LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EHV–Extra high voltage

SLD– Single line diagram
PT – Potential transformer
CT – Current transformer
HVCT- High voltage CT
LVCT – Low voltage CT
CVT – Capacitor voltage transformer
LA – Lightening arrestors
ES - Earth switches
CB – Circuit breaker
HV side – High voltage side
LV side – Low voltage side
PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC – On load tap changer
HG Fuse - -Horn gap fuse
OTI – Oil temperature indicator
WTI – Winding temperature indicator
IDMT Characteristics – Inverse definite minimum time characteristics

0
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

X0 – Zero sequence reactance

X1- Positive sequence reactance
R0- Zero sequence resistance
Ip – Primary current
Np – Primary Winding Turns
Is – Secondary Current
Ns – Secondary Winding Turns
Vp – Primary voltage
Vs – Secondary voltage
Zs – Impedance attached at the secondary side coil

1
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Title Page No.

2.1 Construction of the substation 5

3.1 Single line dig of a 220/132kv substation 9

4.1 Lightening arrestors 11

4.3.1 Circuit diagram of CVT 14

4.3.2 Capacitor voltage transformer 15

4.4.1 Wave trap 16

4.5.1 Isolator with earth switch 17

4.6.1 Current Transformer 18

4.6.2. Potential Transformer 20

4.9.1.1 Electrical transformer 23

4.9.1.2 Ideal transformer 24

4.9.1.3 Mutual induction 25

4.9.3 Three phase 100MVA Auto transformer 26

2
3
4
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION :

An power substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution

system where voltage is transformed from high or medium to low or the reverse using transformers.
Electric power flows through several substations between generating plant and consumer changing
the voltage level in several stages.

A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage with decreasing current, while a
step-down transformer decreases the voltage with increasing the current for domestic and
commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system
became a grid.

At first substations were connected to only one power station where the generator was housed and
were subsidiaries of that power station.

“The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g., voltage,ac to dc,frequency,p.f.
etc) of electric supply is called sub-station”.

1.2 CONSTRUCTION-SITE SELECTION & LAYOUT OF A SUBSTATION:

A sub-station forms an important link between Transmission and Distribution network.It has a vital
influence of reliability of service.Apart from ensuring efficient Transmission and distribution of
power,the sub-station configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment
and minimum interruptions in power supply.Sub-station is constructed as near as possible to the
load center.The voltage level of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to the load
center.

SELECTION OF SITE:

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are as follows:

i) The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.

ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.

iii) Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.

5
(iv) The source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is required
various construction activities; (Especially civil works,), earthing and for drinking purposes etc.

iv) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public places,
aerodromes, and Military / police installations.

v) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipments,
buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards and store sheds etc.
with roads and space for future expansion.

vi) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should be
observed as per the regulations in force.

vii) While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt. land over Private
land.

viii) The land should not have water logging problem.

ix) The site should permit easy and safe approach to outlets for EHV lines.

CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most important ways of
classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2) constructional features.

2.1 ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT:

A sub-station may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power factor or convert A.C.
power into D.C. power etc. According to the service requirement, sub-stations may be classified into:

6
(i) Transformer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of electric
supply are called transformer sub-stations. These sub-stations receive power at some voltage and
deliver it at some other voltage. Obviously, transformer will be the main component in such sub-
stations. Most of the sub-stations in the power system are of this type.

(ii) Switching sub-stations: These sub-stations do not change the voltage level i.e. incoming and
outgoing lines have the same voltage. However, they simply perform the switching operations of
power lines.

(iii) Power factor correction sub-stations: Those sub-stations which improve the power factor
of the system are called power factor correction sub-stations. Such sub-stations are generally located at
the receiving end of transmission lines. These sub-stations generally use synchronous condensers as
the power factor improvement equipment.

(iv) Frequency changer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the supply frequency
are known as frequency changer sub-stations. Such a frequency change may be required for industrial
utilization.

(v) Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change A.C. power into D.C. power are
called converting sub-stations. These sub-stations receive A.C. power and convert it into D.C. power
with suitable apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for such purposes as traction, electroplating, electric
welding etc.

(vi) Industrial sub-stations:- Those sub-stations which supply power to individual industrial
concerns are known as industrial sub-stations.

