CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S SCOPE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed design for the construction of San Francisco to
Phil-saga, Single Circuit, 28km, 69kV transmission line is based on
the study and survey. This design emphasized to serve to the
costumers best, committed to the highest standard of consumers
satisfaction.
The growing demand in electrical power, and effect way of
transmitting electrical power at higher voltage; the effective
transmission line design is needed. Moreover, it is a short
transmission line and it has a total of 290 structures. The
conductors of this transmission line are typically made in Aluminum
Conductor steel Reinforced (ACSR) type. These lines are composed
of five different kinds of supporting structure by using string of
porcelain insulator.
The most common of these structures are the type “B” poles
because the area of construction is mostly plains. The construction
of these poles has permitted significant increases in the distance
between supporting structure, and has helped to reduce the cost of
transmission. Transmission poles are modified structurally to
withstand the stresses involved when they used to change the
direction of entering conductors to different outgoing angles.

1
1.2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION THE PROJECT DESIGN
The proposed design is the construction of San Francisco
to Phil-saga Single Circuit, 28km, 69kV is a 3phase system, single
circuit overhead transmission line. It is considered as short
transmission line and it has a total length of 28kilometer. The
estimated cost of the project is approximately 9 Million pesos. The
lines cover some portions of San Francisco and Rosario, Agusan del
Sur. The primary components needed in the design of transmission
lines are conductors, ground wires, insulators, support structures
and steel poles.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT DESIGN

The specific objectives of this project design:
1.3.1 To investigate the power transmission problems
that arise from both the customer side and the electric utility
side, at selected substations,
1.3.2 To forecast future loads of the municipality and
neighbouring barangay.
1.3.3 To design an improved power transmission system
which is capable of solving the identified problems
1.3.4 To estimate the economic impact of the designed
system.
1.3.5 Evaluate the designed power transmission system
to ascertain that it produces the desired reliability
improvements.

2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT DESIGN
To sketch the desired location map of the design transmission
line, list the type of structures maybe used in the construction, and
make a written document for the presentation for the presentation
of the proposed design.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The project focuses on designing a single circuit transmission
line starting from NGCP-San Francisco Substation going to Phil-saga
Rosario Agusan del sur. The length of this design is covered in 28
km of single circuit transmission line. The limitations of this
project are that only the area under 28km will be distributed of
electricity.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.6.1 Affected utility: Affected utilities are those whose systems
cause, contribute to or would experience an impact from a
reliability issue.
1.6.2 Base load: A base load power plant is an electric generation
plant that is expected to operate in most hours of the year.
1.6.3 Breaker-and-a-half: A substation design that offers
advantages such as ensuring that the failure of any one circuit
breaker will not interrupt power for more than a brief time.
The designs also allow parts of the substation to be de-
energized for maintenance and repairs without causing a
power interruption.
1.6.4 Bus: Also referred to as a “node” or a “station” or a
“substation.” A common connection point for two or more
electrical components, such as a transformer, a generator.

3
1.6.5 Capacitor: A device that stores an electrical charge and is
typically used to address low voltage issues on a power
system.
1.6.6 Conductor: Part of a transmission or distribution line that
actually carries the electricity; in other words, the wire itself.
The wire or conductor is just one part of a transmission line;
other parts include the poles and the insulators from which
the conductor is hung. A conductor must have enough
capacity to carry the highest demand that it will experience,
or it could overheat and fail.
1.6.7 Contingency: An unplanned event creating an outage of a
critical system component such as a transmission line,
transformer, or generator.
1.6.8 Converge: Power flow programs use an iterative
mathematical process to solve for, or converge to, the
solution of unknown system parameters, such as Voltage and
Angle. When the mathematics do not result in a solution, the
iterative process has “failed to solve” or “failed to converge”
to a solution. This result is an indication of voltage collapse or
loss of load.
1.6.9 Critical Energy Infrastructure Information (CEII):
Specific engineering, vulnerability, or detailed design
information about proposed or existing infrastructure
(physical or virtual) that: (1) relates details about the
production, generation, transmission, or distribution of
energy; (2) could be useful to a person planning an attack on
critical infrastructure; (3) is exempt from mandatory
disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act; and
(4)gives strategic information beyond the location of the
critical infrastructure.
1.6.10 Demand: The amount of electricity being used at any
given moment by a single customer, or by a group of

