SOLAR THERMAL POWER GENERATION

A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS

QUARTERLY UPDATE JANUARY-MARCH 1977

PREPARED BY THE

ENERGY INFORMATION PROGRAM

of the

TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION CENTER

JUNE 1977

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW m X I C 0

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
A DIVIS,TOLV O F T 9 E I f l S T I T U T Z FOR A P P L I Z D RESEARCH SERVICES ( I A R S )
The Technology A p p l i c a t i o n C e n t e r (TAC) is
one of s i x NASA-sponsored, n o n p r o f i t , re-
g i o n a l c e n t e r s f o r t h e transfer of technology
t o i n d u s t r y , l o c a l government, and t h e p r i v a t e
s e c t o r i n g e n e r a l . Through TAC, a c c e s s t o
m o s t of t h e world's a v a i l a b l e technical
information i s c o n v e n i e n t l y and inexpensively
provided t o p o t e n t i a l u s e r s , r e g a r d l e s s of
t h e i r s i z e o r technical i n t e r e s t area.
Through i t s p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f , TAC o f f e r s
a wide v a r i e t y of t e c h n i c a l information and
t e c h n o l o g i c a l s u p p o r t services.
You are i n v i t e d t o c o n t a c t t h e c e n t e r d i r e c t l y
f o r d e t a i l s and a d i s c u s s i o n of how w e can
f u r t h e r s e r v e your needs.
Technology A p p l i c a t i o n Center
U n i v e r s i t y of New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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This m a t e r i a l i s disseminated under the

a u s p i c e s of t h e N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and
Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n the i n t e r e s t of
information exchange. N e i t h e r t h e United
S t a t e s government nor the U n i v e r s i t y o f New
Mexico assumes any l i a b i l i t y f o r i t s c o n t e n t
or the use t h e r e o f .
 INTRODUCTION

T h i s Bibliography is t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r l y update of 1 9 7 7 of
S o l a r Thermal Power Generation.
I n an attempt t o follow t h e continuing developments of power
g e n e r a t i o n by s o l a r thermal processes, w e w i l l include numerous
r e l a t e d t o p i c s . T h e s e t o p i c s i n c l u d e ; comparisons t o o t h e r
forms of energy, economics, l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l
r e s t r a i n t s . W e w i l l a l s o update innovations i n s o l a r thermal
power g e n e r a t i o n process such as d i r e c t hydrogen production.
S i z e a b l e p o r t i o n s of m a t e r i a l i n t h i s volume a r e i n s e c t i o n s ;
1 1 , 0 0 0 S o l a r Overviews, 1 2 , 0 0 0 Thermal Power, 1 5 , 0 0 0 Ocean
Thermal D i f f e r e n t i a l and 1 6 , 0 0 0 Wind Conversion.
W e a p p r e c i a t e comments o r suggestions t h e r e a d e r would have t o
o f f e r t o us, so w e can develop a more reader responsive publica-
tion.

Geoffrey C. B e l l
Technical E d i t o r

iii
 CONTENTS

SECTION NUMBER COVERAGE

10,000 Energy Overviews

11,000 Solar Overviews
12,000 Economics and Law
13,000 Thermal Power
14,000 Thermionic/Thermoelectric
15,000 Ocean Thermal Differential
16,000 Wind Conversion
17,000 Bioconversion

18,000 Residential
19,000 Other - Hydrogen Production
Large Scale Photovoltaic
Etc.

AUTHOR INDEX
PERMUTED TITLE/SUBJECT TERM INDEX

iv
 GUIDE TO USE OF THIS PUBLICATION

A number of f e a t u r e s have been incoLTorated t o h e l p t h e

r e a d e r use this document. They c o n s i s t o f :

-- Asubject
-
TABLE OF CONTENTS l i s t i n g g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s of
c o n t e n t and indexes. More s p e c i f i c coverage
- by s u b j e c t t i t l e / k e y w o r d and a u t h o r i s a v a i l a b l e
through t h e a p p r o p r i a t e index.
- numbers,
CITATION N W E R S assigned t o each r e f e r e n c e . These
w i t h t h e p r e f i x o m i t t e d , a r e used i n s t e a d
of page n m b e r s t o i d e n t i f y r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e v a r i o u s
indexes. They a r e also used a s TAC i d e n t i f i e r numbers
when d e a l i n g w i t h document o r d e r s ; so p l e a s e use t h e
e n t i r e (prefix i n c l u d e d ) c i t a t i o n number when corres-
ponding w i t h TAC regarding a r e f e r e n c e . An open ended
numbering s y s t e m f a c i l i t a t e s e a s y i n c o r p o r a t i o n of sub-
sequent updates i n t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e m a t e r i a l .
I n this system, numbers assigned t o new c i t a t i o n s i n
each c a t e g o r y w i l l follow d i r e c t l y the l a s t assigned
numbers i n t h e p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n . T h e c i t a t i o n
number of t h e l a s t r e f e r e n c e on each page appears on
t h e upper right-hand corner of t h a t page to f a c i l i t a t e
quick l o c a t i o n of a s p e c i f i c term.
-- A REFERENCE FORHAT c o n t a i n i n g t h e TAC c i t a t i o n number,
t i t l e of r e f e r e n c e , a u t h o r , c o r p o r a t e a f f i l i a t i o n ,
r e f e r e n c e source, c o n t r a c t or g r a n t number, a b s t r a c t
and keywords. The r e f e r e n c e s o u r c e t e l l s , t o t h e b e s t
of our knowledge, where the r e f e r e n c e came from. I f
from a p e r i o d i c a l , the r e f e r e n c e s o u r c e c o n t a i n s t h e
p e r i o d i c a l ' s t i t l e , volume number, page number and date.
I f for a r e p o r t , t h e r e f e r e n c e source c o n t a i n s t h e re-
p o r t number a s s i g n e d b y t h e i s s u i n g agency, number of
pages and date.

V
--An INDEX OF AUTHORS a l p h a b e t i z e d by a u t h o r ' s l a s t
name. A reference's a u t h o r i s followed by t h e
r e f e r e n c e ' s c i t a t i o n number. For m u l t i p l e a u t h o r s ,
each a u t h o r is l i s t e d i n t h e index.
--An INDEX O F PERMUTED TITLES/KEYWORDS a f f o r d s a c c e s s
through major words i n the t i t l e and through an
assigned s e t of keywords f o r each c i t a t i o n . A r e f -
e r e n c e ' s t i t l e is followed by t h e r e f e r e n c e ' s c i t a -
t i o n number. I n t h e indexes, a l l t h e words p e r t a i n i n g
t o a r e f e r e n c e a r e permuted a l p h a b e t i c a l l y . Thus,
the c i t a t i o n number f o r a r e f e r e n c e appears a s many
times as there are major t i t l e words o r keywords f o r
t h a t reference. The pernuted words run down the c e n t e r
of a n index page. The rest of the t i t l e o r keywords
appear a d j a c e n t t o a permuted word. S i n c e a t i t l e
-
or set of keywords i s allowed o n l y one l i n e p e r p e r -
muted word the beginning, the end, o r both ends of a
t i t l e o r s e t of keywords may be c u t o f f ; o r , if s p a c e
permits, it w i l l be continued a t t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e of
the page u n t i l it runs back i n t o i t s e l f . A # i n d i c a t e s
the end of a t i t l e o r s e t of keywords w h i l e a / i n d i -
c a t e s where a t i t l e o r s e t o f keywords h a s been c u t
off w i t h i n a l i n e .

vi
 10005

13,333 E i l E W OVERVIEWS
ST77 1 0 0 0 0 ANT ANALYSIS O F THE ERDB ?LAN LVD P R O G a Y

( O f f i c e of Technology .Assessment, Washington, D C ) , 328 p . , ?B-250636/8 GTA-E-12, N76-32712

dvai1:XTIS HCS10.00
This r e p o r t is an a n a i y s i s of t h e energy research and Cevelopment programs of t h e Snergy
..5eserreh and Development Admanistration (SRDA) .
The a n a l y s i s vas perforned p r i n a r i l y by t a s k
groups assembled t o cover each of EXDA's rna]or programmatic a r e a s (1) f o s s i l e n e r q , ( 2 ) au-
cLear energy; ( 3 ) s o l a r geothermal, and advanced t e c h n o l o g i e s ; ( 4 ) conservation: and (5) anvi-
ronment and heilltii. S i n c e the E,WA p l a n s r e f l e c t tke ? r e s i d e n t ' s view of n a t i o n a l enerqy R
and 3 3 o l i c y , they w i l i i n l a r g e measure determine t h e broader o p t i o n s for our f u t u r e n a c i o n a l
energy p o l i c y ; t h i s assessment is intended t o provide t h e congress with much of t h e background
information necessary for an e f f e c t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e ERDA programs.
( ENERGY-OVERVXZd , ENERGY-00LI:Cf , ENVIRONMENTAL I.XPACT)

ST77 1 0 0 0 1 EXERGY - A CONTINULVG BIaLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES

(XASA, Washington, DC) , NASA-SP-7043(10), 165 p . , N77-12505

Xvai1:NTIS EiCS4.00
This bibliography l i s t s 337 r e p o r t s , a r t i c l e s , and o t h e r documents i n t r o d u c e d i n t o &be
XASA S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information System from January 1, 1975 t!!rough Lurch 3 1 , 1975.
(ENERGY-OVSXVIEW, NTIS-DATA-BASE)

ST77 1 0 0 0 2 IXSTITVTION O F GUGIXEERS, AUST%UW, LWXL LVGIXEERIXG CONFEPSNCE, P - U Z R S , 1976

Anon, ( I n s t of t n g , A u s t r a l i a , Sydney), I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a ; Xnnu Enq Conf, Pap, T O W S V i l l e ,

May l O - i 4 , 1976, P u b 1 by I n s t of Eag, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, 409 p., 1976
The volume c o n t a i n s 63 papers prnsented a t the Conference. The papers cover s;lbjeCtS
i n a wide range of e n g i n e e r i n g d i s c i p l i n e s . including s o l a r an& o t h e r energy r e s o u r c e s , urban
planning, dams, eiectric power d i s t r i b u t i o n , water and a i r p o l l u t i o n , water sugply, construc-
t i o n , computer a p g l i c a t i o n s , e n g i n e e r i n g education, and o t h e r s .
( ENERGY-OVERVIEN)

ST77 18003 INWRNATIONAL EXERGY AGEXCY W I T H EMPHASIS ON TRE SUBGROUP ON ENERGY ?XSEARC3
.AND DEVELOPHENT AND TEE EXEXGY CONSERVATION WORKING PARTY

(E-WA, Washington, DC) , 38 p - , ERDA-76-13, N76-34036

Availr9TIS HCf4.00
A c t i v i t i e s of the subgroup on Energy Research and Development and t h e working group on
Enezgy Conservation a r e sumarized. These i n c l u d e p r o j e c t s t o e x p l o r e t h e following (1) hydro-
gen from w a t e r ; (2) waste h e a t u t i l i z a t i o n ; ( 3 ) municipal and i n d u s t r i a l waste u t i l i z a t i o n : ( 4 )
ccral tec.hnoloqy; ( 5 ) r a d i o a c t i v e waste management: ( 6 ) n u c l e a r s a f e t y ; ( 7 ) thermonuclear f u s i o n ;
( 8 ) s o l a r energy, and (9) energy conservation. The tfxermal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b u i l d i n g s , h e a t
PumPS, 'hemal s t o r a g e , and h e a t exchangers are also s t u d i e d .

( ENERGY-OVERVI2W)

ST77 10004 IWEIISOCIETY ENERG1 CCNVERSION ENGINEERING CONFEZENCX llTH, STATE LINE, NEVADA,
SEPTEMBER 12-17, 1976
(Conference sponsored by A X H E , y s , SAE, ACS, AI=, ASIYE, and IEEE) , New vork, American
I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:1007, V 2:1011, 1976, Proceedings, Volumes 1 SI 2 , A77-
12662-, Brice of t w o volumes, members 5-75.00; nonmembers $90.00
Discussed t o p i c s a r e related t o t h e areas of advanced a u t o p r o p u l s i o n , advanced c o n c e p t s ,
a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l s , biomedical power, Brayton cycles and expanders, c o a l and o i l s h a l e u t i l i z a -
t i o n . e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s ; electrocfiemica1 power, energy c o n s e r v a t i o n and s t o r a g e , geothermal
e n e r a y , h e a t p i p e s , and hydrogen energy s y s t e m . A t t e n t i o n is a l s o given t o ,HRD and o t h e r
tOpolng c y c l e s , n u c l e a r power, Rankine c y c l e power, s o l a r power, space power, S t i r l i n g Cycle
e n g i n e s , t f i e r m c e l e c t r i c s , t h e r m i o n i c s , urban energy management, and wind power. I n d i v i d u a l
items a r e announced i n t!is i s s u e .
(ENERGY-OVERVIEW, XLTE,WATIVE-FVELS)

( ~ a s h i n g t o n ,GPO Sponsored by E ~ D Aand NSF, Brepared by OWL. Oak Ridge Xational Lab., TN)
9 2 1 p . , R e n t . ?or S&com. or: E n e r g Res., Development and Demonstration of Ccm. on S e i .
and Techno;. , 94th Congr., 2d Sess., ;an 1 9 7 6 , G?O-64-734-Vol-i, W-7405-SNG-26, N77-13525
Xvai1:SOD 9CS8.60
 10009

A n updated assessment of t h e Saticnal ZnerW Resourcss ; ?d Technolog-- is ? r e s e n t e d . The

inventory l i s t i n g s encompass all energy-related r e s e a r c h and developrnenc concerned with (11
energy s o u r c e s , ( 2 ) e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n , t r a n s m i s s i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and s t o r a g e , ( 3 )
energy uses and conservation, ( 4 ) economic and l e g a l a s p e c t s : and ( 5 ) h e a l t h and anvironmental
s t u d i e s . Bibliographies with s h o r t C e s c r i p t i o n 0 2 L!e s t t l d i e s a r e organized i n f o u r volumes
a s prepared f o r the U.S. House of Representatives.
(ENEXGY-OVERVIEW SISLIOGRAPHY

ST77 10006 INVENTORY OF EXERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (1973-1975), MLUiYE 3 , COMMITTEE
ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (U.S. HOUSE)

(Washington. GPO Sponsored by ERDA and NSF, Prepared by ORNL, Oak Ridge National Cab., "XI
1 6 0 p . , Rapt. for Subcorn. on Energy R e s . , Development and Demonstration of C o r n . on S C i .
and TeC.hnOl., 94th Congr. 2d S e s s . , J a n 1 9 7 6 , GPO-64-734, N77-11579
Avai1:SOD HCS2.30
The survey measures the r e s e a r c h and development ( R and D) e f f o r t s t o expand t h e Sources
of energy a s w e l l as-R and D aimed a t c o n t r o l l i n g t!!e impact of energy production and u s e on
t h e environment. There i n v e n t o r y s t u d i e s a f f o r d an overview of t h e R and D being performed
i n every a s p e c t of energy e x p l o r a t i o n , production, d i s t r i b u t i o n , u s e , and c o n s e r v a t i o n .
( ENERGX-OVERVIEW t ECONOMICS, EMIIRONMENTAL-IIUIPACT)

ST77 10007 NASA OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER WORKSXOP, VOLUME 1, POWER
TECHNOLOGY ?ANEL, FIX= =PORT'

(NASA, Langley!, (Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, V A ) , NASA-TX-X-73964, 195 p . , Prepared J o i n t l y

W i t ! Old Domanion Univ., Norfolk, VA, Conducted a t Madison College, Harrisonburg, VA, Aug 3-16,
1975, NSG-1186, N77-13913
Xvai1:NTIS
Technology requirements i n t h e a r e a s o f energy sources and conversion, power p r o c e s s i n g ,
d i s t r i b u t i o n , conversion, and t r a n s m i s s i o n , and energy s t o r a g e a r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r space s h u t t l e
payloads. I t is concluded t h a t t h e power system technology c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e is adequate t o
accomplish a l l missions i n t h e 1973 mission model, b u t tibat f u r t h e r development is needed t o
s u p p o r t space o p p o r t u n i t i e s of t h e f u t u r e as i d e n t i f i e d by users. Space experiments a r e proposed
i n t h e following a r e a s power g e n e r a t i o n i n space, advanced p h o t o v o l t a i c energy c o n v e r t e r s , Solar
and n u c l e a r t h e r m o e l e c t r i c technology, nickel-cadmium b a t t e r i e s , flywheels ( m c h a n i c a l Storage)
s a t e l l i t e - t o - g r o u n d t r a n s m i s s i o n and reconversion systems, and r e g e n e r a t i v e f u e l c e l l S .
( ENERGY-OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 0 0 0 8 NATIONAL PIAN FOR ENERGY RESEARCS, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION: CREATING ENERGY
CIIOICES FOR TXE FUTURE. VOLUHE I. THE PLAN
(E-SDA, Washington, DC), 125 p . , 1976, EmA-76-1, PCS5.5o/MFS3.00
This i s t h e f i r s t annual update of t h e i n i t i a l report, ERDA-48, o f June 1975 (EAPA, 1:
0 1 6 2 1 ) . ERDA's proposed National Plan has been expanded i n scope and depth of coverage and
t!!e b a s i c goals and s t r a t e g y a r e r e f i n e d , b u t remain e s s e n t i a l l y i n t a c t . The Plan summarizes
ERDA's c u r r e n t views on t h e energy t e c h n o l o g i e s t h e Nation w i l l need t o achieve longer-term
energy independence. S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e P l a n a d d r e s s e r the paramount r o l e of t h e p r i v a t e sector
i n t h e development and commercialization of new energy t e c h n o l o q i e r ; s i n g l e s o u t c o n s e r v a t i o n
technologies f o r increased a t t e n t i o n t h a t a r e now ranked with s e v e r a l supply t e c h n o l o g i e s as
being of the higheat p r i o r i t y for n a t i o n a l a c t i o n ; requests a 30 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e 1976
budget for funding energy R and D: and d i r e c t s F e d e r a l programs t o a s s i s t i n d u s t r y i n a c c e l e r a t -
ing t h e market p e n e t r a t i o n of energy t e c h n o l o g i e s w i t h near-term p o t e n t i a l . The Chapters a r e :
The National Energy Problem and t!!e Nature of I t s S o l u t i o n ; Fundamentals of t h e Plan; The P l a n
and the F e d e r a l Energy RD and D Program f o r FY 1977; Implementing t h e Plan: Interrelationships
Among Energy RD and D P a r t i c i p a n t s : Implementing t h e Plan: ERDA Planning System: F a c t o r s
I n f l u e n c i n g t h e Evolution of t h e Plan; and Future Evolution o f the P l a n . Two appendixes, PerSQec-
t i v e on World Resources and N e t Energy d n d l y s i s of Nuclear Power Production, follow. A g l o s s a r y
and a s e l e c t e d bibliography complete t h e report..
( ESERGY-OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 0 0 0 9 PIlOCEEDINGS OF IEEE SOUTEIEASTCONr R E G I O N 3 CONE'EREXCE, 1 9 7 6

&ion, (IEEE, SC A f f i l of Sect, New York, tW, Proc of IEEE Southeastcon, Reg 3 Conf, Clemron
Univ, SC, Xpr 5 - 7 , 1 9 7 6 , Pub1 by IEEE, New York, NY, 390 p . , Cat N76 cIIlO59-5 REG 3 , 1975
Proceedings included 136 papers t h a t were grouped i n t o 3 1 s e s s i o n s d e a l i n g with power
technology, d i g i t a l systems, computer a p p l i c a t i o n s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c waves, semiconductor
techniques and phenomena, s o l a r energy and c a l l s , d i g i t a l s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g , c o n t r o l t h e o r y ,
r a d a r , s o l i d - s t a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s , m i c r o e l c c t m n i c s , a e r o s p a c e e l e c t r o n i c s h systems; microproces-
sor computer systams, b i o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n p r o c e s s i n g , l a b o r a t o r 1 i n s t r u c t i o n , l a s e r i n e r t i a l
n a v i g a t o r s , communication systems. c m p u t e r s i n c o n t r o l , l a r g e s c a l e systems, t e a c h i n g micro-
e l e c t r o n i c s , devices a p p l i c a t i o n s , b i o i n s t r m e n t a t i o n , computers i n dasign/simulatiOn,

2
communication sirma1 p r o c s s s i n g , n o i s e i n semiconductor d e v i c e s , and ? S I ( P e z s o n a l i z e d System
.
of i n s t r u c z i o n )
( ZNERGY-OVERVIEW, POWER-TECYHOLOGY)

ST77 13010 WORLD RESOURCES - ZXGIXEERISG SOLUTIONS

&on, (I=, London, England), ? r o c of t!!e Z t Conf o f t h e WCE and t h e I C E , 3rd, EIarrogat=,
England, Sept 3 0 - O c t 3 , 1973, P u b 1 by I C E , London, England, 204 p a , 1 9 7 6
Procee&ngs i n c l u d e 1 0 papers t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o a o p u l a t i o n er.vironmeat: f o s s i l file1
r e s o u r c e s and energy conservation: n u c l e a r and s o l a r gower; production of o r e s and manufacture
and use of n e t a l l i c resources: r e s o u r c e s of manufactured and n a t u r a l nonmetalLic m a t e r i a l s :
water as a r e u s a b l e resource; and timber a s a r e p l a c e a b l e r e s o u r c e .

( EHERGI-OVERVIEWI ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT)

ST77 10011 ZE 94TH CONGRESS AND THE ENERGY RECORD

(Washington, GPO Prepared by L i b r a r f of Congr.), 70 p . , C o d t t e e on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r

A f f a i r s , U.S. S e n a t e , L i b r a r y of Congress, Washington, DC, Rept. P u r s u a n t t o S. R e s . 45 f o r
Corn. on I n t e r i o r and Insular A f f a i r s , 94th Congr., 2d Sass., 1976, GPO-67-716, N76-31672
AvaiL:Comm. on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s
Congressional measllres t o encourage t h e conservation of energy and t!!e development of
new energy s o u r c e s a r e reviewed. Petroleum and its products, c o a l , n a t u r a l g a s , n u c l e a r e n e r n
and s o l a r energy are included. .
( ZNERGI-OVERVIEW , CONSERVATION1

ST77 i C 0 1 2 ZNERGI IAXPLICXTIONS I N SOUTRWESTERN bGXCUL'!XJPX

Abernac!!y, G.K., J a r n e t t , K . M . , Gupta. Y.P., Wilson, D.B., Hazelton, T . , Stevens, T.H.,
Keaton, M.L., Neberay, Y . T . , Edington, E.D., Lantford, R.R., McCaslin, a.D., T i t n a n , B . S . ,
3.odriguezI V.L., P a t r i c k , N.A., Smith, G.S., Z i e s l i n g , H.E.. S t a f f e l d t , E.E., Barkley, W . ,
Ford, Q . , W i l l e m , L A . , La France, L . J . , Stevens, W.C., (Sponsored by: New Mexico S t a t e
r J n i v e r s i t y , &=search c o u n c i l , Las Cruces, YH), 4th Annual NMSU Conference on Energy, Feb 7-
0 , 1977
Xo A b s t r a c t A v a i l a b l e

(ENERGY-OVERVIEW, UNITE0 STATES)

ST77 10013 THE ENERGY PROBLEM AtiD TXE EARTH'S E

U' EL SITUATION

Bainbridge, G.R., (Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England) I n Aspects

of Eaergy Conversion, Proceedings of t h e Summer School, Oxford, England, J u l y 14-25, 1975,
Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 3-25, 1976, Discussion, p . 2 6 , 27, A77-11026 01-44, A77-11027
T 3 e energy problem is d i s c u s s e d p r i m a r i l y as it a f f e c t s a r i t a i n , w i t h a t t e n t i o n given t o
o i l dependence, the rel a t i o n of f u e l and l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s , the i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r the birt!!
r a t e and !te q u a l i t y of L i f e , and the i n c r e a s i n g demand f o r l i s i t e d world f o s s i l f u e l s . Tables
summarizing B r i t i s h f u e l reserves c o a l , o i l and gas and t h e North Sea o i l r e s e r v e s , a r e presented.
?lev e n e r w t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e examined i n c l u d i n g nuclear f i s s i o n , f u s i o n , s o l a r , geothermal, deep
e a r t h h e a t , t i d a l energy, wave energy, and wind energy.
!Z'NERGY-OCT3VIEW , UNITED KINGDOM, FUEL-?JZSOURCES)

ST77 10014 SOURCEBOOK FOR ENERGY ASSESSMENT

Beller, N., (Brookhaven N a t i o n a l Lab., Upton, NY) , 211 p . , 71 r e f s , D e c 1975. 46 t a b l e s , 25
f i g u r e s , BNL-30483, Price code
An a n a i y t i c a l approach is presented t h a t is broadly a p p l i c a b l e t o the assessment o f energy
t e c r n o l o g i e s and p o l i c i e s . Using the Reference Energy Systam approach, r t p e d t S t h e ex-
amination of t h e economj.c, environmental, and resource i n p l i c a t z o n s r e s u l t i n g from e !t Sub-
s t r t u t i o n of one f u e l o r tscnnology f o r another. Included as t o o l s f o r such analyses a r e t.ie
necessary d a t a and me tho do lo^, a s w e l l as a set of Reference Energy Systems Covering t h e 1972-
2020 p e r i o d t o serve a s baselu.es for t k e p e r t u r b a t i o n a n a l y s e s of i n t e r e s t .

( EXTRGY-OVERVIEW , TE~NOLOGY-POLICI-~SESSMENT)

ST77 10015 RZFEIUZNCE N E R G Y SYSTEX ~PfE"XODOL0Gf

S e l l e r , X., (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, X Y ) , 11 p . , bpr 1976, CONF-760402-7, BNL-21079,

?CS3.iO/MF$3.00
rnL,
-..= ~ = ~ r r s a zcnee z q System (=SI is L zetwork r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a l l of t b e t e c h n i c a l
-._I-

a c t i v i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o supgly v a r i o u s forms of energy t o end-use a c t i v i t i e s . A n a l y t i c a l tech-

niques a r e desc=ibed to examkne all o p e r a t i o n s involvisg s p e c i f i c fuels i c c l u d i c g t h e i r e x t r a c -
t i o n , r e f i n e m e c t , con-rersion, ; r a n s p o r t , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and u t i l i z a t i o n . Sac;? of t h e s e

3
 10319

a c t i v i t i e s is represented by a l i n k i n t h e network for which e f f i c i e n c y , e n v i r o r a e n t a l iWaCK.

and c o s t c o e f f i c i e n t s may be s p e c i f i e d . Tbe network i s q u a n t i f i e d for a given year wiL5 tile
l e v e l cf energy demands and t h e e n e r g flows Lkrouch t h e supply a c t i v i t i e s t!!at a r e Z e q U i Z e a
t o s e r v e those demands. XESs were developed f o r t h e yeazs 19a0, 1485, 1990, 2 0 0 0 , and 2 0 2 0 .
T h e RESs a r e used i n an assessment t o e v a l u a t e new cachnologies by t h e techniques of g e r t - x b a -
t i o n a n a l y s i s . I n s e r t i n g d a t a on new technologies i n t o an RES produces a Perturbed EnerM
System (PES). The Brookhaven Energy S y s t e m Optimization Model (BESOM) i n c l u d e s t:?e Same Laput
Farameters and can be used for more e x t e n s i v e a n a l y s e s where o p t i m i z a t i o n is d e s i r e d .
( ENERGY-OVERVIZW r ZATION , ENVIRONMENTAL- IivIPACTl
FUELS-OPTIL~~~

ST77 10016 PROGRAM FOR REGIONAL KXERGY XIUALYSIS, VOLUME I , FINAL REOORT

Benson, W.R., (iMidWCSt Research I n s t . , Kansas C i t y , MO), 1 4 1 p . , ERDA-107-Vol-1, A T ( 4 9 - 1 ) -

3755 M R I Pro]. 4046-E, N76-33629
Avail:MTIS HCS5.45
A progr- o f a c t i o n w a s designed f o r +-he p a r t i c i p a t i o n of Local, s t a t e , or r e g i o n a l Grga-
n r z a t i o n s with c r u c i a l r o l e s i n energy p o l i c y and energy r e s e a r c h and development. The r e g i o n a l
energy a n a l y s i s program provides a uniform procedure f o r a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e g i o n a l impacts and
t h e consequences of p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s r e l a t i v e t o r e s e a r c h and development l e a d i n g t o new energy
sources. I t i s a l s o a p p l i c a b l e t o the a n a l y s i s of the impacts o f s i g n i f i c a n t expansion of
e x i s t i n g supply sourcas. T a s k s t h a t formed t h e b a s i s f o r tha program design were d e f i n i t i o n
of r e g i o n s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of d a t a s o u r c e s , inventory of models, p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n s t r a t e g y ,
and development of c a n d i d a t e p r o g r a m . As t h e r e g i o n a l energy a n a l y s i s program evolved, elements
of the program were s e l e c t i v e l y t a s t e d or v a l i d a t e d using d a t a from a new energy production
technology. An oil s h a l e p l a n t and a s o l a r thermal e l e c t r i c power p l a n t were w e d i n t h e tests
because or' t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d a t a .
(ENERGY-OVERVIZW

ST77 10017 ASPECTS OF ENERGY CONVERSION

B l a i r , I.X., ad., (Energy Techno1ogy;Support Unit, Hamell, Barks., England), J o n e s , B.D.,
(Xational I n s t i t u t e f o r Research in Nuclear Science, C h i l t o n , Oxon, England) , Van Horn, A . J . ,
(Harvard U n i v a r s i t y , Cambridge, MA), Pcrgamon Press, Oxford, England, 8 6 0 p . , 1976, Proceediriqs
of t h e summar school, Lincoln College, Oxford, England, J u l y 1 4 - 2 5 , 1975
The broad t o p i c s conaidered a r e t h e fundamuttals of energy r e s o u r c e s and consumption,
f o s s i l f u e l s , nuclear f u e l s , a l t e r n a t i v e energy sources (geothermal, solar, waste energy)
t r a n s m i s s i o n and s t o r a g e of energy, environmental and socio-economic a s p e c t s of energy u s e r and
energy a n a l y s i s . P a r t i c u l a r papers a r e on energy use i n i n d u s t r y , energy use i n a g r i c u l t u r e ,
domestic energy use and c o n s e r v a t i o n i n b u i l d i n g s . and energy u s e i n t h e c o a l , o i l and qaS
Fndustries. Also considered a r e p o s s i b l e energy developments i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t o t a l energy
systems, t h e e f f e c t of energy u s e on f u t u r e i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s , energy and t h e developing
c o u n t r i e s , and r a d i o a c t i v e waste management. I n d i v i d u a l items a r e announced i n this i s s u e .
(ENERGY-OVERVIEW, ENVIRONMESTAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

ST77 10012 ENERGY AND CLIXATS

S o l i n , E . , (Stockholm Univ., Swadan), 5 8 e . , NOV 1975, N76-33819/3WE
A sunrmary of knowledge of t h o s e mechanisms t h a t determine t h e climate of t h e e a r t h is
given, and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t man, d i r e c t l y o r i n b i r a c t l y , may i n f l u e n c e t h e climate is d i s -
cussed. Topics d e a l t w i t h i n c l u d e c l i m a t i c change. s i n c e t h e l a s t g l a c i a t i o n , some a s p e c t s Of
t h e g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n of t h e atmosphere and i t s h p o r t a n c e of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of c l i m a t i c
zones on t h e e a r t h , energy f l u x e s i n t h e c l i m a t i c system, c l L a a t i c changes and t h e i r p o s s i b l e
c a u s e s , and p o s s i b l e f u t u r e c l i m a t i c changes caused by M i n c r e a s i n g energy production.
( ENERGY-OVERVIEW, ANTRROPOCENIC-IMPACT)

ST77 10013 PERSPECTIVE ON AMATERIALS IN THE ZNERGY R R O G W

Claassen, R.S., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N M ) , 34 p., 40 r e f s , 1976, CONF-760133-1, SAND-76-

5155
This i s an i n t r o d u c t o r y paper f o r a series of p r e s a n t a t i o n s t r e a t i n g t h e g e n e r a l theme
" C r i t i c a l , U t e r i a h P r o b l e m i n Energy Production." Knergy and m a t e r i a l s a r e c l o s e l y l i n k e d
i n many ways; e.g., production of materials, which r e q u i r e s t h e i r recovery and p r o c e s s i n g t o
manufacturing, consumes about 17 p e r c a n t of a l l energy used i n t h i s country. To f u l l y under-
s t a n d how m a t e r i a l s a f f e c t our avolvinq energy program, one needs f i r s t t o understand t h e i n t e r -
connections w i t h o t h e r a s p e c t s of t h e s i t u a t i o n . Thus, i n S e c t i o n I , some h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e
r e v e a l s what enargg consumption has been L5us f a r and what it i s l i k e l y t o b e i.? t h e f u t u r e .
S e c t i o n I1 provides the u n i t s and conversion f a c t o r s most o f t e n US8d i n energy d i s c u s s i o n s . The
u s e s of anergy and the t o m t h a t energy muat t a k e t o be c o n s u m a b l e a r e summarized i n S e c t i o n
111. F i n a n c i a l a s p e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y c a p r t a l i z a t i o n problems and f u e l expenses, a r e covered i n
S e c t i o n IV. The f i n a l s e c t i o n then provides a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m a t e r i a l s problems t o b e
d i s c u s s e d by t!!e o t h e r authors i n t h i s series.
( E?TERGY-OVERVIEN, ENERGI-CONVE.9SION)

4
I 10025

ST77 1 0 0 2 0 POWER SOURGS 5 : -2ESZARC4 AND DEVELOPKENT I N BON-MECBAVIC”XL E L E C T R I W ?OWER

SOURCZS
C o l l i n s , D.X., ed., Proc of tSe I n t Power Sources Symp, 9 t h , Brighton, England, S e g t 2 4 - 2 6 ,
1974, P u b 1 by Academic ?ress, I n c , New York, SY, 740 p . , 1975
Forty-seven papers -,rovide information on research and development, a p g l i c a t i o n s e n g i n e e r i n g ,
desigr. s t u d i e s , and user-e-xperience of primary and secondary c e l l s , solar c e l l s , C?em.oelectric
g e n e r a t o r s , and r e l a t e d s u b j e c t s . Papers include: gas recombination of lead-acid b a t t o r i e s ;
b a t t s r y charging a t low temperatures; e f f e c t s of m e t a l l u r g i c a l s t z u c t u r e on hydrogen e v o l u t i o n
on lead a l l o y s : gassing rates of automotive b a t t e r i e s : zinc-bromine s t o r a g e b a t t e r y f o r e l e c t r i c
v e h i c l e s ; i r o n - a i r b a t t e r y syst-Jns f o r t r a c t i o n p u q o s e s ; high e f f i c i e n c y thermo-mechanical
generators: perfornance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a long l i f e pacemaker c e l l ; and i n o r g a n i c e l e c t r o l y t e
litSi-um c e l l s .

