Major Design of Experiment (DoE) Experience

Information
CE 401 Soil Mechanics
2 nd Semester, SY 2018-2019

Group Members CALDERON, Perry Lee, Youngmin

CASTRO, Jun-Jun
ENTERESO, Mary Angel
GERSANIVA, Ana Rose
Lee, Youngmin
MEDRANO, Jed Christian
DoE Title
Feasibility Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse
Aggregates in Concrete using Construction Debris
Experimental Design This DoE aims to:
 Objectives • Conduct an experiment to determine the feasibilityof
using construction debrisas a substitute of coarse
aggregates
• Develop change in compressive strength of composite concrete
• Discuss feasibility of using composite concrete in
construction works.
Input Variables
Load It is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to a structure or its
components. In this experiment, it is a force exerted on specimen
when specimen is under rupture failure.
Percentage of replacement of The percentages of replacement are 0, 25,50,70, and 100%
coarse aggregate
Output/Response Variables
Compressive Strength It is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads
tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which
withstands loads tending to elongate
Design Statistics
Composite concrete (coarse aggregates is partially replaced with
construction debris) showed significant development of
compressive strength in stage of 7 and 14 days in compared with
pure concrete. In 21 and 28 days, pure concrete was more
dominant in terms of increase in compressive strength. Composite
concrete was recessive rather in 21 days stage.
Testing Standards
(If Applicable)
American Society of Testing ASTM C39 – this test method covers determination of compressive
and Materials strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded
(ASTM) cylinders and drilled cores.
American Institute of ACI 211.1-91 standard practice for selecting proportions for normal,
Concrete (ACI) Standard heavyweight, and mass concrete
Practice

Design of Experiment (DoE)

Feasibility Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete using Construction Debris
CALDERON, Perry Lee, Youngmin
CASTRO, Jun-Jun
ENTERESO, Mary Angel
GERSANIVA, Ana Rose
Lee, Youngmin
MEDRANO, Jed Christian

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Cubao, Quezon City

March 22, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Feasibility Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete using Construction Debris
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................................i
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................................i
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................................................i
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................1
II. DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................1
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM..................................................................................................................2
IV. PROCEDURE (TESTING STANDARDS IF APPLICABLE).....................................................................3
V. DESIGN STATISTICS..............................................................................................................................4
VI. DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................................................................................5
VII. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................5
VIII. REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................6

• LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 AGGREGATE WATER CONTENT ……………………………………………………………………2
Figure 2 FLOW CHART OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND CURING ……………………………..………3

• LIST OF TABLES
Table.1 ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Table 2. …………………………………………………………………………………….

• GENERAL BACKGROUND
Huge quantities of construction materials are required in developing countries due to continued infrastructural
growth and also huge quantities of construction and demolition wastes are generated every year in developing
countries. The disposal of this waste is a very serious problem because it requires huge space for its disposal and
it also pollutes the environment. Hence, It is necessary to protect and preserve the natural resources like stone,
sand etc. the depth of river bed resulting in drafts and also changing the climatic conditions. Therefore, the
sustainable concept should be introduced in construction industry due to growing concern about the future of our
planet.
The proportion of concrete rubbles is maximum in the demolition waste. Several researchers such as
Hansen(1992); Mehta (1993); Collins (1994); Sherwood(1995); in their study, reveal that the crushed concrete
rubble can be used as a substitute of natural coarse aggregates in concrete or as a sub-base or base layer in
pavement, after separating these from the construction and demolition wastes. Some construction projects have
been successfully completed using the recycled aggregates;
This study aims to support aforementioned feasibility study of partial replacement of coarse aggregates using
construction waste

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OBJECTIVES

This DoE aims to:

• Conduct an experiment to determine the feasibility of using construction debris as a substitute of
coarse aggregates
• Develop change in compressive strength, flexural strength of composite concrete
• Discuss feasibility of using composite concrete in construction works.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

• FRAMEWORK

In making of concrete design, all the raw materials (i.e. cement, F.A. and C.A.) shall undergo
physical tests for the properties (i.e. sieve analysis, unit weight, bulk specific gravity and absorption
capacity) needed for mix design process. And the estimated weight of the concrete per unit volume was
based from ACI method of concrete design. This method takes into consideration he requirements for
 consistency, workability, strength and durability.

