outer layer called as protective layer. It protect middle layer from corrosion,
abrasion & other damages which can occur accidents.

Materials for hoses :

Layer A :- Plastic, Nylon, braided nylon, PVC, Teflon, synthetic elastomers, natural
rubber.
Layer B:- Cotton, nylon, wires, synthetic yarn, Rayon.

Layer C:- Neoprene, synthetic QRS rubber, cotton /synthetic yarn.

Applications: 1. In earth moving equipments 2. Robots 3. In machine tools 4. To

carry the working medium like oil in hydraulic system 5. In material handling
equipments 6. In CNC/VMC .

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What are the different types of seals used in hydraulic circuits explain any one?

The types of seals used in hydraulic circuits are static

seals and dynamic seals

Static seals:- The seals used between the mating parts that do not move relative to
each other are termed as static seals. These seals are compressed between two
rigidly connected parts. These seals makes leak proof joint because of pressure
applied in tightening the bolts. Under pressure the seal material flows and fills the
irregularities in the surface making the joint leak-proof. A static seal may often termed
as gasket and is usually cut from compressible flat sheet material like paper, cork,
rubber or asbestos. The thickness is ranging from 0.25 mm to 3 mm. Figure shows
static flange joint and rubber seal moulded in metal ring. O-ring static seal is the
simple and most versatile seal used for static applications. The O-ring can be made
circular, rectangular or U-ring in cross-section. (any one figure )

Dynamic seals:- The seal between the mating parts that move relative to each other is
called as dynamic seals. These seals are subjected to wear as one of the mating part
rubs against the seal. These seals prevents leakage around a moving component. Ex.
Piston rings, O- rings on rotating and reciprocating shafts.

Types
of
dynami
c seals
 O-ring
 Lipped seals
 Piston cup packing
 Piston rings
 Wiper rings

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O-ring :-It is moulded synthetic rubber seal that has round cross-section in free state.
It can be used for static as well as dynamic conditions. It gives effective sealing
strength through a wide range of pressures, temperatures and movements. It provides
sealing pressure in both directions as well low running friction on moving parts. It is
installed in an annular groove formed into one of the mating parts. When the pressure
is applied, the O-ring is forced against the third surface to create a positive seal. Hence
it is capable of sealing against high pressures.

Lipped seals : These are used in all types of reciprocating motion applications. The U-
type of seal is pressure driven against the mating moving face and the supporting walls
of its recess.

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Piston cup packing : These are designed for pistons in the reciprocating pump and
power cylinders. These are simple and installed quickly. In this there is full pressure at
lip and decreasing to zero at the base. The wall of cylinder supports the pressure at the
cup’s top. For lower pressures and shock loads an expander is placed inside the
expander packing to force lip against wall.

Ex. Pistons, plungers, rams for sealing reciprocating motion. In wheel cylinder.

Piston rings :- these are endless, bevel-cut, butt-cut and step-cut. The piston rings
are installed in a groove cut in piston to prevent leakage of fluid past the cylinder.

Piston rod wiper rings :

These rings are used to prevent foreign abrasive or corrosive material from entering
into a cylinder. The wiper ring moulded from a synthetic rubber which is stiff enough to
wipe all dust of dirt on the piston rod.

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What is the function of seals and gaskets? State their application.

Function of seals :
1. Prevent escape of fluid.
2. It Prevents contamination.
3. To enhance working life of system.
4. Prevent environmental damage.
5. To stop the leakage of oil
6. To maintain the pressure

Application of seals :
piston ring, oil seal in gear pump, motors, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators.

Function of gaskets :
1. To create and retain static seal between two relatively stationary parts
2. To protect the working condition or environment from contamination
3. It fills irregularities in the matching surface.
4. To resist extrusion and creep under operating condition.
5. To avoid the leakage.

Application of gaskets :

Cylinder head gasket, gasket in pumps, air compressor, oil pan gasket.

Material of Gaskets :

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Locations where seals and gaskets are used in hydraulic system: (Any two
locations of each - 2 marks)

1. Seals : i) Non- positive seal : Piston ring

ii) Positive seal – Oil seal in gear pump, motors, hydraulic and pneumatic
actuators.

2. Gaskets : Cylinder head gasket, gasket in pumps, air compressor, oil pan gasket.

(Any other applications shall be considered)

Function of – following elements (1mark for each)

1. Flexible hose : (any one)

1) To transfer energy generating liquid.

2) It can allow torque, flexibility and elasticity in tool arm movement.
3) They should flow machine geometry as much as possible.
4) To reduce a rigidity.
5) It can place anywhere in complicated region very easily where rigid
tubes, pipes are not possible to fit.
6) To sustain internal high pressure of hydraulic oil.

2. Function of Filters :
To remove the impurities and other foreign matters from the oil/air.

3. Function of Lubricators :

To form a mist of oil and air for the sole purpose of providing lubrication
to the mating components of valves, cylinders, etc.

4. Function of Gaskets :(any one)

1. To create and retain static seal between two relatively stationary parts.
2. To protect the working condition or environment from contamination.
3. It fills irregularities in the matching surface.
4. To resist extrusion and creep under operating condition.
5. To avoid the leakage.

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Question bank
5.1 Filters :

1) Give the classification of filters & state their applications. (4m)

2) Draw a labelled sketch of any one type of filter and describe its working. (4m)

3) Explain the screen type air filter with neat sketch. (4m)

4) Explain full flow hydraulic filter with neat sketch.

5) Draw neat sketch of proportional type of filter and write its construction and
working with principle.

6) Explain working of the FRL unit with neat sketch.

5.2 Hoses and Connectors for hydraulic and pneumatic systems :

7) Write the function of flexible hose, filters, lubricators and gaskets. (4m)

8) What are the advantages of hose in hydraulic circuits? (4m)

9) Explain flexible hose. State its materials and applications. (4m)

10) Draw different types of hoses and connectors. Give their applications. (6m)

11) Explain the flexible hose. What is the different between the hydraulic & pneumatic
piping? (4m)

5.3 Seals and Gaskets for hydraulic and pneumatic systems :

12) List different types of material used for gasket stating their application. (4m)

13) What is the function of seals & gasket? State their applications in hydraulic circuits
& pneumatic circuits. (4m)

14) Classify the seals & state its function. (4m)

15) Write types of seals and gaskets used in hydraulic and pneumatic circuits.

16) What is the function of seals and gaskets? State their application

17)State two locations each, where seals and gaskets are used in hydraulic
system. (4m)

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