STV ioozi SYMPOSIUM

ON EXERGY SOURCZS FOR THE FUTURE, 1975
Duggan, J.L., ed., Cloucier, B . J . , ed., (Xortfi Texas S t a t e Univ, Denton, T X ) , Symp on E n e r q
Sources f o r ‘&e Future, Oak Ridge, TN, J u l y 7-25, 1975, Pub1 by ERDA, Tech I n f Cent, Oak Xiage,
T?l, 303 p . , 1975
Avai1:NTIS S p r i n g f i e l d , VA
The volume c o n t a i n s 17 papers d e a l i n g with energy problems and p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s . Topics
coverad i n c l u d e n u c l e a r , s o l a r , geotite-rmal and -XHD energy resources. S e l e c t e d papers a r e indexed
segarately.
(ENERGY-OVERVIEW)

sr7: io022 ENVTXONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF FUTURE EXERGY ALTERNATIVES

S u r l e , Z . Y . , B i s w a s , A.X., (Environment Canada, Ottawa. O n t a r i o ) , 14 p . , 1 9 7 3 , C3NF-731033-7,

Y1S3.00, U S . S a l e s Only
The environmental ispact from growing p r o s p e r i t y is discussed with Lte i d e a of a t t i t u d e
change t o e n e r q consumption rates. C o q a r a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n s a r e gxven f o r usaqe and environ-
n e n t a l damage from f o s s i l f u e l s ( o i l , n a t u r a l gas, c o a l ) , h y d r o e l e c t r i c dams, and n u c l e a r energy.
Eight f u l l - p a g e graphs, c h a r t s and tables a r e included to assess the p o l l u t i o n a s p e c t s of w a i z e r ,
a i r , iand and s o l i d waste management f o r f o s s i l bels and r a d i a t i o n hazards from n u c l e a r f u e l s .
Socio-economic f a c t o r s and h e a l t ? hazar&s a r e a l s o covered.

ST77 10023 EXERGY FOR TOMORROW

Zutkiewicz, R.x., B e n n e t t , K.F., ( u n i v of Cape Town, Sout!! A f r i c a ) , 14 p . , 4 r e f s . 1 9 7 6 , Tat

Conf on A i r O o l l u t , Univ of Pretoria, South Africa, Apr 2 6 - 2 9 , 1976, Sponsored by Dep van
Gesondheid van South A f r i c a , S. 121
Trends, i n energy production and their e f f e c t on a i r p o l l u t i o n are reviewed. The cnconven-
t i o n a l rnergy forms a r e discussed. Developments i n the c l e a n e r u t i l i z a t i o n of c o a l a r e examined
and i t is f e l t t h a t these developments w i l l play a l a r g e p a r t i n p o l l u t i o n abatement.
(ENERGY-OVERVIEW, WIRONMZNT, POLLUTION)

ST77 1 0 0 2 4 STRUCTUm O F A SI.MJUTfON MODEL FOR ZIERGY-XEEWTED REGIONAL ASSESSMENT

F r a l e y , D.W., S w i f t , !J.B., ( B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Xorthwest L a b s . , Richland, WA), 23 p - , 1976,
CONF-760435-4, BNWL-SA-5677, PC A02/MF A01
The s t r u c t u r e of a dynamic simulation model designed t o analyze Lie e f f a c t s of p o t e n t i a l
f u t u r e energy p o l i c i e s and a c t i o n s a s a m u l t i s t a t e , r e g i o n a l level is described. The simula-
t i o n s t r u c t u r e i n c l u d e s the i n t e r a c t i n g e f f e c t s o f energy development, energy- and macro-economics.
and demoqrapby on land use, w a t e r resources, a i r q u a l i t y , ecosystems, and s o c i e t y .
( E?IERGY-OVERVImf , .XACRO-ECONOMICS, ZIWIRONMENT)

ST77 10025 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT POST-2000

G i b r a t , R., Sciences e t Techniques, p. 5-14, Nov 1976, A77-14560, I n French

General environment and e n e r q resources and d i s p o s a l problems e x t r a p o l a t e d t o LLe n e x t
c e n t u r y a r e surveyed, wit!! f o c u on :?ydrogen/elestricity economy, g l o b a l climatology and C32
d i s p o s a l , l o n g - t e r n c l i m a t o l o g i c a l changes and p r e d i c t i o n s of i n t e r g l a c i a l e r a d u r a t i o n , and
a p p l i c a t i o n s o f topology and c a t a s t r o p h e theory t o environment and climatology problems. Pro-
j e c t i o n s on population l e v e l , e n e r w needs and resources, and a population of 12 b i l l i o n using
60 T i energy are considered f o r t h e year 2900 and beyond. The basics of Thorn (1970) Catastrophe
T h e o r y a115 ? = ~ a i = l =&ppli;ations dire ~ z t l i n a d . %sgos-al of vasts h e a t arid excess CO2 qer.eratei
by i n d u s t r y i n <?e waters of t k e .-+arctic (Weddell Sea) is weighed. favorably, i n t h e i i g h t of
oceanographic d r t a .
( EYERGY-OV~RVIEW, CLI:.fdTOLOGf 1

5
 io030

ST77 100 26 AN XDVILVCSD ENERGY CONSEWATION TECHN6LOCf P R O G W ; F'ROCZEDINGS OF THE INTERSOCiEfY

:JCRKs~oP CONFEXE?ICI, XiiULTE HOUSE. VA, MARC3 2 4 - 2 6 , 1 0 7 6

G r a y , J . , ad., (American i n s t i t u t e of .Xeronautics and d s t r o n a u c i c s , New York, N Y ) , 96 2 . . 1976,

Conference sponsored by X I U , AICIIL, ASFEUE, AS%, aI?d ERDA, New York, .American I n s t i t u t e Of
Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , rnc., A77-12928
The conference w a s assembled t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r o c e s s e s by which advanced energy conserva-
t i o n e n g i n e e r i n g knavleaqe and methods a r e introduced i n t o p r a c t i c a l end-product InanUfaCt'Ue
and use, and t o examrne t h e 2 o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e s e processes. ?en major technol-
ogies w e r e i d e n t i f i e d which a f f e c t energy c o n s e r v a t i o n and which u t i l i z e advanced e n g i n e e r i n g
methods waste h e a t recovery, instruments and c o n t r o l s , energy conversion ( i n c i u a i n g Combustion
and h e a t t r a n s f e r ) , energy transmission and s t o r a g e , m a t e r i a l s ( i n c l u d i n o r e c y c l i n g ) , a n a l y t i c a l
methods and modeling, manufacturing p r o c e s s e s , b a s i c component d e s i g n , system LrkegratiOn, and
a l t e r n a t i v e energy sourcss. The a r e a s of a p p l i c a t i o n f o r some or a l l of t h e s e techniques were
g:ouQed i n t o f i v e general c a t e g o r i e s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g , e l e c t r i c power genera-
t i o n , and-product manufacture, and process i n d u s t r i e s .
( ENERG!f-OVERVI.EW)

-
ST77 10027 ENERGY STICATEGIES

IIaZele, W . , Sasoin, W . , ( I n t I n s t f o r Appl S y s t Anal, Laxenburg, A u s t r i a ) , Energy, Oxford.

V 1:147-163, N Z , 1 8 r e f s , June 1976
The amount of f o 8 e i l energy reserves and r e s o u r c e s suggests a t r a n s i t i o n t o energy Supply
system t h a t is based on a q u a s i - i n f i n i t e f u e l supply. S e v e r a l o p t i o n s exist f o r t h i s t r a n s i -
t i o n such a s the nuclear breeder o r s o l a r power. S t r a t e g i e s f o r t r a n s i t i o n s have t o meet a
c e r t a i n demand for energy. A simple b u t g l o b a l s c e n a r i o is given f o r such energy demand with
emphasis on low demand i n conjunction with f o s s i l f u e l s . Consideration is given t o t h e con-
s t r a i n t s o f such f o s s i l energy production and emphasis is put on t h e C 0 / / 2 problem. Tbis allows
a rough understanding of the time s c a l e o f such t r a n s i t i o n s . I n view of t h e timing o f t h e
t r a n s i t i o n t h e various o p t i o n s f o r q u a s i - i n f i n i t e s u p p l i e s of energy a r e considered and p r i o r i -
t i e s of a number of physics t a s k s a r e conceived.
( ENERGY-OVERVIEW, TRANSITION-STRATEGIE!S, ENVIRONMENT)

ST77 10028 AN OVERVIEW OF ALTERVATE ENERGY RESOURCES FOR POWER GZNERATION - 3.975-2000
Hauser, L.G., (Westinghouse Electric Corp., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , I n Symposium on A l t e r n a t e Fuel
Resources, Santa Maria, CA, Mar 25-27, 1976, Proceedings, Western P e r i o d i c a l s Co., North
Xollywood, CX, p. L5-22, 1 9 7 6 , American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , Inc.,
Vandenberg, CA , A76-47289
The paper d i s c u s s e s t h e probable f u t u r e t r e n d s i n e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n i n terms O f
energy source and type of g e n e r a t i o n f o r t h e p e r i o d 1975-2000 i n t h e USA. Twelve new energy
system a l t e r n a t i v 9 s are shown t o be s u i t a b l e f o r succeosFul economFc f e a s i b i l i t y . S e l e e - i o n s
should be made among t h e s e 12 a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r h i g h e r p r i o r i t y development e f f o r t s . Five
a l t e r n a t i v e s w o u l d be most b e n e f i c i a l f o r t h e l a s t q u a r t a r of this century b r e e d e r r e a c t o r
with steam t u r b i n e s , combined c y c l e (combu.stion/steam t u r b i n e ) w i t h a coal-derived f u e l , st8am
t u r b i n e f i r e d by municipal wastes, wind t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s , and b a t t e r i e s .
(ELECTRICITY, ECONOMCS

ST77 1 0 0 2 9 SYMPOSIUM ON ALTEFXATE FUEL RESOURaS, SANTA MARIA, CALIFORNIA, NARC3 25-27, 1976,
JROCEEDINGS

Sendel, F . J . , ed., ( C a l i f o r n i a Polytechnic S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , S a n Luis Obispo, C A I , Monograph

On A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resourcas, Western P e r i o d i c a l s Co., North Hollywood, CA, V 2 0 : 4 6 9 , 1 9 7 6 ,
Symposium Sponsored by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t z o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg,
CA, A76-47287, PCS45.00
The p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n o f papers is concerned w i t h advances i n and p r o j e c t s €or a l t e m a -
t i v a s t o conventional f u e l s and energy s o u r c e s i n o r d e r t o meet t!!e USA f u t u r e energy r e q u i r e -
ments. ,Major a r e a s d i s c u s s e d i n c l u d e o v e r a l l a s p e c t s of a l t e r n a t e f u e l r e s o u r c e s , d e v e l o p ~ n t
of s y n t h e t i c f u e l s , gas t u r b i n e and diesel oil a l t e r n a t e s , o i l s h a l e r e t o r t i n g , and a l t e r n a t e s
t o g a s o l i n e i n automotive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . O t h e r t o p i c s concern gas and c o a l u t i l i z a t i o n .
p o l l u t i o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a l t e r n a t e f u e l s , and f u e l and energy from s o l i d waste and biomasr.
( ENERGY-0VERVIFd)

ST77 1 0 0 3 0 ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION - BOOK

itrenz, J . H . , (Colorado, U n i v e r s i t y , Boulder, C O ) , 367 p . , 1 9 7 6 , Allyn and Bacon, Knc.. Boston,
LWclA, A77-14957, X S 1 7 . 9 5
The energy c r i s i s is considered along with a s p e c t s of energy consumption, t h e fossil f u e l
r e s e r v e s , t h e s o l a r energy balance of t!!e e a r t h , problems of carbon d i o x i d e g e n e r a t i o n , atno-
s p h e r i c a o l l u t i o n , thermodynamic l i m i t a t i o n s , and q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d t o t h e g e n e r a t i o n O f e l e c -
t r i c a l energy from f o s s i l f u e l s . Topics r e l a t e d t o t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of n u c l e a r anergy a r e d i s -
zussed, t a k i n g i n t o account t h e f i s s i o n chain r e a c t i o n , thermal n e u t r o n r e a c t o r s , f a s t neutron

6
I 10035

breeder r e a c t o r s , f i s s i o n wastes and ot!!er l i m i t a z i o n s , requirements f o r a t h e r i i m x c l e a r f u s i o n

reacc:ion, magnetically confined p l a s s a Zusion devices, and l a s e r induced fusion. A t t e n t i o n i s
also gxven t o the p o t e n t i a l of s o i a r energy, low and high temperacure a p p l i c a t i o n s of s o l a r
snergv, g n o t o v o l t a i c s o l a r c e l l s , p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , hydropower, c i d a l power, power 2rom ocean
teqeritu=e grcadients, wirid power, geothermal power, snd q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d t o energy usage a c d
t h e U.S. Pconomy.

(3ERGY-OVERVIECJt SNVIRONMENT)

ST77 1 0 0 3 1 ENERGY XEESEARCI IX THE QNITED KINGDOM

P a r s h a l l , W . , (Departnent of Energy, London, United lingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Harweil,

S e r k s . , England), Atom, p. 302-313, Dec 1976, A77-15012
A n overview is pkesented of r e s e a r c h and development i n t h e f i e l d of energy i n t h e United
Xingdom. A t t a n t i o n is given t o t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of c o a l , o i l and n a t u r a l gas t e c h n o l o g i e s and
t o t h a t o f n u c l e a r energy. The o v e r a l l importance of a l t e r n a t i v e energy sources ( f u s i o n ,
geothermal, s o l a r , tidal, w a v e , wind, o i l s h a l e , and waste) is examined along v i t h the iinporcance
of d i f f e r e n t e n e r q conversion and d i s t r i b u t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s such a s c o a l conversion, e l e c t r i c i c y
sugply, and gas supply. The o v e r a l l importance of energy u t i l i z a t i o n technologies ( f u e l u t i l i z a -
t i o n and energy c o n s e r v a t i o n ) .
(EXERGY-OVERVISW, UTILIZATION, ALTERNATIVES)

CT77 1 0 0 3 2 UMR-HEC CONFERENCE ON ESERGY, 2ND ANNUAL, PROCEEDIXGS, 1975

Xorgan, J . D . , ed., (Univ of Missouri, R o l l a , W ) , UMR-MEC Conf on Energyr 2nd .-nu, Proc. Pap,
Univ of LYissouri, Rolla, Qct 7 - 4 , 19.73, Pub1 by West Period CO, North Hollywood, CA, 133 p.,
1376
?he volume c o n t a i n s 44 papers d e a l i n g w i t h energy s o u z c e s , g e n e r a t i o n , c o n s e r v a t i o n and
u t i l L z a t i o n . The papers are grouped under following t i t l e s : Snergy management; Wind and solar
mer=: Ckemical energy conversion; Economics of energy; Znergy systems: and FAergy environment.
(EXERGY-OVERVIEWS, GENERATION, UTILIZATION)

ST77 10033 TEIE AVAILABILITY O F FVELS FOR POWER PLANTS

Olds, F.C., Power Engineering, 0 00:42-49, Sept 1976, A77-11316

Q u e s t i o n s of f u e l a v a i l a b i l i t y are examined, t a k i n g i n t o account t ! c e x i s t i n g c o a l reserves
i n t h e world and i n t h e U . S . , t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of deep open p i t mining, q u e s t i o n s concerning
t i e p o s s i b i l i t y of m a i n t a i n i z q a high energy growth r a t e r and t h e p l i g h t of the n o n o i l develooinq
c o u n t r i e s . A t t e n t i o n is a l s o given t o a g l o b a l energy p r o j e c t i o n , the g l o b a l energy use r a t e ,
and a 1t e r n a t i v e f u e l s .
< ENERGY-OVERVIEW, UTILIZATION)
ST77 1 0 0 3 4 ENERGY. VQLf3ME 3 - NUCLEAR ENERGY AND ENERGY POLICIES - BOOK
Penner, S.S., ed., ( C a l i f o r n i a , U n i v e r s i t y , La J c l l a , C P ) , Addison-Uesley P u b l i s h i n g Co., I n c . ,
Seading, &A,749 p., 1 9 7 6 , A76-43448, ~cs28.50
Nuclear f i s s i o n anergy is c o n s i d e r e d with emphasis on t!!e developmsnt of p r e s s u r i z e d w a t e r
r e a c t o r s , b o i l i n g water r e a c t o r s and high temperature gas cooled r e a c t o r s , and breeder r e a c t o r s
a r e examined i n d e t a i l . C o n t r o l l e d f u s i o n is discussed with a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o types of m a g n e t x
confinement, and t h e s t a b i l i t y and t r a n s p o r t p r o p e r t i e s o f confined plasmas. The environmental
a s p e c t s of n u c l e a r power a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e considered, w i t h d i s c u s s i o n s of a c c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g
n u c l e a r f i s s i o n r e a c t o r s . r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n s t a n d a r d s , n u c l e a r waste d i s p o s a l and estimates
o f environmental and s a f e t y a s p e c t s o f f u s i o n power. A s e c t i o n is devoted t o energy p o l i c i e s ,
examining t h e g l o b a l impact of energy use, energy c o n s e r v a t i o n and solar h e a t i n g End c o o l i n g .

( ENERGY-OVERVIEW, ALTERNATNES)

ST77 10035 COMPREHENSIVE STANDARDS: THE POWER GENERATION W E

r i g f O r 6 , T.H., Reaton. N.J., mnn, E . J . , S e s s l e r , G.L.. (Teknekron, I n c . , a e r k e l e y . C A I , 360 3 . .
-Xar 1 9 7 f , Teknekron/EEED-lOQ, Teknekron/EEED-lOS, PS-259 8 7 6 / : i J E
T h i s r e p o r t p r e s e n t s an i l l u s t r a t i v e d a t a base o f n a t e r i a l q u a n t i t i e s and environmental
e f f l u e n t s i n the f u e l cfcles f o r a l t e r n a t i v e technologies of thermally generated power. The
e n t i r e f u e l c y c l e f o r each of t e n a l t s r n a t i v e technologies is o u t l i n e d f o r a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
Bower p l a n t g e n e r a t i n g 1000 rn o f e l e c t r i c a l power. The r e q u i r e d u t i l i z a t i o n of m a t e r i a l re-
s o u r c e s and t h e Cuel-cycle m a t e r i a l q u a n t i t i e s are i n d i c a t e d on a f l o w sheet f o r each technology.
The t e c h n o l o g i e s considered a r e : Light-water nuclear r e a c t o r : Coal: Residual f u e l o i l ; N a t u r a i
gas: H i g h - s u l f w c o a l , wit!% c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n and s u l f u r removal: High-sulfur c o a l , with SO2
recovery by w e t - l i s e s t o n e scrubbing: Geothermal steam: Breeder f i s s i o n r e a c t o r : S o l a r energy;
Therxonuclear f u s i o n .
(ENERG'I-OVERVIEW , EXVIRONXENT , ALTERSATIVES1

7
3T77 1 0 0 3 6 EXERGY AiVD PHYSICS - GE?SE.SAL CONFE-XXCE 9P THE EUROPEXIV PHYSICAL SOCIETY
P o t t e r , R.F., (Office of Naval Research, London, Zngland), 17 p . , Third Conf. 9 e l d i n S u c h a r e s t ,
Romania. S e p t 9-12, 1975, AD-A026952 ON=-C-14-76, X77-15311
Avai1:NTIS
This r e p o r t covers a o r t i o n s of most of t h e plenary s e s s i o n s i n c l u d i n g t h e opening Session
or' t h e conference, Physics and Energy; Energy S t r a t e g i e s ; Y a t u r i t y of Nuclear Energy: U s e Of
S o l a r Enerqy: Yew Gaals and Challenges; Photochemistry; Thermonuclear Research; Snergy, 3issiPa-
t i o n an8 S t t n c t u r e : Transport and S t o r a g e of Energy. Ot!!er s e s s i o n s covered a r e on S o l a r Energy
U s e , Transport and Storage of Energy and Energy Research S t r a t e g i e s .

( ENERGY-OVERVIEW)

ST77 10037 EXERGY RESEARCE FOR PHYSICISTS

Reynolds, G.T., (Princeton U n i v e r s i t y , P r i n c e t o n , NJ) , Physics Today, V 29:34-41, DeC 1976,
A77- 15 350
Challenging problems f o r p h y s i c i s t s probing i n t o e x p l o i t a t i o n of novel anergy r e S O U C e S
a r e reviewed and o u t l i n e d . A t t e n t i o n is c e n t e r e d on a p p l i c a t i o n s o f f l u i d dynamics i n harness- -
i n g of wind power, s o l a r energy, s o l a r power s t o r e d i n ocean temperature d i f f e n e n t i a l s , and
geothermal energy. Advanced design of solar reflectors and c o n c e n t r a t o r s , c o l l e c t i o n of wind
power over a broad a r e a w i t h convection through a v e r t i c a l s t a c k , d i f f i c u l t i e s i n e x p l o i t a t i o n
of ocean depths a s a h e a t r e s e r v o i r , and t y p e s of geothermal reservoirs a r e discussed. Stlm-
u l a t i n g f l u i d production from p r e s e n t l y unproductive hydrothermal reservoirs, working With dry
geothermal r e s e r v o i r s , q u a l i t a t i v e advances i n d r i l l i n g t e c h n i q u e s , iaproved water-to-steam
conversion, handling of mineralized geothermal f l u i d s , and improved thernmdynamic power c y c l e s
a r e considered a s examples of i n t r i g u i n g problams f o r p h y s i c i s t s working on tapping geothersnal
energy.
( ENERGY-OVERVIEW , ALTERNATIVE-RESOURCES)

ST77 10038 ENERGY MATHEMATICS AND mDELS; PROCEEDINGS OF TIiE CONFERENCE, U T A , UTAII, JULY
7-11, 1975
Roberts, P.S., ad., (Rutgers U n i v e r s i t y , New B t u n s w i c k , NJ) , 301 p., 1976, Conference sponsored
by t h e S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l and Applied Mathematics and N a t i o n a l Science Foundation P h i l a d e l p h i a .
PA, S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l and Applied Mathematics, A77-11233, Pcs16.00
The present papers by mathematicians and energy r e s e a r c h e r s have the o b j e c t i v e t o d e l i n e a t e
t h e r o l e of mathamatics i n energy r e s e a r c h and t o d e s c r i b e t h e circumstances under which d e p l i c a -
t i o n of mathematical a n a l y s i s t o the energy problem could be meaningful and u s e f u l . The i n d i v i d -
u a l papers demonstrate t!ae mathematical t o o l s r e l e v a n t t o the energy gcoblem and examine t h e
amenability of s i g n i f i c a n t problems t o mathematical a n a l y s i s .
(ENERGY-OVERVIEW , TECHNOLOGY-FORECASTING)

ST77 10039 ENERGY AND TXE ENVIRONMENT, 3RD NATIONAL CONE'EmCE, PROCEEDINGS, 1975
R o l i n s k i , E . J . , ai., Buonicore, A.J., ad., E a r l e y , D.E., a d . , Theodore, L., ed., Rolsten. R.F.,
ed., S e r v a i s , R.A., ad., Energy and t h e Environ, 3rd N a t l Conf, Proc, Pap, Hueston Woods S t a t e
Park, Ohio, S e p t 29-0ct 1, 1975, P u b 1 by AIChE, Dayton, and Ohio Valley S e c t , New York, NY,
4 0 4 e., 1 9 7 5
F i f t y - s i x papers, four a b s t r a c t s , and a b r i e f t a l k on man and technology a r e p r e s e n t e d .
TSe t o p i c s discussed =e: Socioeconomic impacts of Western anergy development, f u e l energy
e s t i m a t e s , EPA role i n energy R h D , c a p i t a l p r o j e c t s , p l a n t s i t i n g , enorgy conSerVatlOn, Waste
t o f u e l , s h a l e and c o a l o i l s , MEiD g e n e r a t o r s , combined c y c l e power p l a n t s , s o l a r thermal energy
s t o r a g e , f e r r o u s i r o n c a t a l y s i s , metal-aromatic polymers, s o l a r h e a t i n g of c o o l i n g , r e f u s e t o
anergy, t h e m a l discharges and l i v i n g systems, n u c l e a r power, oil-from-waste processes, &strict
h e a t i n g with refuse, s e n s o r s in urban a i r monitoring, emission t e s t procedures, s o u r c e tests,
o p a c i t y measurements, S0//2 removal, s u r f a c e condensers, c y c l o n e s , bag f i l t e r s , halohydrocarbon
t o x i c i t y , s i n g l e s t a c k f e a s i b i l i t y , i g n i t i o n systems, baqhouse performance, f u g i t i v e d u s t c o n t r o l ,
and i n d u s t r i a l odor p r o b l e m .
( ENERGY-OVERVIEW, ENVIRONMENT, UNITED-STATES)

ST77 1 0 0 4 0 NUCLEAR POWER - COMPARED TO WHAT - ENERGY ALTERNATIVES FOR ELECTRIC POWER G&NERi\TION
Rose, D . J . , (KIT, Cambridge, HA)., Leskovjan, L.L., ( F l o r i d a Power and L i g h t Co., M i d , FL) t
Walsh, P.W., NSF ST-40016000, Amarican S c i e n t i s t , V 6 4 : 2 9 1 t 2 9 9 , .Uy-June 1976! A77-12234
The p a p e r i s c n c e r n e d with long-term d e c i s i o n s which w i l l a f f e c t e l e c t a c power genera-
:;on towards t h e end of the c e n t u r y . Petroleum and n a t u r a l gas being s c a r c e a t t h a t t i m e , t h e
r e a l c h o i c e s w i l l b e among n u c l e a r P i s s i o n ( w i t h b r e e d e r r e a c t o r s i n p r o s p e c t ) , c o n t r o l l e d
nuclear f u s i o n , solar power, and c o a l . These major a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e comparatively a s s e s s e d
from economic, environmental and s o c i e t a l p o i n t s of view. h a n a l y s i s of U.S. a v a i l a b l e f X e l
r e s o u r c e s l e a d s to t h e conclusion t h a t t h e only near-term a l t e r n a t r v e s a r e n u c l e a r f i s s i o n and
c o a l ?over. Health hazards of n u c l e a r i i s s i o n power i n c l u d i n g Lhose from nuning, r a d i o aCtiVlt'f,
r e a c t o r accidents and nuclear waste d i s p o s a l a r e d i s c u s s e d , a s w e l l as h e a l t h e f f e c t s Of Coal-

a
 10044

Tenerated aower a r i s i n g from inining, d i r e c t burning, and =.".e conversion of c o a l through g a s i f i -

c a t i o n and i i q u e f a c t i o n . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n is given t o the environmental impact of c o a l
burnin? p r o d u c t s , such a s s u l f r v o x i d e s , nitrogen o x i d e s , p a r t i c u l a t e s , and t z a c e metals. For
t h e long t a m , c o n r o l l e d f u s i o n and s o l a r power a r e b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . I t is concluded t n a c
t h e n u c l e a r f i s s i o n appears t o be the most acceptable technology from sll t h e d i s c u s s e d p o i n t s
of view.
I
(ENERGY-OVERVIEJJ , TECflNOLOGI-FOREICXSXNG)

ST77 1 0 0 4 1 ENERGY PROBLEMS AND POTEXTIAL SOLUTIONS

Schmid, L.C.,
1830, N76-31689
( B a t t e l i e P a c i f i c Northwest Labs., xichland. WA) , 13 p . , BNWL-SA-3622, E(45-1) -
Avail :NTIS iICS 3.50
The p a s t and f u t u r e t r e n d s i n energy use show a g r e a t e r growth r a t e f o r o i l and gas r e l a t r v e
t o o t h e r r e s o u r c e s , and reserves of t!ese resources a r e nor being found a s r a p i d l y as they a r e
being removed -from t h e qround, r e s u l t i n g in g r e a t e r dependence of imported E a s t e r n o i l . T h i s
has r e s u l t e d i n a t r a d e imbalance. These f a c t o r s a r e r e s u l t i n g i n some c u r r e n t s h o r t a g e s of
energy, e s p e c i a l l y e l e c t r i c a l power and n a t u r a l gar: i n c r e a s i n g energy c o s t s : a growing Cepen-
dence on f o r e i g n s u p p l i e s of fuel: and i n c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the S o c i a l and environmental
a s p e c t s of energy production, a s w e l l a s t e c h n i c a l and economic ones. I n t h e s h o r t and inter-
mediate tern, l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n s based on the energy s c e n a r i o are t o reduce energy <emand through
conservation: t o pove away from using scarce resouzcas such a s o i l and gas which now provide
approximatsly 78% of U.S. energy: t o move toward the u s e of more abundant r e s o u r c e s such bs
c o a l and uranium: and t o develop domestic s u p p l i e s of o i i and gas. I n t h e longer term, renewable
sources such a s solar, f u s i o n , and geothermal need t o be developed.
(ENERGY-OVERVIZW, UNITED-STATES , ENVIXONMENT)

ST77 1 0 0 4 2 IMPACTS OF ALTZRNATIVE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTE-XS FOR CALIFORNIA AND ANAL!ISIS OF
SUPPLY-D-D O F ELECTRICITY FOR TXE TWELVE WESTERN STATES 1973 TO 1990

S i r i , W.E., Sathaye, J.A., Kunin, L., Rude-, H., Sextzo, R., Chan, P., Horovitz, M., (Lzerqy
and Environment Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, U n i v e r s i t y of CaLifornia, Berkeley, C A I ,
HigTins, G.H., (Energy and Resource Program, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, U n i v e r s i t y of
C a l i f o r n i a , L i v e m o r e , CAI, 224 p., Apt 26, 1976
while r e c o g n i z i n g t h a t a shift in major enerqy s o u r c e s for t h e f u t u r s can, i n g r i n c i p l e ,
a f f e c t i n some degree every segment of s o c i e t y , the economy, and the environment, t!!is s t u d y
n e c e s s a r i l y c o n f i n e s itself p r i m a r i l y to an a n a l y s i s of d i r e c t costs and p o l l u t a n t s a s s o c i a t s d
with a l t e r n a t i v e means f o r supplying e l e c t r i c i t y t o C a l i f o r n i a , and c e r t a r n d i r e c t consequences
of phasing o u t n u c l e a r energy. The d a t a , however, may a l s o serve a s a b a s i s f o r judging implica-
t i o n s f o r s o w of the i n d i r e c t aconomic impacts and environmental e f f e c t s .
(E:ERGY-OVZRlffEW, ENVIRONMENT)

S p e i s e r , A.P., (Brown a o v e r i 6r Co, Baden, S w i t z e r l a n d ) , E l e k t r o t e c h Maschinenbau, V 93:295-301,

N7, J u l y 1976, I n Geman
The f i v e main energy sources a r e d i s c u s s e d , namely, petroleum. n a t u r a l g a s , Coal, Water,
and n u c l e a r energy. A l t e r n a t i v e energy sources f o r the f u t u r e a r e c o n s i d e r e d , such a s wind.
g e o t h e r n a l and s o l a r energy. It is p o i n t e d o u t t ! a t s o l u t i o n s t o energy problems should n o t
b e sought s o l e l y i n s c i e n t i f i c and engineering 2 6 D. Economic, p o l i t i c a l and psychological
a s p e c t s a r e , a t l e a s t , a s important.
(ENERGY-OVERVIEW, ALTERNATIVES, SOCIO-ECONOMICS)

ST77 10'044 I= m R = SIMULATION ,WDEL - A FRAMEWORK FOR LONG-RANGE U.S. ENERGY ANALYSIS
w h i t t l e , C.E., R e a s t e r , D . B . , S i l v e r , E.G., Meinhold, J . F . , Aimed, S.B., D a v i t i a n , W.E.,
XacPherson, B.G., P e r r y , A.M., ( I n s t i t u t e f o r Energy Analysis, O a k Ridge, T N ) , 160 p., ERDA-
14-Ql-0001-1699, ORAU-125 SEA-75-1, N77-14594
Avail:NTIS
X model w a s developed € o r s i m u l a t i n g p l a u s i b l e U.S. energy s u p p l i e s and demands f o r t h e
l a s t >art o f this century and the e a r l y p a r t of the 2lst c e n t u r y . T h i s model was intended to
g i v e 301icy makers a means o f comparing v a r i o u s possible f u t u r e s for enerqy s u p p l i e s and demands
and f o r d e t e r m i n i n g which combinations allow a f e a s i b l e match between t!!e p r o j e c t e d demands
and. t h e a v a i l a b l e domestic s u p p l i e s . Demand functions were g e n e r a t e d f o r each of t h e energy
c n z r i e r s ( e l e c t r i c i t y , l i q u i d s , g a s e s , and s o l i d s ) by examining t h e i n d u s t r i a l , r e s i d e n t i a l
and C o m e r c i a l , and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demand s e c t o r s i n terms of t h e i r component a c t i v i t i e s .
SUOplY f ? & i c t i o n s have been generated independently f o r each of the energy c a r r i e r s based on t h e
3-t aor_ilabl= &ta && ; astiaates f a r Cie f o s s i l f u e i s , uranium, h y d r o e l e c t r i c i t y , geothermal
h e a t , and s o l a r e n e r g and on p r e s e n t knowlsdge and p r o j e c t i o n s about e x t r a c t i o n and conversion
technoiogy .
~ x E ~ ~ Y - o v E R V I Z T , ,ECONOXICS , POLICIZS)

9
 L I V UY

U, 333 SOLAR GVERV IEWS

ST77 ll000 ENEXGY - THE U.S. AT THE CXOSSROXDS

Environmental S c i e n c e and Technology, v 10:854-a59, Sept 1976, A76-43461

Energy p o l ~ c yis d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t!!e development of renewable energy sources.
Zmphasis is on s o l a r energy technology, with d i s c u s s i o n s also of ocean thermal, t i d e and wind
gower. Economic f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d with t!!e development or' renewable sources a r e examined.
( SOLAR-OVEXVISW, ,E?ERGY-POLICL)

ST77 11001
NOW -
IXTERNATIONAL SOLAR ZNERGY CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, EXTENDED ABSTRACTS:
A RESOURCE FOR PEOPLZ
SOLAR USE

dnon, ( I n t Sol Energy SOC, Smiffisonian .?ad Diol Lab, R o c k v i l l a , M D ) , I n t S o l Energy COngr and
zx?o I Extendea Abstr, Univ of C a l i f o r n i a , Loo Angeles, J u l y 23-Aug 1, 1 9 7 5 , P u b 1 by I S E S ,
Smithsonian Rad Biol Lab, Rockville, LXD, 5 4 0 p., 1975
Proceedings of t h e congress i n c l u d e 270 papers p r e s e n t e d i n t h e extended a b s t r a c t form.
The following t o p i c s were d i s c u s s e d a t t h e conference: aconomFc and s o c i a l a s p e c t s : developing
c o u n t r i e s ; solar r a d i a t i o n : p h o t o v o l t a i c , photochemical, p h o t o b i o l o g i c a l processes: s o l a r f u r -
naces; matmrials, f l a t p l a t e c o l l e c t o r s , energy s t o r a g e : s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of buildincrs:
d r y i n g and d i s t i l l a t i o n : focusing c o l l e c t o r s : and solar thermal power.

( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

sr77 11002 LARGE s m . z SOLAR ENE.RGY TEST FACILITIES

Connell, X.L., ed., ( P h y s i c a l Scienca Laboratory, New LXexico S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ) , 477 p . , Proceed-
i n g s of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e m i n a l on Large Scale Solar Energy T e s t F a c i l i t i e s , Lao Cruces, XM,
?lev 1 3 - 1 9 , 1974, (NSF G r a n t AER 75-06866)
Avai1:Prepared f o r the NSF, Research *plied t o N a t i o n a l Needs Program
?he Seminar on Larqe Scale S o l a r T e s t F a c i l i t i e s , h e l d a t t h e P h y s i c a l Science L a b o r a t o n
on November 13-19, 1974, was sponsored by t h e National Science Foundation and brought t o g e t h e r
f o r t h e f i r s t time experts from a l l the world's e x i s t i n g l a r g e s c a l e s o l a r test f a c i l f t i e s ,
U.S. i n d u s t r y , government and academic i n s t i t u t i o n s , t o d e f i n e t h e requirements and d e s i g n
c r i t e r i a f o r a f u t u r e 5 M W t h s o l a r t e s t f a c i l i t y t o be b u i l t i n t h e United S t a t e s . The U.S.
Army White Sands Mioaile Range co-hosted t h e seminar w i t h New Mexico S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y while
t h e t e c h n i c a l program and arrangements for a l l t h e speakers w a s c o o r d i n a t e d by Georgia I n s t i t u t e
of Technology. Grateful acknowledgement is made t o t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r t h e i r Support.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , IXTERNATIONAL-SEHIXAR)

ST77 1 1 0 0 3 SOLAR ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM - SUMMARY REPORT
(ERDA, Division of S o l a r Energy, WashLagton, D C ) , 5 3 p . , O c t 1976, ERDA 76-138
Avai1:NTXS PCS4.50/~~f3.50
This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e Environmental and Resource Assessment Program (ERA Program)
which i s an element of the N a t i o n a l S o l a r Energy Program of t h e Energy Research and Development
Administration. The purpose of t h i s report i r t o p r e s e n t t h e a c t i v i t i e s and p l a n s of t h e ERA
program t o t h e public, r e s e a r c h and c o n s u l t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s , s t a t e and l o c a l governments,
o t h e r Federal agencies and t h u s improve communications. T h i s r e p o r t d i s c u s s e s t h e g o a l s , m i S -
s i o n , and organization o f t h e ERA Program. The f o u r ERA program a r e a s a r e : (1) Environmental
Assessment. ( 2 ) Technology Assessment, ( 3 ) Rasource Assessment, and ( 4 ) M a t e r i a l Assessment.
This r e p o r t d e f i a e s t h e scope o f a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n each o f t h e mentioned program a r e a s . P r o j e c t
summaries o r a b s t r a c t s f o r a l l p r o j e c t s s t a r t e d i n FY 1976 are p r e s e n t e d . The FY 1976 p r o j e c t
summaries a r e followed by a l i s t i n g of planned a c t i v i t i e a f o r FY 1977.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEWS , UNITED-STATES) -

ST77 1 1 0 0 4 NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TRENDS TO SUPPLEMENT OUR PETROLEUM RESERVES

Abdel-Aal.
- _-
H.R.. (Univ of P e t 6 Miner. Dhahtan, Saudi U a b i a ) , E n e r w Comun, V 2:535-5581
X 6 , 22 refs, 1 9 7 6
Sased on the a s s m o t i o n t h a t 1%of t h a land s u r f a c e area is covered with solar c o l l e c t o r s
and the e f f i c i e n c y of s b l a r conversion w i l l n o t be 1 0 % the g l o b a l solar energy a v a i l a b l e f o r
mankind i s computed and its e q u i v a l a n t i n ban-els of o i l is given f o r d i f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h i c a l
l o c a t i o n s i n the world. Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , a t o t a l of 123 thousand/million S b l could b e
c o l l e c t e d annually on a g l o b a l b a s i s . Paper presents an e n g i n e e r i n g a n a l y s i s of t h e p r o s p e c t s
of u t i l i z i n g s o l a r energy a s a p o t e n t i a l source of p r o v i d i n g h e a t throughout many i n d u s t r i a l
apphcations.
( SOLAR-OVEXVIEW)

10
 11009

ST77 11005 PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR ENZRGY LiILiZE.TIO?I I N I W - ?HOTOl?iERMAL XETHODS

X l i :4ansoori, G., (Univ of I l l i n o i s , Chicago C i r c l e , IL:, I r a n J S c i Tec-Snol, V 3:55-73, N 2 ,

49 refs, 1976
The s t a t e of t h e a r t of tSe photothermal methods of s o l a r energy u t i l i z a t i o n is reviewed
and i t is shown t h a t aany of t h e s e techniques a r e a p p l i c a b l e ia I r a n dr;e t o both t h e f a v o r a b l e
c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s and t h e tec.Snologica1 developments of t h e count-q.
( SOL;U-OVERVIEW)

ST77 11006 .
h' ENERGY CENTZR IH S X I LXiICA
i - UNITZD SATIONS RURAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT P R O G M

A l l i s o n , Z.J., Southprland, S.R., Gordon, C.E., (Oklahoma S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , S t i l l w a t e r , O K ) ,

I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Uti?, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 12-17,
1976, Proceedings, New Yolk, American I n s t i t u t e of C 3 e d c a l Engineers, V 1:58-63, 1976, Xesearch
Sponsored by t h e United Nations Environment Program, X77-12662 02-44, A77-12669
I n conneetion w i t h t h e United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) e f f o r t t o i n s t a l l rural
energy c e n t e r s i n developing n a t i o n s throughout the world, a model energy c e n t e r is designed
and b s t a l l e d i n S r i Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The system w i l l d e r i v e its i n p u t fmm a mix of
s o l a r , wind, and bioqao energy, and produce e l e c t r i c i t y a t power l e v e l s up t o 30 t o 5 0 k i l o w a t t s .
Windmills w i l l be used t o g e n e r a t e e l e c t r i c i t y and pump water. A s o l a r energy system is also
t o be employed. The e l e c t r i c a l components of the solar and w i n d energy system w i l l be connected
t o a s t o r a g e system t o i n s u r e an u n i n t e r r u p t e d supply o f energy. The s o l a r energy component o f
t h e system c o n s i s t s of a moderate temperature solar c o l l e c t o r which d r i v e s a Rankine c y c l e
enqine t h a t producas d i r e c t c u r r e n t f o r charging a b a t t e r y bank.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

ST77 11007 INTERNATIONdL SYMPOSIUX ON SOLAR ENERGY, WASHINGTON, E€, A A Y 5-7, 1975, PROCZEDIXGS

Berkowitz, J.J., ed., (Arthur D. L i t t l e , I n c . , Cambridge, MA), Lesk, I . X . , (Motorola, Inc.,

Phoenix, AZ), 369 p., 1976, Symposium Sponsored by t h e Electrocncmical S o c i e t y P r i n c e t o n , XJ,
P l e c t r o c h e m i c a l S o c i e t y , I n c . , A76-47051, PCflO.OO
The papers c o l l e c t e d d e a l p r i n c i p a l l y w i t h advances in technology and materials f o r
conversion o f s o l a r energy i n t o electrical energy w i t h t h e a i d of solar cells, w i t 9 some work
r e l a t i n g t o technology f o r p h o t o t h e m conversion and photogalvanic and photochemical cells.
Some o f t h e t o p i c s covered include chemical vapor d e p o s i t i o n of molybdenum and t u n g s t e n films
of high i n f r a r e d r e f l e c t a n c e , a n a l y s i s of current-voltage and power c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f photo-
g a l v a n i c c e l l s , t h i n f i l m GAALAS-GAAS solar c e l l s by peeled f i l m technology a comparison o f
G;ws and S i h y b r i d solar power systems, p u r i f i c a t i o n o f m e t a l l u r g i c a l - g r a d e s i l i c o n t o solar
g r a d e , use of solar cells in a compound p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r , and a c c e l e r a t e d l i f e p e r f o m a n c e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t k i n f i l m CulS-tdS solar c e l l o . I n d i v i d u a l items a r e announced i n t i i i s issue.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

ST77 11008 TEE UTILIZATION O F SOLAR ENERGY AFTER EXHAUSTION OF FOSSIL AND MINERAL EXERGY
SOURCES

3osse1, U. , (Aemdynarrische V e r s u c h s a a s t a l t , Goettinqen, West Germany) , Deutsche G a s e l l s c h a i t

Fuer Sonnenenergie, G r a e f e l f i n g , W e s t Germany, p . 35-60, 1976, I n Solar Heating; Meeting, l s t ,
Goettingen, W e s t Germany, Feb 23-24, 1976, r e p o r t s , A76-45301 23-44. 2176-45303. In German
T h e r e a s o n s f o r a u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r energy a r e examined i n connection w i t h t h e limita-
t i o n s of f o s s i l f u e l r e s o u r c e s and c e r t a i n undesirable environmental e f f e c t s r e l a t e d t o t h e i r
use. T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s o l a r energy and i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y a r e considered along w i t h s u i t -
a b l e aproaches f o r u t i l i z i n g t h i s energy. A t t e n t i o n is given t o the d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t u t i l i z a -
t i o n of s o l a r h e a t , t h e employment of solar cells, problems of energy s t o r a g e , and b i o e n e r g e t i c
apgroaches. Economical and p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e l a t e d t o a u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r energy
a r e also d i s c u s s e d .
( SOW-OVERVIEfJ, ALTERNATIVES)

ST77 11009 SO= ENERGY - CONVERSZON TECSNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

Brinkworth, B.J., ( u n i v e r s i t y College, C a r d i f f , Wales), I n Aspects of Energy Conversion; Pro-
c e e d i n g s of t h e Summar s c h o o l , Oxford, England, J u l y 14-25, 1975, Pergamon areso, Oxford,
England, p. 431-447, 1976, Discussion p . 447, 448. A77-11026 01-44, X77-11037
The p a p e r reviews t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f the d i r e c t use of s o l a r energy. A t t e n t i o n is given
t o solar energy f l u e s , a d the d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of s o l a r c o l l e c t o r . S o l a r space h e a t i n g
conversion -
Systems a r e c o n s i d e r e d toget!er w i t h s o l a r thermal power p l a n t s (thermodynamic conversion) and
thermionic,' t h e m e l e c t r i c , and p h o t o v o l t a i c t o e l e c t r i c i t y . P h o t o c h d c a l and
a h o t o b i o l o g i c a l energy conversion systems a r e a l s o considered.
!~ ;;c;zs~~p;
~ ~ a - p . - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ; ,

11
ST77 11310 SOLXR TOTAL EXERGY I9OG2AM SzIiIANZJUAL REPORT, APRIL 1975-SETTEXEER 1975
Champion, Xi., Edenburrr, X.W., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, ?m! , 99 &., Apr L976, ShtD-76-
0078, PCS5.00/KE'$3.30
This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t,Le a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s S o l a r T o t a l Energy ProgrZm
Ourinq t h e 6-month p e r i o d , A p r i l 1975 through September 1975. Inclcded a r e h i g h l i q h t s of the
p e r i o d , d e s c r i p t i o n s of the system and ics components, i n c l u d i n g r e c e n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and t h e
r e s u l t s of syscems a n a l y s e s and component t e s t i n g .
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, SANDIA-LABS)

ST77 11011 N 3 POTZNTIALITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION i?JTKE FIELD O F S O U R ENERG1

AND ITS .APPLICATIONS

C b a t e l , B.H., (Office f o r Science and Technology, United Nations, NY), Solar Energy, Pergamn
P r e s s , V 13:69-71, 1976
Solar energy has t o be e v a l u a t e d a s an a d d i t i o n a l source which can complement t h e t r a d i -
t i o n a l sources of energy. From t h i s p o i n t of view, a number of a p p l i c a t i o n s become economically
f e a s i b l e : ( a ) Heating, (b) Cooling, and (c) Electric power g e n e r a t i o n . I n t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e ,
UNESCO i n 1970 launched anew i t s s o l a r a c t i v i t i e s , on a modest b a s i s , i n e d u c a t i o n , i n r e s e a r c h ,
by d i s s e m i n a t i n g information, and by providing t e c h n i c a l assistance.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 1 0 1 2 S O U R ESERGY .X&SEARCX AND UTILIZATION

Cherry, X.R., (SRDA, Washington, D C ) , Symp on Energy Sources for t h e F u t u r e , Oak Ridge, TN,
J u l y 7-25, 1975, Pub1 by ERDA, Tech Inf C e n t , Oak Ridge, TX, p. 47-65, 2 4 r e f s , 1975, CONF-
750733
Avai1:NTIS S p r i n g f i e l d , VA
The paper d e s c r i b e s what r o l e s o l a r energy w i l l p l a y i n t h e h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of buiLd-
i n g s , t h e production of renewable gaseous, l i q u i d and s o l i d f u e l s , and t h e production of
t r i c power over the n e x t 45 y e a r s . P o t e n t i a l impacts on t h e v a r i o u s enerqy markets and e s t i m a t e d
c o s t s of such systems a r e discuased along with i l l u s t r a t i o n s of some of the p r o c e s s e s t o aCCm-
p l i s h the goals.
(SOLAR-OVE2VIEW, CONFERENCE)

ST77 1 1 0 1 3 TH& POTENTIAL O F INDIGENOUS ENERGY RESOURCES FOR RF.MOTE MILITARY BASES
REPORT
- INTERIM

Connors, T.T., Morrison, P.F., Moor, C.C., S a l t e r , R.G., (Rand Corp., Santa .Xonica. C A I , 141 p . ,
Documant, AD-A022829 R-1798-ARPA, DAXCl5-73-C-0181 ARPA Order 189, N76-33679
Avail :NTIS
An examination of the p o t e n t i a l of s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , wind, and ocean waves t o p r o v i h thermal
and e l e c t r i c a l power t o s t a n d a r d remote m i l i t a r y bases. S u f f i c i e n t energy i s shown t o be a v a i l -
a b l e i n t h e North A t l a n t i c , I n d i a n , and P a c i f i c Oceans, and t h e Caribbean t o s a t i s f y average
reomta base power requirements. A survey of indigenous energy t e c h n o l o g i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t
c o n s i d e r a b l e research is needed t o b r i n g wave power recovery up t o the l e v e l of s o l a r and wind
systems. An a n a l y t i c computer modal is used t o show t h a t indigenous anargy s y s t e m a r e extrem-
ly c o s t l y , in p a r t because o f s t o r a g e requirements, and t h a t a mix of indigenous and c o n v e n t i o n a l
(petroleum) s y s t e m would be f o r less so. S i n c e a w n a combined system is shown t o exceed t h e
c o s t of a pure conventional power supply, use of indigenous ener$y i s j u s t i f i a b l e o n l y a s a m a n s
of reducing the dependence of remote b a r e s on petroleum f u e l s .
(SOUR-OVERVIEW, CONVERSION)

ST77 1 1 0 1 4 DESCRIPTION OF TRE SOLAR ENEXGY R AND D PROGRAMS IN MANY NATIONS.

.
de Winter, F., de Winter, J.W., ( A t l a a COZp., Santa C l & r a , C A I r 298 p., Feb 1976, SAN/1122-76/1
FINAL REPORT

The p r e s e n t r e p o r t i n c l u d e s dmscriptions Of the Solar Energy R and D Programs O f 32

c o u n t r i e s , of t h e Organization of Xaurican S t a t e s , of UNESCO, and of a number of p r i v a t e o r -
g a n i z a t i o n s . The d e s c r i p t i o n s w e r e s o l i c i t e d from t h e most r e l i a b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s known for
t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r i e s , and were received betwaan l a t e J u l y 1975 and February 1976.
(SOWB-OVERVIEW, INTERNATIONAL)

ST77 11015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SEARINGS CONDUCTED BY THE STATE O F
ILLINOIS, APRIL 2 9 , 3 0 , 1975
Dunwoody, J . E . , C a s e l i a , X., ( I l l i n o i s S t a t e Deet. of Business and Economic Development,
S p r i n g f i e l d , IL), NSF/IDOE-75-02, 1 7 5 p . , NOV 1975, PB-260 608/3wE
This document is a t r a n s c r i p t of two days of p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on t h e I l l i n o i s S o l a r E n e r g
Development Program. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e 1 9 people who p r e s e n t e d o r a l testimony a t the h e a r i n g s ,
an a d d i t i o n a l 27 pecple submitted e x t e n s i v e w r i t t e n comments. Viewpoints from major C r O U Q S of

12
I 11020

people c u r r e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n solar energy developmenc i n I l l i n o i s a r e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e s e

I comments.
I ( SOLAR-OVE.9VIETJ)
I
I
I ST77 1 1 0 1 6 PXZLIMNARY ASSZSSMENT O F SOLAR E?JERGY TSCBNOLOGY

Garg, P . , (Duke Univ, Durham, NC) , SLW Pap, 9 p., ?176-WA/TS-1, 30 refs, Dec 5 , 1976, for Meet
This paeer d e s c r i b e s <!e assessment of s o l a r e n e r g technoloqy undertaken by an i n t e r -
d i s c r p l i n a q team of s t u d e n t s over a one-semester period. The methodoloqy evolved by t h e
I
group consis&& of problem d e f i n i t i o n s , a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s t a t e of technology, t a c h n o l o g i c a l
forecast, a r e a s of impacz, a c t i o n - o p t i o n s , and recommendations. I n a d d i t i o n , %%ep p e r d i s c u s s e s
t!ae s o l a r energy component of the n a t i o n a l energy p l a n , watib a view to d e s c r i b e t h e program
design e n v i s i o n e d by ERDA i n t h i s a r e a .
( SOUR-OVERVIEW , SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

ST77-11017 THE OPTIONS FOR USING THE SUN

I

Goodenough, J.S., (Oxford u n i v e r s i t y , Oxford, England), Technology Review, V 79:63-71, O c t -

NOV 1976, A17-3.0318
S e v e r a l s e r i o u s l y proposed schemes f o r solar-energy u t i l i z a t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d . The
e w l o i t a t i o n of & ' e temperature d i f f e r e n c e between seawater at t h e ocean s u r f a c e and a t depths
of a tbousand meters and the conversion of municipal waste i n t o f u e l gas a r e c i t e d a s two
i l l u s t r a t i v e c a s e s . o f solar-energy u t i l i z a t i o n . O p e r a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s and components of
s o l a r - h e a t c o l l e c t o r s a r e d e s c r i b e d , r e f r i g e r a t i o n systems powered d i r e c t l y by solar energy
a r e c o n s i d e r e d , ana ways t o c o n c e n w a t e s u n l i g h t a r e reviewed. A l t e r n a t i v e s f o r producing
e l e c t r i c power from s o l a r energy a r e summarized, i n c l u d i n g t h e use o f :?iadmills o r nydropower
to t u z x elec-sic g m e r a t o r s , a r e c t conversion of solar energy t o e l e c t r i c power by .wan3 of
semiconductors, and i n d i r e c t conversion by d r i v i n g conventional t u r b i n e equipment w i + A solar-
d e r i v e d h e a t . The conversion of s o l a r energy i n t o chemical energy i s examined in terms of
p y r o l y s i s , e l e c t r o l y s i s , p h o t o l y s i s , and p h o t o e l e c t r o l y s i s o f water. The problem of s o l a r -
energy s t o r a g e is noted.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CONVERSION-'TECLINOLOGY)

~ ~ i l7o i a7 ENEXGY - A P ~ I C A LREDIRECTIOX

Gravel, M., (U.S. S e n a t e , Washington, DC), Journal of Energy and Development, V 1:191-200,
S p r i n g 1976, A77-11275
S u i t a b l e approaches f o r a X a t i o n a l energy policy a r e d i s c u s s e d , t a k i n g i n t o account tibe
g o a l of energy s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y f o r the u . S . . Current commitments i n regard t o energy p o l i c y
a r e c r i t i c a l l y examined. I t is concluded t h a t the p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t of t h e b r e e d e r r e a c t o r
i n t h e a l l o c a t i o n of funds a t the expense of s o l a r energy o p t i o n s cannot be j u s t i f i e d . The
proposal is made t o p l a c e g r e a t e r emphasis on the development of approaches f o r t h e u t i l i z a t i o n
o f solar energy. A t t e n t i o n is given t o s o l a r heating and c o o l i n g o f b u i l d i n g s , wind energy,
and bioconversion t o f u e l s . D i f f i c u l t i e s concerning a use of s o l a r c e l l s a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e i r
high price. It is recommanded t o provide government s u p p o r t i n a s s u r i n g a market which would
make a lowering o f t!le g r o d u c t i o n c o s t s possible.

(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CONVEXSION-TECLINOIQGYr ECONOMICS, UNITED-STATES)

ST77 1 1 0 1 9 SO= ELECTRIC POWER Q;QERATION (CITATIONS FROM THE ZNGINEERIXG INDEX DATA BASE)

Yundemann, A.S., (NTIS, S p r i n g f i e l d , V A ) , 197 p . , O c t 1976, ?ITIS/PS-76/0797/1WE, PC$25.00/

.TS25.00
A worldwide Literature survey c i t e s power generation by d i r e c t conversion w i t h solar cells
and i n d i r e c t conversion using solar heat. Topic a r e a s cover solar tower power p l a n t s , o r b i t a l
s o l a r energy tec.fnology, p h o t o v o l t a i c power g e n e r a t i o n , and solar augmentation o f h y d r o e l e c t r i c
?mer s y s t e m . A f e w a b s t r a c t s p e r t a i n t o the f u t u r e role t h a t s o l a r energy w i l l p l a y i n pmduc-
t i o n o f e l e c t r i c power and g e n e r a l s t u d i e s comparing t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y o f
irarious methods 02 electric power generation. AbsL-acts d e a l i n g w i t h s o l a r sea power genera-
t i o n and s p a c e c r a f t power s u p p l i e s a r e excluded.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEWI

~ ~ 11020
7 7 SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION (CITATIONS FROM TBE XTIS DATA a A s a

aundemann, X.S., (NTIS, S p r i n g f i e l d , V A ) , 222 p . , O c t 1976, NTIS/PS-76/0796/3WE, '.CS25.00/

V€S25.00
:&strarts oi r a ~ e ~ ~ i i y - reaearch ~ ~ i i ~ pertaiiiiiig
d t~ tarrestsiai ctiectric sower generaxion
5 y both d i r e c t conversion with s o l a r c e l l s and i n d i r e c t conversion usinq s o l a r h e a t a r e presented.
T o p i c a r e a s c o v e r equiqment d e s i g n , s i t e surveys, economics, and f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s . A b s t r a c t s
2 e a l i n g w i t h s o l a r s e a Bower s e n e r a t i o n and s p a c e c r a f t ?over s u p p l i e s a r e excluded.
( soLx?.-ovEx~n~~)

13
 li026

ST77 1 1 0 2 1 "SOLAR ENERGY - FUEL AND FOOD" WORKSHOP

Jensen, M . H . , 262 p.. Apr 5 - 6 , 1976

Avai1:Enviromental Research Laboratory, The University of Arizona, i n cDopeZatiOn 'dich E m A ,
and U.S. Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c x l t u r a l Research S e r v i c e
The u t i l i z a t i o n of s o l a r energy i n greenhouses and i n t e g r a t e d g r e e n h o u s e - r e s i d e n t i a l
systems.
(SOLAX-OVERVIZW, PXGCSEDINGS, GXEENHNLSZS)

ST77 11022 THE STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY

J u s t i , E . , (Braunschweig, Technische r J n i v a t s i t a e t , Braunschweig, West Garmany), Deutsche
G a s e l l s c h a f t Fuer Sonnenenergie, G r a e f e l f i n g , W e s t Germany, p . 3-34, 1976, I n solar Eeating:
Xeeting, Ist, Goettingen, West Germany, Feb 23-24, 1 9 7 6 , Reports, 476-45301 23-44, Xi6-45302,
InCarPan -
I t is shown t h a t t h e amount of solar: energy r e c e i v e d on e a r t h is more than s u f f i c i e n t t o
s a t i s f y any conceivable energy requiraments of human c i v i l i z a t i o n . Approaches f o r providing
energy with t h e a i d of s o l a r cells have t o overcome disadvantages r e l a t e d t o t h e high c o s t s of
s o l a r c e l l production. Thermal approaches r e q u i r i n g a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s o l a r r a d i a t i o n have
c e r t a i n o p e r a t i o n a l disadvantages. Methods u t i l i z i n g p l a n a r r a d i a t i o n c o l l e c t i n g d e v i c e s
which do n o t s u f f e r from t h e s e disadvantages are d i s c u s s e d . A t t e n t i o n is given t o s o l a r h e a t i n g
i n the a r e a of r e s i d e n t i a l housing, solar power s t a t i o n s producing hydrogen $a energy carrier
i n t h e south of EUIOQI, and t h e s u p e r i o r i t y of b i o e n e r g e t i c systems based on p h o t o s y n t h e t i c
reactions.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , CONVERS ION-TECHNOLOGY , FORECASTING)

ST77 1 1 0 2 3 FUSION AND SOLAR ENERGY - POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE ZNERGY SOURCES?

Kemeny, L.G., (Univ of NSW, A u s t r a l i a ) , I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a ; Annu Eng Conf, Townsville, May
10-14, 1976, P u b 1 by I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, Pap 362/1, p. 16-24, 15 r e f s , 1976
The paper reviews t h e p r e a e n t s t a t u s and f u t u r e p r o s p e c t s of f u s i o n and s o l a r energy Sources
i n terms of technology and economic p r o s p e c t s .
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW, ECONOMICS)

ST77 11024 UTZLIZATION O F SOLAR ENERGY

Kleinkauf, W., (Deutrche Forschungs- und V e r s u c h s a n s t a l t f u e r Luft- und Raumfahtt e . V . , E l O e h ,

P.R. Germany, I n a t . f u e r Energfewandlung und E l e k t r i s c h e A n t r i a b e ) , 17 p . , 1976, E R D A - t t - 1 4 4 ,
T r a n s l a t i o n of German r e p o r r
The production o f hiqh-temperature heat: i n t h e F e d e r a l Republic of Germany is n o t C O S t
e f f e c t i v e owing t o the a v a i l a b i l i t y of a d u r a t i o n of sunshina o f ca. 1500 h/a- The s u b s t i t u -
t i o n of previous energy carriers f o r production of low-temperature h e a t , n e v e r t h e l e s s , is a l s o
s t i l l a v a i l a b l e a t there l a t i t u d e s . E s p e c i a l l y s u i t e d f o r t h i s a r e d e c e n t r a l i z e d units W i t h
f l a t c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m f o r supplying s i n g l e and two-family houses. The energy production with
low-temperature c o l l e c t o r s can be eatimated f o r the y e a r 2000 a t ca. 100 TWh/a. If higher
s o l a r energy y i e l d s a r e r e q u i r e d w i n g t o t h e s h o r t a g e as w e l l a s t h e s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g Costs
of previous energy carriers o r owing t o e c o l o g i c a l viewpoints, it follows t h a t sunny r e g i o n s
of t h e SOUL! become involved a s l o c a t i o n s f o r solar power a l a n t s . I f t h e r e g i o n s of N o r t h Africa
a r e included i n the c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , it follows t h a t there i s a c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e energy
p o t e n t i a l a v a i l a b l e which could a l s o cover t h e energy requirement of t h e F e d e r a l Republic o f
Germany a s w e l l as t h a t of Western Europe. Basic c o n d i t i o n f o r this is i n t e n s i v e c o l l a b o r a t i o n
w i t h c o u n t r i e s i n sunny regions.
(SOU-OVERVIEW, CONVERSION, GERMANY)

ST77 11025 SOLAR ENERGY OPTIONS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES

Leon, H . I . , Gor?Mn, R., Dawley, R., (TRW Systems, McLean, V A ) , New York, I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l
and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, Inc., p. 76-70, 1 9 7 6 , I n Engineering i n a Changing Economy: Proceed-
i a g s of t!!e Southeast Region 3 Conference, Clemnon, SC, Apr 3-7, 1976, A 7 6 4 7 2 0 1 24-99, A76-
47208
Four solar e l e c t r i c technologiea f o r u t i l i t i e s a r e examined s o l a r thermal, s o l a r 2hoto-
v o l t a i c , ocean thannal, and wind conversion. The t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e a s s e s s e d and compare2 by
d e f i n i n g a baaeline of conventional p l a n t s , t h e s o l a r e l e c t r i c p l a n t o b j e c t i v e s f o r 3erfOr3IanCev
c a p i t a l c o s t and y e a r of commercial a v a i l a b i l i t y , and a s t a n d a r d set of economic measures t o -
c a l c u l a t e bus b a t c o s t .
( SO=-OVERVIZW , CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

ST77 11026 SOLAR E N E X Y PROSlECTS ?OR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION IX BRAZIL

Xaqnoli, D., (Centra De Tecnologia ?rOmOnr RiO i7e J a n e i r o , B r a z i l ) , Xew Pork, American I n s t i t u t e
of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1224-1231, 1976, I n I n t a r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering

14
I 11030

I Conference, Iltfi, S t a t e Line, Nevada, Sept 12-17, 1 9 7 6 , Proceediags, 877-12562

I 02-44. ~ x - i z a o s
X review o f t h e energy p r o s p e c t s f o r e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n i n B r a z i l i n d i c a t e s t h a t
~

h y d r a u l i c resources o f f e r t h e b e s t p o s s i b i l i t i e s . However, B r a z i l ' s h y d r o e k c t r i c p o t e n t i a l ,

both known and assumed, l i e s i n t h e n o r t h , which i s f a r away from t h e c o u n t r y ' s developed
I c e n t e z s and where s e t t l e m e n t is d i f f i c a l t . J x p l o i t a t i o n O f Other r e s o u r c e s f o r e l e c t r i c power
I
I
Generation i s necessary b e f o r e 1090. The d i s c u s s i o n covers e l e c t r i c power i n t h e n o r t h e a s t
r e g i o n , p r o s p e c t s of t h e u s e o f s o l a r energy i n the n o r t h e a s t r e g i o n , c o n f i g u r e t i o n of h e l i o -
i' e l e c t r i c systems i n p t o s p e c t , and c a p a c i t y of t i e a r a z i l i a n i n d u s t r y f o r manufacture of s o l a r
i power p l a n t components and a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h grograms. There i s s u f f i c i e n t R&D b a s i s f o r i n s t a l -
l a t i o n of small power p l a n t s based on biomass energy. i n s t a l l a t i o n of l a r g e - s c a l e s o l a r power
p l & ? t s would r e q u i z e a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h programs regarding p r o c e s s e s , m a t e r i a l s , and development
I of adequate equipment.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

- PHOTOTHEW! AMETHODS
I 5T77 11027
Mansoori, G.A.,
PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION I N IRAN

V 5:55-73, N2, 1976, A77-11532

( I l l i n o i s , U n i v e r s i t y , Chicago, I L ) , I r a n i a n J o u r n a l of Science and Technology,
I The paper reviews t h e s t a t e of t h e a r t of photothermal met!!ods o f s o l a r energy u t i l i z a t i o n
and examines t h e technical and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of adopting photot!!ermal methods i n Iran.
A t t e n t i o n is given t o the following methods space and w a t e r h e a t i n g , a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p and
v e g e t a b l e d r y i n g , water d e s a l i n i z a t i o n and d i s t i l l a t i o n , cooking, h e a t a c t u a t e d h e a t pumps:
space c o o l i n g and h e a t i n g , water pumping i n a r i d a r e a s , conventional staam t u r b i n e s f o r power
g e n e r a t i o n , d i s s o c i a t i o n of water f o r the production o f hydrogen, advanced MED and gas t u r b i n e
g r o c e s s e s , s o l a r f u r n a c e s , and t!!ernoelectric and thermionic c o n v e r t e r s .
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CONVERSION-TEC3NOLOGY)

ST77 11028 SOLAR ENERGY AND THE EIZDA PLAN FOR 3ES-&CX, DEVELOPMENT XND DLONSTWiTION

!lamin, K.H., (ERDA, Div. of S o l a r Eaerqy, Washington, D C ) , Washington, DC, Government I n s t i t u t e s ,

-
i n c . , p. 129-134, 1976, I n Energy Tec!mology 111 Commercialization: Proceedings of t h e T h i r d
Conference, Washington DC, Mar 29-31, 1976, A76-45226 23-44, A76-45238
The EXDA s o l a r energy program is discussed. A t t e n t i o n is p a i d t o s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g ,
process h e a t , wind energy conversion, solar thermal conversion, p h o t o v o l t a i c energy conversion,
ocean thermal energy conversion, and biomass energy conversion.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, UNITED-STATES)

