Problem 8.

5 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.12 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 8.16 [Difficulty: 5]
 Problem 8.20 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Properties of two fluids flowing between parallel plates; applied pressure gradient

Find: Velocity at the interface; maximum velocity; plot velocity distribution

Solution:

dp kPa N⋅ s N⋅ s
Given data =k k = −50⋅ h = 5 ⋅ mm μ1 = 0.1⋅ μ2 = 4 ⋅ μ1 μ2 = 0.4⋅
dx m 2 2
m m
(Lower fluid is fluid 1; upper is fluid 2)

Following the analysis of Section 8.2, analyse the forces on a differential CV of either fluid

The net force is zero for steady flow, so

⎡τ + dτ ⋅ dy − ⎛ τ − dτ ⋅ dy ⎞⎤ ⋅ dx⋅ dz + ⎡p − dp ⋅ dx − ⎛ p + dp ⋅ dx ⎞⎤ ⋅ dy⋅ dz = 0
⎢ dy 2 ⎜ ⎥ ⎢ dx 2 ⎜ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ dy 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ dx 2 ⎠⎦

dτ dp 2
d
Simplifying = =k so for each fluid μ⋅ u =k
dy dx 2
dy

Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields

k 2 k 2
u1 = ⋅ y + c1 ⋅ y + c2 u2 = ⋅ y + c3 ⋅ y + c4
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2

For convenience the origin of coordinates is placed at the centerline

We need four BCs. Three are obvious y = −h u1 = 0 (1) y=0 u 1 = u 2 (2) y=h u2 = 0 (3)

The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same

du1 du2
y=0 μ1 ⋅ = μ2 ⋅ (4)
dy dy

k 2 k 2
Using these four BCs 0= ⋅ h − c1 ⋅ h + c2 c2 = c4 0= ⋅ h + c3 ⋅ h + c4 μ1 ⋅ c1 = μ2 ⋅ c3
2 ⋅ μ1 2 ⋅ μ2

Hence, after some algebra

k⋅ h (μ2 − μ1) k⋅ h
2
k⋅ h (μ2 − μ1)
c1 = ⋅ c4 = − c2 = c4 c3 = ⋅
2 ⋅ μ1 (μ2 + μ1) μ2 + μ1 2 ⋅ μ2 (μ2 + μ1)
 1 m 1 m
c1 = −750 c2 = 2.5 c3 = −187.5 c4 = 2.5
s s s s

The velocity distributions are then

k ⎡ 2 (μ2 − μ1)⎤ k⋅ h
2
k ⎡ 2 (μ2 − μ1)⎤ k⋅ h
2
u1( y) = ⋅ ⎢y + y ⋅ h ⋅ ⎥− u2( y) = ⋅ ⎢y + y ⋅ h ⋅ ⎥−
2 ⋅ μ1
⎣ (μ2 + μ1)⎦ μ2 + μ1 2 ⋅ μ2
⎣ (μ2 + μ1)⎦ μ2 + μ1

Evaluating either velocity at y = 0, gives the velocity at the interface

2
k⋅ h m
u interface = − u interface = 2.5
μ2 + μ1 s

The plots of these velocity distributions can be done in Excel. Typical curves are shown below

2.5
y (mm)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

− 2.5

−5

u (m/s)

du1 (μ2 − μ1)

Clearly, u 1 has the maximum velocity, when =0 or 2 ⋅ y max + h ⋅ =0
dy (μ2 + μ1)
h μ2 − μ1 ( )
( )
m
y max = − ⋅ y max = −1.5 mm u max = u 1 y max u max = 3.06
2 μ2 + μ1 ( ) s

(We could also have used Excel's Solver for this.)