STEP 1: ESTIMATE CONCRETE

We estimate concrete to attain the desired design stress for flexural and compressive also to
measure the required materials that just needed in molds. Estimate also the admixture needed in
your concrete design
STEP 2: SIEVE F.A. AND C.A.
We sieve fine and coarse aggregates for analyzing materials because particle size distribution can
affect a wide range of properties such as the strength of concrete, the solubility of a mixture, and
surface area properties.
STEP 3: WEIGHING
Based on computed weight proportion, weigh the individual dry materials. Aggregate volumes
are computed based on oven dry unit weights, but aggregate is typically batched based on
actual weight. Therefore, any moisture in the aggregate will increase its weight and stockpiled
aggregates almost always contain some moisture. Without correcting for this, the batched
aggregate volumes will be incorrect.

STEP 4: MIXING
If the batched aggregate is anything but saturated surface dry it will absorb water (if oven dry or
air dry) or give up water (if wet) to the cement paste. This causes a net change in the amount of
water available in the mix and must be compensated for by adjusting the amount of mixing water
added.

FIGURE 1: AGGREGATE WATER CONTENT

STEP 5: SLUMP TEST
Slump test is performed by filling a slump apparatus mold of fresh concrete in three layers
of each equal volume. Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.
Slump mold is lifted vertically upward and the change in height of the concrete is measured.
STEP 6: MOLDING
Fill the specimen mold in three layers of each equal volume and each layer is compacted with 25
strokes of tamping rod. Repeat and fill all other the specimen molds.
STEP 7: CURING
Place the concrete specimens in a room with constant temperature. After 24 hours of setting
remove all the early hardened concrete from the mold and submerged in bath tub full of water
for 7-28 days curing period.
STEP 8: TESTING
Test samples according to ASTM C39
FIGURE 2: FLOW CHART OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND CURING

• ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

Assumptions:
• A composite mix of all the waste materials can be used as a replacement of C.A
• ACI 211.1 – 91 can be used under the condition stated #3 assumption
• It is assumed that a variety of construction debris’ properties such as dry-rodded unit weight, fine
modulus, moisture content etc. are equal to ordinary coarse aggregates used in pure concrete
Limitations:
• Mixing concrete are done by hand mixing
• Only one batch of example of compressive strength
• 21 days old concrete beam specimen is not included

PROCEDURE

For application of ACI 211.1 -91

all the raw materials (i.e. cement, F.A. and C.A.) shall undergo physical tests for the properties

Mixing and Curing

• Sieve the fine and coarse aggregates and prepare all dry materials for weighing.
• Based on computed weight proportion, weigh the individual dry materials.
 • The aggregate is spread in a uniform layer on a hand, clean and non-porous base.

• Cement is then spread over the aggregates and the dry materials are mixed by turning over from one
end to another until the mix appears uniform, turning three times is usually required.

• Water is then gradually added so that water neither by itself nor with cement can escape. The mix is
turned over again usually by three times, until it happens in color and consistence.

• Slump test is now performed by filling a slump apparatus mold of fresh concrete in three layers of
each equal volume. Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.

• Slump mold is lifted vertically upward and the change in height of the concrete is measured.

• Final fill the specimen mold in three layers of each equal volume and each layer is compacted with 25
strokes of tamping rod. Repeat and fill all other the specimen molds.

• Place the concrete specimens in a room with constant temperature. After 24 hours of setting remove
all the early hardened concrete from the mold and submerged in bath tub full of water for 7-28 days curing
period.

The test is repeated every seven day after the first testing
• Placing the Specimen—Place the plain (lower) bearing block, with its hardened face up, on the table
of the testing machine directly under the spherically seated (upper) bearing block.
• Wipe clean the bearing faces of the upper and lower bearing blocks and of the test specimen and
place the test specimen on the lower bearing block.
• Carefully align the axis of the specimen with the center of thrust of the spherically seated block.
• verify that the load indicator is set to zero
• Rate of Loading—Apply the load continuously and without shock
• Apply the compressive load until the load indicator shows that the load is decreasing steadily and the
specimen displays a well-defined fracture pattern
• Record data

DESIGN STATISTICS

• ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the test results of experiments. All data and information are tabulated for ease of
interpretation. For this analysis, it is aimed that determination of compressive strength of concrete cylinders with
75% of coarse aggregates replaced with construction debris.