ST77 1 1 0 2 9 ENVIXONMENTALLY APPROP-RIATE TECENOMGY -2

Mctallum, B . , (Environment Canada), Eng J , Montreal, V 59:27-36, N 1 , Jan-Feb 1976
Growing numbers of scientists b e l i e v e that solar energy is t h e only energy fonn t h a t can
provide us w i t h non-polluting and non-depletable energy. S t u d i e s and a c t u a l experiments are
being conducted i n Canada, the U.S., Japan, B r i t a i n , France, The Netherlands, W e s t Germany, and
probably numerous o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . Most of t h e s e c o u n t r i e s a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n using s o l a r energy
f o r h e a t i n g purposes. However, i n t h e U . S . , t h e r e a r e a number of f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s of large-
scale e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i n g systems as w e l l as r e s e a r c h i n t o s o l a r space h e a t i n g and cooling.
They have g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d the funding f o r r e s e a r c h i n t o s o l a r and s o l a r - r e l a t e d enerqy s o u r c e s
!wind and b i o m a s s ) .
!SO=-OVEXVXEW, INTERNATIONAL)

ST77 11030 SOLAR HICaOCLIMATOLOGY

Xckenney, D.B., Beauchamp, W.T., (Helio Associates, I n c . , Tucson, A Z ) , NASA-CR-148533, 7 1 p - ,

YOV 1975, ~ 7 6 - 2 8 7 3 a / 2 ~P~C, S ~ . ~ O / M F S ~ . O O
I t has become a p p a r e n t i n recent y e a r s t h a t s o l a r energy can be used f o r electric power
production by s e v e r a l methods. Because of the d i f f u s e n a t u r e of t h e s o l a r i n s o l a t i o n , t h e a r e a
involved i n any c e n t r a l p a r e r p l a n t design can encompass s e v e r a l square miles. A d e t a i l e d
design o f t h e s e l a r g e a r e a c o l l e c t i o n systems w i l l r e q u i r e precise knowledge of t h e l o c a l s o l a r
insolation. D e t a i l e d information w i l l a l s o be needed concerning t h e temporal n a t u r e O f t!!e
i n s o l a t i o n and the l o c a l s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . Therefore, i n s o l a t i o n d a t a w a s c o l l e c t e d and
analyzed for a network o f s e n s o r s d i s t r i b u t e d over an a r e a of s e v e r a l square k i l o m e t e r s i n
Arizona. The a n a l y s e s of t h i s d a t a y i e l d e d p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s of cloud s i z e , v e l o c i t y ,
and d i r e c t i o n o f m t i o n which were c o w a r e d w i t h d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e N a t i o n a l Weather Service.
X i c z o c l i m a t o l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s were a l s o performed f o r suitabLe modbling parameters p e r t i n e n t t o
Large s c a l e e l e c t r i c pow- p l a n t design. i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n used t o c o l l e c t t h e d a t a is d e s c r i b e d .
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , C3NVEBSION-TECENOLOGY, NViBONMENT)

15
 11035

ST77 1 1 0 3 1 DEVELOPENTS I N SOLAR E X R G P K i L i Z X T i G N IB THE UNIT'ET) ICI?IGDOX

McVeigh, J . C . , (Brighton P o l y t e c h n i c , Brighton, England), S o l a r Energy, V 18:381-385, N5,

1975, CONF-750712-10, A77-12402
The paper o u t l i n e s LLe main l i n e s of r e s e a r c h and development c u r r e n t l y being undertaken
i n t h e United Kingdom f o r s o l a r energy a p p l i c a t i o n s . A b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n of the r a d i a t i o n c l i m a t e
i s included, along with a review of a c t i v i t i e s i n the p h o t o v o l t a i c , photochemical, and photo-
b i o l o g i c a l f i e l d s . Wind power is a l s o r e c e i v i n g renewed i n t e r e s t . 4 m j o r conclusion is t h a t
nany workers S e l i e v e s o l a r e n e r F can make a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o tSe energy requirements
of t h e c o u n t r y , although t h i s is n o t a s y e t t h e o f f i c i a l government viewpoint.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 1 0 3 2 STATUS O F SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION I N AUSTRALIA FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND
DOMESTIC PURPOSES
Norse, a . N . , Cooper, P . I . , P r o c t o r , D., (Colamonwealth S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research
Organization, Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , 48 p . , J u l y 1974, s . ~ . s . - 7 4 / 1 , U . S . S a l e s Only
The s t a t u s of solar energy u t i l i z a t i o n i n A u s t r a l i a f o r i n d u s t r i a l , COmmeICial, and domes-
t i c purposes is discussed i n t e r m of e x i s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s , planned i n s t a l l a t i o n s , solar
equipamnt manufacturers, completed r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s , and c u r r e n t r e a e a r c h programs.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW)

ST77 11033 STRATEGY MR S O U R ENERGY RESEARCH I N AUSTRALIA

Morse, R.X., (Conumnwealth S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research O r g a n i z a t i o n , E a s t .Xelbourne,
A u s t r a l i a ) , 1 4 p., 1975, CONP-751178-1, PCS3.50/MF$3.00, U.S.Sales Only
S o l a r energy could, by the end of the c e n t u r y , be making an important c o n t r i b u t i o n t o
A u s t r a l i a ' s prinuuy en8rqy i f it is given t h e necessary s u p p o r t now. I t can do t h i s , f i r s t l y ,
by s o l a r h e a t generating systems, i n t e g r a t e d with c o n v e n t i o n a l f u e l s , supplying h e a t f o r indus-
t r i a l processes. Secondly, c e l l u l a s e produced by p h o t o s y n t h e s i s can be converted t o e t h a n o l ,
which is a l i q u i d f u e l s u i t a b l e f o r motor v e h i c l e s . The combination of s o l a r - g e n e r a t e d h e a t
and renewable f u e l s such a s e t h a n o l could provide a permanent replacement f o r f o s s i l f u d s .
The r e s e a r c h Brograras needed t o make t h i s p o s s i b l e would involve a c o n s i d e r a b l e expansion o f
t h e p r e s e n t e f f o r t and would i n c l u d e p r o j e c t s concerned w i t h t h e c o l l e c t i o n of s o l a r e n e r g y ,
s t o r a g e of h e a t , energy t r a n s f a r , and systems and a p p l i c a t i o n s engineering. The renewable f u e l s
program would be a m u l t i - d i s c i p l i n a r y one, i n c o r p o r a t i n g p r o j e c t s on f o m s t and crop p r o d u c t i v i t y ,
land u s e , environment impact, energy e f f i c i e n c y , improvements t o h y d r o l y s i s and 2esmentation
p r o c e s s e s , and a p p l i c a t i o n s engineering. The program, t o be f u l l y e f f e c t i v e , should involve
i n d u s t r i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , and c o l l e a e s of advanced e d u c a t i o n , a s w e l l a s gOvern!Uent
research l a b o r a t o r i e s on a scale needed t o l a y t h e foundation f o r two new major i n d u s t r i e s .
( SO--OVERVIEW, CONVERSION)

ST77 11034 SOLAR ENERGY: L-DIVISION MISCELLANEA

Xeifert, R.D., ( C a l i f o r n i a Univ., Livermore, CAI, 11 p., May 27, 1976, UCID-17177
This r e p o r t summarizes soma of the c a p a b i l i t i e s t h a t have been developed w i t h i n L-Division
r e l a t 8 d t o t h e use of s o l a r energy f o r h e a t i n g of b u i l d i n g s , electrical g e n e r a t i o n , and/or
process heat. To d a t e , t h e s e c a p a b i l i t i e s have been p r i m a r i l y d i r e c t e d towards s t u d i e s r e l a t e d
t o t h e Sohio Process Heat F a c i l i t y p r o j e c t . However, they would be a p p l i c a b l e t o a wide v a r i e t y
of s o l a r energy p r o j e c t s , and t h e r e f o r e , are presmnted for information and review. A stand-
alone d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system has been developed f o r t h e purpose of measuring i n s t a n t a n e o u s
s o l a r r a d i a t i o n and ambient a i r temperature. I n a d d i t i o n . a compact, mobile c a l i b r a t i o n system
is available t o cross-calibrate s o l a r i n s t n r w n t s in-situ. S o l a r r a d i a t i o n data has been c o l -
l e c t e d and analyzed s i n c e January 1974. Data a r m a v a i l r r b l e f o r t o t a l i n s t a n t a n e o u s i n s o l a t i o n ,
t o t a l d a i l y i n s o l a t i o n and w n t h l y - a v e r a g 8 t o t a l d a i l y i n s o l a t i o n . S e v e r a l computer codes a r e
a v a i l a b l e for parametric p8rformance S t u d i 8 S Of p r o c e s s h 8 a t f a c i l i t i e s and c a l c u l a t i n g c o l h c -
Zion e f f i c i e n c y f o r a shallow solar pond.
( SOLAR-OVERnE%, INSOLATION-DATA)

- SOUa
I

ST77 11035 PRODUCTION OF CEEMICAL ENERGY CARRIERS BY-NON-EXPANDABLE ENERGY SOURCES

ENERGY ELECTROLYSIS. PHOTOLYSIS, AND TRERMOCHEMICAL CYCLES

X i t s c h , J . , (D8utsche Forschungs- und V e r s u c h s a n a t a l t f u e r Luft- und Raumfahrt, Lampoldshausen,

West Germany, I n s t . f u a r Chemische R a k 8 t e n a n t r i e b e ) , 4 5 p . , Report w i l l a l s o be announced a s
T r a n s l a t i o n ESA-TT-338, OLX-E%-76-32, N77-13541, I n German; English Summary
Avar1:NTiS
The d i f f e r e n t forma of energy ( r a d i a t i o n , high-temperature h e a t , and e l e c t r i c i t y ) a r i s i n g
from- non-expandable energy sources l i k e s o l a r energy can be u s e d for t h e production o f chemical
e n e r q y - c a r r i e r s . P o a s i b l e methods a r e t h e s p l i t t i n g of w a t e r by means of p h o t o l y s i s , thenno-
chemrcal c y c l e s , and e l e c t r o l y s i s , a s w e l l as t h e s t o r a g e of energy i n c l o s e d loop chemical
systems. These met!!ods a r e d e s c z i b e d , and e f f i c i e n c i e s and c o s t s o f t h e production of t h e s e

16
 i1039
,I e n e r w c a r r i e r s a r e s p e c i f i e d . S p e c i a l problems of t h e long-distance t z a n s p o r t a t i o n of hydrogen
I
produced by s o l a r energy are d e s c r i b e d and t h e r e s u l t i n g c o s t s estimated.
(SOLAR-OVE,PVIZW, CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

i
I
5T77 1 1 0 3 6 CiTILIZATION OF S O U R POWER -A W E W DEPARTURE

2212, N., (Centre National D'Etudes S p a t i a l a s , P a r i s , F r a n c e ) , Revue F r a n c a i s e De L ' E l e c t r i c i t e ,

3 r c Q u a r t e r , V 49:6-13, 1976, A77-15049, I n French
Current a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r s o l a r power, and p a r t i c u l a r l y s o l a r energy f a c i l i t i e s based on
s o l a r p h o t o c e l l s , i n France, new d i r e c t i o n s i n u t i l i z a t i o n of solar c e l l s , and t h e h i s t o r y Of
s o l a r power u t i l i z a t i o n along v a r i o u s l i n e s , a r e discussed. ??on-electrical use o f s o l a r power
i n water h e a t e r s and r e s i d e n c e h e a t i n g is discussed w i t h i t s l i m i t a t i o n s , i n a d d i t i o n t o solar
e n g i n e s , solar energy power s t a t i o n s , and s o l a r gumps. Direct conversion v i a p h o t o c e l l s , w i t h
t h e advantaqes o f minimal maintenance, no moving p a r t s , and u s e f u l n e s s i n c o l d c l i m a t e s , is
stzessed, and f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s of solar cells a r e p r o j e c t e d . A breakeven time Of 3-5 y e a r s
f o r s o l a r power water h e a t e r s is reported.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CONVERSION-TECENOMGY, FFUHCE)

ST77 11037 E'LORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CXXTER

P h i l l i p s , W . B . , ( S t a t e Univ S y s t o f FL) , Techno1 Today f o r Tornorrow, P u b 1 by Canaveral Counc
of Tech Soc, Cape Canaveral, FL, p.5 , 1 - 5 , 4 , 1975, Space Cangr, l t t h , Proc, cocoa Beach, FL,
Apr 9 - X , 1 9 7 5
The F l o r i d a S a l a r Energy C e n t e r , e s t a b l i s h e d under t h e d i r e c t i o n of t!!e F l o r i d a Board o f
Regents, is designed t o serve a s a c e n t z a l f a c i l i t y f o r s o l a r energy a c t i v i t i e s of Lie s t a t e ' s
n i n e p u b l i c u n i v e r s i t i e s , as well a i p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s which choose t o p a r t i c i p a t e . x c t i v i -
t i e s of tl!e Center w i l l i n c l u d e r e s e a r c h , development, i n f o r n a t i o n d i s s e m i n a t i o n , and demonstra-
tion projects. The Center w i l l i n c l u d e D i v i s i o n s or' Xesearch, Development, T e s t s and S t a n h r d s ,
Education, Information, and Tec.hnica1 Assistance. The s i t e c o n s i s t s of 20 aczes On tkie w a t e r
a t P a r t Canaveral and adjacent t o the Kennedy Space C e n t e r . F c u r e x i s t i a g b u i l d i n g s i n c l u d i n g
an auditorium, l a b o r a t o r i e s , o f f i c e s , a l i b r a r y , TV s t u d i o s , and classrooma w i l l be used f o r
t!!e i n i t i a l o p e r a t i o n s of *he Center.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW, DEMONSTRATIONS)

ST77 11038 THE LONG-RANGE PROSPECTS FOR SOLAR ENE3GY *.

P o l l a r d , W.G.. American S c i e n t i s t , V 64:424-129, July-Aug 1976, A77-12237

An a t t e m p t is made t o e v a l u a t e the long-range p o t e n t i a l o f v a r i o u s ways of u s i a g solar
energy. Assuming the technology t o be s u c c e s s f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d , the q u e s t i o n is posed whet!!er
s o l a r energy systems can be commercially f e a s i b l e as a p r a c t i c a l component of t!!e n a t i o n ' s
anergy system i n competition w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e energy s o u r c e s . I n d i s c u s s i n g direct uses of
s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g s o l a r h e a t i n g and s o l a r e l e c t r i c i t y systems, t h e energy conversion
e f f i c i e n c y , problems related t o Low i n t e n s i t y and i n t e r m i t t e n c y of solar energy aze analyzed,
a s w e l l as Land re@.ramants f o r solar-electric pawer p l a n t s . T h e inajor t r e n d s and pxospects
o f wind power p l a n t s , and the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system a m examined as
examples of i n d i r e c t l y used solar energy. A t t e n t i o n is a l s o given t o space-based s o l a r electric
systems. I t is concluded t h a t n e i t h e r d i r e c t nor i n d i r e c t solar energy ( o t h e r t h a n hydroelec-
t r i c ) can make a s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the n a t i o n ' s l a r g e - s c a l e energy needs. P o t e n t i a l
of s o l a r energy is found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t only f o r small s e l f - c o n t a i n e d t o t a l energy systems
f o r r u r a l homes and farms, o r i n remote l o c a t i o n s where t h e c o s t f a c t o r i s n o t important.
( S O U R - O m R V I E W , ECONOMICS, UNITED-STATES, PESSIMISTIC-OUTLOOK)

ST77 11039 COMBIXATXON MET%OD FOR CONSTROCTXNG PERFORMANCE-CONFIDENCE CURVES FOR TEE COMBINED
OPEECATIONOF SOUR wn WIND-DRIVEN POWER PUNTS
S a l i e v a , B.B., ( T a s h k e n t s k i i Elektrote.khnicheskii I n s t i t u t S v i a r i , Tashkent, UzSek SSR) ,
G e l i o t e k h n i k a , p. 52-56, ~ 4 1976, , A76-47109, I n Russian
An e q u a t i o n of the i n t e g r a l performance p r o b a b i l i t y f o r combined s o l a r and wind-driven
p l a n t s , r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e performance-confidence c u r v e , is analyzed. The a n a l y s i s is c a r r i e d
o u t by a combination method of c o n s t r u c t i n g p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s , based on opera-
t i o n a l independence of the two components (the performances of the s o l a r and wind-drives p l a n t s ) .
S o l l l t i o n s a r e o b t a i n a d from d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n a l d a t a on the component gerformances, without
r e c o u r s e to e x t r a p o l a t i o n . The r e s u l t a n t curve O f L e! t o t a l performance i s compared with t h e
same curve p l o t t e d by s i m u l a t i o n of o b s e r v a t i o n a l r e s u l t s . Both curves c o i n c i d e w i t h i n t h e
e r r o r of g r a p h i c a l methods.
( SOWR-OVE,PVI%)

17
 11943/12000

ST77 1 1 0 4 0 EVALUATION O F THE RELIABILITY O F POWER SUTPLY FROM REGZXEXATING EXERGY SOURCES JY
.XEL.NS O F SIMODAL EISTRISL?T?.CN CURVES -
SOLAR -LYD WIND SYS?Eb% FOR RAD10 3 E U Y LINKS
S a l i s v a , LE., (Tasnkentskii E l e k t r o t e k h n i c h e s k i i I n s t i t u t S v i a z i , Tashkent, Uzbek S S X ) ,
Galiotekhnika, p - 57-62, N 4 , 1 9 7 6 , A76-47110, I n Russian
Power supply of r a d i o - r e l a y communication l i n e s by s o l a r or wind energy sources is supple-
mented by accumulators o p e r a t i n g d u r i n g &he p e r i o d s of cloudy or windless weather. An attemp
is made to c o n s t r u c t a mat'lematical model of t h e process f o r use a s a b a s i s i n developing auto-
matic c o n t r o l of such power supply systems. The d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n for t h e d u r a t i o n of
continuous o p e r a t i o n of the accumulators is d e s c r i b e d using t h e s t a t i s t i c a l met!!oa of moments.
The a n a l y s i s o f o b s e r v a t i o n a l d a t a showed t h a t !e
t c u m e s of Lie d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s have a
bimodal shape. A method of a n a l y s i s for such curves is proposed. Equations d e s c r i b i n g t h e
curves a r e d e r i v e d , a computer algorithm for s o l v i n g t!ese e q u a t i o n s i s worked o u t , and t h e
numerical s o l u t i o n s obtained a r e analyzed.
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW , CONTROL-SYSTElY, COMPUTER-PROGRAM)

ST77 1 1 0 4 1 S O W ENERGY NOW: WHY AREN'T WE USIXG I T MORE?

Tobias, A., Neu West, V 1:32-39, X 4 , June 7, 1976

S o l a r energy a p p l i c a t i o n s run t h e gamut. some of t h e m are simple, r e l i a b l e , and econom-
i c a l l y compelling r i g h t now.
( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , INSTITUTIONAL-RESTRAINTS , CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

ST77 1 1 0 4 2 SOLAR TOTAL EXERGY PROGRAM SEMIANNUAL REPORT, OCTOBER 1975-MARCEI 1976
Treaawell, G.W., Torkelson, L.E., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, XM), 6 4 p . , June 1976, SAND-76-
0 2 0 5 , PC$4.50/MFS3.00
This r e p o r t describes t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s S o l a r T o t a l Energy P m q r m
during t h e 6-month p e r i o d , October 1975 through March 1976. Included a r e h i g h l i g h t s of the
period, d e s c r i p t i o n s of the system and its components, i n c l u d i n g recent m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and t h e
r e s u l t s of s y s t e m a n a l y s e s and component t e s t i n g .
(SOLAR-OVERVIEW, SANDIA-LABS)

ST77 1 1 0 4 3 SOLAR ENERGY APaLICATIONS - 1976

Yellott, J.Z., Princeton, N J , Electrochemical S o c i e t y , I n c . , p . 1-15, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l
Symposium on S o l a r Energy, Washington, DC, May 5-7, 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, A i 6 - 4 7 0 5 1 24-44, A 7 6 -
4 70 52
The t h r e e b a s i c domains of holiotechnology a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d , namely, h e l i a c h e x i c a l ,
h e l i o t h e n n a l , and h e l i o e l e c t r f c a l procesaea, and some of the more s u c c e s s f u l concepts t h a t have
been r e a l i z e d o r are under developmhnt f o r c o n v e r t i n g the sun's r a d i a n t energy t o u s e f u l
h e a t f o r space and w a t e r h e a t i n g (and c o o l i n g ) , a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . The economic d e s i r a b i l i t y
of s o l a r water heating a s opposed t o conventional water h e a t i n g is e x p l a i n e d . The COnCePtS O f
p a s s i v e and a c t i v e s y s t e m f o r space h e a t i n g a r e examined, and a c t i v e s y s t e m u s i n g a i r o r based
on r o c k - p i l e s t o r a g e a r e described. The two c u r r e n t l y explored concepts f o r developing h e l i o -
thermal c y c l e s for g e n e r a t i o n of l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f power a r e o u t l i n e d , namely, the use Of long
a r r a y s of p a r a b o l i c troughs t h a t r e f l e c t s o l a r rayr t o a b s o r b e r s , and t h e use of a Steam genera-
t o r mounted a t o p a t a l l tower and r e c e i v i n q r a d i a n t energy from thousands of h e l i o s t a t s around
it.

( SOLAR-OVERVIEW , CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY)

L?,!NO ECONOMICS AND IAW

ST77 12000 THE COST OF ENERGY FROM UTILITY-OWNED SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS. A REQUIRED REVENUE
METHODOLOGY FOR ERDA/EPRI EVALUATIONS

( J e t Propulsion Lab., C a l i f o r n i a I n s t . O f Tech., Pasadena, a); NASA-CR-148493, 89 p - , June 1 9 7 6 ,

JPL-5040-29, N76-28647/5WEI PCS5.00/MFS3.00
This methodology c a l c u l a t e s t h e e l e c t r i c energy busbar c o s t from a u t i l i t y - o w n e d S o l a r
e l e c t r i c system. This approach is a p p l i c a b l e t o b o t h p h l i c l y - and privately-owned u t i l i t i e s .
Busbar c o s t r e p r e s e n t s t h e minimum p r i c e p e r u n i t of energy c o n s i s t e n t w i t h producing System-
r e s u l t a n t revenues e q u a l t o tha sum of s y s t e m - r e s u l t a n t costs. T h i s e q u a l i t y is e.vreased i n
preaent value terms, where t h e d i s c o u n t r a t e used r e f l e c t s the r a t e o f return r e q u i r e d on i n -
vested c a p i t a l . l a j o r i n p u t v a r i a b l e s d e s c r i b e t h e o u t p u t c a p a b i l i t i e s and c a p i t a l Cost O f t h e
energy system, t h e cash flow8 r e q u i r e d for system o p e r a t i o n and maintenance, and t h e f i n a n c i a l
s t r u c t u r e and tax environment of t h e u t i l i t y .
( ECONOMIC-OVEXVIEW)
I i2066

ST77 1 2 0 0 1 EBGINEERING I N A CBANGfNG ECOXOMY: 7XOCZEDIXGS O F THE SOUTHEAST ?EGION 3 CONFZREXCE,

CE.XSON, S O m C\ROLIWA, -TIL 5-7, i976
I
I (Conference Sponsored by t h e I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t z o n i c s E n g i n e e r s ) , X e w York,
I n s t i t u c e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, I n c . , 400 9.. 1 9 7 6 , 476-47201. Me-mbers
$21.00, Xonmembers S 2 8 . 0 0
4 v a r i e t y o f ' t o p i c s a r e t r e a t e d i n c l u d i n g power technology, d i g i t a l systems, computor
q p l i c a t i o n s , e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s . semicocductor t e c h n o l o g i e s , solar e l e c t r i c energy, d i g i t a l
s i g n a l p r o c e s s i n g , c o n t r o l t h e o r y , r a d a r , s o l i d s t a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s , and a i c r o p r o c e s s o r computer
systems. AtZention is a l s o given t o inicroprocessor computer systems, b i o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n proces-
s i n g , m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s , l a s e r i n e r t i a l n a v i g a t o r s , communication s y s t e i w , c o n t r o l computers,
aerospace e l e c t r o n i c s and systems, l a r g e s c a l e s y s t e m , S i o i n s t r m t e n t a t i o n , communication s i g n a l
?recessing, and n o i s e i n semiconductor d e v i c e s .

( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW) .

ST77 12002 ETZSIBILSTY O F AN ENERGY OUTAR&ACX PROGUIY. FINAL REPORT

(ERDA, Washington, D C ) , 59 3.. Jan 14, 1976

The approach t o Ceveloping a f e a s i b l e energy o u t r e a c h program followed a conceptual
approach t h a t iavolved f i r s t i d e n t i f y i n g and c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t a r g e t markets f o r energy conserva-
t i o n i n f o m a t i o n and a s s i r t a a c e , and then defining p r o d u c t s o f services t o meet those markets'
needs. Implementation o f t h i s approach involved seven major s t e p s . The seven s t e p s segment
t h e market: f i n d a market niche; p o s t u l a t e a product l i n e ; conduct m a r k e t r e s e a r c h ; d e l i n e Lie
-
product l i n e ; p r e p a r e the b u s i n e s s plan; and analyze ~e return on investlaent -
a r e discussed
i n d e t a i l and d i s p l a y e d g r a p h i c a l l y . .
(tfARKET-OVSRVIEW, ECONOMICS1

ST77 1 2 0 0 3 REPORT TO CONGXSS ON TSE ECONOMIC IAXPACT O F ENERGY ACTIONS

( F E A , Hashington, D C ) , 6 4 p . , June 1976, FEA/B-76/384, P9-257 697/3WE

This report a d d r e s s e s t h e i n d i v i d u a l a c t i o n s taken by FEA d u r i a g t h e period from J u l y 1,
1 9 7 5 , t o .%arch 31, 1976, a s analyzed w i t h i n the I n f l a t i o n a r y Impact Evaluation process. A n
I n f l a t i o n a r y Impact & v a l u a t i o n (II&) i s an i n d i v i d u a l r e p o r t of t h e l i k e l y impact on energy
p r i c e s , the consumer p r i c e index, and o t h e r economic v a r i a b l e s , o f a c t i o n s proposed by the
Adfninistrator o f FEA.
f
(INFLATION)

ST77 1 2 0 0 4 TECINOLOGY EVALUATION REPORT FOR COMMERCIAL DEIYONSTRATION PROGRAM. EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY
(General E l e c t r i c Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , 20 p . , Apr 1976, C00/2683-76/6
This document c o n t a i n s a srnmnary of ';he General E l e c t r i c N a t i o n a l S o l a r Demonstration
Program, Technology Evaluation R e p o r t . The r e p o r t a s s e s s e s status and a v a i l a b i l i t y of s o l a r
h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g equipment f o r i n c l u s i o n i n EXDA's "Commercial Demonstration Program"
commensurate w i t h ERDA 23A. C r i t e r i a have been developed which a r e t o be m e t by s o l a r hardware
i n c o q o r a t e d i n t o the demonstration program. Assessments have been made, based on a survey o f
solar h a r 6 w a r e manufacturers and developers, o f when components, subsystems, and systems w i l l
be a v a i l a b l e f o r demonstration according t o t h e tec'hnology s t a t u s c a t e g o r i e s set f o r t h i n ERDA
23A.

(ECONOMICS, MANUFACTURERS-SURVEY , EQUIPMENT-AVAILABILITY)

ST77 12005 TURNING TOWARD T€IE SrJN. -

VOLVME 1 ABSTRACTS OF STATS LEGISLATIVE ENACTXEXTS O F
1974 AND 1975 REGARDING SOLAR ENERGY
( N a t i o n a l Conference o f State L e g i s l a t u r e s , Denver, C O ) , NSF/RA/G-75-052-Vol-l, NSFISR-1552,
7 1:47, P9-252836/2, N76-32676
Avail :?ITIS 3 ~ ~ 4 . 0 0
This r e p o r t i d e n t i f i e s and a b s t r a c t s a l l s t a t e enactments i n 1974 and 1975 t h a t d i r e c t l y
r e l a t e to i a p r o v i n g t b e p r o s p e c t s f o r solar enerqy a p p l i c a t i o n s . S p e c i f i c a r e a s of coverage
a r e a r o p e r t y income and sales tax i n c e n t i v e s , s t a t e financed energy r e s e a r c h and development
of s o l a r t e c h n o l o g i e s , l i f e - c y c l e d c o s t a n a l y s i s , s o l a r p r o v i s i o n s i n s t a t e b u i l d i n g codes,
a c c e s s t o i n c i d e n t s o l a r energy, and s o l a r e n e r q i n f o r m a t i o n a l and promotional a c t i v i t i e s .
S t a t e f i n a n c e d b u i l d i n g s using s o l a r energy, and s e l e c t e d s o l a r energy p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e a l s o
described b r i e f l y .
(LAW P UNITED-STATES)

ST77 1 2 0 0 6 XELXTIONSHIP O F EmRCY GXOWTH TO SCONOMIC GaOWTH -JNDER ALTERNATIVE EXERGI POLICIES
S e n l i n g , D . J . , J r . , DullLen, R., Hudson, E . , (Brookhaven Xational Lab., Upton, X Y ) , 247 ?.,
:tar 1 9 7 6 , B N L - ~ O ~ O O

19
 This r e p o r t i s the f i r s t of a s e r i e s of s t u d i e s t h a t w i l l analyze t h e economic and s o c i a l
impacts of r e s e a r c h , development, and demonsL-ation plans of t!!e Energy Research and Develop-
a e n t A&xiZiStratio?!. ?wO p o l i c y proposals were examined a g a i n s t a Base Case s e t O f economic
and anergy projeczions f o r t h e years i 9 8 3 , 1390, and 2 0 0 0 : (1) t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n or' u) and D-
i n i t i a t e d energy supply and end-use conversion technologies t o expand domestic energy SUPPl?
and t o iicprove t h e - e f f i c i e n c y and f l e x i b i l i t y of i t s use; and ( 2 ) t h e imposition of t a x e s and
t a r i f f s on petroleum and n a t u r a l gas t o reduce demand f o r t h e s e primary energy s o u r c e s . T a r g e t s
for t h e amounts of imports of o i l and gas were s p e c i f i e d by ERDA a s follows: 10 s e r c e n t ( o r less)
of t o t a l U.S. energy consumption i n 1985; 0 p e r c e n t ( o r less) o f t o t a l U.S. anergy cOnSumPtiOn
i n 1490; and 5 percent (or l e s s ) of t o t a l U . S . energy consumption i n 2000. T h e purpose of t h e
a n a l y s i s w a 3 to f i r s t i d e n t i f y t h e degree t o wnich t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of new energy tec.hnologies
and/or t h e imposition of energy taxes could reduce o i l and gas imports toward t h e t a r g e t Levels:
and second, to estimate t h e e f f e c t s of t h e s e ? o l i c i e s on t h e economy and t h e environment. These
economic and envirom-ental e f f e c t s a r e L!us a measure of t h e c o s t s a s s o c i a t e d with meeting t h e
import t a r g e t s . The b e n e f i t s of t h e s e p o l i c i e s , i n t h e form o f i n c r e a s e d economic and p o l i t i c a l
s e c u r i t y were n o t measured. The a n a l y s i s w a s based on an a n a l y t i c framework which i i a k e d de-
t a i l e d mathematical p r o c e s s e n g i n e e r i n g and economic models t o more aggregate econometric models.
T h e f o u r models employed a r e described.

