EE-371

ASSIGNMENT#1
NAME: MUHAMMAD USMAN
REG NO: 2016372
SECTION: C
FACULTY: EEP
 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY:
Electromagnetic Theory covers the basic principles
of electromagnetism, experimental basis, electrostatics, magnetic fields of steady
currents, motional e.m.f and electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations,
propagation and radiation of electromagnetic waves, electric and magnetic
properties of matter, and conservation laws. It uses appropriate mathematics but
whose emphasis is on physical phenomena and principles. Electromagnetic
phenomena are defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called
the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as different
manifestations of the same phenomenon. The electromagnetic force plays a
major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in
daily life. Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular
forces between individual atoms and molecules in matter, and is a manifestation
of the electromagnetic force. Electrons are bound by the electromagnetic force
to atomic nuclei, and their orbital shapes and their influence on nearby atoms
with their electrons is described by quantum mechanics. The electromagnetic
force governs all chemical processes, which arise from interactions between
the electrons of neighboring atoms.
APPLICATIONS:

Electromagnetism has numerous applications in

today’s world of science and physics.

 The very basic application of electromagnetism is in the use of motors. The motor
has a switch that continuously switches the polarity of the outside of the motor. An
electromagnet does the same thing. We can change the direction by simply
reversing the current. The inside of the motor has an electromagnet, but the
current is controlled in such a way that the outside magnet repels it.
 One of the most common uses of the properties of electromagnetism is in common
speakers. In a speaker, there are a few main parts including a cone, a voice coil, and
a permanent magnet. The ends of the voice coil are connected to the back of a
panel receiver or stereo and the receiver sends a signal through the voice coil which
 interacts with the magnetic field of the magnet which produces an alternating force
that pushes and pulls on the cone. This pushing and pulling create sound waves.
 Television screens and computer monitors use solenoids to produce images by
exerting magnetic forces on moving electrons also. In a television, there is an
electron gun that fires a narrow beam of electrons at the screen of a tube.
 Another very useful application of electromagnetism is the “CAT scan machine.”
This machine is usually used in hospitals to diagnose a disease. As we know that
current is present in our body and the stronger the current, the strong is the
magnetic field. This scanning technology is able to pick up the magnetic fields, and
it can be easily identified where there is a great amount of electrical activity inside
the body.
 The work of the human brain is based on electromagnetism. Electrical impulses
cause the operations of the brain and it has some magnetic field. When two
magnetic fields cross each other inside the brain, interference occurs which is not
healthy for the brain.
 Electric fans, blowers and other cooling systems use electric motors. These motors
work on the principle of electromagnetic induction which is the branch of
electromagnetism. In any electrical appliance, electric motor is moved by the
magnetic field produced by the electric current according to the Lorenz force
principle. These motors are vary in size, rating and cost based on the application.
 Kitchen appliances like induction cookers, microwave ovens, electric mixers and
grinders, bread toasters, etc. use the electromagnetism for their operation.
 Alarming systems use electrical bells which works based on electromagnetic
principle. In these bells, the sound is produced by electromagnetic coils which move
the striker against the bell. As long as the coil is energized, iron striker gets attracted
by it, hence it strikes the bell.
 The electromagnets will be demagnetized when the striker get contact with bell
and by the spring tension striker comes back to its original position and again
electrical contact will be made once again. This process repeats until the switch
gets opened.
 Various sensors and actuating devices are works based on electromagnetism.
Electromagnetic sensors include Hall-effect sensors, magneto resistive sensors,
fluxgate sensors, etc. These sensors convert the physical quantity such as flow,
pressure, level, proximity, etc. into an electrical signal.
 Actuators are the final control elements which drives the load at specific conditions.
These actuator devices include solenoid valves, relays, motors, etc. and all these
works on the principle of electromagnetism.
 This is the modern technology of transportation systems that use the concept of
electromagnetism. These are called as high speed trains which use powerful
electromagnets to develop the speed. These trains will float over a guide way using
the basic principles of magnets such as electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and
electrodynamic suspension (EDS). In EMS, electromagnets employed on the train
body are attracted to the iron rails.
 It is the process of transmitting information from a source to a receiver. This
transmission of energy over long distances is carried out through electromagnetic
waves at high frequencies. These waves are also called as microwaves or high
frequency radio waves. Suppose in case of mobile phones, sound energy is
converted into electromagnetic energy. By using radio transmitters, this
electromagnetic energy is transferred to the receiver. At the receiver these
electromagnetic waves are again transformed back into sound.
 Relays are used as safety devices. A large current circuit can be switched on by a
small current circuit. When the small current in the input circuit is switched on, the
electromagnet becomes magnetic and attracts the iron armature. The armature
rotates towards the electromagnet, pushing the contacts together.
 The data in eBook gadgets and phones are stored in the electromagnetic format in
the form of bytes and bits. The computer hardware is also having a magnetic tape
which works on the principle of electromagnetism. Even in the olden days’
electromagnets had a huge role in the data storage of VCP and VCR.
 Without electromagnets, the mobiles and the telephones we use to make phone
calls over long distance could not have taken shape. The electromagnetic pulses
and the interaction of the signals make the mobiles and telephones very handy.
 An AC generator also known as an electric generator is a device which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy. The working of a dynamo is based on
the theory of electromagnetic induction. When an armature coil is rotated in a
magnetic field, the number of magnetic lines passing through the coil change due
to which electricity is produced.
 A transformer is a device using which the amplitude of an alternating emf can be
increased or decreased. A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic
 induction and makes use of two coils. A change in the magnetic field lines due to
varying current in one coil (primary coil) produces an induced varying current of
same frequency in the other coil (secondary coil).
 Electro-magnetic energy often is used to assess or aid in the diagnostic process
when used in electromyography, biofeedback, electroencephalography, electro-
radiography, and in imaging tests such as magnetic resonance, positron emission
tomography, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and radiography
applications.
 Electromagnetic radiation is the foundation for working of radar which in turn is
used for guiding and remote sensing the study of our planet Earth.