2.2 ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES:

A sub-station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses, instruments etc.) which must
be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable service. According to constructional features, the
sub-stations are classified as:

7
(i) Indoor sub-stations:- For voltages up to 11KV, the equipment of the sub-station is installed
indoor because of economic considerations. However, when the atmosphere is contaminated with
impurities, these sub-stations can be erected for voltages up to 66 KV.

(ii) Outdoor sub-stations:- For voltages beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed out-
door. It is because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the space required for
switches, circuit breakers and other equipment becomes so great that it is not economical to install the
equipment indoor.

(iii) Underground sub-stations:- In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment
and building is limited and the cost of land is high. Under such situations, the sub-station is created
underground.

CHAPTER 3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned
Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment connection sequence wise
from the point of entrance of a power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned work. As these
feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The instruments have their
usual functioning.

3.1 Lightening arrestors :

Here that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station.
This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the substation.Even the instrument
Are very costly,so to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are used.The lightening arrestors do
not let the lightening to fall on the station.If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening
and ground it to the earth.In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done
by these lightening arrestors.

3.2 Capacitor voltage transformer :

A capacitor voltage transformer (cvt) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra
8
High voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurements or to operate a pr-
otective relay.In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across w-
hich the voltage signal is split,an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequ-
ency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentati-
on or protective relay.The device has at least four terminals,a high-voltage terminal for connec-
tion to the high voltage signal,a ground terminal and at least one step of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.CVTs are typically single phase devices.

3.3 Wave trap :

Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave.The function of this trap is that it tr-
Aps the unwanted waves.Its function is of trapping wave.Its shape is like a drum.It is connect-
ed to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the i-
nstruments here in the substation.

3.4 Current transformer :

Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the substa-
tion.This transformers steps down the current form 800 amps to 1 amp.This is done because we have
no instrument for measuring such a large current.

3.5 Lightening arrestors with earth switch :

Lightening arrestors after the current transformers are used to protect it from lightening i.e., fr-
om high voltages entering into it.This lightening arrestor has an earth switch,which can earth t-
the lightening.The arrestors works at 30 degree to 45 degree angle of the lightening make a c-
one.The earth switch can be operated manually,by pulling the switch towards the ground.

3.6 Circuit breaker :

9
The circuit breakers are used to brek the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.Th-
e circuit breaker breaks for the faults which can damage other instrument in the station.For a-
ny unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done auto-
matically by the circuit breaker.There are mainly two types of circuit breakers use for any su-
bstation. They are (A) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS; (B) SPRING CIRCUIT BREAKERS. The
use of SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS is mainly in the substation which are having high input kv-
output.

3.7 Line isolator :

The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus
This isolator prevents the instruments from getting damaged.It also allows the only needed
Voltage and rest is earthed by itself.

3.8 Bus :
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for
Further step up or setp down.The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la si-
ngle line. There may be double line in a bus so that if any fault occurs in the one ,the other
will still have the current and the supply will not stop.The two lines in the bus are separated
by a little distance by a conductor having a connection between them. This is so that one
can work at a time and the others work only if the first is having some fault.

3.9 Potential transformers with bus isolators :

There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both of the side bus.The p-
otential transformers uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer
is to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of
the voltage passing through the bus to the instrument.There are two main parts in it (a) me-
asurement; (b) protection.

10
 CHAPTER 4
EQUIPMENT USED IN A 220KV SUBSTATION

4.1 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:

Lightening arrestors are the instruments that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent the
high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in
the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are
used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs
the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main important is of
protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to
the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground.

Fig: 4.2 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS

4.2EARTHING:
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines should be in such a manner
as to provide:
(a) Safety to personnel
(b) Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents
(c) Improve reliability of power supply

11
The primary requirements are:

The impedance to ground (Resistance of the earthing system) should be as low as possible and should
not exceed,
Large sub-stations -1 ohm
Small sub-stations -2 ohms
Power stations -0.5 ohms
Distribution transformer stations- 5 ohms

4.2.1 PLATE EARTHING:

EHT Substation - 1.3 M x 13 M.Ms cast iron plates 25mm thick Plates are to be buried vertically in pits
and surrounded by finely divided coke, crushed coal or char coal at least 155 mm all round the plates.
Plates should not be less than 15 m apart and should be buried to sufficient depth to ensure that they are
always surrounded by moist earth.