(SOCIAL-IMPACTS , ENVIROXKENT)

ST77 12007 COST ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY - SELECTIVE AND CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPEY
Cavard, O . , C r i q u i , P., Revue D e L'Energie, V 27:533-340, Nov 1976, A77-15799, I n French
C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t!e l i t e r a t u r e on solar energy a r e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i r coverage of economic
and s o c i a l a s p e c t s of the problem, i n a d d i t i o n t o r e l e v a n c e t o e c o l o g i c a l impact and a c c e s s i b i l -
i t y t o t h e nontechnical reader. The annotated b i b l i o g r a p h y is organized i n groups o f e n t r i e s
o f f e r i n g (1) i n t r o d u c t o r y t u t o r i a l review t x e a t s e n t s of the o v e r a l l t o p i c : ( 2 ) proceedings o f
r e l e v a n t conferences; ( 3 ) p e r i o d i c a l s : ( 4 ) s p e c i f i c s o l a r energy t e c h n o l o g i e s o r modes o f
u t i l i z a t i o n of solar energy ( r e s i d e n c e h e a t i n g , p h o t o v o l t a i c conversion, d i s t i l l a t i o n . d i r e c t
thermal s y s t e m s ) ; ( 5 ) i n s t i t u t i o n a l and l e g a l a s p e c t s ; ( 6 ) r e s e a r c h and development; ( 7 )
r o l e v a n t meteorological information. Cost a s p e c t s a r e broached i n t h e s t r i c t s e n s e ( c o s t
c o m p e t i t i v i t y of systems) and i n the l a r g e r s e n s e ( s o c i a l c o s t s and c o l l e c t i v e advantages Or
penalties).
( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW, ENVIRONMENT)

ST77 12008 SOLAR ENERGY ECONOMICS - THE A P R I O R I DECISION

C l a r k , J.A., (Xichigan, U n i v e r s i t y , Ann A r b o r , ,MI), I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f Heat and Mass

T r a n s f e r , V 19:1095-1106, O c t 1 9 7 6 , A76-45851
The i n i t i a l decision concerning the economic v i a b i l i t y of a solas energy h e a t i n g S y s t m
is shown t o involve t e c h n i c a l , p h y s i c a l , m e t e o r o l o g i c a l , geographic, design and c o s t f a c t o r s
a s w e l l a s t h e source of funding and type of arrangements made t o f i n a n c e the system. Four
economic/technical models, which i n c l u d e the i n f l u e n c a of i n c r e a s i n g f u e l c o s t s , a r e p r e s e n t e d
and compared with o t h e r p o s s i b l e k i n d s o f i n v e s t n u n t s t o determine t h e economic v i a b i l i t y O f
t h e system. I t is found t h a t d i f f e r e n t economic c o n c l u s i o n s a r e both p o s s i b l e and j u s t i f i a b l e
f o r investment s i t u a t i o n s having d i f f e r e n t c o n s t r a i n t s .
(HEATING, SYSTEM-XNVESTPENTS, FINANCING)

ST77 12009 ECONOMIC-ENERGETIC ANALYSIS IX TEE FIELD O F UNCONVENTIONAL TBERMAL ENERGY

POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS O F GEOTBERMAL AND SOLAR ENERGY
- THE
De Comelli, G . , (Trieste, U n i v e r s i t a , Trieste, I t a l y ) , Rome, Rassegna I n t e r n a z i o n a l e E l e t t r o n i c a
Nucleare Ed Aerospaziale, p . 561-572, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c - T e c h n o l o g i c a l Conference
on Space, 1 6 t h , Rome I t a l y , Mar 18-20, 1976, Proceedings, A76-45951 23-12, A76-45997, I n I t a l i a n
The main purpose of t h i s paper is t o s u r m y the p r e s e n t state of t h e p r a c t i c a l employlrunt
of geothermal and s o l a r energy. Geothermal and solar energy a r e examined i n o r d e r t o p o i n t
o u t t h e n a t u r a l limits of t h e i r p r a c t i c a l a v a i l a b i l i t y and t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l o b s t a c l e s o t t h e i r
employment. The nost important results o b t a i n e d in the u t i l i z a t i o n o f the t w o s o u r c e s o f energy
considered a r e summarized.
(CONVERSION-EFFICIENCY)

ST77 12010 A SURVEY OF STATE LEGISLATION RELATING TO SOLAR ENERGY

Eisenhard, R.N., ( N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s , Washington, OC) , 1 6 6 p . , A p t 1976, NBSIR-76-
1082, PB-25d 23S/1WEr PCS6.75/MFS3.00
This r e p o r t reviews enacted s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h s o l a r enerqy. A c t s i n v o l v i n g
t a x i n c e n t i v e s , reduced property assessmenta, r e s e a r c h and development, s o l a r easements and
s o l a r energy promotion a r e i d e n t i f i e d and a b s t r a c t e d . The r e s p o n s i b l e s t a t e agency and o f f i c i a l
a r e l i s t e d . A c t a and supporting fornu and o t h e r i a f o r m a t i o n a r e included. P o r t i o n s of t h i s
document a r e n o t f u l l y l e g i b l e .
( W W , ?.U IXCENTIVES , PROPERTY ASSESSIHENTS)

20
 12015

ST77 12011 C3ST STCDIES C)N TERRESTRIdL PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEYS WITS SUNLIGHT CONCENTRATION
f v a n s , D.L., Zlorschuetz, L.X., (Arizona S t a t e UnLV, Tempe, AZi, I n t S o l Energy Conqr and E q o ,
Extended Abstz: S o l U s e Now -
A Resour f o r People, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a . LOS k n g e l e s , CX,
8 . 114-115, July 28-Aug 1, 1975, P c b l by ZSES, Smithsonian Rad B i o l Lab, R o c k v i l l e , %ID, 1975
?be r o l e of s u n l i g h t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n reducing t h e c o s t of e l e c t r i c r l energy g e n e r a t e d by
t e r r e s t r i a l p h o t o w l t a i c systems i s defined. The s t u d y e-xplores an a l t a r n a t i v e t o Lie deploy-
ment of l a r g e a r e a s of c e l l s i n f l a t unconcentrated a r r a y s . X system s i m u l a t i o n a l g o r i t h m has
been Seveloped t o c a l c u l a t e t h e amount of e l e c t r i c a l energy producsd over a y e a r ' s t i m e by
a l t e r n a t i v e p h o t o v o l t a i c systems. Energy c o s t s are c a l c u l a t e d by t h e l e v e l i z e d i i x e d charge
nechod.
(ECONOMICS, YATBEMATICXt MODEL)

ST77 12012 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT O F LOW COST PROCESSES FOR INTEGRATED SOLAR ARRAYS.
QUAR?EXLY REPORT NO. 1, MAY 1 2 , 1976-JUNE 1 8 , 1976
Graham, C.D., Jr., Kulkarni, S., Noel, G.T., Pope, D I P . , P r a t t , B., (Pennsylvania Univ.,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , 27 e., EXDA/JPL/954506-76/1
? r o g r e s s on a program t o determine the c o n d i t i o n s under which s h e e t s of s i l i c o n might
be produced by a r o l l i n g 2 r o c e s s is described. Uniaxial compression experiments a r e used t o
c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e deformation p r o p e r t i e s of p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c o n a t v a r i o u s t e n q e r a t u z e s and
s t r a i n ratss. C r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c texture studies of samples a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s has shown t h a t
c o c s i d e r a b l e r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o c c u r s a s a r e s u l t of compression and annealing. The r e s u l t i n g
n a t e r i a l has a cubic t e x t u r e . Experiments t o d a t e have covered the s t r a i n r a t e range LO exp
-4 t o 1 0 e- -1 and the temperature range 1200 t o 1400 exp 0 C. B r o l l i n g speed of 'Ihe o r d e r
of 180 f t / h r is a r e d i c t e d on t h e b a s i s of c u r r e n t d a t a . A new a p p a r a t u s capable of s t r a i n r a t e s
t w o o r d e r s of magnitude h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e used t o d a t e is being r e a d i e d . f o r use i n bdese s t u d i e s .

(ECONOMICS, PXOCESS-REVIEW)

ST77 12013 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TKE NEED FOR ADVANCED POWER SOURCES

E a r d i e , R.W., Omberg, R.P., (Hanford Engineering Development Lab., Richland, WA), 17 p..
? r e s e n t e d a t Am. Nucl, SOC. 1975 Winter Meeting, San F r a n c i s c o , Xov 16-21, 1975, EIEDL-SA-989,
CONF-751101-77, AT( 45-11 -2170, N77-15509
Avail :RTIS
The aconomic need f o r an advanced power source, be it: f u s i o n , solar, or some o t h e r c o n c e p t ,
is considered. However, c a l c u l a t i o n s were'-also garformed assuming abandoment of the LMFBR
program, BO b r e e d e r b e n e f i t s are a by-product o f t h i s s t u d y . The model used was the Alps L i n e a r
Programrmng system f o r f o r e c a s t i n g optimum power growth p a t t e r n s . T o t a l power c o s t s were c a l c u -
l a t e d o v e r a p l a n n i n g horizon from 1975 t o 2 0 4 1 and d i s c o u n t e d a t 74 p e r c e n t . The b e n e r ' i t of a
p a r t r c u l a r advanced power source is simply t h e reduction i n t o t a l power Cost r e s u l t i n g from its
Lntroducticn. S i n c e data concerning advanced power s o u r c e s ( A P S ) a r e s p e c u l a t i v e , p a r a m e t r i c
c a l c u l a t i o n s v a r y i n g i n t r o d u c t i o n d a t e s and c a p i t a l c o s t s about a h y p o t h e t i c a l ABS p l a n t w e r e
p e r f o m e d . C a i c u l a t i o n s w e r e a l s o p e z f o m d without the IUXFER t o d e t e r a i n e Lie e f f e c t of t h e
b r e e d e r on t h e b e n e f i t s o f an advanced power source.
( FORECASTING, COMPUTER-MODEL)

ST77 1 2 0 1 4 ECONOMIC STUDY O F SOLAR TOTAL ENERGY

Xarrigan, R.W., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM), 15 p., 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760821-1, SAND-76-5291

T h i s p a p e r i n v e s t i g a t e s t h e a o p l i c a t i o n of s o l a r t o t a l energy to a 2000-dwelling-unit
mixed-load community. The community design is c o n s i s t e n t with c u r r e n t community planning
practices. An energy a n a l y s i s of t h e community was performed and a solar t o t a l energy system
s i z e d t o meet t h e community demands. The economics of providing a s o l a r t o t a l energy system
1s examined. T h e e f f e c t of dwelling-unit d e n s i t y is examined.
( COMMUNITY-DNELQPHENT)

ST77 12015 SIMJLATION OF NONLINEARITIES W I T H EIE A I D O F MIXED-INTSGRAL LINEAR O P T I M I Z A T I O N

AND ITS APPLICATION I N THE ENERGY ECONOMY
X e i l , G . , (Kammer D e r Tec.hnik, I n s t i t u t f u e r Energieversorgung, Dresden, E a s t Germany),
E n e r g i e t e c h n i k , v 26:349-353, Aug 1976, A76-47712, I n German
X d e s c r i p t i o n is p r e s e n t e d of an approach f o r t h e piecewise l i n e a r i z a t i o n of c o s t f u n c t i o n s
with a r b i t r a r y Curvature c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t a k i n g i n t o account mixed-integral o p t i m i z a t i o n
methods. A t t e n t i o n is given t o t h e b a s i c forms of a c o s t f u n c t i o n , t h e method of mixed-integral
o p t i m i z a t i o n a s an a i d i n t h e s o l u t i o n of minimization problems with a concave c o s t f u n c t i o n ,
and an e v a l u a t i o n of t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n an a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e considered approach.
i P P n w n w r c-n.rc------.
\ - - - . * . Y ' . * C - " " E . ~ " ~ C . w ~

21
ST77 1 2 0 1 6 THE IMPACT O F SOLAR AND COXSERVATION TECXNOLOGIES UPON LABOR DEMAiVD
L a i c n e r , S . . 11 p., 17 r e f s , Conference on Energy E f f i c i e n c y , Washington, DC, May 20-21, 1 9 7 6
Avarl :TAC
The r e l a t i o n s h i p between energy and jobs and t h e economy is, a t b e s t , a confusing one.
Jecause t h e number of persons employed and the s i z e of t i e economy, a s measured by the Gross
X a t i o n a l Product (GXP) , h i s t o r i c a l l y has grown a s non-human energy consumption has i n c r e a s e d .
b u s i n e s s and indust-7 l e a d e r s argue Lkat more energy i s a ? r e r e q u i s i t e f o r higher employment i
l e v e l s . a u t t h i s is a crude comparison and does n o t s t a n d up t o c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s .
(ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW)

ST77 12017 RESIDENTIAL SOLAR FIEATING AND COOLING CONSTWNTS AND INCENTIVES. A REVIEW OF THE
LITERATURE
L i t t l s , X.D.,-(Arthur D. L i t t l e , I n c . , Cambridge, M A ) , 248 p . , May 1 9 7 6 . ADL-C-70534, PB-258
238/5WE, PCS8.00/MF$3.00
This r e p o r t provides a comprehensive review and assessment o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e on market
c o n s t r a i n t s on s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g and p o s s i b l e governmental incentives t o overcome them.
I t p o i n t s o u t major gaps and omissions i n t h e e x i s t i n g - l i t e r a t u r e on c o n s t r a i n t s and i n c e n t i v e s
and makes reconmendations t o t h e Department of Kouring and Urban Development (HUD) f o r f u r t h e r
r e s e a r c h . Five c a t e g o r i e s of c o n s t r a i n t s a r e analyzed: economic/financial, t e c h n i c a l , S o c i a l /
p o l i t i c a l , institutional/industrial and r e g u l a t o r y / l e g a l . Incentives a r e examined i n terms of
&&eir p o t e n t i a l usefulness and f e a s i b i l i t y i n overcoming c o n s t r a i n t s i n l i g h t of p r a c t i c a l
l i m i t s on governmental p o l i c y .
(ECONOMICS, W E T S , L A W )

ST77 12018 BUSINESS ANALYSIS OP SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION

Maycock, P.D., Wakefield, G.F., (Texas Instrum Inc, D a l l a s , T X ) , Conf R e c of t h e IEEE Photo-
v o l t a i c Spec Conf, llth, S c o t t s d a l e , A Z , May 6-8, 1975, P u b 1 by IEEE, New York, NY, p - 252-255,
1975, Cat B75CII0948-OED
A design-to-cost a n a l y s i s is used t o develop t h e material and labor c o s t g o a l s t h a t must
be m a t t o allow p r o f i t a b l e manufacture of s o l a r p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s t h a t meet t h e Energy Research
and Development Authority (ERDA) g o a l s f o r 2000. A n a n a l y s i s of the s o l a r p a n e l market V e r s u s
p r i c e per peak kw indicates very l i t t l e market o p p o r t u n i t y f o r i n d u s t r y u n t i l S1000/peak kw
prices a r e obtained. The selected s t r a t e g y is e x t e n s i v e c o s t r e d u c t i o n s t o o b t a i n $200-$500/k~
p a n e l c o s t s . The approach developed i n t h i s paper is s u f f i c i e n t l y broad so t h a t i t can be used i
t o scope many o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s o t h e r than the s i l i c o n p h o t o v o l t a i c system s e l e c t e d .
( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW)

ST77 12019 IS NUCLEAR ENERGY ECONOMICALLY VIABLE - COMPETITION WITX COAL

? e r l , L.J., (National Economic Research A s s o c i a t i o n , fnc., New York, N y ) , Energy, V 1:21-23,
Summer-Fall 1976, A77-12933
An a t t e m p t is made t o e s t i m a t e t h e cost of e l e c t r i c energy g e n e r a t e d both from c o a l - and
n u c l e a r - f i r e d c a p a c i t y in 1990. Regression e q u a t i o n s are used t o e s t i m a t e c a p i t a l c o s t s for
c o a l and n u c l e a r c a p a c i t y from 1980 t o 1990. Estimatad c o s t s i n 1990 of energy from t h e n u c l e a r
and coal p l a n t s under a l t e r n a t i v e SO2 c o n t r o l s c e n a r i o s and a t a l t e r n a t i v e c a p a c i t y factors
are d i s c u s s e d . A table d e s c r i b i n g c o a l demand based upon three a l t e r n a t i v e a s s m p t i o n s of
e l e c t r i c i t y growth, n u c l e a r c a p a c i t y growth, and growth o f s o l a r and geothermal energy is pre-
sented.
( ECONOMIC-OVERVIEW , ALTEWATIVES)

ST77 12020 LAW AND SOLAR EXERGY SYSTEMS

SYSTEMS
- LEGAL IMPED1,WNTS AND INDUCEMENTS TO SOLAR ENERGY
imbbins, R.L., (Lake Michigan F e d e r a t i o n , Chicago, IL) , NSF APR-74-21034, S o l a r Energy, V 18:371-
3 7 9 , NS, 1976, I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o l a r Energy S o c i e t y , I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o l a r Eaetgy Congress and
E x p o s i t i o n , Loa Angelas, CAI J u l y 28-Aug 1, 1975, A77-12401
Local and s t a t e law impediments a s well a s i n s t i t u t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t have s e v e r e l y
l i m i t e d t h e change t o s o l a r energy systems f o r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g purposes a r e reviewed.
Emphasis i s placed on the a c t i v i t i e s t h a t can t a k e p l a c e i n state and l o c a l governments t o
encourage use of s o l a r energy. The a r e a s of l e g a l change i n c l u d e improving t h e a c c e s s t o S o l a r
i n s o l a t i o n , optimizing the l o c a t i o n o f solar energy c o l l e c t o r s , improving t h e p u b l i c economics
of s o l a r anergy systems, improving t h e o p e r a t i o n and d e s i g n of systems through f e a s i b l e energy
backup and u t i l i t y concern with solar energy, removing p o t e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n and maintenance
problems, financing s o l a r energy s y s t e m , and a l l o c a t i n g r i g h t s t o s o l a r i a s o l a t i o n . Solutions
t h a t can be adapted t o t h e problems o f most s t a t e s a r e recommended, although t h e s u g g e s t i o n s
s t i l l need t o be m t c h e d t o l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s and l e g a l p r e c e d e n t .
( INSTITUTICNAL CONSTRUNTS)

22
 12024/13000

ST77 12021 LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND SOLAR ENERGY

Xuegg, R . , (XBS, I n s t i t u t e f o r Applied Technology, Washington, DC) , WiRhE J o u r n a l , V 18:22-25,
Nov 1976, A77-13501
Techniques of l i f e - c y c l e c o s t e v a l u a t i o n are examined as p r o s p e c t i v e rneans of assessing
, t h e c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s o l a r enerqy systems a s compared t o r i v a l energy systems. A c q u s i -
t i o n c o s t s ( i n c l u d i n g system d e s i g n , purchase, i n s t a l l a t i o n ) , system r e p a i r and replacement
c o s t s , maintenance and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , and salvage v a l u e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n a present-value
o r annual-value model. 2 e l e v a n t t a x p o l i c i e s and clean-energy i n c e n t i v e s a s e also considered.
X present-value e v a l u a t i o n model is presented i n a b b r e v i a t e d f o r n , i n c o r ? o r a t i n g d i r e c t c o s t s
(down Bayment, loan p r i n c i p a l and i n t e r e s t ) , insurance c o s t s , direct c o s t savings i n v a l u e of
f u e l economized, p r o p e r t y t a x e s and sales taxes, tax d e d u c t i o n s , and i n c e n t i v e s .
(ECOXOMIC-OVERVIEW, T-XiATION, INSURAi-i-CE)

ST77 12022 +N INDUSTRY VIEW O F S O U R HEATING AND COOLING

Scfimidt, R.N.,
p. 163-571, 1976, I n Energy Technology 111
f e r e n c e , Washington. DC, M
-
(Boneywell, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), Washington, DC, Government I n s t i t u t e s , Iac.,
Commercialization; Proceedings o f t h e Third Con-
ar 29-31, 1976, A7645226 23-44, A76-45241
X b r i e f review is p r e s e n t e d of t h e s t a t u s of s o l a r h e a t i a q and c o o l i n g i n t!!e United S t a t e s .
Discussions are p r e s e n t e d on the need f o r economical s o l a r systems and on t i e need f o r f u r t h e r
r e s e a r c h and development. The d e v e l o p m n t of solar power p l a n t s is a l s o d i s c u s s e d .
(ECONO!!IC-OVERVIEW, UNITED-STATES)

ST77 12023 THE ECONOMICS O F SOLAR HOME HEATING

Scbulze, W.D., Ben-David, S., Katson, R., Noll, S., Roach, F., Thayer, M., ( U n i v e r s i t y of s e w
Xexico) , aalcomb, J . D . , (Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, NM), 13, 1977, A Study Prepared
f o r t h e use of t h e J o i n t Economic Committee Congress of t h e United S t a t e s , 95th Congress, 1st
Session
Avai1:u.S. Government P r i n t i n g OfEice, Washington, DC, PCS1.35
Xow tfiat soma experience has been gained both i n manufacturing and i n s t a l l a t i o n o f solar
systems it is a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e c o s t of s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s i n s t a l l e d , b u t excluding f i x e d c o s t s ,
w i l l be about SlO/ft2. Although t h i s may seem high i n comparison t o estimates a s low a s S 3 / f t 2
used i n p r e v i o u s , s t u d i e s , sue f i n d that f e a s i b i l i t y does occur for solar water and space h e a t i n g
s y s t e m between now and 1390 i f either d e c o n t r o l l e d p r i c e s of t r a d i t i o n a l energy s o u r c e s are
used a s the b a s i s of comparison o r where c u r t a i l m e n t s of n a t u r a l gas occur. The importance of
this f i n d h g is diminished by the federal government's f a i l u r e t o a s s i s t m making c a g i t a l
a v a i l a b l e f o r energy conservation. I f interrest r a t e s a r e k e p t high and i f money ( c a p i t a l )
remains i n short supply, the p r o s p e c t s f o r c a p i t a l i n t e n s i v e systems i n homes, such a s solar
energy, are diminished g r e a t l y .
(BGIONAL-COMPARISONS, LZIITED-STATES)

ST77 12024 S O W R COLLECTOR rHANUE'ACTURING ACTXVITf JANUARY TBROUGH JUNE 1976

S t o l l , R.D., ( W ,Washington, DC), 23 p., Sept 1976, FEA/B-76/403, PB-258 8 6 5 / 5 W E , PCS3.50/

V ? S3.00
This report c o n t a i n s the r e s u l t s o f a survey of p r i v a t e firmu t h a t have a a n u f a c t u r e d and
s o i d s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s d u r i n g t h e first h a l f of calendar y e a r 1976. The purpose o f t h i s semian-
n u a l survey is t o o b t a i n d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s on economic a c t i v i t y i n the s o l a r h e a t i n g and
c o o l i n g a r e a and t o i d e n t i z y production growth r a t e s i n t3is f l e d g l i n g i n d u s t r y . R e s u l t s show
t h a t p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t half of 1976 was 60 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n for t h e l a s t h a l f of
1975 and 195 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n f o r the f i r s t half of 1975.
( ECONOMICS)

ST77 13000 C Z m m RECEIYTER SO- POWER SYSTEM, C Q U E C T O R SUE)SYSTEH. QUARTERLY

TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT
(Boeing Engineering and C o n s t r u c t i o n , S e a t t l e , WA), 90 e . , Dec 3 1 , 1975, SAN/llll-75/1
This document c o n t a i n s a d e s c r i p t i o n of the prelixiunary design b a s e l i n e c o l l e c t o r sub-
system €or a 10 %,/:.& e/ s=:;~ ~ i s ~ xeiiui;
& l Biant. A l s o inciuded a r e s u p p o r t i n g d a t a and
a n a l y s e s used i n s e l e c t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c d e s i g n , and r e s u l t s Of r e s e a r c h experiments i n p r o g r e s s
t O v e r i f y %!e d s s i q n . Each r e f l e c t o r i n t h e c o l l e c t o r subsystem is enclosed wit!!in a 7 meter
(23 ft.) d i a m e t 9 r , a i r - s u > p o r t e d T e d l a r dome. Tedlar for t h e b a s e l i n e dome w i l l be 0 . 1 3 m
( 6 ails) t h i c k and rill be s p e c i a l l y processed t o obtai.? a smooth s u r f a c e r h i c h will provide

23
 13005

high Specular ( d i r e c t ) t r a n s m i t t a n c e (86 t o 90 p e r c e n t ) . The r e f l e c t o r u t i l i z e s a c o m e r c i a l l y -

a v a i i a b l e 0 . 0 5 iirm ( 2 mils! t!!ick .Xylar f i l m which is coated w i t h vacuum-deposited aluminum on
one s u r f a c e . The d r i v e and c o n t r o l system s e l e c t e d for t h e h e l i o s t a t s is 3 computer-cont:Olled
open-loop system u t i l i z i n g i c c r e m e n t a l s o s i t i o n feedback Zrom o p t i c a l encoders on each h e l i o s t a t
drive.
(THERMAL-WWER, HELXOSTATS , TX4CXIXG-SYSTEX)

3T77 l.3001 CENTRAL RECEIVER SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM. COLLECTOR SUBSYSTEM, R E S E A R a ZXPERI-
AMZNTS QUARTERLY T E C H N I W PROGRESS REPORT

(9oeing CO., Seattle,-WA), 9 2 p . , A p r 2 0 , 1976, S ~ ~ - l l l l - 7 6 - 2

This documant c o n t a i n s a d e s c r i p t i o n of the d e t a i l design ( D D ) of r e s e a r c h e x p e r i m n t hard-
ware t o support the LO .W/sub e/ P i l o t P l a n t p r e l i m i n a r y design ( P D ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t e s t g l a n s
f o r assembly, i n t e g r a t i o n , and a r r a y tests a r e summarized along w i t h r e s u l t s of completed
component/material t e s t s . Research experiment OD and tests d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n were planned t o
provide design v e r i f i c a t i o n and supporting d a t a , w i t h hardware which e i t i e r d u p l i c a t e s , O r
c l o s e l y s i m u l a t e s the P i l o t P l a n t PD b a s e l i n e .
(TRERMAL-POWER, D&SIC;N-REVIEW)

ST77 13002 CENTRAL RECEIVER SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM, PHASE 1. PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD
EXDSNG DECEMBER 31, 1975

( Y a r t i n LNarietta Cor;,., Denver, C O ) , 486 p . , Apr 1976, MCR-76-121, SAN/1110-76/Tl

The program o b j e c t i v e is the preliminary design of a 1 0 M W e p i l o t s o l a r power g l a n t sup-
g o r t e d by major subsystem experiments. Progress is r e p o r t e d on t h e following t a s k elemants: 1 0
W e p i l o t p l a n t ; c o l l e c t o r subsystem design ana a n a l y s i s ; r e c e i v e r subsystem requirements; re-
c e i v e r subsystem design; thermal s t o r a g e subsystem; e l e c t r i c a l power g e n e r a t i o n subsystem; and
p i l o t p l a n t a r c h i t e c t u r a l e n g i n e e r i n g and support.
(TSE2MhL-POWER. OVERVIEW)

ST77 13003 SOLAR PILOT PLANT, PKASE 1. QUARTERLP REPORT NO. 1, JULY-DECZEMBER 1975
(Honeywell, I n c . , Minneapolis, m ) , 115 p . , Feb 20, 1976, S ~ / 1 1 0 9 - 7 6 / T l
Honeywell Inc. is i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic f e a s i b i l i t y of g e n e r a t i n g
e l e c t r i c i t y from s o l a r energy. During t h e f i r s t 6 months of t h e program (1 July-31 December
19751, a preliminary dasign b a s e l i n e f o r a lO-EeJ(e) s o l a r p i l o t p l a n t w a s g e n e r a t e d and analyzed.
Subsequently, s e v e r a l changes were made t o improve porfonnance and/or reduce c o s t . Conceptual
designs and research experiments w e r e generated f o r t h r e e key subsystems -
c o l l e c t o r , steam
g e n e r a t o r , and t h e m 1 s t o r a g e . Limited t e s t i n g was done to s t u a y the problem o f removing
e u t e c t i c s a l t s from vaporizer. tubes i n the thermal s t o r a g e subsystem. The program was on
schedule a t t2m end of 1975. Plans €or tfra f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1976 i n c l u d e o r d e r i n g long-leadtima
items f o r t h e subsystem r e s e a r c h experiments, c o n t i n u i n g a n a l y s i s o f t h e conceptual d e s i g n s
p r e p a r a t o r y t o d e t a i l i n g them, and c o n t i n u i n g e n g i n e e r i n g model experiments.
( THERMAL-POWER, ECONOMICS 1

ST77 13004 EXERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

aanks, R . X . , (ERDA, Washington, D C ) , 8 p . , F i l a d Apr 11, 1974, p a t e n t e d O c t 2 1 , 1975, T h i s
Government-owned invention a v a i l a b l e for U.S. l i c e n s i n g a n d , p o s s i b l y , f o r f o r e i g n l i c e n s i n g ,
Copy of p a t e n t a v a i l a b l e Coannisaioner of P a t e n t s , Washington, DC, PATENT-3 913 326, PAT-APPL-
459 991, PCSO.50
The p a t e n t d e s c r i b e s an engine f o r c o n v e r t i n g thermal enerqy t o r o t a r y mechanical work
by a l t e r n a t i n g changes i n c o n f i g u r a t i o n OF t h e r m a l l y rasponsixre elements composed of a thermal
memory m a t e r i a l . T h e elements arm p i v o t a l l y i n t e r c o n n e c t e d between a s t a t i o n a r y p i v o t and a
r o t o r which r o t a t e s about a f i x e d a x i s dfrrpord e c u e n t r i c a l l y of the s t a t i o n a t y p i v o t . Al-
t e r n a t e h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of t h e t h e r m r l l y r e s p o n s i v e elements t o temperatures above and
below, r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e predetermined c r i t i c a l tamperature results i n a t o r q u e about t i e f i x e d
a x i s of t h e r o t o r .
(THERMAL-POWER , PATENT, HUT-ENGINE)

ST77 13005 C!iARACTERISTICS O F A SYSTEM FOR TRANSMITTING CONCSXTRATED SOLAR RADIATION

Baranov, V . X . , (Gosudarstvennyi O p t i c h e s k i i I n s t i t u t , Leningrad, USSR), G e l i o t e k h n i k a , p - 15-
2 5 , !IS, 1976, All-14578, In Russian
The paper examines a system f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l a r energy over v a r i o u s
d i s t a n c e s , which uses hollow o p t i c a l waveguides t o g a t h e r r a y s i n t h e o u t p u t p u p i l a f t e r
r e f l e c t i o n from the waveguide w a l l s . The r e l a t i o n s between t r a n s m i s s i o n c a p a c i t y and the r a t i o s
of c c n c a n t r a t o r to waveguide diameter and waveguide l e n g t h t o c o n c e n t r a t o r geomat-7 a r e i n v e s t i -
gated. T h e r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of s e v e r a l Waveguide m a t e r i a l s (Cu, A l , and Ag) is studieci.
!T i E X W - POWER WAVEGUf DES 1.

24
 13010

ST77 1 3 0 0 6 SO- POWERED ORGilEsIC RALVKINE CYC'LE ENGIXES - CHARACTERISTICS AND COSTS

a a r b e r , R . E . , (BarSer-8ichols Engineering C o . , .Arvaaa, CO) , New York, .American I n s t i t u t e of

Chemical Engineers, V 2 : 1 1 5 1 - 1 1 5 6 , 1 9 7 6 , i n I n t s r s o c r e t y Energy Canversion m g i n e e r i n q Confer-
ence, Ut;?, S t a t e Line, Xevada, S e p t 1 2 - 1 7 , 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, A77-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , A77-
12798
The t e c h n i c a l and c o s t a s p e c t s of t h e organic Rankine c y c l e and i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h -&e
s o l a r c o l l e c t o r as a power system a r e examined. i t is shown L i a t c o l l e c t o r t - a p e r a t u r e s of 2 0 0 ,
300-400, and 600 P a r e optinurn o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r f l a t p l a t e , c o n c e n t r a t o r s , and t r a c k i n g
ccmcentzators, r e s p e c t i v e l y , with t h e B e a k s o l a r conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s of t h e s e systems,
apgroximately 3 , 1 0 and 114. The dominant f a c t o r i n system c o s t i s shown t o be t h e c o l l e c t o r
c o s t . it is i?stimated t i i a t t h e Rankine c y c l e c o s t w i l l be about one L i i r d of the t o t a l system
c o s t with two t h i r d s going t o t h e c o l l e c t o r component. I t is also e s t i m a t e d t h a t the i n s t a l l e d
c o s t mass-produced solar power systems would b e about 1600-2500 d o l l a r s / p e a k 'kw o u t p t .
(TXERMAL-POWER ECONOMICS)

ST77 13007 TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE CiARACPERISTICS OF A HIGH TSMPERATURE DISTRIBUTED SOLAR

COLLECTOR FIELD

Black, D.L., E l l i s , J.P., (Westinghouse Electric Cor?., Advanced Energy Systems Div., P i t t s b u r g h ,
? A ) , New York, Amarican I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1261-1271, 1976, In Intersociety
Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, llth, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada S e p t 1 2 - 1 7 , 1976, Proceedings,
Volume 2 , X77-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , A77-12810
X mathematical model of a high temperature d i s t r i b u t e d s o l a r c o l l e c t o r f i e l d w a s used on a
hybrid comquter t o s t u d y t h e t r a n s i e n t performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The h e a t t r a n s f e r system
c o n s i s t s of a series of r e f l e c t o r / a b s o r b e r energy c o n c e n t r a t i n g d e v i c e s using cherminol 66
c o o l a n t o p e r a t i n g between a minimum-cold s t o r a g e temperature of 242 C and a h o t s t o r a g e tempera-
t ' u e of 325 C. Control s t r a t e g i e s w e r e tested and c o n t r o l l e r s were developed which would max-
i m i z e *e d a i l y energy d e l i v e r e d while maintaining a r i g i d t o l e r a n c e of + or -1 C on i t s tempera-
t m e . The r e s u l t s f o r d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g i e s included c o l d s t a r t u p , sudden change i n i n s o l a t i o n ,
and malfunctions such a s loss of pump. Continuous s t o r a g e bypass and s t a r t u p o n l y w e r e e v a l u a t e d
through the u s e of a high tamperature a u x i l i a r y bypaas accumulator loop. Analog flow c o n t r o l l e r s
were developed from a model frsquency response a t t h e noon p e r i o d o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t!ae
f a l l season.

(THERMAL-POWER, MA-TICAL AXODEL)

~ ~ 1 370 0 87 SOLAR SEATING SYSTEM 10-5AIRPORT PAVEMEXT SNOW, SLUSH, AND ICE CONTROL

Bromley, E., Jr., DauLeri.0, H., (FRA, Washington, D C ) , Pravda, M., (Dynatherm Corp., Los Angeles,
C A ) , American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg, CA, Western P e r i o d i -
cals Co., North Ho~lywood,CA, p. 58-69, 1 9 7 6 , In Symposium on A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resources, S a n t a
Maria, CA, .Ut 25-27, 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings, A76-47287 24-44, A76-47293
The technical and economic p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f a s o l a r energy pavement h e a t i n g system f o r use
i n snow, s l u s h and ice c o n t r o l on a i r p o r t runways, taxiways and ramps is discussed. Tho pra-
l i m i n a r y d e s i g n c o n s i d e r s t h e w i n t e r c l i m a t e , the a i r t r a f f i c d e n s i t y and t h e o p e r a t i n g and t o t a l
system c o s t s . Cost comparison between a solar, electrical and a steam f i r e d system a r e given
t o g e c l e r w i t h a 'snop' number which is unique t o each a i r p o r t . Through use of t h e 'snop' number,
each a i r p o r t management can p r e d i c t when the p r a c t i c a l i t y of a s o l a r system should be considered.
(THERMAL-POWER)

ST77 1 3 0 0 9 S O L A 2 THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS - THEIR PERFORMANO CXARACTERISTICS AND TOTAL
SOCIAL COSTS

Caputo, R.S., T r u s c e l l o , V.C., ( C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology, J e t PrOpUlSiOn Laboratory,

Pasadena, CAI, New 'fork, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2 : 1 2 1 6 - 1 2 2 3 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y
Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 1 2 - 1 7 , 1 9 7 6 , proceedings,
-177-12662 02-4.4, ~ 7 7 - u a 0 4
The central receiver (power tower) concept as a thermal conversion approach t o Lle conver-
s i o n o f s o l a r energy i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y is compared t o ot!!er s o l a r power p l a n t d e s i g n s which
Feature d i s t r i b u t e d solar c o l l e c t i o n and use other types of solar c o l l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . A
v a r i e t y of solar thermal s t o r a g e concepts a r e discussed and Lleir impacts on system performance
a r e a s s e s s e d . Although a good d e a l of q u a n t i f i c a t i o n is p o s s i b l e in a comparative s t u d y , t h e
s u b j e c t i v e judgments c a r q e n o m u s weight i n a socio-economic d e c i s i o n , t h e u l t i m a t e choice of
c e n t r a l power p l a n t being more a s o c i a l t h a n an economic o r t e c h n i c a l d e c i s i o n . Major elements
O f t h e t o t a l s o c i a l c o s t of each type of c e n t r a l p l a n t a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s u t i l i t y economic c o s t s ,
RLD funds, h e a l t h C o s t s , and o t h e r r e l e v a n t s o c i a l impacts.