Data and Results:

Table 1. 75 % Concrete
Trials 7 14 21 28
Compressive psi 1878.242 psi 2609.23 psi 1826.028 psi 2375.222 psi
Strength
Table 2. 100% Concrete
Trials 7 14 21 28
Compressive psi 1868.08 psi 1875.34 psi 2230.68 psi 3111.06 psi
Strength

Appendix:
Cement: The most common used cement is Portland. It should be dry, powdery and free of lumps. When storing
cement try to avoid all possible contact with moisture. Store away from exterior walls, off damp floors, and stacked
close together to reduce air circulation.
Water: In general, water fit for drinking is suitable for mixing concrete. Impurities in the water may affect concrete,
setting time, strength, shrinkage or promote corrosion of reinforcement.
Sand: Sand should range is size from less than .25 mm to 6.3 mm. Sand from sea shores, dunes or river banks is
usually too fine for normal mixes. However, you can sometimes scrape about 30 cm of fine surface sand off and
find coarser, more suitable sand beneath.
Gravel: Optimum gravel size in most situations is about 2 cm. Finer gravel may be used to fill the annular
between the borehole and the well casing.
Mixing Concrete: Concrete must be thoroughly mixed to yield the strongest product.
Mixing by Hand: The mixing area must be both clean and water tight. Use the following procedure:
Spread the sand evenly over the mixing area.
Spread cement evenly over the sand and combine until the color is uniform.
Spread the mixture out evenly and add the gravel on it and mix it thoroughly again. All dry materials should be
thoroughly mixed before water is added.
Shape dry mix into a pile and form a hollow bowl in the center. Pour some of the water into the bowl, gradually
mixing in the dry mixture until all the water is adsorbed. Re-form the pile and bowl, add and mix more water.
Repeat until concrete is ready to pour.
Curing: After the forms are filled the concrete must be cured until it reaches the required strength. Curing involves
keeping the concrete damp so that the chemical reaction that causes the concrete to harden will continue for as
long as necessary. Once the concrete dries the chemical hardening will cease and cannot be reactivated. The best
way to keep the concrete wet in very hot countries is to plug to drainage channel soak-away pit and then fill the
concrete pad and drainage channel with water. Water can be added as needed to keep the concrete covered.

• INTERPRETATION
The compressive strength of concrete specimens as shown on figure 3 reveals that compressive strength of
pure concrete increases with respect to increase in curing period, whereas the compressive strength of composite
concrete increases up to 7 days curing period and then, it showed irregular change in compressive strength. The
slope of pure concrete is much steep over the slope of composite concrete.

75% replaced composite concrete showed remarkable increase in compressive strength in period of 7-14 days,
whereas it also showed significant decrease in compressive strength in period of 14-21 days.

DISCUSSIONS
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axially directed pushing forces. It
is a good parameter in order to determine possibility of the use of construction waste. 28 days composite concrete
got around 2300 psi of compressive strength which is not satisfactory to ACI 211.1. The standard proportions
designed by ACI may not be fit to concrete mix design of composite concrete using construction waste.

The other parameters such as flexural, tensile strength, workability, permeability, and etc. should be
determined in order to apply composite concrete in construction works. The irregular change in compressive
strength is shown on figure.3. Such change is not appropriate to the construction works which require structural or
mass concrete. Hence, the use of composite concrete using construction waste should be limited to residential
dwellings.

Admixture is a material other than water, aggregates or Portland cement, that is used as an ingredient in
concrete and is added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing. Supposedly, the irregular change in
compressive strength might be reduced or eliminated with the use of admixtures.

CONCLUSION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

This study is a partial fulfillment in course CE 405 collaborated with 4 groups of students. This chapter aims to
conclude optimum ratio of replacement of coarse aggregates. Based on the findings of this study, it is concluded
that there is a feasibility for the use of construction waste as coarse aggregate in concrete. Compressive strength
of concrete containing construction waste may reduce with increased construction waste replacements for curing
period 14-21 days. The recommended construction waste replacement for coarse aggregates is 25% for normal
concrete (referred to DoE of 25% replacement data). Higher replacements should be elaborated on with the use of
admixtures. For furthermore studies, it is recommended the increase of number of batches and specification of
construction waste.

REFERENCES

REFERENCE
Dabhade, A.N., Dr. Choudhari, S.R., Dr. Gajbhiye A.R., (2012) Performance Evaluation Of
Recycled Aggregate Used In Concrete, IJERA 2(4): 1387-1391.

Dhir, R.K., Limbachiya, M.C. and Leelawat, T. (1999) Suitability of recycled concrete aggregate
for use in BS 5328 designated mixes, Proc. of Civil Engg. Struct. Build, 134: 257-274.

Kumutha, R. and Vijai, K., (2010) Strength of concrete incorporating aggregates recycled from
demolition, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5 (5): 64-71.

Limbachiya, M. C., Leelawat, T., Dhir, R. K., (2000) Use of recycled concrete aggregate in high
strength concrete, Materials and Structures, 33: 574 – 580.

Domone, P., & Illston, J. (2010). Construction Materials: Their Nature and Behaviour, Fourth Edition . London: CRC
Pres

ASTM C39 / C39M - 18. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/Standards/C39

ACI 211.1. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?document_name=ACI

211.1&item_s_key=00003286