4.2.2 PIPE EARTHING:

EHT substations Cast iron pipes 125 mm in diameter 2.75 m long and not less than 9.5 mm thick pipes
50.8mm in dia and 3.05m long. Pipes are to be placed vertically at intervals of not less than 12.2 m in
large stations surrounded by finely broken coke crushed coal and charcoal at least 150 mm around the
pipe on the extra depth.

(a)Peripheral or main earth mat- 100 x 16 m MS flat

(b)Internal earth mat- 50 x 8m MS flat to be placed at 5m apart 0
(c)Branch connections- Cross section not less than 64.5 square meters

12
4.3 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high
voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay.
These are high pass Filters (carrier frequency 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carrier frequency to carrier
panels and power frequency parameters to switch yard. In its most basic form the device consists of
three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage

Fig: 4.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CVT.

13
The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a
ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or
protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred KV where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor,
C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop
across the stack of capacitors, that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

Fig: 4.3.2 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER.

14
4.4 WAVE TRAP:

Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this wave trap is
that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so
that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments in the substation. Generally it is
used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave. Note:
Traps are usually unable to permit selection of unwanted or interfering signals.

Fig: 4.4.1 WAVE TRAP.

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication
signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/tele protection
panel in the substation control room through coupling capacitor.

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among
various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
tele protection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high
impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to
the substation bus bars. If these are not present in the substation, then signal loss is more and
communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

15
 4.5. ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCHES (ES):

Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either line equipment, power
transformer equipment or power transformer). With the isolators, we are able to see the isolation of the
equipment with our naked eye. The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through
the line into the bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only
needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself.

Isolator is a type of switching device. It has non control devices. Isolator are operated after the circuit
breaker is opened. While closing the circuit, first close the isolator and after the circuit breaker is
closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated under no current condition. In the following cases it is
permissible to use isolator for making and breaking of the circuits.

Fig: 4.5.1 ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH.

16
4.6. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:

“Instrument Transformers are defined as the instruments in which the secondary current or voltage is
substantially proportional to the primary current or voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle
which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of connection”.

Therefore an instrument transformer serves the purpose and performs the following function:

 Converts the higher line voltages or line currents into proportionally reduced values by means of
electromagnetic circuit and thus these values can be measured easily.

 Protects measuring instruments and distribution systems by sensing the abnormalities and signals to
the protective relay to isolate the faulty system.

Types of Instrument Transformers: Instrument transformers are of two types:

 Current Transformers

 Voltage Transformers

4.6.1 Current transformers:

Current transformer is a current measuring device used to measure the currents in high voltage lines
directly by stepping down the currents to measurable values by means of electromagnetic circuit.

FIG.. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Like any transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a core and a secondary winding,
although some transformers, including current transformers, use an air core. In principle, the only
17
difference between a current transformer and a voltage transformer (normal type) is that the former is
fed with a 'constant' current while the latter is fed with a 'constant' voltage, where 'constant' has the
strict circuit theory meaning.

The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core, which then
induces an alternating current in the secondary. The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the
insertion of the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling between the primary and
secondary to ensure that the secondary current is proportional to the primary current over a wide current
range. The current in the secondary is the current in the primary (assuming a single turn primary)
divided by the number of turns of the secondary. In the illustration on the right, 'I' is the current in the
primary, 'B' is the magnetic field, 'N' is the number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is an AC ammeter.

Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of copper wire
as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary current is passed through
the ring. The CT's primary, therefore, consists of a single 'turn'. The primary 'winding' may be a
permanent part of the current transformer, i.e. a heavy copper bar to carry current through the core.
Window-type current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through the
middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. To assist accuracy, the
primary conductor should be centered in the aperture.

CTs are specified by their current ratio from primary to secondary. The rated secondary current is
normally standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5 CT secondary winding will supply an
output current of 5 amperes when the primary winding current is 4000 amperes. This ratio can also be
used to find the impedance or voltage on one side of the transformer, given the appropriate value at the
other side. For the 4000:5 CT, the secondary impedance can be found as ZS = NZP = 800ZP, and the
secondary voltage can be found as VS = NVP = 800VP. In some cases, the secondary impedance is
referred to the primary side, and is found as ZS′ = N2ZP. Referring the impedance is done simply by
multiplying initial secondary impedance value by the current ratio. The secondary winding of a CT can
have taps to provide a range of ratios, five taps being common.