(TIIERMAL-POWER, L ~ ~ ~ - . ~ ~STORAGE,
I V E COMPARISONS)
~ r

ST77 13010 C O R U D I A T I O N U S n G THE 2EVERSIBLE AMMdNIA X A C T I O N

Carden, P . O . , ( A u s t r a l i a Nat!, Gniv, Canberra, A u s t r a l i a ) , I n t S o l Enerqy Congr and %;so, Ex-

tended X b s t t : -
Sol C s e :<ow A Zesour for People, Univ Of CX, LOS Anueles, CI, p. 5 3 5 - 3 3 6 ,
h 1 . Y ZS-Aug I , 1975, ? u b i by I S Z S , Smithsonian Rad a i o l Lab, Xockvilie, XD, 1975

25
 A. system is described for t h e l a r g e scale g e n e r a t i o n of power from solar e n e r q i n which
energy 1s t r a n s f e r r e d by means of t h e r e v e r s i b l e chemical r e a c t i o n 2P:H//3 Z N / / 2 + 3 H / / Z . A
n u l t i p l i c i t y O f pressed s t e e l p a r a b o l o i d a l m i r r o r s i s employed each having a f o c a l absorber i n
which tile endothernuc forward r e a c t i o n proceeds. The exot!!ermic backward r e a c t i o n O c C U T S a t
common c e n t r a l Blant and t h e h e a t energy recovered o p e r a t e s a t!!ernodynamic power p l a n t . The
r e a c t a n t s a r e 'rransferred i n small diameter s t e e l p i p i n g a t ambient temperature. S t o r a g e o f
enerqy may be c a t e r e d f o r by providing s t o r a g e f o r t h e r e a c t a n t s .
(THERM?&-?OWER, DESIGN-REVIEW)

ST77 13011 COMPARISON O F SOLAR POND CONCEPTS FOR ELECTRICAL POWER GEXERATION
Drumheller, K.. Duffy-. J . B . , B a r l i n g , O . K . , Knutsen, C.A., McEinnon, M.A., P e t e r s o n , P . L S r
S h a f f e r , L.H., S t y r i s , D.L., Zaworski, R., (Battelle PaciEic Northwest Labs., Richland. :$A) ,
1 2 8 s., 9NWL-1951, Z(45-1)-1830, N76-33638
Xvai1:NTIS HCSS.45
Various solar pond concepts for electric p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n were i d e n t i f i e d , i n c l u d i n g b u t
not l i m i t e d t o (1) nonconvective s a l t g r a d i e n t solar pond; ( 2 ) ponds with v a r i o u s p l a s t i c or
o t h e r membranes a t s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n s t o minimize o r e l i m i n a t e convection: ( 3 ) ponds which a r e
t o t a l l y o r p a r t i a l l y g e l l e d t o reduce o r e l i m i n a t e convection; and ( 4 ) shallow convecting ponds.
The performance of there v a r i o u s concepts w a s analyzed and compared. The pond c o s t and o v e r a l l
power p l a n t system c o s t f o r each concept assuming t h e nonconvective g r a d i e n t s a l t pond as t h e
bas8 c a s e were estimated. The aQptOaCh included a p r e l i m i n a r y design of s e v e r a l power p l a n t
systems based on solar pond concepts, and performance and economic e v a l u a t i o n based on t h e s e
p r e l i m i n a r l designs.
-
(T5EW-T-POWER, ECONOMICS

ST77 13012 COLLECTOR FIELD OPTIMIZATION FOR A SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Easton, C.R., Etaetz, J . E . , (McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Co., Huntington Beach, C A I , Vant-Bull,

L.L., (Houston, U n i v e r s i t y , Houston, T X ) , N e w York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, .
V 2:1272-1277, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line,
Nevada, S e p t 12-17, L976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12811
A procedure f o r optimizing a central r e c e i v e r s o l a r thermal electric power p l a n t is pre-
sented. Key parameters of the o p t i m i z a t i o n are i d e n t i f i e d and examined to show t h e degree Of
interdependence and t o d e r i v e a secondary set o f v a r i a b l e s more amenable t o o p t i m i z a t i o n . The
procadure is d e t a i l e d with numerical examples, and t h e r e s u l t s f o r a 100-MWe c o m e r c i a 1 P l a n t
a r e shown.

ST77 13013 SOME MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED I N THE APPLICATION O F SOLAR ENERGY TO ELECTRIC
POWER GENERATION
G e r t a i s , R.L., Taketani, R., Babel, H.W., P i t t i n a t o , G.F., (McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s C O . ,
Suntington Beach, CAI, Sampe Journal, V 12:12-19, ,Mar-Apr 1976, A77-13739
A p r o g r e s s r e p o r t is made on two b a s i c approaches t o g e n e r a t i n g electrical power using
s o l a r energy local a b s o r p t i o n system and c e n t r a l a b s o r p t i o n system. The main d i f f e r e n c e between
the two approaches is that t h e c e n t r a l a b s o r p t i o n relies upon o p t i c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of energy
while t h e l o c a l a b s o r p t i o n relies upon p i p i n g of thermal energy. The a c t i v i t i e s and 1 S S U e S
a s s o c i a t e d with the formation of noncondensable g a s e s i n water h e a t p i p e s a r e d i s c u s s e d , along
with some of t!!e a c t i v i t i e s and issues f o r m a t e r i a l s e l e c t i o n and some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s for the
s o l a r concentrator. The t e c h n i c a l issues all appear t o be r e s o l v a b l e w i t h c u r r e n t technology.
Innovative concepts, however, a r e r e q u i r e d t o make s o l a r e l e c t r i c power c o m p e t i t i v e .
(THERMAL-POWER, COHPARISONS , ECONOMICS

ST77 13014 TECHNICAL E'EASIBJLITX STUDY O F MODULAR DISH SOLAR UECTRIC SYSTEMS

Gupta, B.P., auchholz, R.L., McBride, E.M., ray, D.C., Bohan, W . M . , (Honeywell, f n c . , Mi.nneapolis,
MN) , NASA-CR-135012, 182 ?. t Mar 1976, ERDA/NASA/l9740-76/1
The e f f o r t was d i r e c t e d a t e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e technical f e a s i b i l i t y of modular g e n e r a t i o n
of e l e c t r i c i t y through tha use o f d i s h c o l l e c t o r s , and thereby e l i m i n a t i n g the h e a t transport
problem of d i s t r i b u t e d s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m . The s u p a r i o r o p t i c a l performance of d i s h Col-
l e c t o r s among the modular c o l l e c e o r concepts led t o i t s s e l e c t i o n for d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s i n Lie
power g e n e r a t i o n range of 30 t o 100 k W ( t ) per module. E f f o r t was a l s o d i r e c t e d a t t h e c e n t r a l
r e c e i v e r concept t o examine the b e n e f i t of smaller mirror s i z e ' f o r power g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e
range of 500 kH to 4 M ( t ) . On the b a s i s of the r e s u l t s of t h e o p t i c a l and thermodynamic
analyses performed d u r i n g t h i s program, a p a r a b o l o i d of r e v o l u t i o n d i s h with a c a v i t y r e c e i v e r
using an open a i r r e g e n e r a t i v e Brayton Cycle t u r b i n e emerged a s t h e most promising concept i n
t h e power range from 30 t o 1 0 0 k W ( t ) par module.
(TBERMAL-POWER, COMPARISONS)

26
 13019

ST77 13015 CEXNTRAL RECEIVER SO- TgERMAL POWER SYSTEM. PHASE 1. CDPL ITEM 1 0 . FIST
QUAXTSCL TECXNICU PROGZESS =PORT

E a i i e t , ~ . ; i . , Jr., Gervais, R.L., (NcDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Co., Runtington 3each, CX) ,

90 p., ;an 1 9 7 6 , .%C-G-6318, S;LN-1108-76-1
The c u r r e n t d e f i n i t i o n of a 10-Me p i l o t p l a n t p r e l i m i n a r y design base l i n e i s p r e s e n t e d ,
a s well as a summary of a L O O E l e commercial p l a n t base l i n e .
W The subsystems d e s c r i b e d f o r
t h e slants i n c l u d e t h e c o l l e c t o r , r e c e i v e r , tiiermal s t o r a g e , and e l e c t r i c a l power g e n e r a t i o n . A
master c o n t r o l concept employincj a c e n t r a l i z e d computer i s a l s o d e s c r i b e d . The subsystem r e s e a r c h
experiment a c t i v i t i e s f o r t!!e c o l l e c t o r , r e c e i v e r , and thermal s t o r a g e s u b s y s t e m a r e p r e s e n t e d ,
i n c l u d i n g a summary o f SRE test requirements, o v e r a l l t e s t scheduling, and s t a t u s through t h e
conceptual d e s i g n review phase o f t!!e SRE e f f o r t .

ST77 1 3 0 1 6 A COMP.ARIS0N O F GaAs XND S i HYBRID SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS

Heinbockel, J . Y . , Roberts, A.S., Jr. , (Old Dominion U n i v e r s i t y , Xorfolk, VA) , 9 x 1 - 1 1 7 0 7 - 8 6 ,

Princeton, X , Electrochemical S o c i e t y , Inc., p. 170-199, 1976, In I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on
Solar Energy, Washington, DC, May 5-7, 1976, Proceedings, A76-47051 24-44, A76-47063
An a n a l y t i c a l comparison of energy o u t p u t from v a r i o u s s i l i c o n and g a l l i u m a r s e n i d e h y b r i d
solar power systems, producing electric power and a l s o thermal power f o r h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g ,
is made. System performance indices i n tenus of c a p i t a l cost, peak power. t o t a l power o u t p u t ,
and e l e c t r i c power w e r e evaluated. Limiting values f o r annual energy production from GzAs and
Si s o l a r concenL-ator systems were estimated t o be 2 c e n t s and 6.8 c e n t s p e r kWH f o r GaAs COn-
centrator system.
(TBERMAL-POWER, PHOTOMLTAIC, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13017 VIXDOWED VERSUS HINOOWLESS SOLAR ENERGY CAVITY 9XCEIVERS

J a r v i n e n , P.O., (MIT, Lexington, LMM, New York, American I n s t i t u t e of C h d c a l Enqineers,
V 2:1244-1252, 1976, In I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Ilth, S t a t e Line,
Xevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings,
t u t e of Technology and U.S. Air Force, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12808
X = d e l f o r a windowed, high-temperature c a v i t y receiver of t h e h e a t e d - a i r type is developed
and used t o e v a l u a t e the greenhouse effect as a method f o r o b t a i n i n g high receiver a p e r a t i n g
e f f i c i e n c i e s . The e f f e c t s on r e c e i v e r e f f i c i e n c y of v a r y i n g the window c u t o f f wavelength,
t5e amount o f a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e w i n d o w pass-band, the c a v i t y o p e r a t i n g temperature, and t h e
number of windows a r e determined. S i n g l e windowed cavities a r e found t o o f f e r t h e o r e t i c a l
e f f i c i e n c i e s comparable to windowless ones, w h i l e s u l t i p l e windowed u n i t s a r e found t o s u f f e r
from low o p e r a t i n g e f f i c i e n c i e s due t o losses r e s u l t i n g from r e f l e c t i o n s a t each window/air
i n t e r f a c e . A ' f i r s t orcler' examination is made of t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of air c o o l i n g t h e window
t o a s s u r e its s u r v i v a l . T h i s appears p o s s i b l e i f a proper combination of Cooling technique and
window m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is selected.
(THERMAL-POWER, COMPARISONS, CENTRAL-RECEIVER)

ST77 13018 A S O W POWER PLANT IN TSE 1 0 KWE RANGE W I T H FOCUSING COLLECTORS

i t l e i n k a u f , W., Koehne, R., Lindnor, F., (Deutsche Forschungs- und V e r o u c h s a n s t a l t f u e r t u f t -

und Raumfahrt, I n s t i t u t f w r Energiswandlung und e l e k t r i s c h e Autriebe, S t u t t g a r t , West Germany),
Simon, M. , (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg, AG, Neue Technologie, .XUniCh, W e s t G e - m . Y ) I
XOme, Rassegna 1nternazionaJ.e E l e t t r o n i c a Xucleare Ed Aerospaziale, p. 341-550, 1976, I n I n t e r -
n a t i o n a l S c i e n t i f i c - T e c h n o l o g i c a l Conference on S p a c e , 1 6 t h , Rome, I t a l y , Mar 18-20, 1976,
Proceedings. A76-45951 23-12, A76-45995
A 10-ktie s o l a 9ower p l a n t w i t h focusing c o l l e c t o r s ( p a r a b o l i c t r o u g h s ) is d e s c r i b e d . The
advantages and disadvantages of two d i f f e r e n t mountings, a simple and a more s o p h i s t i c a t e d
t r a c k i n g d e v i c e , a r e d i s c m s e d . The collector i t s e l f and t h e thermal c y c l e with a steam e n g i n e ,
s t o r a g e , and an a d d i t i o n a l b o i l e r a r e treated. F i n a l l y , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n and e l e c t r i c i t y c o s t s
a r e presented as a f u n c r i o n of hours of sunshine p e r y e a r €or t h e 10-kWe p l a n t a s well a s l a r g e r
plants.
( TIIEWI-POWER, ECONOMICS, PARABOLIC-TROUGB)

ST77 13019 THERMAL STORAGE FOR S O U R ENERGY CONVERSION

L a f r o i s , R.T. , (Honeywell Systems and Researcb Center, Minneagoiis, ANN), Venkatasetty, H . V . ,
(Honeywell C o r p o r a t e Research C e n t e r , Bloomington, MN) , P r i n c e t o n , N J , Electrochemical S o c i e t y ,
I n c . , p. 16-35, 1976, In I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on S o l a r Energy, Washington, DC, May 5-7,
1 9 7 6 . P r o c e e d i n g s , E 9 ( 0 4 - 3 ) - 1 1 0 9 , A76-47051 24-44, A76-47053
The p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t!e thermal s t o r a g e subsystem f o r s t o r i n g thermal energy by melting
eu'iec',ic J a i t s , that part 0 2 teatra:=z=t&-.-sr =;-p= s=laz th=--zl pswer a i l = = 71zzt. The
thermal s t o r a g e u n i t is & i v i d e d i n t o i n d i v i d u a l c e l l s f o r improved phase chanqe Berformance.
Each c e l l c o n t a i n s one charge c y c l e h e a t exchanger and one d i s c h a r g e c y c l e h e a t sxchanger. ?welve
reis s t o r a g e u n i t c e l l s w i l l g e n e r a t e s a t u r a t e d steam while another s e t o f c e l l s w i l l g e n e r a t e
s u p e r h e a t e d steam. The s a l t s e l e c t e d f o r t h e main s t o r a g e is a t e r n a r y e u t e c t i c mrxt?lre of
:?aC1, XaN03, and Xa2S04 v i t h e u t e c t i c t e n u e r a t u r e o f 2 6 7 C and h e a t of f x s i o n of 94.2 :<WH(t)/Cu 24.
ST77 1 3 0 2 0 TSER!! ENERCl STORAGE CONSIDE.SATIONS FOR SOLAR-TEIERMAL POWER GZNERATION

L i o r , S . , ?yyaswamy, P.S., Oleary, J . , Kauffman, K.w., Yeh, H., (Pennsylvania, u n i v e r s i t y ,

P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , i o r s c h , H.C., ( F r a n k l i n I n s t i t u t e Research L a b o r a t o r i e s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA) e
Sew VOrk, American i n s t i t u t e of Chemical Zngineers, V 1:613-622, 1976, 12 i n t e r s o c i e t y EnerTI
conversion Snqineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, s e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings,
X77-12662 02-44, X77-12732
The problem of thermal energy s t o r a g e f o r solar-thermal power g e n e r a t i o n i s examined.
Hajor conceptual systems f o r thermai s t o r a g e a r e Broposed and described. s t o r a g e nodes through
s e n s i b l e h e a t , l a t e n t h e a t (phase change), and thennochemical energy a r e reviewed and Proposed.
X survey of a p p l i c a b l e m a t e r i a l s f o r thermal s t o r a g e , which i n c l u d e s a v a i l a b l e thennophysical
p r o p e r t i e s , c o m p a t i b i l i t y with c o n t a i n i n g and h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t e r f a c e s , and economics, 2s We-
sented. The energy s t o r a g e r e l a t e d parameters ( s u c h a s temperatures, h e a t f l u x e s and q u a n t i -
t i e s ) of two major conceptual s y s t e m f o r solar-thermal power g e n e r a t i o n a r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r a
power s t a t i o n s i z e of 1 0 0 .We. Matiiematical d e t a i l s r e l e v a n t t o t r a n s i e r i t a n a l y s e s o f thermal
s t o r a g e have been developed and discussed.
(COMPARISONS, DESIGX-REVEIW)

ST77 13021 PLANNING NODELS FOR THE ASSESSMENT O F ADVANCSD E?JERGY STORAGE SYSTXMS ?H.D. TBESIS
.m, F.S.T., (Pennsylvania Univ., P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA), 1 8 1 p., N77-12504
Avai1:Univ. Microfiknrr, Order No. 76-22731
Two a l t e r n a t i v e approaches are i d e n t i f i e d : A system s t o r a g e which can be charged electri-
c i l l y by any conventional power p l a n t of t!!e system: and a s o l a r s t o r a g e which can only S t o r e
n o n - e l e c t r i c a l energy e x t r a c t e d from a renewable source ( e . g . , by s o l a r thermal c o n v e r s i o n ) .
i n both approaches, t h e s t o r a g e is includad a s a l i m i t e d source o f energy g e n e r a t i o n i n a power
system. They a r e s t r u c t u r e d a s optimal c o n t r o l formulations which i n c l u d e important b a s i c
t e c h n o l o g i c a l parameters. The o p t i m i z a t i o n problem is then s o l v e d using dynamic programming.
The f e a s i b i l i t y of a c a n d i d a t e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of each advanced technology is compared with t h o s e
of advanced designs o f gas t u r b i n e s and combined c y c l e s . R e s u l t s of t h i s study i n d i c a t e t h a t ,
based on m d e r a t e l y p r o j e c t e d c o s t and l i f e span estimates, t9e s p e c i f i c s t o r a g e systems a r e
more expensive than gas t u r b i n e s and combined c y c l e s .
(THERMAL-POWER, COMPUTSR-MODELS, COMPARISONS)

ST77 13022 OPTICAL SYSTEMS E'OR LARGE SCALE SOLAR POWER PLANTS
McFCe. R.E., (McDannell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s CO., Huntington Beach, CAI, Chicago, I n d u s t r i a l
and S c i e n t i f i c Conference Management, I n c . , p. 100-105, 1975, I n E l e c t r o - O p t i c a l Systemr Design
Conference and I n t e r n a t i o n a l Laser E x p o s i t i o n , Anaheim, a,xov 11-13, 1975. Procoadings Of
t h e Technical Program, A7644926 23-35, A76-44934
An approach t o tl9e s o l u t i o n of some of t h e o p t i c a l problems involved i n t h e deslqn O f
o p t i c a l systems f o r l a r g e - s c a l e solar power p l a n t s is presented. The computation procedure f o r
a t y p i c a l h e l i o s t a t a r r a y u s i n g the elemant image sun approach is d e s c r i b e d . Mirror s u r f a c e
i r r e g u l a r i t i e s C M b e simulated by a s s i g n i n g s l o p e e r r o r s t o the i n d i v i d u a l elements. Receivers
of d i f f e r e n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n m y be handled by t h e same program through t h e use o f a S e p a r a t e
s u b r o u t i n e for each r e c e i v e r design. The use of t h e e l e m e n t a l image numerical i n t e g r a t i o n
technique made it p o s s i b l e t o develop a v e r s a t i l e and a n a l y t i c a l t o o l s u i t a b l e f o r a V a r i e t y
of s o l a r power s y s t e m d8sign problems.
(THERMAL-POWER, COMPUTER MODEL)

ST77 1 3 0 2 3 COMING - SOLAR POWER PLANTS

Xurphy, L.H., Skinrood, A.C., (Sandia L d b o r a t o r i a s , Livermore, CA) , MOChAniCal Engineering,

V 98:26-32, NOV 1 9 7 6 , A77-12125
The s y s t m daaigns proposed by Honeywell, ,Martin Marietta, and McDonnell Douglas f o r t h e
1 0 YPi(e) p i l o t p l a n t and its h e l i o s t a t concepts a r e examined. C a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t roughly
2000 h e l i o s t a t r , each wit!! about 40 Sq M of r o f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e , would bo r e q u i r e d f o r such a
p l a n t . Annual solar energy o f approximatoly 2.0 MWEr/Sq M of m i r r o r a r e a can be redirected t o
a r e c e i v e r from a h e l i o s t a t a r r a y Located i n a f a v o r a b l e l o c a t i o n . Each of t h e d e s i g n s examined
r e q u i r e s approximately 1 0 0 a c r e a of land f o r t h e 10-rn p l a n t , b u t less than 40% of t h e l a n d W i l l
be a c t u a l l y covered by m i r r o r s . Both Honeywell and McDonnell Douglas e n v i s i o n a tower surrounded
by a f l a t h e l i o a t a t f i e l d . The Martin Marietta approach is t o l o c a t e t h e tower on the southern
edge of e i t h e r a h o r i z o n t a l o r sloped f i e l d . E v a l u a t i o n of the d i f f e r a n t s y s t e m w i l l n o t
s t a r t u n t i l 1977. Preliminary s t u d i e s , however, i n d i c a t e t h a t ' t h e d e s i g n s proposed a r e m r k a b l e .
(THERMAL-POWER, HELIOSTAT, ARRAY, DESIGN-REVIEW)

ST77 1 3 0 2 4 STEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER I N TRANSVERSELY HEATED POROUS MEDIA WITH APPLICATION
TO FOCUSZD SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS
Xichols, L.D., (XASA, L e w i s ) , NASA-TN-D-8310, 4 6 P - , O c t 1976, N76-33440/8WE
1\ f l u i d flowing i n a porous medium heated t r a n s v e r s e l y t o t h e . f l u i d flow i s c o n s i d e r e d .
T f r i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s a p p l i c a b l e t o a focused solar energy c o l l e c t o r f o r u s e i n an e l e c t r i c

28
1 L3029

power g e n e r a t i n g s y s t s m . A f l u i d i z e d bed can be regarded as a gorous m e d i u m w i t s , s p e c b l prop-

erties. "he s o l u t i o n s p r e s e n t e d a r e v a l i d for d e s c r i b i n g the e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f such a f l u i d i z e d
bed f o r c o l l e c t i n g concentrated s o l a r energy t o heat t h e xorking f l i l i d o f a h e a t engine. 2e-

!
t
s u i t s i n d i c a t e t h e advantage o f kigh t h e m i c o n d u c t i v i t y i n t h e t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n and high
c p e r a t i n g temperature of t h e porous medium.
(TBEFiMAL-?OWER)

ST77 13025 STORAG2 SI OIL OF OFF-PEAK TYERMAL ENERGY F3OM WRGZ POWE2 STATIONS

I Xicholson, E.W., (Exxcan E n t e q r i s e s , Inc., New York, NY) , Cahn, R.T.,

Engineering t o . , Lind.en, NJ), New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:598-605,
(Exxon Research and
1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Sngineering Conference, Ut!!, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t
12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12730
X novel method of s t o r i n g and r e c a l l i n g off-peak thermal energy from l a r g e power s t a t i o n s
using a high-boiling r e f i n e d o i l a s s t o r a g e medium is d e s c r i b e d , and t h e economics of t h e ayst*sn
a r e developed and compared with c o m p e t i t i v e energy s t o r a g e techniques. ?he e f f a c t o f s t o r a g e
medium c o s t is analyzed, and p o t e n t i a l methods of improving t h e economics of t h e o v e r a l l system
i a r e o u t l i n e d . S p e c i f i c a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o v a r i o u s n u c l e a r r e a c t o z tDes is d i s c u s s e d , aad o t h e r
9 o t e n t i a l uses of t h e method a r e presented.
("XERMAt-POWE,P, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13026 THE XOLE OF SI.MXATION I N TYE DEVELOP.XENT O F SOLAR-THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

Schrenk, G.L., (Pennsylvania, i r n i v e r s i t y , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e of

Chemical Engineers, V 2:3256-1263, 1976, In I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Confereece.,
L l t h , S t a t e Line, Bevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceediags, h77-12662 02-41, X77-12809
The d e s i g n of a s o l a r - t h e n n a l energy conversion system depends on a l a r g e number of para-
meters t h a t r e l a t e t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of tiae solar c o n c e n t r a t o r and a b s o r b e r . Only p a r t of
these parameters are amenable t o experimental determination. A comprehensive balanced e x p e r i -
mental-aathematical s a u l a t i o n procedure for t h e s o l a r - t h e r m a l subsystem i s d e s c r i b e c , and i s
shown to be c a p a b l e of q u a n t i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e v a r i a b l e s c r i t i c a l t o t h e d e s i g n of a
z e a l i s t i c s o l a r - t h e r m a l energy conversion system. A unique f e a t u r e of t h e work d i s c u s s e d is e !t
r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t w e d e a l w i t h an extended f i n i t e - s i z e d source and t h a t &&er e s u l t a n t r a d i a t i o n
t r a n s f e r inust b e analyzed u s i n g cones, e i t h e r i n f i n i t e s i m a l or f i n i t e , rather t h a n o p t i c a l rays
as t h e b a s i c v e h i c l e for energy t r a n s f e r .

( TIfE2iMA.L-POWER, MATREMATICAL MODELS)

ST77 13027 TRERMAL ATMOSPBERIC POWER SYSTEEi CONCEPTS

Simon, D.I.M., Rome, Rassegna I n t e r n a z i o n a l e E l e t t r o n i c a Nucleare Ed Aerospaziala, p. 525-536,
1976, I n i n t e r n a t i o n a l . S c i e n t i f i c - T e c h n o l o g i c a l Conference on Space, 1 6 t h , Rome, I t a l y , Mar 18-
20, i976, Proceedings, ~76-45951 23-12, A76-45994, In German
Thermal atmospheric a r e a power systems e x p l o i t i n g i n s o l a t i o n of a roofed-over a r e a , w i t h
t h e ground a c t i n g a s a n a t u r a l c o l l e c t o r of sunshine energy, and a c e n t r a l chimney providing
. a convection channel f o r e x t r a c t i n g energy from a i r c u r r e n t s g e n e r a t e d , a r e d e s c r i b e d .
formation of the k i n e t i c energy of tfie r i s i n g a i r c u r r e n t s t r a v e r s i n g the v e r t i c a l Chimney i n t o
Trans-
e l e c t r i c power o r mechanical s h a f t o u t p u t by ineans o f wind t u r b i n e s , and u t i l i z a t i o n Of random
h o r i z o n t a l wind i n a d d i t i o n by meas of an auxiliary slewable wind t u r b i n e s t a g e a t o p t h e ver-
t i c a i chimney, a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d . The concepts a r e recommended primary f o r energy-poor semi-
a r i d r e g i o n s with b u d a n t i n s o l a t i o n . Applications i n nore temperate environments a r e a l s o
tcnsidered.
( SEMI-ARID-REGIONS )

ST77 13028 KINETIC ENERGY STORAGE O F OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY

Simpson, L.A., Oldaker, I.E., Ste-cheg, J., ( A t o m i c Energy of Canada Ltd., Pinawa, X a n i t o b a ) ,
72 ?., S e p t 1975, AEcL-5116, N76-32661/OWE
The c o n c e p t of using Large flywheels t o s t o r e off-peak e l e c t z z c i t y is considered. The
development of high streno- composite m a t e r i a l s nas made Bossable i q r o v e m e n t s i n t h e e n e r w
s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y of such devices. The problems involved i n d e s i g n i n g l a r g e flywheels and t h e i z
economic advantages over a l t a r a a t i v e means of energy s t o r a g e are d i s c u s s e d . The economic argu-
nentS a r e b a s e d on t!e p r e s e n t o r near f u t u r e c a p a b i l i t i e s and c o s t s of s t r u c t u r a l composite
m a t e r i a l s . The flywheel Costs t u n o u t t o be considerably higher than f o r iuany a l t e r n a t i v e
schemes i n c l u d i n g advanced b a t t e r i e s , gas t u r S i n e g e n e r a t o r s , and pumped s t o r a g e schemes.
( FL'fimEEL STORAGE, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13029 SOLAR I S PRACTICAL

Sni:h, o.z.x., ( ~ n i v .o f C a l i f s r n i a , Berkeley, C A I , 3 2 .

hvai1:Univ. o f C a l i f o r z r a , S e r k e l e y , CA

29
 S o l a r power p l a n t s can be b u i i t immediately t o reduce our dependence on imported energy,
t o provide needed employment, and t o save d e p l e t a b l e r e s o u r c e s . They can b e b u i l t using conven-
t i o n a l engineering techniques and conventional m a t e r i a l s . The desiqn czm b e v e r s a t i l e with
a l t e r n a t i v e s a v a i l a b l e ' f o r almost svery comsonent. The p l a n t can be buil: so tnac it is easy
t o r e t z o f i t it i n the f u t u r e t o change t o improved o r lower c o s t m i r r o r s . t o change to iWXOved
heat-exchange f l u i d s , and t o i n s t a l l a d d i t i o n a l h e a t s t o r a g e and t h e a s s o c i a t e d a d d i t i o n a l
inirror f i e l d s .
( SO~LAR-O~ERVIEW, CONVERSION-POTENTIALS , THERMAL-POWER)

ST77 130 30 4NLTIMODULE PRACTICAC SOLAR-THERMAL-ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS

Smith, O.J.H., (Cniv.' of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkley, a), Energy Economics Environment Engineering,

Proceedings, F r o n t i e r s of P o w e r Technology, O c t 27-28, 1 9 7 6
Avai1:Oklahorna S t a t e University Extension College of Engineering
A p r a c t i c a l s o l a r - t h e m a l - e l e c t r i c power p l a n t can b e b u i l t a t a reasonable Cost With
a v a i l a b l e technology and m a t e r i a l s . This paper reviews t h e design and c o n s t r u c t i o n O f a Pro-
posed power generation system t o produce 1 0 0 megawatts.
(WERMAt-POWER, CONCENTRATOR, DESIGN-REVIEW)

ST77 13031 D E S I a CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMITB STRIP-MIRROR S O U - E L E C T R I C PLANT

Smith, O.J.M., (Univ. o f C a l i f o r n i a , a e r k e l e y , C A ) , 34 p.

