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Curtis R. Stidham
Harger Lightning & Grounding
Objectives
• Define the difference between grounding & bonding and to
describe the roles they play in providing protection for
personnel and equipment.
Lightning
Protection
Surge
Suppression
Bonding
Grounding
Key to Systems Approach
• Grounding & bonding are not always well understood in their application.
• Human safety
• Equipment damage
• Downtime and loss of operations
• Customer dissatisfaction about reliability
• Loss of revenue and service
What is Grounding?
• Purpose:
Personnel Safety
Reduce Potential Differences
Between enclosures
Between enclosures and Earth
Why Ground? Personnel Safety
Current Ranges
• 1-6 mA, (often referred to as let-go currents)
– unpleasant
– Does not impair control of muscles
• 9-25 mA
– may be painful
– difficult or impossible to release energized objects grasped by the hand
• 60-100 mA
– ventricular fibrillation
– stoppage of the heart
– inhibition of respiration might occur
Why Ground? Personnel Safety
ANSI/IEEE Std. 80-2000
S
U
O
time having hands in contact with a grounded
ER
G
AN
structure.
D
ST
O
M
Why Ground? Personnel Safety
• Step Potential: Controlled by Flexible Braid
properly designed ground electrode Switch Handle Bond
system (grid) or the use of wire mesh.
Safety Mat
Why Ground?
• Equipment Protection
– Operate over-current devices during a ground fault.
– Provide over-voltage control.
Why Ground?
• Lightning Protection Systems (Dissipate Energy)
NFPA 780
Why Ground?
• ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
Why Ground?
• Signal Reference Grounding – Noise Control
• Human Safety
• Protect Equipment
• Lightning Protection
• Electrostatic Discharge
• Signal Reference Grounding
Relevant Standards & Codes
• NFPA 70 National Electric Code
• Purpose:
• Provide equipment protection by operating over-current
devices to clear fault current and providing a potential
reference.
• Means:
• An intentional connection to equipment ground from
one of the current carrying conductors of an electrical
distribution system.
System Grounding
(Equipment Protection)
Effective Grounding Path
NEC 250
• The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and metal
enclosures for conductors shall (1) be permanent and electrically
continuous, (2) have capacity to conduct safely any fault current
likely to be imposed on it, and (3) have sufficiently low
impedance to limit voltage to ground and to facilitate the
operation of the circuit protective devices.
• Leading to:
– Unacceptable Voltage Drops
– Heat Generation
– Intermittent Operation
– Electrical Noise
– High Resistance Grounds
Bonding Components:
• Conductors
• Connectors/Clamps/Lugs
• Ground Bars
Bonding Components:
• Equipment Ground Plates
• Soil
• Connectors
• Electrodes
Soils
• Soil Resistivity - Some soils, (such as sandy soils), have such high
resistivities that conventional ground rods or ground electrode systems
may be unable to attain the desired ground resistance requirement.
Enhanced ground electrodes or ground enhancement materials may be
required to meet the grounding specification.
• Soil Characteristics - Some sites may have only a few inches of soil (or
none) sitting on top of bedrock. In this case, ground mesh is the preferred
electrode. (Never drill into bedrock).
Soil Conditions
• Soil Resistivity Must Be Carefully Considered, Including
Moisture Content and Temperature.
Grounding Electrode System
NEC 250.52
• Single Electrode
– R = 25 ohms or less
– R > 25 ohm, a second electrode is installed
• Electrodes at least 6 feet apart
Electrode Considerations Cont..
RESISTANCE VS ROD DIAMETER
Ground Rod Diameter - Doubling 120%
RESISTANCE, %
80%
60%
RESISTANCE %
40%
20%
0%
0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.375 1.500
ROD DIAMETER, INCHES
Ground Rod Length - Doubling length RESISTANCE VS ROD DEPTH
reduces resistance 40%, actual 600
RESISTANCE, OHMS
encountered in multi-layered soils. 400 1" ROD OHMS
300
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
ROD DEPTH, FT
Ground Rod Spacing
¾” x 10’ Rod
ρ= 100 Ωm
• Two Ground Rods
• One Ground Rod • Spacing = 20’
R = 32 Ω R = 17.4 Ω
Electrode Considerations
Ufer Grounds - Concrete encased electrode.
For example, tying into the tower footing
rebar or building pad rebar provides a Ufer
ground. Ufer grounds should never be used
as the sole ground electrode.
Leads
Bent Portion of
Rod Missing
Only Copper
Coating Remains
at this Point
Remaining
Portion of Rod
Sizing - withstand maximum fault current for the maximum clearing time.
Inductance - Flat strap conductors have less inductance than their
similarly sized round conductor counterparts.
Strength/Durability - Round conductors are much stronger than thin flat
strap conductor. This should be a consideration when backfilling
trenches.
Exothermic Connections - Preferred type of connection.
Effect of Inductance
For 1 meter of 4/0 conductor:
R L
L = 1.02 µH R = 0.16
mW
Voltage Rise: Conductor Model
dI
V = (L × ) + (R × I )
dt
For a strike of Imax = 18,000 A in 1µsec
−618000 −3
V = (1.02 × 10 × −6
) + ( 0.16 × 10 × 18000)
1 × 10
= 18,360 + 3 Volts/meter of conductor
Inductive Term Greatly Dominates Resistive Term
Connectors
• Connections must be of proper material and mass, and be
able to resist corrosion to maintain original low resistance
for the life of the system.
• Types
• Exothermic
• Mechanical
• Compression
What is Lightning?
• Lightning Conductors
• Ground Terminals
• Connectors/Fittings
Solid conductors -
Difficult to work with
Concentric strand - Next
easiest to work with
Rope Lay LP - Easiest to
work with
Flat strap - least
inductance; hardest to
work with
Lightning Conductor Routing & Placement
General rules of Thumb for Routing:
• Bonding issue
Drain Pipe
Lightning Surface Arcing
Lightning Ground Systems
• Provide multiple ground paths for lightning energy
• Radials effectively lower impedance (R & XL)
• Divert lightning energy away from equipment shelter
• Maximum Radial Length of 90’ for Lightning Effectiveness
• Use Radials of different lengths
Computer Installations
Grounding System – Four
Distinct Subsystems
• NEC Compliant Fault/Personnel
Protection Power System Ground
(including surge suppression)
• Harmonics
• Telephone Lines
• RF Feeders
• Differential Grounds
Signal Reference Grid (SRG)
• Function: Minimize voltage differences between
interconnected equipment by providing a low
impedance equipotential ground plane for high
frequency low voltage noise.
SRG Types
• Round Conductor
– Easier to install when retrofitting an
existing raised floor system.
• Flat Strip
– Superior system. (Less impedance than
round conductors; very important at
high frequencies).
– Less labor to install.
Grounding & Bonding
The Foundation For Effective Electrical Protection
Curtis R. Stidham
Harger Lightning & Grounding