18
4.6.2 Potential Transformers (PT):

An instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in normal conditions of use, is substantially
proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero
for an appropriate direction of the connections.

Sdffdef45grr

Fig: 4.6.2.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER.

Basic Functions of Voltage Transformers are:

 To reduce the line voltage to a value which is suitable for standard measuring instruments relays etc.

 To isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays etc. from high voltage side an installation.

 To sense abnormalities in voltage and give signals to protective relays to isolate the defective
system.

4.7 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

19
These are load switches. It is able to make or break the normal load current as well as the fault currents.
The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the separation of contacts in an insulating fluid,
which serves two functions. It extinguishes the arc drawn between contacts when the CB opens and it
provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth. For successful
operation of the circuit breaker, two functions are to be performed.
a) Operating mechanism function, b) Arc quenching function.

various operating mechanisms:

Spring charge mechanism, Pneumatic mechanism, Hydraulic Mechanism

Arc quenching medium:

 Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)

 Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)

 Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)

 Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)

 Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)

 SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB) The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are
preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas circuit breakers are preferred.

 VCB is to be meggered periodically to know the healthiness of the vacuum interrupter and the
insulating pull rod. Vacuum integrity test is the correct test to know the healthiness of the vacuum
interrupter.

20
  SF6 gas pressure is to be noted in log sheets at least twice in a day. If it is reaching to SF6 gas
pressure low alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice of the maintenance personnel.SF6 gas
circuit breaker goes to lockout conditions after falling to lockout pressure close and trip circuits
will be blocked and circuit breaker operation can’t be performed N<0 contacts of 63GLX were
used in close and trip.

4.7.1 SF6 circuit breakers:

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc extinguishing
properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is more than the dielectric
strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical equipment like high voltage
metal enclosed cables; high voltage metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current
transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature
increases with the pressure.

Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas, in a
steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of sulphur. The steel box
is made gas tight.

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input KV, say above
220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the
gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas
went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if
the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault
in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur
alarm bell rings.

Some of the properties of SF6 are,

 Very high dielectric strength

 High thermal and chemical inertia

 Superior arc extinguishing capability

 Low decomposition by arcing

21
4.8 BUS:

The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step
up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la single line. There may be
double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the
supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a
connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is
having any fault.

4.9 TRANSFORMERS:

Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a
stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national
power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designsis wide. While
new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers
are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers
are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission
economically practical.

22
 Fig: 4.9.1.1 ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

4.9.1 Basic Principle:

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field
(electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage
across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing
magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

Fig: 4.9.1.2 IDEAL TRANSFORMER.

23
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure; Current passing through the primary coil creates a
magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic
permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary
coils.

4.9.2 Induction law:

The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of induction,
which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary
coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented
perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength and the
area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the
transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

Fig: 4.9.1.3 MUTUAL INDUCTION.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal
transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Taking the ratio of the two
equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage Ideal
power equation The ideal transformer as a circuit element.

24
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted
from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the
incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary
circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.

4.9.3 Detailed operation:

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary current
required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to current in the
secondary circuit.

Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of
zero resistance. When voltage is applied to the primary winding, small current flows, driving flux
around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the
magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the
magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field. The changing
magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since the ideal windings
have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at
the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it
does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This is due to Lenz's
law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose development of
any such change in magnetic field.

There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step down at the same
time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used. While in case of lower
KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used.

25
 Fig: 4.9.3 THREE PHASE 100MVA AUTO TRANSFORMER.

CHAPTER 5
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS

5.1TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
 Station Transformer: HG Fuse protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV side and Vent pipe.

 Power transformers up to 7.5MVA: HV side: O/L & Directional E/L protection with highest
element in O/L relays. LV side: O/L & E/L protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI
and WTI.

 Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L & Directional E/L protection with high
set element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L protection: differential protection Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI, WTI and PRV.