Avail :Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, CA
A 3 r a c t i c a l s o l a r - t h e m a l - e l e c t r i c power p l a n t can be b u i l t a t a reasonable c o s t wit!!
a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s and conventional e n g i n e e r i n g design techniques. F i e l d s of a d j u s t a b l e S t t i p -
n i r r o r s c o n c e n t r a t e t h e r e f l e c t e d s u n l i g h t on h o t r e c e p t o r s t r i p s behind heat-conserving windows
on s h o r t towers. The absorbed h e a t from t h e h o t r e c e p t o r s is c a r r i e d by h e a t exchange f l u i d s
through p i p e s t o a c e n t r a l s t a t i o n power p l a n t c o n t a i n i n g h e a t exchangers t o p r e h e a t and b o i l
water and t o superheat steam, and a conventional t u r b i n e and e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t o r .
(THERMAL-PWEB, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13032 CSNTRAL STATION SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER USING L I Q U I D METAL HEAT TRANSPORT

S p r i n g e r , T.H.. Thomson, W.B., (Rockwell I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cor;?., Atomics I n t e r n a t i o n a l Div.,

Canoga Pa:k, C X ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1232-1238, 1976,
I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Znergy Conversion Enqineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t 12-17,
Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12806
A study has been made of a 1 0 0 M We s o l a r thermal e l e c t r i c power s t a t i o n using the tower
concept i n which l i q u i d sodium is used t o t r a n s p o r t h e a t from t h e r e c e i v e r on t h e tower t o
steam g e n e r a t o r s on the ground. The advantages of using sodium a r e (1) the a b i l i t y t o a c c e p t
a s e v e r e h e a t flux a t t h e r e c e i v e r , ( 2 ) a dense, single-phase c o o l a n t with no i n h e r e n t flow
i n s t a b i l i t i e s , ( 3 ) an i n h e r e n t l y l o w taceiver c o o l a n t p r e s s u r e , ( 4 ) sodium r e h e a t can be U s e d
i n t h e c y c l e , and ( 5 ) sodium technology has advanced s u f f i c i e n t l y t o be s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d
i n such a power s t a t i o n . Conceptual design d a t a f o r the m i r r o r system, r e c e i v e r . sodium h e a t
t r a n s p o r t system, steam system, and h e a t r e j e c t i o n system a r e presented. Thermal s t o r a g e is
discussed. Data an t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of l i q u i d sodium technology a r e given.
(THERMAL-POWER, CENTRAL-TOWER)

ST77 1 3 0 3 3 A SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER OVERVIEW

Stromberg, R.?., (Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , Albuquerque, NM), New York, I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t z i c a l and

E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, Inc., p. 74-75, 1 9 7 6 , I n Engineering i n a Changing Economy: Proceedings
of t h e S o u t 5 e a s t Region 3 Conference, C l e m o n , SC, Apr 5-7, 1976, A76-47201 2 4 - 9 9 , A76-47207
. n aggressive program t o e s t a b l i s h t h e t e a 8 i b i l i t y of s o l a r energy f o r producing electric-
A
i t y i s being sponrorad by t!!e Energy Research and Devmlopment Administration (ERDA). R J O
major i d e a s a r e bring pursued. C e n t r a l power plants, r e m o t d y l o c a t e d , would r e p l a c e conven-
t i o n a l l y f u e l e d p l a n t s . T o t a l energy systems, c l o s e r t o t h e developed a r e a s of c i t i e s , would
produce e l e c t r i c i t y and u t i l i z e t!!e l a r g e amounts o f thermal energy o t h e r w i s e lost. Economies
of s o l a r energy systems look marginal i n c o n t r a s t t o c u r r e n t f u e l arices. I t w i l l be necessary
to change i n c e n t i v e s i n o r d e r t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e t r a n s f e r from f o s s i l f u e l s t o a l t e r n a t e sources
of energy.
(COMPARISONS, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13034 ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENERGY TRANSPORT COMPONENT O F A URGE DISTRIBUTED
SOLAR POWER PWIVT
Turner, R.H., ( C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, J e t Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers. V 2:1239-1243. 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy
Conversion Engineering Conference, llth, S t a t e Line. Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1 9 7 6 , Proceedings,
Volume 2, A77-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , ~77-12807

30
 A s o l a r t h e m a l power p l a n t with a f i e l d o f c o l l e c t o r s . each l o c a l l y h e a t i n g some t r a n s p o r t
f l u i d , r e q u i r e s a p i p e network system f o r t v e n i x a l d e l i v e r y of energy power g e n e r a t i o n equipment.
For a given c o l l e c t o r d i s t r i b u t i o n and p i p e network geometry, a technique is h e r e i n developed
which n a n i p u l a t e s b a s i c c o s t information and p h y s i c a l d a t a i n o r d e r t o design an energy t r a n s -
p o r t system c o n s i s t e n t with minimized c o s t c o n s t r a i n e d by a c a l c u l a t e d t e c h n i c a l aerformance.
For a given t r a n s p o r t f l u i d and c o l l e c t o r - c o n d i t i o n s , t!!e method determines t h e network p i p e
diameter and p i p e t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n and a l s o i n s u l a t i o n Lhickness d i s t r i b u t i o n a s s o c i a t e d
w i t ? miniaun system c a s t : Lbese r e l a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e unique. Transport l o s s e s , i n c i u a i n g
3ump work and h e a t l e a k , a r e c a l c u l a t e d operatinq expenses and impact t h e t o t a l system cosc.
?he minimum c o s t system is r e a d i l y s e l e c t e d . The technique is demonstrated on s i x c a n d i d a t e
t r a n s p o r t f l u i d s t o emphasize which parameters dominate t h e system c o s t and t o provide b a s i c
d e c i s i o n d a t a . Three d i f f e r e n t power p l a n t outgut s i z e s a r e e v a l u a t e d i n each case t o determine
s e v e r i t y of diseconomy of scale.
(TBERMAL-POWER , HhTHEMATICAL LWDELS1

ST77 13035 TliERMAL ENERGY STOEZAGE MATERIAL TIiERMOPHYSICAL ?ROPER- MEASUREMENT AND HEAT
T-WSFER IMPACT
Tye, R.P., Bourne, J.G., D e s t a r l a i s , A.O., (Dynatech R/D Co., Cambridge, M A ) , NASA-CX--135098,
XAS3-19716, 98 p., REPT-1503, N77-12510
Avai1:NTIS
The thermophysical p r o p e r t i e s of salts having p o t e n t i a l f o r thermal energy s t o r a g e t o
;rrovrde peaking energy i n conventional e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y power p l a n t s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . The
power p l a n t s s t c d i e d were t!!e p r e s s u r i z e d water r e a c t o r , b o i l i n g water r e a c t o r , s u p e r c r i t i c a l
steam r e a c t o r , and high temuerature gas r e a c t o r . The s a l t s c o n s i d e r e d were LiN03, 63LiOH/37
L i C l e u t e c t i c , LiOH, and BaZB407. The t!!ermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , s p e c i f i c h e a t ( i n c l u d i n g l a t e n t
h e a t of f u s i o n ) , and d e n s i t y of each s a l t were measured f o r a temperature range of a t l e a s t
+ or - 100 K o f t h e neasured melting ? o i n t . Measurements w e r e made wit!% both r e a g e n t and com-
m e r c i a l grades of each sal:.
(XERXAL-POWER, PHASE-CBANGZ)

ST77 13036 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND SELECTION O F OPTI-XAL ?ARXETERS O F B DYNAMIC CONVERTER
FOR X SOLAR ENERGY SET-UP -
U T I L I Z I N G STIRLING ENGINE
Umarov, G.Ia., Orunov, B.B., K l i u c h e v s k i i , Iu.E., Turtunbaev, I . A . , Trukhov, V.S., (Ucademiia
Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Ffziko-Tekhnicherkii I n s t i t u t , Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) , Geliote.Lhnika,
p. 31-34, BS. 1976, A77-14580, I n Russian
Yo A b s t r a c t A v a i l a b l e

(TBE-3MAL-POWERI

ST77 13037 TXERMAL ENERGY STORAGE FOR SOLAR POWER PLANTS

Venkatesetty, H.V., L e f r o i s , R.T., (Honeywell, Inc., Minneaeolis, MN), New York, American
I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 1:606-612, 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference, l l t h , S t a t e L i n e , l e v a d a , S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44,
X77-12731
Experimental techniques and r e s u l t s obtained f o r a number of promising phase-change n a t e r i -
a l s f o r t!e t!!ermal energy s t o r a g e subsystem of c e n t r a l r e c e i v e r s o l a r t!!ennal power p i l o t p l a n t
a r e p r e s e n t e d . N i n e i n o r g a n i c e u t e c t i c compositions wit!! melting p o i n t s between 220 and 290 C
w e r e s t u d i e d w i t h trJo of them: NaNEI03-NaOH and NaCl-NaN03-NaS04, chosen f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n . The t h e m a l s t a b i l i t y and phase c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the l a t t e r e u t e c t i c were examined
a s w e r e t h e e f f e c t s of tfiermal c y c l i n g on t h e s t a b i l i t y and h e a t s of f u s i o n of bot! eutectics.
Engineering model experimentation results a s s o c i a t e d wit! l a t e n t h e a t s t o r a g e dynamic p r o c e s s e s
a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d wit!! a t t e n t i o n given t o vaporizer h e a t t r a n s f e r , and s o l i d s a l t removal and
settling.
( PSASSZ-CXANGZ, OvERVIaW)

3T77 13038 CXLORI-=TRY OF IAXGE SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

Xaddington, D . , (Martin M a r i e t t a Aerospace, Denver, C O ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e O f Chemical
E n g i n e e r s , V 2:1291-1295, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Znerqy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h ,
S t a t e Line, Bevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-i2884
The development of l a r g e f o c u s i n g n e l i o s t a t s t o c o n c e n t r a t e s o l a r energy on a b o i l e r o r
Ceiltral r e c e i v e r demands a method of measuring t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y . A f l a t p l a t e
c a l o r i m e t e r , u s i n g t h e temperature rise i n water a t a measured flow r a t e , has been employed t o
t e s t a 22.3-square-meter h e l i o s t a t focused a t a d i s t a n c e of 3 1 meters. These measurements
r e p r e s e n t the f i r s t tests of l a r g e - a r e a c o n c e n t r a t i n g h e l i o s t a t s i n t h i s country. This paper
PreSSntS t h e c a l o r i m e t e r d e s i g n , d e f i n i n g a b s o q t a n c e of t!!e f l a t p l a t e Coating, t h e instrumenta-
t i o n , and the c a p a b i l i t i e s f = = c = l i b r a = i = n an2 a z z t r c r z r e c L i G n . Typical tests a r e d i s c u s s e d
and d a t a a r e i n c l u d e d . Evaluation d a t a taken w i t h an AGA tkermovision i n f r a r e d scanner confirm
f l u x d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e c a l o r i n e t e r r e c e i v e r p l a t e . The prototype c a l o r i m e t e r Sas s u c c e s s f u l l y
xeasured solar f l u x e s of 47,307 w / S q Y and t o t a l fluxes of 1 4 , 6 5 0 w a t t s .
(T~EXXAL-?O~WER,
:XSTRUYXESTS)
31
ST77 1 3 0 3 9 COMPARATIVE PE.PFORMANC OF S O W T 3 E m ?OWEX GNE.SATION COSCEPTS
Wen, L.. wu, Y.C., ( C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology, J e t Propulsion Laboratory, ?asadena. U), ,

?Iew 'fork, Xmerfc;? I n s t i t u t e of Chenical Engineers, V i:i209-1215, 1376. I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy

Conversion Engineering Conference, llth, S t a t e Line, Nevada, Sept 1 2 - 1 7 , 1976, Proceedings,
A77-12662 02-44, A77-12803
A Ferformance comparison is made between +-he csnt-a1 receiver system (power tower) and a
d i s t r i b u t e d system u s i a g e i t h e r d i s h e s or troughs and l i n e s t o t r a n s p o r t f l u i d s t o t h e power
s t a t i o n . These systems were analyzed a t a r a t e d c a p a c i t y of 30 x,W of thermal energy d e l i v e r e d
i n t h e form o f superheated steam a t 5 3 8 C (1000 F) and 6 8 ATM (1000 P S U ) , using c o n s i s t e n t
weather d a t a , c o l l e c t o r s u r f a c e waviness, p o i n t i n g e r r o r , and e l e c t r i c conversion e f f i c i e n c y .
The comparisons include tectrnical c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r component requirements, land u t i l i z a t i o n ,
and annttal thermal energy c o l l e c t i o n r a t e s . The r e l a t i v e merits of d i f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
systems a r e dependent' upon t h e o v e r a l l conversion a s expressed i n t h e form of p e r f o r s a n c e f a c t o r s
i n t h i s paper. These f a c t o r s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y i n d i c e s of t h e r e l a t i v e perfornance e f f e c t i v e n e s s
for d i f f e r e n t concapts based upon u n i t c o l l e c t o r a r e a . These perfornance f a c t o r s enable f u r t h e r
economic t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s of systems t o be made by comparing t h e m with p r o ~ e c t e dproduction
c o s t s f o r t h e s e systems.
( ECONOMICS 1

ST77 13040 T?IE IMPACT OF TES ON ENERGY STRUCTURES - TYERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Xilson, J.Z., (Ontario Hydro, Energy and Environmental S t u d i e s Dept., Toronto, Canada),
Glendenning, I., ( C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y m n e r a t i n g Board, Marchwood Engineering L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
Southampton, England) , Bourgeois, B., (CrrRS, I n s t i t u t Economique E t J u r i d i q u e D e L'Energie,
Grenoble, F r a n c e ) , F e l l s , I . , (Xewcastle-Upon-Tyne, U n i v e r s i t y , Sewcastle-Upon-Tyne, England),
Glenn, D.R., (GE v a l l e y Forge Space C e n t e r , P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , Golibersuch, D., (GE Reaearch
and Development Center, Schenectady, W , Hannes, K., (Steag-imlagentechnik, E s s e n , West Germany) I
H o e r s t e r , H . , ( P h i l i p s Forschungslaboratorium Aachen GYBH, Aachen, West Germany), Knobbout, J.A. I
( C e n t r a l O r g a n i s a t i e Voor Toagepaat-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Apeldoorn, Netherlands)
Lowe, P.A., (ERDA, T h e r m 1 Energy S t o r a g e Branch, Washington, D C ) , p. 49-72. 1976, I n Thermal
Energy Storage: NATO Science Committee Conference, Turnberry, S c o t l a n d , Mar 1-5, 1976, Report,
Brussels, ?JATOr A76-45543 23-44, A76-45548
Thermal energy s t o r a g e f o r r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial energy s t r u c t u r e s ( s p a c e h e a t i n g ,
water h e a t i n g , proccsa h e a t , s e a s o n a l s t o r a g e , etc.) is considered. Some i n d u s t r i a l groupings
(cement, i r o n and steel, food, paper, aluminrrm, b a t c h / v a r i a b l e p r o c e s s e s , e t c . ) considered
3 o s s i b l e € o r TES a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e examined. TSS is a l s o d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o urban h e a t i n g
systems (e.g., d i s t r i c t h e a t i n g ) , energy t r a n s p o r t and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and electric u t i l i t i e s .
(TIIERMAL-POWER, TOTAL-EXERGY-SYSTEMS I OVERVIEW)

148 O N THERM 101.1I C/THERMOELECTRIC

ST77 14000 PROGRAM O F THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR TESTING AND RTG DEG2ADATION MECHANISMS WAL'JA-
TION. PROGRESS REPORT NO. 17
( J e t Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, a), 8 3 , p . , J u l y 1976, JPL-7
Research progress i s r e p o r t e d on s i l i c o n germanium technology i n c l u d i n g (1) s i l i c o n n i t r i d e
c o a t i n g experiments (long-term vacuum experiments f o r s i sub 3 N sub 4 -coated h o t shoes and
CO environment t e s t s of S i sub 3 N sub 4 -coated h o t s h o e s ) ; ( 2 ) VACUUIP conductance experiments:
( 3) MRW-RTG degradation code (DEGRA) ; ( 4 ) 4-couple module experiments ; and ( 5 ) t h e r m o e l e c t r i c
p r o p e r t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . S e l e n i d e m a t e r i a l e v a l u a t i o n tests included (1) thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y
t e s t s : ( 2 ) in-gradient t e a t s ; and ( 3 ) i s o t h e r m a l experiment. Thermoelectric g e n e r a t o r tests
and e v a l u a t i o n included (1) high performance g e n e r a t o r , HPG S+2; ( 2 ) t r a n s i t g e n e r a t o r , QM If1
( s u b g e n e r a t o r G sub 1, subgenerator G sub 2 , and s u b g e n e r a t o r G sub 3) : ( 3 ) r i n g c o n v e r t e r : ( 4 )
I'IRW-TBC-1: and ( 5 ) RcA r e f e r e n c e g e n e r a t o r .
(OVERVIEWS

ST77 14001 ADVANCED THERMIONIC ENERGY CONVERSION

B r i t t , E.J., F i t z p a t r i c k , G.D., Bansen, L.K., Rasor, N . S . , (Rasor A s s o c i a t e s . I n c . , Sunnyvale,
CAI t XASA-CR-148569, 136 p. t 1974, COD-2263-2, X76-28989/1WE, P C $ 1 0 . 0 0 / ~ $ 3 ~ 0 0
a a s i c a n a l y t i c a l and experimental e x p l o r a t i o n w a s conducted on s e v e r a l e l p a s 0 2 advanced
thermionic energy c o n v e r t e r s , and preliminary a n a l y s i s was performed on systems u t i l i z i n g
advanced Converter performance. The Pt-Nb c y l i n d r i c a l diode which e x h i b i t e d a suppressed a r c
drog, a s described i n t h e preceding r e p o r t , w a 8 r e a s a e h l e d and t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e p o s t u l a t e d
hydrid node of Operation vaa t e n t a t i v e l y confirmed. I n i t i a l d a t a o b t a i n e d on i g n i t e d and
unignited t r i o d e o g e r a t i o n i n t h e demountable cesium vapor s y s t e a e s s e n t i a l l y c o n f i r a e d t h e
design p r i n c i p l e s developed i n e a r l i e r work, with a few e x c e p t i o n s . Three s p e c i f i c advancad.
c o n v e r t e r concapts were s e l e c t e d as c a n d i d a t e s f o r Concentrated b a s i c study and f o r p r a c t i c a l

32
e v a l u a t i o n i j f i x e d - c o n f i g u r a t i o n c o n v e r t e r s . Test v e h i c l e s and t e s t s t a n d s f o r t h e s e c m v e r t e r s
and a unique contzolltd-srmosphere s t a t i o n f o r converter assembly ana a r o c e s s i n g were designed,
and prccurernent w a s i n i t i a t e d .

( C O X P - W S O X S , TSST-DATA)

ST?; 1 4 0 0 2 D I M I N I O D E TIIEZYIONIC COXVERSION WITH 1 1 1 - I R I D I U M ELECTFIODES

Koeger, E.W., B a i r , V.L., Y o r r i s . J.?., (MASA, Lewis), NASA-TX-X-73492, 11 p . , S e p t 1976,

E-aaaa, ~ 7 6 - 3 3 9 9 1 / 0 ~ ~
Preliminary d a t a i n d i c a t i n g thermionic-conversion p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r a I l l - i r i d i u m e m i t t e r
snd c o l l e c t o r spaced 0 . 2 ;am a p a r t a r e presented. These resulcs comprise o u t g u t d e n s i t i e s of
c u r r e n t and of power a s f u n c t i o n s of v o l t a g e f o r t h r e e sets Of e m i t t e r , c o l l e c t o r , and r e s e r v o i r
temperatures: 1553, 9 4 4 , 561 K ; 1 6 0 5 , 898, 533 R: and 1656, 1028, 586 K. For t h e 1 6 0 5 i<
e v a l u a t i o n , estimates produced work-function values of 2.22 e V € o r t!!e e m i t t e r and 1.63 e V f o r
t h e c o l l e c t o r w i t h a 2.0-eV b a r r i e r index ( c o l l e c t o r work f u n c t i o n p l u s i n t e r e l e c t r o d e v o l t a g e
drop) corresponding t o t h e maximum o u t p u t of 5.5 W/sq cm a t 0 . 2 4 v o l t . The c u r r e n t . v o l t a g e
curve f o r the-1656 R 111-iridium diminiode y i e l d s a 6 . 2 W / s q cdl maximum a t 0.25 v o l t and is
comparable w i t 3 t h e 1700 R envelope f o r a diode w i t h an etched-rhenium emitter and a 0.025-nan
e l e c t r o d e gap nade by TECO and e v a l u a t e d by NASA.
(DESIGN-REEEW)

ST77 1 4 0 0 3 TXERMIONIC ENERGY CONVERSION RESEARCH ANALYSIS. ANNUAL PIZOGRESS REPORT

Lam, S A . , (Princeton Gniv., N J J J ) , 1 4 p . , 1976, COO-2533-4
This p r o g r e s s r e p o r t summarizes t h e major r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n "Preliminary Report on
Plasma Arc-Drop i n Thermionic Energy C o n v e r t e r s , " (C00-2533-4), and i n c l u d e s a d d i t i o n a l d i s c u s -
s i o n s on t h e Paqnitude of t i e normalized plasma r e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d t o achieve low arc-drop
c m v e r t e r operation.

ST77 11304 THE-SMOELECTIUC rWDULE DESIGWED FOR A WIDE RANGE O F APPLICATIONS USING EIGE PEWOR-
AXANC3 SULTIDE MATERIALS

Reylek, R.S., H a n p l , E.F., Jr., Hinderman, J . D . , S m i t k a , R.L., Wald, D.A., ( 3 H Pioneering

Laboratory, St. P a u l , 'W),?lev Pork, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1599-1605,
1 9 7 6 , In I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t
12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12856
Sigh performance s e l e n i d e thermoelectric m a t e r i a l s o f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r p e r f o r -
mance improvement of t h e r m o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r s . The u s e of t h e s e materials i n g e n e r a t o r d e s i g n s
has bees p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d . T h i s paper d e s c r i b e s t h e r m o e l e c t r i c raodules ( t y p i c a l l y 25 W ( e ) . .
o u r p u t ) of advanced design which w i l l be compatible with a wide range of g e n e r a t o r concepts,
i n c l u d i n g r e c t a n g u l a r and c y l i n d r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . The module d e s i g n is d e s c r i b e d and t h e
e f f e c t of o p e r a t i n g temperatures and o t h e r design c o n d i t i o n s on t h e p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e design
a r e d i s c u s s e d . The b a s i c module c o n s i s t s of s e v e r a l components which promote high e f f i c i e n c y ,
low weight, and long l i f e . T e s t results on these components a r e d e s c r i b e d which v e r i f y d e s i g n
assumptions.
( DES IGN-REVIEW)

ST77 15000 O S A H TXERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)

(ERDA, Washington, E),

97 p., OTEC P r o g r a m Summary, O c t 1976, ERDA76-142
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is one o f s i x s o l a r t e c h n o l o g i e s + h a t c o n s t i t u t e d
t h e o r z g i n a l U.S. s o l a r energy program. Those technologies were selected by t h e N a t i o n a l Science
Foundation (NSF) Research Applied t o National Needs (2AiXN) program a s being o p t i o n s t h a t could
each p o t e n t i a l l y grovide a s u b s t a n t i a l energy c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e n a t i o n . When t h e U.S. Znergy
Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was e s t a b l i s h e d on January 1 9 , 1975, t h e l e a d
r o l e i n s o l a r e n e r g was t r a n s f e r r e d from NSF t o ERDA.
(OCEAN AT, [rXITED-STATES , OVERVIEW)

ST77 l9001 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A HIGH-SPEED O C W N TRERMAL ENGISE

.*Om, Z., (Chalmers Univ of Technol, Goteborg, Sweden), L M a r Techno1 Soc 3 , V 9:11-18, ?IS,
6 r e f s . S e p t 1976
~aaea==.', bas a h ~ w nthat can obtain a i i e i voik uiiegiit p i 3 t u u t 20 k j n per licer of
watar which is passed zhrouqfi e x p e r b e n t a l engine when t h e temperature d i f f e r e n c e between
<e: c o i d and w a n water is 2 5 0 ~ . With an i n d u s t r i a l l y developed engine one can o b t a i n ,

33
supposedly, about 30 kpm p e r l i t e r of water. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t those developing c o u n t x i e s ,
whicn have access t o warn s u f a c e water and c o l d bottom w a t e r , can use t h i s engine i n tno f u t u r o
to f i l l i n t!!eir i n c e a s i n g power needs on t h e b a s i s of t i e f a c t t h a t one can almost o b t a i n a
Carnot-p--cess which g i v e s t!!e mxanuz t ! ! e - ~ ~conversion
l a f f i c i e n c y a t given temperature
levels.
(OCEAN AT, OVERVIEW)

ST77 15002 MARINE FOULING OF TITAXTUX HEAT EXCHANGERS

Xdamson, W.L., (Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Annapolis, LXD), 30 p., ---A022207
PAS-75-29, N76-33458
Avai1:NTIS
A series of marine f o u l i n g experiments w a s conducted a t F r e e p o r t , Texas, on t w o s i n g l e -
g a s s t i t a n i u m h e a t exchangers. The exchangers, which were c o n s t r u c t e d with commercially pure
t i t a n i u m tubes (5/8-inch (1.59-centimeter)) o u t s i d e diameter by 30-inch (76.3-centimetsr l e n g t h )
and 6A1-4V a l l o y tube s h e e t s and headers, were operated on n a t u r a l seawater. One of the ex-
changers w a s fed e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y c h l o r i n a t e d seawater, while t h e o t h e r w a s run with u n t r e a t e d ,
seawater feed. Velocity and c h l o r i n a t i o n l e v e l s were v a r i e d to determine t h e e f f e c t of t h e s e
t w o v a r i a b l e s on fouling o f t h e titanium s u r f a c e s . Operating c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e t h a t
might be expected i n shipboard h e a t exchanger/condenser usage w e r e modeled.
(OCZAN PT, TEST DATA, MODELS)

ST77 15003 OCZAN T!3ERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION: RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND WIRONMENTAL ILXPACT
FOR PROPOSED PUERTO RICO SITE
Xtwood, D., Duncan, P . , S t a l c u p , M.C., Barcelona, M . J . , (Puerto Rico Univ., Mayaquez, P U B r t O
R i c o ) , NSF/RA-760249, 1 0 7 p., Aug 1976, PB-259 303/6WE
T h i s r e p o r t c a n t e r s on the a o s s i b i l i t y of e x t r a c t i n g thermal e n e r g s t o r e d i n t i e t r o p i c a l
sea s u r f a c e by Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) a t a s i t e n e a r the town o f YdbuCOa, on
t h e sOutheastCOaStof P u e r t o Rim. The report c o n s i s t s of two p a r t s . P a r t I is a survey of
e x i s t i n g oceanographic and meteorological data a t and n e a r the s i t e and f o r o t h e r p o s s i b l e
s i t e s near Puerto Rico. P a r t 11 is a survey o f t!!e s p e c i f i c s i t e t o confirm the oceanographic
c o n d i t i o n s prevalent there.
(OCEAN AT, DATA-SURVEY , SITING)
5277 1 5 0 0 4 h R I T I M E AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS O F OCEAN THERHAt ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) PLANT
SHIPS
Avery, W.H., Blevins, R.W., Dugger, G.L., F r a n c i s , E.J., (Applied Physics Lab., Johns Hopkins
Univ., Laurel, rMD), 41 p., Sponsored by M a r i t i m e Admin., APL/JHU-SR-76-U MA/RD-940-T76065,
PB-255639/7, N77-12552
Avai1:NTIS
An a n a l y s i s of the maritime, c o n s t r u c t i o n , and c o s t a s p e c t s of Ocean Thermal Energy C o w e r -
s i o n (OTEC) p l a n t s h i p s for deployment i n t r o p i c a l oceans t o produce anumnia and o t h e r energy
i n t e n s i v e products is given. A concept w a s developed f o r OTEC p l a n t s h i p s f o r use a t selected
s i t e s i n t r o p i c a l oceans t o produce energy i n t e n s i v e products on board. These platforms a r e
very s t a b l e under normal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s and serve many o t h e r needs.
(OCEAN AT, ECONOMICS)

ST77 15005 CONCURRENT STUDIES OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER AND MATERIALS FOR 0 C - d THERMAL
EXCXANGERS
Bonewitz, R.X., (Aluminum Co. of America, Alcoa Laboratories, Chemical Metallurgy Div., A k o a
Center, P A ) , 69 p., F i n a l Report oct 2 9 , 1976, ( C o n t r a c t NO. E ( 1 1 - 1 ) - 2 6 4 1 ) , (Caraegie Mellon/
Alcoa Subcontract No. 1-53500), f o r ERDA
Aluminum a l l o y s 1 1 0 0 , 3003, 5052, and 6063 were examined f o r their c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h t h e
proposed working f l u i d s f o r O c e a n Thermal Energy Converrion (OTEC), anhydrous aamonia, Freon 22
and propane, and mixtures of these w i t h sea water. Such mixtures would occur i f leaks develop
i n evaporator or condenser h e a t exchangers. These aluminum a l l o y s a r e compatible With the
anhydrous working f l u i d s . I n ammonia-sea water s o l u t i o n s only limited g e n e r a l c o r r o s i o n i s
found i n 0-309 ammonia, no c o r r o s i o n i n 30-908 ammonia, and " s e l f l i m i t i n g " p i t s i n 90-100%
ammonia so r a p i d d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e exchangers would n o t occur.. N o c o r r o s i o n w a s observed
i n sea water s a t u r a t e d with Freon 22 o r propane. N o d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l l o y perfozmance ware
e v i d e n t i n any of t h e s e tests so s e l e c t i o n can be made on t h e b a s i s of c o m p a t i b i l i t y with sea
water. A review of t h e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t 5052 shows t i e b e s t performance
i n s u r f a c e sea water followed by 1100, 3 0 0 3 , and then 6063 a l l o y . I n deep sea water o n l y 5052
and 1100 a l l o y s appear s u i t a b l e although more d a t a is r e q u i r e d . I n both s u r f a c e and deep s e a
w a t e r s , a l c l a d d i n q o f f e r s t h e b e s t p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t t u b e p e r f o r a t i o n ; f e w i n s t a n c e s of p e n e t r a -
t i o n i n t o the core a l l o y have be8n observed f o r t h e a l c l a d a l l o y s examined i n t h i s s t u d y .
(OC-a AT, FLUIDS-WORKING)

34
 15010

9T77 15006 AN SNVZSTIGATION OF XEAT EXCXANGERS ?OR O G A N T H E W ENERGY COXVERSION (OTEC)

SYSTE.%

a r a r e n , 2 . , HcGowan, Z.G., ( P d s s a c h u s e t t s Univ., .Amherst, M A ) , ~SF/IzANN/SE/GI-34979/T~/75/8

?EF/PA/N-75-236 ?IS? GI-34979, 130 p . , P3-252640/8, N77-10668
Xva il :?ITIS
A n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s f o r t h e design of evaporators and coxidensers f o r Ocean T h e m a l Energy
Conversion (OTEC) systems a r e presented. The g e n e r a l i z e d d i g i t a l computer program f o r OTEC
thermal c y c l e a n a l y s i s was used f o r s e v e r a l parametric s t u d i e s . These included t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n
of (1) power p l a n t s i z e , ( 2 ) h e a t exchanger m a t e r i a l s , ( 3 ) p l a s t i c p l a t e - f i n exchangers, ( 4 )
s i t i n q choice, ( 5 ) tube bank e v a p o r a t o r s , ( 6 ) f o u l i n g e f f e c t s , and ( 7 ) e v a p o r a t o r r e c i r c u l a t i o n .
Xodels a r e developed f o r e v a l u a t i o n of the s t e a d y - s t a t e o f f - d e s i g n performance of both t h e
e v a p o r a t o r and condenser, and an i n i t i a l off-design s t u d y is made of a p a r t i c u l a r system design.
(0CZ:ILU AT, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, DESIGN-OVERVIEWS)

ST77 1 5 0 0 7 M OPTIMIZATION STUDY O F A LOW THERMAL POTENTIAL POWER SYSTEM

Buckingham, S . X . , Raike, W.W., x e l l e h e r , H.D., (Naval Tostgraduate School, XOnterey. C.), 111 p . ,
S e p t 1 9 7 6 , NPS-69Kk76091, AD-AO31 709/9WE
A power g e n e r a t i n g system u s i n g t h e low thermal p o t e n t i a l a v a i l a b l e from t h e v e r t i c a l
t e q e r a t u r s d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e ocean is analyzed a s a combined e n g i n e e r i n g and economic
mathematical m d e l . The model is optimized f o r minimum c a p i t a l c o s t employing a s e q u e n t i a l
uiiconstrained m i n i n i z a t i o n algorithm. Examples of $he kinds o f e n g i n e e r i n g and c o s t informa-
t i o n a v a i l a b l e from the model a r e presented.
( OCEAY AT, MATLIEMATICAL IMODEL, ECONOMICS

ST77 1 5 0 0 8 AN .LVALYTICxL STUDY OF TELE IRReVERSIBLE LOSSES ASSOCIATED iJIX VAFOR FLOW I N
ZVAPORATOR OF SOLAR SEA POWER PLANT -
.XANIZ'OLD J R O B E Y

f a r t h i n g , G.A., S r . , (Carnegie Mellon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , Report No. ERDA/SZ/E(ll-L)2895/

TR/76/2, 1 4 4 p . , Apr 1 9 7 6 , (Grant NO. ERDA E ( l l - l ) 2 8 9 5 ) , Sponsored by ERDA, Washington, DC
The i r r e v e r s i b l e losses a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the f l o w of vapor i n t h e e v a p o r a t o r of a S o l a r
Sea P o w e r P l a n t a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d a n a l y t i c a l l y . Fundamentally, a two-dimensional a n a l y s i s
using both t h e nuamenturn e q u a t i o n and the Bernoufli e q u a t i o n is shown t o be t h e n o s t r e a l i s t i c
approach t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f the o u t l e t manifold problem. Using these ideal f l u i d s o l u t i o n s
3s a b a s i s , two o u t l e t m i f o l d models a r e developed which a r e d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o the flow
of vapor i n t!!e e v a p o r a t o r of a Solar Sea Power Plant. A l a r g e number of c h a r t s
i n the appendices - a r e g e n e r a t e d u s i n g the two models. Through t h e use o f the models, it is
-
contained

shown t h a t , w h i l e t h e f l o w l o s s e s i n the evaporator a r e n o t n e g l i g i b l e , they are n o t seen a s

a s e r i o u s threat t o t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of a S o l a r Sea Power P l a n t , either.
(OC2AN AT, SEAT-EXCHANGERS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS)

ST77 1 3 0 0 9 CONCRETE FOR OCEAN THERMAL EXERGY, CONVERSION STRUCTURES

Haynes, R.H., Rail, R.D., ( C i v i l Engineering Lab, Navy, F o r t Huename, C A I , 5 0 p . , Aug 1 9 7 6 ,

CEZ-TN-1448, AWA031 045/8WE
The purpose o f this study was t o a s s e s s the s t a t e of t h e a r t of c o n c r e t e technology and
c o n s t r u c t i o n practices a s they a r e related t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f massive f l o a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s
t 3 house ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems. The r e l e v a n t c a p a b i l i t i e s and limita-
t i o n s of a v a i l a b l e c o n c r e t e tec.hnology and const-uction p r a c t i c e s a r e d e s c r i b e d and d e f i c i e n t
a r e a s i d e n t i f i e d . Reconrmendations € o r r e s e a r c h and development a r e given by which reasonable
improvements can be made i n the n e a r term t o provide g r e a t e r a s s u r a n c e s of long-term s a f e and
r e l i a b l e o p e r a t i o n of t h e OTEC systems and t o provide l o n e r c o s t s t r u c t u r e s .
(OCEAX AT, ECONOMICS)

ST77 13010 DYNAMIC MODELING WD CONTROL OF SOLAR SEA POWER PLANTS, PART 1
S e t y e i , S.A., Neuman, C.P., (Carnegie-Mallon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , NSI/RANN/SE/GI-39114/
211-75-7, X S F / W N - 7 5 - 2 7 0 , NSF AER-73-07863-AO2, NSP GI-39114, 1 4 4 p . , ~ ~ - z s z s a 3 / 2 ,~ 7 6 - 3 x 9 2
Avail:.NTIS Hc$s. so
A methodology is developed. f o r modeling the dynamic behavior of s o l a r sea p a r e r p l a n t
(SSPP) condensers and evaporators. Because of t h e complexity of a s o l a r s e a power p l a n t , dy-
namic modeling is an e s s e n t i a l s t e p p r i o r t o the design and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a p r o t o t y p e p l a n t .
The z e r t i n e n t s h y s i c a l laws of h e a t t r a n s f e r and mass balance a r e a p p l i e d t o develop lumped
o a r m e t e r , dynamic a d s t e a d y - s t a t e models f o r s i n g l e tube condensers and e w p o r a t o r p r e -
s e a t e r s i n c o r p o r a t i n g f a l l i n g f i b s . The condenser and ? r e - h e a t e r rnodels a r e each s p e c i f i e d by
t h r e e o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s and one, and two, a l g e b r a i c e q u a t i o n s with time-delay,
respectively.