4
 customers. The total demand on a given system is the sum of
all of the individual demands on that system occurring at the
same moment. The peak demand is the highest demand
occurring within a given span of time, usually a season or a
year. The peak demand that a transmission or distribution
system must carry sets the minimum requirement for its
capacity (see also the definition for energy).
1.6.11 Demand-side management (DSM): A set of
measures utilized to reduce energy consumption. Energy
conservation is one kind of DSM.
1.6.12 Dispatch: As a verb: turning on or off, or setting the
value or output of a generator, a capacitor bank, reactor or
transformer setting. As a noun: the state or status of these
devices.
1.6.13 Distribution: Distribution lines and distribution
substations operate at lower voltage than the transmission
systems that feed them. They carry electricity from the
transmission system to local customers. When compared to
transmission, distribution lines generally use shorter poles,
have shorter wire spans between poles and are usually found
alongside streets and roads, or buried beneath them. A typical
distribution voltage would be 13.8-kV.
1.6.14 Distribution utility: A utility in the state of Vermont
that is responsible for owning, operating, and maintain the
distribution part of the electric system within an area.
1.6.15 Easement: A right to use another’s land for a specific
purpose, such as to cross the land with transmission lines.
1.6.16 Fault: The failure of a line, transformer, or other
electrical component. Once such a component has failed (due
to overheating, short-circuiting, physical breakage, or other
trauma) it is automatically taken out of operation by a circuit
breaker that quickly turns the component off. Once it has

5
 been “tripped off” it no longer poses a threat to human safety,
but its loss may present a difficult burden to the remaining
system (see also the definition of redundant below).
1.6.17 Forward capacity market: A marketplace operated by
ISO-NE using an auction system with a goal of purchasing
sufficient power capacity for reliable system operation for a
future year at competitive prices where all resources, both
new and existing, can participate.
1.6.18 Generation or generator: A device that converts
mechanical power from an engine, a water wheel, a windmill,
or other source, into electrical power.
1.6.19 Kilowatt-hour (kWh): One thousand watt-hours. A
watt-hour is a measure of the amount of electric energy
generated or consumed in a given period of time.
1.6.20 Kilovolt (kV): One thousand volts. Volts and kilovolts
are measures of voltage. lead distribution utility -A utility
selected by the affected utilities to facilitate decision-making
and to lead the effort to conduct the NTA analysis.
1.6.21 Lead distribution utility: A utility selected by the
affected utilities to facilitate decision-making and to lead the
effort to conduct NTA analysis.
1.6.22 Load shedding: Intentionally turning off power to a
customer or group of customers, usually for reliability reasons
such as to avoid a blackout or equipment damage.
1.6.23 Megawatt (MW): One million watts. Watts and
megawatts are measures of power. To put this in perspective,
the peak power demand for the New England region is
approaching 30,000 MW or 30,000,000,000 (thirty billion)
watts.
1.6.24 N-0 or N-1 or N-1-1: The term N minus zero (or one
or two) refers to the failure of important equipment. Although
these terms sound complex, they are actually quite simple.

6
 “N” is the total number of components that the system relies
on to operate properly. The number subtracted from N is the
number of components that fail in a given scenario.
Therefore, N-0 means that no components have failed and the
system is in a normal condition. N-1 means that only one
component has failed. N-1-1 means that two components
have failed, which is generally worse than having only one fail
(see also the definition of contingency above).
1.6.25 Non-transmission alternative (NTA): The use of a
non-transmission solution such as local generation or energy
efficiency to solve a transmission reliability deficiency.
1.6.26 Per unit (pu): The ratio of an actual or measured
quantity to the base or reference value of the same quantity.
For example, a 0.9 pu voltage on a 100 kV system represents
a 90 kV measurement of the voltage.
1.6.27 Phase shifter: Also referred to as a “phase shifting
transformer” (PST) or “phase angle regulator” (PAR). A
transformer that adjusts the angle between two buses in
order to change the amount of power flowing between these
buses. Some of these transformers are also able to adjust
voltage. These transformers have an angle capacity, which
states the extent to which the tansformer can adjust the
angle between two buses. When the angle capacity is reached
before the desired flow can be achieved, it is stated that the
transformer ran out of angle or that the angle capacity of the
transformer is not sufficiently large.
1.6.28 Power: The amount of electricity that is consumed
(demand) or supplied at any given time.
1.6.29 Power factor: A measure of the amount of reactive
power (by-product of alternating current, i.e., AC) in relation
to the real power (component of power that can heat).