 Power transformers from 31.5MVA and above: Over flux protection & LV WTI in addition to
protection.

 220/132KV power transformers: Over flux protection on both HV & LV sides LBB protection on
HV side OLTC Buchholz phase wise in addition to protection.

5.2 FEEDER PROTECTION:

 33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT characteristics.

26
  132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection. Backup protection: Directional O/L & E/L
protection.

 220KV feeders: Main-1 protection: Distance protection Main-2protection: Distance protection,

LBB protection, pole discrepancy Relay.

CHAPTER 6
STORAGE OF EQUIPMENTS FOR THE SUBSTATION

All the substation equipments/materials received on site should be stored properly,either in the outdoor yard
or in the stores shade depending on the storage requirement of that particular equipment.
The material received should be properly counted and checked for any damages/breakages etc.The storage
procedure for main equipment is as follows:

6.1
EHV C.Ts and P.Ts normally,220kv are packed in iron structures for extra supports with cross beams to
avoid lateral movement while those of 132 kv C.Ts and P.Ts are packed and transported in wooden carats
vertically 132kv C.Ts and P.Ts should be stored vertically and those of 220 kv and 400 kv should be stored
in horizontal position.C.Ts and P.Ts packed in wooden carats should not be stored for longer periods as the
packing may be detoriate.The wooden packages should be stored on a cement platform or an M.S channels
to avoid faster detoriation of the wooden carats. C.Ts and P.Ts packed in iron cases stored in horiozontal
positions should be placed on stable ground. No C.Ts or P.Ts should be unpacked in horizontal position.

6.2

L.As and B.P.I ,these are packed in sturdy wooden case as the porcelain portion is very fragile. Care should
be taken while unpacking , handling and storage due to this reason.

6.3

Batteries, acid , battery charger C & R panel, A.C.Bs copper piping,clamp connectors, hardwares etc should
be stored indoor.

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6.4

Circuit breakers :The mechanism boxes of 33 kv – V.C.Bs should be stored on raised ground and properly
covered with tarpaulins or should be stored in door. The interrupter chambers should be stored on raised
ground to avoid rain water in storage area.

6.5

E.H.V C.B: Now a days SF6 circuit breakers are used at EHV rottages.The control and operating cabinets
are covered in polythene bags and are packed in wooden and iron carats.These should be covered with
tarpaulins.The arching chambers and support insulators are packed in iron carats and transported
horizontally. The +ve pressure of SF6 gas is maintained in these arcing chambers to avoid the ingress of
moisture.

6.7
Power transformers:The main Tank – The transformer is transported on trailor to substation site and as far
as possible directly unloaded on the plinth.Transformer tanks upto 25 mva capacity are generally oil
filled,and those of higher capacity are transported withN2 gas filled in them +ve pressure of N2 bushings –
generally transported in wooden cases in horizontal position and should be stored in that position.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical concepts of electrical
power transmission and distribution. Protection of various apparatus was a great thing. Maintenance of
transformer , circuit breaker ,isolator ,insulator ,bus bar etc was observable.

I had a chance to see the remote control of the equipments from control room itself, bus bar etc was
observable.

So the training was more than hope to me and helped me to understand about power system more.The
major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller distribution
substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a
number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and
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are generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the
effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the system. Other crucial components are
circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices that open automatically in the event of a
fault, that is, when a protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches
are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a connection. An
important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers are designed to interrupt
abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very situations for which circuit protection is
needed), whereas regular switches are designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed
on both the high- and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also include capacitor
banks to provide voltage support.

REFERENCES

[1] Principles of Power Systems by V.K. Mehtha

[2] Electrical Power Systems by C.L. Wadhwa

[3] Power System Engineering by ML. Soni

[4] www.littelfuse.com/.../Littelfuse-Protection-Relay-Transformer- Protection

[5 ]www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/.../substation.html.

[6] http://www.scribd.com/doc/13595703/Substation-Construction-and-Commissioning.

[7] http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/marufdilse-881803-electrieal-power-trasmission/

[8] http://skindustrialcorp.tradeindia.com/Exporters_Suppliers/Exporter17825.277078/66-KV-
Disc-Insulator-Ball-Socket-Type.html.

[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation.

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