 Problem 8.27 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity distribution on incline

Find: Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear; volume flow rate/mm width; Reynolds number

Solution:
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⎛ y
2⎞
From Example 5.9 u(y) = ⋅ ⎜ h⋅ y −
μ ⎝ 2 ⎠
du
For the shear stress τ = μ⋅ = ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ ( h − y )
dy

τ is a maximum at y = 0 τmax = ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ h = SG ⋅ ρH2O⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ h

2
kg m N⋅ s
τmax = 1.2 × 1000 × 9.81⋅ × sin( 15⋅ deg) × 0.007 ⋅ m × τmax = 21.3 Pa
3 2 kg⋅ m
m s
This stress is in the x direction on the wall
h
⌠
The flow rate is ⌠ ⌠
h ⎮ ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⎛ y
2⎞
ρ⋅ g ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ w⋅ h
3
Q = ⎮ u dA = w⋅ ⎮ u ( y ) dy = w⋅ ⎮ ⋅ ⎜ h⋅ y − dy Q=
⌡ ⌡
0 ⎮
⌡
μ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3⋅ μ
0

3 3
m mm
2 2
Q 1 kg m 3 m N⋅ s −4 s Q s
= × 1.2 × 1000 × 9.81⋅ × sin( 15⋅ deg) × ( 0.007 ⋅ m) × ⋅ = 2.18 × 10 = 217
w 3 3 2 1.60⋅ N⋅ s kg⋅ m m w mm
m s
3
mm
Q Q s 1 mm
The average velocity is V= = V = 217 ⋅ × V = 31.0⋅
A w⋅ h mm 7 ⋅ mm s

ρ⋅ V⋅ h
The gap Reynolds number is Re =
μ
2 2
kg mm m ⎛ 1⋅ m ⎞
Re = 1.2 × 1000 × 31⋅ × 7 ⋅ mm × × ⎜ 1000⋅ mm Re = 0.163
m
3 s 1.60⋅ N⋅ s ⎝ ⎠
The flow is definitely laminar
 Problem 8.30 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Flow between parallel plates

Find: Pressure gradient for no flow; plot velocity and stress distributions; also plot for u = U at y = a/2

Solution:
U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤ U⋅ a
3
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⋅ ⎛⎜
a dp Q a dp U dp y 1⎞
Basic equations u(y) = + ⋅ − ⎥ (1) = − ⋅ (2) τ = μ⋅ + a⋅ − (3)
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦ l 2 12⋅ μ dx a dx ⎝a 2⎠

m N⋅ s
Available data U = 1.5⋅ a = 5 ⋅ mm From Fig. A.2 for castor oil at 20oC μ = 1⋅
s 2
m

dp 6 ⋅ μ⋅ U N⋅ s m 1 dp kPa
From Eq 2 for Q = 0 = = 6 × 1⋅ × 1.5⋅ × = 360 ⋅
dx 2 2 s 2 dx m
a m ( 0.005 ⋅ m)

The graphs below, using Eqs. 1 and 3, can be plotted in Excel

0.75
y/a

0.5

0.25

− 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

u (m/s)

0.75
y/a

0.5

0.25

−1 − 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Shear Stress (kPa)

The pressure gradient is adverse, to counteract the flow generated by the upper plate motion
 U⋅ y
2 ⎡ y ⎞2 y⎤
⋅ ⎢⎛⎜
a dp
For u = U at y = a/2 we need to adjust the pressure gradient. From Eq. 1 u(y) = + ⋅ − ⎥
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ a⎦

a ⎡⎢⎛ a ⎞ 2 a ⎤⎥
U⋅
a dp ⎢⎜ 2 2⎥
2
2 dp 4 ⋅ U⋅ μ N⋅ s m 1
U= + ⋅ ⋅ ⎢⎜ − =− = −4 × 1 ⋅ × 1.5⋅ ×
a ⎥⎦
Hence or
a 2 ⋅ μ dx ⎣⎝ a ⎠ dx 2 2 s 2
a m ( 0.005 ⋅ m)

dp kPa
= −240 ⋅
dx m

0.75
y/a

0.5

0.25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

u (m/s)

0.75
y/a

0.5

0.25

−1 − 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Shear Stress (kPa)

The pressure gradient is positive to provide the "bulge" needed to satisfy the velocity requirement
Problem 8.40 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 8.44 [Difficulty: 3]