7
1.6.30 Pool transmission facility or facilities (PTF):
Generally speaking, any transmission facility operating at 69
kV or higher and connected to other transmission lines or
transmission systems is considered a PTF. PTF falls under the
authority of ISO New England and the construction of new PTF
facilities is generally funded through the ISO on a load ratio
share basis among its member utilities.
1.6.31 Reactive reinforcement: Also referred to as “reactive
compensation.” The act of adding a capacitor bank or shunt
reactor to increase or reduce voltage.
1.6.32 Reactor: A device that stores energy in the form of a
magnetic field, and then uses this energy to induce current.
Typically used to address high voltage issues on a power
system.
1.6.33 Reliability deficiency: An existing or projected future
violation, before or after a contingency, of the applicable
planning, design and/or operating criteria, with consideration
given to the reliability and availability of the individual system
elements.
1.6.34 Renewable power source: Any power source that
does not run on a finite fuel which will eventually run out,
such as coal, oil, or natural gas. Renewable power sources
include solar, wind and hydro generators, because sunlight,
wind and running water will not run out. Generators that burn
replaceable fuels also commonly qualify as renewable power
sources. Examples include bio-diesel generators that run on
crop-derived fuels and wood-burning generators.
1.6.35 Right of way (ROW): The long strip of property on
which a transmission line is built. It may be owned by the
utility or it may be an easement.
1.6.36 Sensitivity studies: A technique of analysis whereby
different values of certain key variables such as the

8
 permanent loss of a generation or transmission resource are
tested to see how sensitive study results are to possible
change in assumptions.
1.6.37 Shoulder load: A load level that is within some band
width over and above 80% of the peak load level.
1.6.38 Steady state: Refers to the period of time after all
momentary network disturbances and automatic equipment
adjustments have ended.
1.6.39 Substation: A substation is a fenced-in area where
several generators, transmission and/or distribution lines
come together and are connected by various other equipment
for purposes of switching, metering, or adjusting voltage by
using transformers.
1.6.40 Sub transmission: Sub transmission lines are power
lines that typically operate at a voltage of 34,000 to 70,000
volts and are generally below 100 kV.
1.6.41 Thermal: Refers to the heating effects of current flow.
Often used in conjunction with capability, impact, analysis.
1.6.42 Transformer: A device that typically adjusts high-
voltage to a lower voltage. Different voltages are used
because higher voltages are better for moving power over a
long distance, but lower voltages are better for using
electricity in machinery and appliances. Transformers are
commonly described by the two (or more) voltages that they
connect, such as “115/13.8-kV,” signifying a connection
between 115-kV and 13.8-kV equipment or lines.
1.6.43 Transmission: Transmission lines and transmission
substations operate at high voltage and carry large amounts
of electricity from centralized generation plants to lower
voltage distribution lines and substations that supply local
areas. Transmission lines use poles or structures, have long
wire spans between poles and usually traverse fairly straight

9
 paths across large distances. Typical transmission voltages
include 345-kV and 115 kV and generally all are above 100
kV.
1.6.44 Transmission system reinforcements: Transmission
line or substation equipment added to existing transmission
infrastructure.
1.6.45 Voltage collapse: A phenomenon whereby a series of
events ultimately results in a blackout after a certain amount
of time ranging from seconds to minutes.
1.6.46 Voltage instability: A phenomenon whereby system
operators cannot maintain acceptable system voltage given
the tools at their disposal for a specific combination of load,
generation and transmission. Voltage collapse may ensue.

10
 CHAPTER 2
RIVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

B. Fateh, M. Govindarasu, V Ajjarapu (2013). Wireless

Network Design for Transmission Line Monitoring in Smart Grid.
Develop a real-time situational awareness framework for the
electrical transmission power grid using Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN). While WSNs are capable of cost efficient monitoring over
vast geographical areas, several technical challenges exist. The low
power, low data rate devices cause bandwidth and latency
bottlenecks. Their objective is to design a wireless network capable
of real-time delivery of physical measurements for ideal preventive
or corrective control action. For network design, they formulate an
optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the
installation and operational costs while satisfying the end-to-end
latency and bandwidth constraints of the data flows. They study a
hybrid hierarchical network architecture composed of a combination
of wired, wireless and cellular technologies that can guarantee low
cost real-time data monitoring. They formulate a placement
problem to find the optimal location of cellular enabled transmission
towers. Further, they present evaluation results of the optimization
solution for diverse scenarios. Their formulation is generic and
addresses real world scenarios with asymmetric sensor data
generation, unreliable wireless link behaviour, non-uniform cellular
coverage, etc. their analysis shows that a transmission line
monitoring framework using WSN is indeed feasible using available
technologies. Their results show that wireless link bandwidth can be
a limiting factor for cost optimization.

11
 D.A.Doshi , K. B. Khedkar,N. T. Raut, K. R. Sumit, (2016).
Real Time Fault Failure Detection in Power Distribution Line using
Power Line Communication. Generally whenever a fault occurs in
distribution line, unless it makes some kind of contingency is
unseen. But gradually these minor faults can lead to damage of
transformer and can turn havoc to human life, it may additionally
initiate fire. Presently in India, we do not have a system in hand
that would let us ken in authentic time once a fault occurs in low
voltage power line. Matter of concern is that since we do not have
an authentic time system, this leads to damage of the equipment's
connected and turns out to be a threat to human around. In order
to eschew such incidents to the maximum extent, maintenance or
checking of the transmission / distribution lines is carried out on
frequent substratum. This leads to increment in manpower. The fact
remains that the authentic intention of this is not met as many a
times like line failure may be due to rain, toppling of trees which
cannot be soothsaid. Like in Western Ghats where the transmission
lines are conventionally drawn amidst the forest and places like
Chirapunjee where massive rainfall virtually sets everything
standstill[1]. To surmount these, we are proposing a GSM
predicated distribution line fault detection System utilizing Power
Line Communication.

12
 M.L. Dos Santos, J.A. Jardini, R.P. Casolari, R.L. Vasquez-
Arnez, G.Y. Saiki, T. Sousa, G.L. Nicola (2014). Power Transmission
Over Long Distances: Economic Comparison Between HVDC and
Half-Wavelength Line. In this paper, the economics of some
alternative solutions for point-to-point transmission of bulk power
over long distances, namely, HVDC and half-wavelength lines
(HWLL), are evaluated. Also, the main technical aspects of the half-
wave length transmission technology in order to define the line
design and its required equipment are discussed. A two-line, 2500
km transmission system (which is half the wavelength of a 60 Hz
power frequency) carrying 6000 MW is used as the base case to
perform the comparison. Finally, issues related to the sensitivity of
such a cost comparison between the HVDC and HWLL alternative is
presented.

13
S. Amakawa, A. Orii, K. Katayama, K. Takano, M. Motoyoshi, T.
Yoshida ,M. Fujishima (2014). Design of well-behaved low-loss
millimetre-wave CMOS transmission lines. It is a challenge to design
single-mode transmission lines for above 100 GHz following strict
design rules of modern CMOS processes. This paper reports
characteristics of three types of microstrip lines in 65 nm CMOS up
to 325 GHz, designed with or without using an auto-dummy
exclusion layer. The lowest-loss design among the three is a
shielded microstrip protected with an exclusion layer. The metal
density requirement is met, as is commonly done, by placing
sidewalls as far from the signal line as allowed by the design rules.
The other two designs are microstrips without sidewalls or the
exclusion layer. One of them has high-density auto dummy fill
inserted by the foundry and shows significantly higher attenuation
than the shielded microstrip. The other is filled with low-density fill
that prevents auto dummy fill from being inserted. It is only
marginally lossier than the shielded microstrip. The microstrips
without sidewalls are found to exhibit more well-behaved
attenuation especially above 100 GHz. The frequency dependence of
the attenuation of the shielded microstrip, on the other hand,
exhibits ripples, indicating possible presence of spurious modes.
Attenuation constants estimated by multiline TRL (thru-reflect-line)
from lines of various lengths indicate that the longest line measured
should be very long, perhaps 2mm or longer, for the estimates to
be reliable.

14