(OCEAN A?, -YATSEYATfCU 230DELS 1

35
ST77 13011 ?RELIMINARY RESEAXCH ON OCEAN ENERGY IXDUSTRIXI. COMPIEXES
Bornburg, C.D., Lindai, S . , El-ilamly, :?., (DSS Engineers, Inc., F o r t Lauderdale. FL) 2 4 2 . .
1 9 7 6 , CONF-760821-2
R e s u l t s of a one year study on t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of Jroducing energy i n t e n s i v e groduc2s a t
ocean s i t e s using e l e c t r i c i t y generated from Ocean Thermal Enerqy Conversion (OTEC) p l a t s
a r e presented. Analysis of production mechods and o t h e r d a t a on 6 2 major products l e a d t?
s e l e c t i n g 2 3 of these f o r furt!!er study. Production was grouped i n t o f i v e s e p a r a t e , p o s s i b l e
complexes. Further m a r k e t and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d i e s showed t k a t production O f products i n a
s e a chemicals complex ana an o r g a n i c chemicals and p l a s t i c s complex had t h e h i g h e s t economic
p o t e n t i a l . Detailed designs of t h e s e two complexes a r e presented. The t h r e e p o t e n t i a l s i t e s
were s e l s c t e d f o r t h e s e QTECs. An environmental assessment r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s e complexes would
have no adverse envizonmental impact. The s e l e c t e d products can be produced a t ocean s i t e s
c o m p e t i t i v e l y with production a t s i m i l a r lmd-based complexes. !&turn on investment W i l l be
between 1 3 and 18 p e r c e n t depending on a c t u a l power c o s t s and d e t a i l s of t h e f i n a l d e s i g n s .
( O C Z W AT, ONSITE-PRODUCTION, ECONOMICS, DESIGN-REVISW, ENVIXONMENT)

ST77 15012 ENERGY TRANSMISSION FROM OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PLXYTS

Konopka, A . , T a l i b , A.. Yudow. E., E i e d e I l P M , N . , ( I n s t i t u t e of Gas Technology, Chicago, I L ) ,

1 0 p a r 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760906-20
This paper compares the t r a n s m i s s i o n , by barge and p i p e l i n e , of gaseous hydrogen, l i q u i d
hydrogen, and ammonia, a s energy carriers, with t r a n s m i s s i o n of e l e c t r i c i t y i n submarine Cables
from an OTEC p l a n t . aecauae hydrogen energy and e l e c t r i c a l energy a r e n o t e q u i v a l e n t , Comparison
r e q u i r e s assuming t h e o u t p u t s a r e converted t o a common fom. Thus, -&e a u t h o r s p r e s e n t t!e
d e l i v e r e d c o s t and o v e r a l l energy e f f i c i e n c y o f hydrogen, ammonia, and e l e c t r i c i t y a s well as
a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e equipment, c o a t s and e f f i c i e n c i e s of c o n v e r t i n g hydrogen and ammonia i n t o
e l e c t r i c i t y , and OTEC nechanical energy i n t o hydrogen and ammonia. Converting e l e c t r i c i t y to
chemical commodities and e n e r g i e s w a s n o t a s s e s s e d .
(OCEAN AT, ENERGY-CARRIERS)

ST77 15013 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MIXTURE AND PURE FLUID CYCLES I N OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEMS
Lawson, C.A., (Oklahoma Univ., Noman, O K ) , 1 4 4 p . , Apt 30, 1976, ORO-4918-8
?he OTEC3-1 s i m u l a t o r is capable of c a l c u l a t i n g t h e c a p i t a l c o s t of major equipmant i n
an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power p l a n t . The results of t h i s r e s e a r c h study i n d i c a t e
t h a t t h e h e a t exchangers a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n t r i b u t o r s to t h e c a p i t a l c o s t of t h e ocean t!!erInal
power p l a n t . The s e n r i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s perfonned i n t h i s r e s e a r c h study showed t h a t t h e r e zue
s e v e r a l economac t r a d e - o f f s a s s o c i a t e d with t h e d e s i g n and performance of t h e h e a t exchanger.
The t r a d e - o f f s include such item a s t h e c o l d water p i p e l e n g t h , t h e sea water temperature
rise and v e l o c i t y . I t w a s observed that mixtures provide an i n c r e a s i n g economic advantage over
p u r e f l u i d s a s the temperature rise i n the c o l d sea water is i n c r e a s e d . I t is p o s t u l a t e d t h a t
s i g n i f i c a n t economic savings can be experienced w i t h the u 8 e of m i x t u r e s i f t h e c o s t of t h e h e a t
exchanger can be reduced by one-half their p r e s e n t c o s t .
(OCEAN AT, TRADE-OE'FS)

ST77 15014 DEEP WATER PIPE AND MOORING DESIGN STUDY OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROGRAM.
FIRST QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT, MAY 1, 1975-AUGUST 1, 1975
L i t t l e , T.E., (Westinghouse Electric Corp., Annapolis, M D ) , 25 p., Aug 1 4 , 1975, TID-27037
The Westinghouse Oceanic Division is p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n the study of ocean e n g i n e e r i n g i s s u e s
a f f e c t i n g t h e design, c o n s t r u c t i o n , daploymenf, and o p e r a t i o n of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC) power p l a n t s . S p e c i f i c a l l y this study teSQOnd8 t o t h e p r o b l e m of c o n c e p t u a l d e s i g n ,
a n a l y s i s , and e v a l u a t i o n of t h r e e major s u b s y s t e m ; (1) c o l d water p i p i n g , ( 2 ) c o l d water pumping,
and ( 3 ) platform mooring arranqamant. This f i r s t q u a r t e r l y r e p o r t provides a summary of t h e study
o b j e c t i v e s and the h i g h l i g h t s of the progress a g a i n s t t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s . The s t u d y s t r a t e g y is
reviewed, a p r o j e c t mileatone schedula is p r e s e n t e d , and a g e n e r a l p l a n o f work is d e s c r i b e d .
(OCEAN AT, PUMPING)

ST77 LSO15 ANALYTICAL STUDY O F TWO-P?IASE-FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR OTEC SYSTEM
Olsen, H.L., P a n d o l f i n i , P . P . , (Johns KoQkins Univ., L a u r e l , .%I), 133 p . , J u l y 1, 1975,
AFL/JHU/~O-75-37
The work began i n J u l y 1975. P r i o r in-house r e s e a r c h a t t h e Laboratory had spanned t-.a
years and had yielded a p r e l i m i n a r y design f o r a low-cost OTEC p l a n t - s h i p intended f o r opera-
t i o n i n t r o p i c a l oceans f o r producing ammonia o r o t h e r e n e r g y - i n t e n s i v e products. Because t h e
h e a t axchanger concept r e p r e s e n t e d an e x t r a p o l a t i o n from e x i s t i n g e x p e r i e n c e , a comprehensive
a n a l y t i c a l study followed by an e s s e n t i a l l y f u l l - s c a l e experlmsnt with the b a s i c h e a t exchanger
elements is needed. The a n a l y t i c a l study r e p o r t e d h e r e i n i s b e l i e v e d t o neet t h e f i r s t r e q u i r e -
ment, and a a l a n f o r t h e experiment is included.
(Oc-3 AT1

36
 15019

ST77 15016 OCEAN T H E W ZNERGY CONVERSION OPPORTUNITIES

P e r r i g o , L.D., Zensen, G.X., ( B a t t e l l e P a c i f i c Northwest Labs., Richland, WA), 3 1 p . , Nay 1976,

CCNF-760549-1. BNWL-SA-3808
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion i s one of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t concegts f o r u s e of s o l a r
energy. Recent e s t i m a t e s suggest about 4 p e r c e n t of our n a t i o n ' s energy needs i n 2020 might ne
supplied by s u c c e s s f u l u s e of t l i s concept which involves t h e o p e r a t i o n of a h e a t engine on t h e
2enpezature d i z f e r e n c e between s u r f a c e anci deeper ocean waters i n t h e t r o p i c s . However, t o
achieve t h e base load power p o t e n t i a l of t h i s process a s u b s t a n t i a l r e s e a r c h and development
a f f o r t is needed i n t h e next few decades. x a j o r improvements a r e r e q u i r e d f o r c o n t r o l of bio-
f o u l i n g ana c o r r o s i o n and improved h e a t t r a n s f e r systems. The thermodynamic e f f i c i e n c i e s of
t h i s process a r e very low and met!!ods f o r preventing f i l m d e p o s i t s a r e mandatory. Heat t r a n s f e r
cannot r e a l i s t i c a l l y Ae improved by i n c r e a s i n g pump r a t e s o r h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e s because
of i n t o l e r a b l e p a r a s i t i c power demands o r c a p i t a l expenditures. The development and u s e of
OTEC power p l a n t s a l s o has p o l i t i c a l i a p l i c a t i o n s t h a t must be accommodated. Operation of such
s y s t e m must be r e c o n c i l e d with v a r i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreements, t h e needs of marine naviga-
t i c n , and n a t i o n a l defense requirements.
(OCEAN AT, OVERVIEWS, SOCIO-POLITICAL)

ST77 15017 OCEALY ENERGY SYSTEMS: NATIONAL NEEDS AND CAPRBILITIES

Richards, A.F., (Lehigh Univ, Bethlehem, P A ) , Background Pap on S e a f l o o r Enq: N a t l Needs i n

S a a f l o o r Eng, V 1:131-205, 8 9 refs, P r e p . f o r Natl R e s Counc, Corn on S e a f l o o r Eng, Washington,
DC, 1 9 7 5
Eight nethods, plus a number of v a r i a n t s , f o r o b t a i n i n g energy from t h e oceans a r e presented
i n deczeasizg o r d e r of p o t e n t i a l importance: ocean Lhermal; kelp bioconversion: waves; t i d e s and
t i d a l c u r r e n t s : winds: ocean curzents: s a l i n i t y gradients; and geothermal. Each is d i s c u s s e d
i n terms of concepts, a p p l i c a b l e geographic a r e a s , development schedule and c o s t s , and s e a f l o o r
i n t e r a c t i o n . None of t h e s e Pethods y i e l d s "excess' h e a t i n t o t h e environment, as do f o s s i l
fuel and n u c l e a r power g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t s . I t is concluded e a t ocean t h e r n a l , kelp bioconversion,
and wave methods a t p r e s e n t appear t o have the g r e a t e s t economic and t e c h n o l o g i c a l m e r i t .
(OCEAN AT, BIONASS, WIND, TIDAL, COMPARISONS, ENVIRONMENT)

ST77 15018 CONCURRENT STPOLES OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER AND M A T E E S FOR OCEAN TSERMAL
EXCEIANGERS

R o t l f u s , R.R., (Carnegie-Uellon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , Report No. C00/2641-1, 45 p - , Zuly 3 1 ,

1 9 7 6 , (Contract/Grant No. EY-76-S-02-2641), Sponsored by ERDA, Washinqton, DC
To demonstrate t!!e enhancement of h e a t t-ansfer i n OTEC exchangers by means of f i n e ,
a x i a l f l u t e s on e!!t h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e s , experiments have been performed on s i n g l e i n t e r n a l l y
o r e x t e r n a l l y f l u t e d t u b e s of 1-inch diameter. I n t e r n a l f l u t e s provide water-side enhancesmnt
of both h e a t tr-ansfer and f r i c t i o n t o about the same e x t e n t . Heat t r a n s f e r experiments have
been performed on Freon-11 umvinq i n a t h i n l a y e r under g r a v i t y down t h e outer s u r f a c e of a
smooth tube and of a t u b e having 26-mil external, axial f l u t e s . Work is continuing in o r d e r t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e s e p a r a t e e f f e c t s of f l u t e style and s i z e on t h e water s i d e and t o extend t h e
f i n d i n g s t o ammonia on the p e r - f l u i d s i d e of t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r s u r f a c e .
(OCEAN AT, E'LUIDS-WORKING)

ST77 15019 DESIGX W D MODELING OF SOLAR SEA POWER PLANTS BY GEOMETRIC PROG-NG 2H.D THESIS
iJU. C.C., (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , 159 p., & R D A / S E / E ( l l - l ) 2895/TR/76/lr Order
YO. 76-19981, N77-14582
Avail :Univ. Micro f i l m r
G e o m e t r i c programming, a n o n l i n e a r optimization tec.hnique, is used t o design s o l a r sea
? W e r p l a n t s (SSPP) which convest the thermal energy s t o r e d i n the t r o p i c a l w a t e r i n t o e l e c t r i c -
i t y . F i r s t , t h e conversion process is d e s c r i b e d , and t!!e hardware necessary t o implement a
b i n a r y - f l u i d , closed-Rankine q c l e is i d e n t i f i e d . Next, s t e a d y - s t a t e a n a l y t i c a l models f o r t h e
major components are derived. These models a r e then used a s t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of a geometric
program whose o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n is the minimization a f a p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n of t!!e design
v a r i a b l e s of t h e SSPP. A v a r i e t y of problems a r e solved. The geometric ;rrogramminq technique
produces t h e o p t a m design and, more importantly, the s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a t
t h e OPtimum to v a r i a t i o n s i n c o s t f i g u r e s , c o n s t r a i n t bounds, and a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t s of t h e
model.

(OCEAN AT, COMPUTER MODEL, O P T I M Z A T I O N )

37
ST77 1 6 0 0 0 INVESTIGATION O F THE FZXSIaXLXTP OF C.jSING WINEPOWEX FOR SPACE SEATING 1s CDLDER
CXrWTES. THIRD QUAXTERLY PROGXSS REPORT COVERING THE FINAL DZSIGX -3lA.NJFX-
TURING PEWS': OF TIfE PROJECT, SZ?TEMBER TO DECEMBER 1975

( x a s s a c h u s e t t s Univ., Amherst, .W), 165 p., Dec 1 9 7 5 , ERDA/NSF/00603-75/Tl

Progress during t h e t h i r d q u a r t e r has Seen inadequate. The o v e r a l l p r o j e c t i s nOw 1 weeks
behind schedule, whrch means t h a t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n a t S o l a r Habitat One w i l l n o t begin u n t i l
mid narch 1976, the t w e l f t h month of t h i s phase of the work. S y s t e m aesign and C O S t a n a l y s i s
a r e summarized.

ST77 16001 ENERGY-STORAGE REQUIREMENTS REDUCED I N COUPLED WIND-SOLAR GENERATING SYSTEMS

Xndrews. Z.W.., (Southampton College of Long i s l a n d U n i v e r s i t y , Southampton, NY) , S o l a r E n e r g y ,

v ~ 8 ~ 7 3 - 7 4 8, r e f s , 1976
The development of t h e sun ana t h e winds as u s e f u l sources of ?mer h a s been hampered by
t h e v a r i a b i l i t y and, OM^ short periods of t i m e , the u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y of t h e power which can
be drawn from them. The r e s u l t i n g need t o provide e i t h e r backup g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y o r some
form of r e s e r v u i r f o r s t o r i n g enerqy has c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e b e l i e f , g e n e r a l l y held almost with-
o u t question u n t i l r e c e n t l y , t h a t while p o t e n t i a l l y a b l e t o supply v a s t amounts of energy, they
a r e i n h e r e n t l y uneconomical.

ST77 1 6 0 0 2 XPPLiCATION STUDY OF WIND POWER TECXNOLOGY TO THE CITY OF HART, MICHIGAN

Xsmussen, J . , Fisher, P.D., Park, G.L., Krauss, O . , (Michigan S t a t e IJniv., East Lansing, & X I ) ,
103 p., Dec 3 1 , 1975, COO-2603-1, PC$S.50/MFS3.00
Information is presented concerning wind d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s and a n a l y s i s ; Hart power demand
and consumer wage: w i n d p o w e r assessamnt: hydro power assessment: results of preliminary
economics analysis: environmental impact of wind t u r b i n e s and o p e r a t i o n i n t h e Hart, O C e a n a
County, LHichigan area: and system modal for t h e Hart power system with wind t u r b i n e .
(ECONO.XICS, ENVIRONMENT)

ST77 1 6 0 0 3 WIND TUNNEL PERFORMANCE DATA FOR THE DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE W I T H NACA 0012 BLADES
a l a c k w e l l , B.F., Sheldahl, R.E., F e l t z , L.V., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM) , 6 1 p . , .my 1956,
SdND-76-0130
Five blade c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of a 2-meter-diameter Darrieus wind t u r b i n e have been t e s t e d i n
t h e LTV Aerospace Cor?oration 4.6- x 6.1-m (15- x 20-ft) Low Speed Wind Tunml. The a i r f o i l
sectLon f o r a l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s w a s NACA 0012. The parameters measured were t o r q u e , r o t a t i o n a l
speed, and tunnel c o n d i t i o n s . Data are presented i n t h e form of power c o e f f i c i e n t as a func-
t i o n o f tip-opeed r a t i o f o r t h e various s o l i d i t i e s , Reynolds number, and f r e e s t r e a m v e l o c i t i e s
tested.
(TEST, COMPARISONS

ST77 1 6 0 0 4 STATUS OF THE ERDA/SANDIA 17-METRE DARRIEUS TURBINE DESIGN

Blackwell, B.F., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N M ) , 1 6 p . , 1976, CONF-760909-2, SAND-76-5683
The p r e s e n t s t a t u s of t h e ERDA/Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s 17-mtre Darrieus t u r b i n e design is
summarized.
( DESIGN-REVIEW)

ST77 1 6 0 0 5 W I N D TURBINE

Blackwell. B . F . , F e l t z , L.V., Maydaw, R.C., (ERDA, Washington, D C ) , 9 p . , Nov 11, 1975,

PATENT-3 9 1 8 839, PAT-APPL-508 0 1 6 , This Covernmnt-owned i n v e n t i o n a v a i l a b l e for U.S. l i c e n s i n g
and, p o s s i b l for f o r e i g n Licensing, Copy of p a t e n t a v a i l a b l e Conmritsioner of P a t e n t s , Wash-
ington, Dc, iGs0.50
The p a t e n t r e l a t e s t o a wind t u r b i n e r o t a t a b l e about a shaft. I t may i n c l u d e a d r i v e
r o t o r with one o r more elongated blades each having a c e n t r a l ourdardly curved p o r t i o n of a i r f o i l
Shape which produces r o t a r y motion when t h e blade r o t a t e s i n wind a t a blade t i p v e l o c i t y t o wind
v e l o c i t y r a t i o q r e a t e r than about t h r e e o r f o u r , a d d i t i o n a l wind r o t o r means disposed a t both -
ends of t h e curved p o r t i o n s of the elongated b l a d e for r o t a t a b l y a c c e l e r a t i n g t!!e d r i v e r o t o r
t o t h e desi:ed v e l o c i t y r a t i o , and means coupled t o s a i d r o t o r s f o r u t i l i z i n g t h e r o t a t i o n t h e r e -
of.
( TATSXT , BLADE-DESIGX)

38
I 16011
I
ST77 1 6 0 0 6 XfBD DOWER - A BISLIOGWWY

II Colyer, E . , Su, D. , (Canada i n s t i t u t e f o r S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information, Ottawa, Canada) ,

32 p . , 1975, NRC Xo. 1 4 9 8 6 , CXR No. 1 4 9 8 6
This e d i t i o n has r e s u l t e d from t!!e i n t e r e s t of many s c i e n t i s t s a t t h e National Research
Council of Canada a s well as from t h e r e s e a r c h e r s both i n Canada, and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , who have
1 found our f i r s t e d f t i o n v e q u s e f u l . A l a r g e number of p a p e r s , r e p o r t s and m a t e r i a l s i n o t h e r
forms a e r t a i n i n g t o wind power u t i l i z a t i o n have been p u b l i s h e d since o u r f i r s t e d i t i o n which
came o u t a year ago. However, because of t h e urgent demand, w e could not spend a s nuch tLme as
we would l i k e t o l o c a t e ail Lbe m a t e r i a l s and t o include them i n t h e p r e s e n t e d i t i o n . Thus,
e r r o r s and omission a r e i n e v i t a b l e . He s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t l a p s e s w i l i be r e p o r t e d t o us so
t h a t o u r f u t u r e e d i t i o n s may be b e t t e r and more comprehensive.

/ (CANADA)

ST77 16007 LOW-COST aLADE DESIGX CONSIDEPATIONS

, F e l f z , L.V., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM), 38 p . , 1976, CONF-760551-1, SAND-76-5535

The s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d attempt to i d e n t i f y and c o n t i n u a l l y upgrade blade d e s i g n s f o r a 1 7
n e t e r wind t u r b i n e design. The g o a l o f this e f f o r t i s t o e s t a b l i s h s e v e r a l low-cost b l a d e
designs.
( N I X D , ECONOMICS)

ST77 16008 ZLZCTRICAL ENERGY OUTTUT O F WIND POWEX BLANTS

Jayadevaiah, T.S., Sa*, R.T., (Univ of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI), IZEZ Ixd Aunl SoC. Annu

T h s paper p r e s e n t s a g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s of e l e c t r i c a l energy o u t p u t of constant-speed,

=onstant-frequency (CSCF) and variable-speed, constant-frequency (VSCF) systems based on power-
d u r a t i o n curves. it is shown, from a sample c a l c u l a t i o n , t h a t VSCF systems have a s l i g h t edge
over CSCF systems from t h e p o i n t of view of energy o u t p u t , b u t they c a l l f o r l a r g e c a p i t a l o u t -
l a y L~Ig e n e r a t i n g systems whereas CSCP systems c a l l f o r e l a b o r a t e p i t c h c o n t r o l s . I t i s shown
t h a t g e n e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y has a dominant i n f l u e n c e on energy o u t p u t i n both M e systems.
(ZZFICIENCIES. COMPARISONS)

ST77 16009 WIND ENERGY STATISTICS M R LARGE ARRAYS O F WIND TURBINES (NEW ENGLAND AND CENTRAL
CTZJITED STATES REGIONS)
J u s t u s , C.G., (Georgia I n s t . of Tech., A t l a n t a , a), NSI/RA-760191, 129 p - , Auq 1976, ERDA/NSF-
00547/76/1, PB-260 679/6WE
The ?erformance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have been simulated f o r l a r g e d i s p e r s e d a r r a y s of 5 0 0 kW -
i n t h e New England -
1500 wind t u r b i n e s producing power and feeding i t d i r e c t l y i n t o e!%
regimes i n c o a s c a l ~ e w
u t i l i t y distribution grid
Middle A t l a n t i c and t h e Central U.S. r e g i o n s . Despite comparable wind
England and in the C e n t r a l U.S., w i n d p a r e r is p o t e n t i a l l y c l o s e r t o
being c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a s a f u e l s a v e r i n ?Jev England. This is Seccuse of t h e heavy reliance on
ex?ensive f u e l s i n New England a s compared w i t h the C e n t r a l D.S. a r e a . By a t l a y power return
t i m e a n a l y s i s , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 24 t o 4 8 hours o f s t o r a g e would i n c r e a s e the power r e l i a -
b i l i t y of 200 kW p e r 1500 kW g e n e r a t o r t o about 95% i n New Zngland, and t o b e t t e r than 95% i n
t h e C e n t r a l u.S. P r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s o f diuzznal c y c l e s of monthly mean winds v e r s u s t i m e of
day shows t h a t i n both Bew England and t h e C e n t r a l U.S., t h e r e is a s t r o n g summertime a f t e r n o o n
p e a k i n a v a i l a b l e wind, which would correspond t o the summertime peak a i r conditzoning load.
T h e appendices included i n t h i s r e p o r t are: (1) Analysis Methods, and ( 2 ) Some Aspects of
S t a t i s t i c s of Arrays of Wind Turbines.
(RELIABILITY, ECONOMICS)

ST77 15010 DARXIEUS VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE PROGRAM AT SANDIA LABORATORIES

Kadlec, E.G., (Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, B M ) , 11 p., 1 9 7 6 , CONF-760821-7, SAND-76-5712
As p a r t o f ERDA's F e d e r a l Wind Energy Proqrqm, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s i s engaged i n a tech-
nology development program f o r t!!e Darrieus V e r t i c a l Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The a p p l i c a t i o n
r e c e i v i n g c u r r e n t emphasis u t i l i z e s t h e VAWT o p e r a t i n g a t c o n s t a n t speed t o g e n e r a t e electric-
i t y which is f a d d i r e c t l y i n t o a u t i l i t y g r i d . The a c t i v i t i e s w i t i i n t h e program a r e d e s c r i b e d .
- (UTILITY-G2ID)

ST77 1 6 0 1 1 TOWER hND FtOTOR S W D E VIBRATION TEST RESULTS FOR A 100-KILOWATT X I N D TURBIXE
L i n s c o t t , B . S . , Shapton, 'J.R., Srown, O., (?IPSA, L e w i s ) , ?;SA-TX-X-3426, E-3751. 40 p . , O c t 1 0 7 6 ,
376- 3 362 8/8WE
The predomLnant n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s and mode shapes f o r t h e tower and t h e r o t o r blades of
t h e ERDA-SASA 100-kW wind t u r b i n e were determined. The tests on t h e tower and 'he b l a d e s were

39
 16016

conducted both before and a f t e r the r o t o r blades and the r o t a t i n g rnachineq w e r e i n s t a l l e d on

top of t!!e tower. The tower and each blade were instrumented with an accelerometer and impacted
by bn instrumented mass. The tower and blade s t r u c t u r e vas analyzed S y meaas of NASTRAN, and
computed v a l u e s agree with t!!e t e s t d a t a .
(TEST- DATA)

ST77 1 6 0 1 2 OPTIIIZATION AND CSARACTERISTICS OF A SAILWING WIXDMILL 3OTOR

Elaughmer. M . D . , ( P r i n c e t o n Univ., MJ) , NSF/RA-760201, 90 p., Far 1976, MIS-1297, PB-259 898/5WE
Wit!!in t h i s f o u r t h and f i n a l q u a r t e r p r o g r e s s r e p o r t a r e comprehensively d i s c u s s e d a l l
o f t!!e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s undertaken by 'he P r i n c e t o n windmill group over % e! p a s t year. This
i n c l u d e s a d e t a i l e d accounting of e!!t
-
development and o p e r a t i o n a l techniques of t h e P r i n c e t o n
moving-vehicle w i n d m i l l t e s t i n g f a c i l i t y . Also presented i s a complete documentation of t h e
performance build-up (Dp(max) = . 0 6 t o Cp(max) . 4 0 ) of a 12 f t . diameter, two-bladed Sailwing
:otor. + h i s r e p o r t f u r t h e r includes an examination of an e x p l o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h e f f o r t d i r e c t e d
toward using a small, f i z s t - s t a g e , c o - a x i a l r o t o r t o augment w i n d m i l l performance. F i n a l l y
considered a r e t h e results and conclusions of an e x t e n s i v e wind-tunnel t e s t program aimed a t a
q u a n t i t a t i v e determination of t h e aerodynamic p e n a l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d with numerous s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s
of t h e b a s i c double-membraned Sailwing c r o s s - s e c t i o n .
(TEST-DATA, AERODYNAMICS

ST77 16013 IXVESTIGATION OF DIFFUSER-AUGXENTED W I I D TURBINES. PROGRESS REPOR", JW 25, 1975-

DECEMBER 24, 1975

Oman, L A . , Foreman, K.N., G i l b e r t , B.L., (Grrmrman Aerospace Corp., Betheage, NY) , 64 ?., Jan
1376, COO-2616-1, PCS4.50/MPS3.00
The Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT) is one of t h e more promising advanced concepts
f o r d e c r e a s i n g the c o s t o f wind energy conversion. The f i r s t r e s u l t s of an i n v e s t i g a t i o n
designed t o determine the most e f f e c t i v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s for DAWT's and t o a s s e s s t h e i r ultimate
performance in l a r g e units a r e presented. Two t y p e s of compact d i f f u s e r s have been analyzed
and tested, u s i n g s c r e e n s t o s i m u l a t e the t u r b i n e s . A 20 exp 0 h a l f - a n g l e c o n i c a l d i f f u s e r
with t w o t a n g e n t i a l boundary l a y e r c o n t r o l s l o t s provided a measured augmentation r a t i o of 1.7
a t an area r a t i o of 2 . 8 , while a double ring-wing d i f f u s e r gave 2 . 1 a t an e q u i v a l e n t a r e a r a t i o
of 3.8. 2 e s u l t s i n d i c a t e p o t e n t i a l for c o n s i d e r a b l e improvenaent and f u r t h e r s i z e r e d u c t i o n .
S e v e r a l a n a l y s e s r e l a t e d t o d i f f u s e r development a r e given.
(ECONOMICS, AERODYNAMICS)

ST77 16014 EICPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESEARCE ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF WIND TURBINES. HID-
TE-W TECHNICAL REPORT, JUNE L-DECEHBER 31, 1975

Rohrbach, C., (Hamilton Standard, Windsor Locks, a), 111 p., Feb 1976, COO-2615-76-T-1
The s u c c e s r f u l dwrelopment of reliable, cost c o m p e t i t i v e h o r i z o n t a l a x i s , p r o p e l l e r - t y p e
wind energy conversion s y s t e m (WECS) is s t r o n g l y dependent on t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of advanced
technology f o r each of the system components. P a s t e x p e r i e n c e and c u r r e n t s t u d i e s of t h i s type
of wind energy conversion systems have shown t3at the wind t u r b i n e subsystem most s i g n i f i c a n t l y
a f f e c t s t h e system's c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s and performance c a p a b i l i t y . Thus adequate technology
bases a r e e r s o n t i a l for a l l elements of the wind t u r b i n e d e s i g n . Information is p r e s e n t a d
concerning aerodynamic design and performance technology, wind t u r b i n e p a r a m e t r i c performance
s t u d y , s e l e c t i o n of model wind t u r b i n e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , and s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n o f wind t u r b i n e
models.
(ECONOMICS, OPTIMIZATION)

ST77 16015 W I N D POWERED AERATION FOR REMOTE LOCATIONS

S c h i e r h o l z , P.M., Somarvell, W.L., Jr., Babcock, W., K a r t e l , R., Watson, K., (Colorado S t a t e
gniv., F o r t C O l l i n S , CO) , NSF/RA-760238, 74 p., A Q r 1976, PB-259 304/4WE
This r e p o r t concerns t h e use of wind power d i r e c t l y t o compress a i r t o i n c r e a s e Oxygen
l e v e l s i n p o l l u t e d r i v e r s and l a k e s s u b j e c t t o w i n t e r k i l l . A p r i m e advantage nay be u s i n g t h e
water f o r s t o r a g e o f oxygen e l i m i n a t i n g requirements f o r energy s t o r a g e such a s b a t t e r i e s .
Three s i t e s a r e proposed f o r t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of wind powered systems. One is a l a k e chosen
on t h e high p l a i n s f o r ease of a c c e s s , anot!er i s a high mountain l a k e s u b j e c t t o w i n t e r h l l
and t h e t h i r d is a high p l a i n s r i v e r w i t h p o l l u t i o n p r o b l e m .
(WATER POLLUTION, OXYGEN-ADDITION)

ST77 1 6 0 1 6 OPERATTONAL. COST, AND TECHNICAL STUDY O F L A R G WINDPOWER SYSTEMS INTEGRAmD W I T H

EXISTING ELZCTRIC UTILITY

Smith, R.T., Swanson, R . K . , Johnson, C.C., Ligon, C., Lawrence, J . , (southwest 3esearch I n s t . ,
San Antonio, T X ) , 7 p . , 1976, COXF-760906-8

40
 16021

A comprehensive study of t h e o p e r a t i o n a l , c o s t , and t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s of l a r g e windpcwer

systems i n t e g r a t e d xi*A e x i s t i n g e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y networks has been c a r r i e d o u t for a r e g i o n
of t h e Texas Panhandle. The study was c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t l y by S c u t h i e s t Research I n s t i t u t e ,
Texas Tech U n i v e r s i t y , S o u c h i e s t e r n P u b l i c Service Co., and Boeing-Vertol Company.
(ECONOMICS, TZXXS 1

ST77 1 6 0 1 7 APPLICATION O F COMPOSITE BFSRINGLZSS ROTOR CONCE?T TO WIXD TURBIXE ROTOR. PROGRESS
REPORT, JbXE 3 , 1975-OCTOBER 31, 1 9 7 5
S p i e r i n q s , P.A.M., Cheney, Y.C., (United Technologies Research C e n t e r , East H a r t f o r d , E),
25 p., Dec 1, 1975, COO-2614-1, PC$3.30/MF$3.00
?he o b j e c t i v e of the one year program is to e x p l o r e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of t!!e Composite
B e a r i n g l e s s Rotor (CBR) f o r u s e a s a wind t u r b i n e and t o e v a l u a t e s e v e r a l automatic c o n t z o l
concepts designed t o improve e f f i c i e n c y and c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s . The program c o n s i s t s of t h e
design of a f u l l - s c a l e wind t u r b i n e , the design and f a b r i c a t i o n of a dynamically s c a l e d model,
r i n d t u n n e l experiments, and a n a l y t i c a l s t u d i e s . To d a t e , t h e d e s i g n work has been completed,
the m d e l wind t u r b i n e s u p p o r t tower has been f a b r i c a t e d and assembled with a g e n e r a t o r . The
model b l a d e s and o t h e r hardware a r e under c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s i n t e r i m p r o g r e s s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s
d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e full s c a l e and model d e s i g n s , a review of t!!e performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
expected of the wind t u r b i n e , and an o u t l i n e of me remaining t a s k s of t!ae program. Appendices
a r e included t o p r o v i a e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on some of the d e s i g n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the m o d e l
wind t u r b i n e .
(EF?ICIENCIES, ECONOMICS , TEST MODEL)

ST77 15018 TSE ATb%SP€iERE AND THE OCEANS AS ENERGY SOURCES

Swift-Sook, D . S . , ( C e n t r a l ElectriciCI Generating Board, Marchwood Engineering L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
Soutbampton, England), I n Aspects of Energy Conversion: Proceedings of t h e Summer School, Oxford.
England, J u l y 14-25, 1975, Bergamon Tress, Oxford, p. 405-429: Discussion 430 p . , 1976, -477-
1 1 0 2 6 01-44, A77-11036
Wind power is d i s c u s s e d with emphasis on a v a i l a b l e F e r and sites and windmill design.
T i d a l power is c o n s i d e r e d w i t h a t t e n t i o n given t o the d e s i g n of t i d a l b a r r a g e s , and e n g i n e e r i n g
problems. Also c o n s i d e r e d a r e bhermal s e a power, and wave power (wave c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , wave
Gower conversion d e v i c e s , and o v e r a l l system c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ) .
(WIND, -TIDAL, WAVE-POWER, OCEAN AT, OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 6 0 1 9 W I N D POWER

Syverson, C.D., (Syverson Consulting, North .Mankato, MN) , Design N e w s , p. 155-160, Mar 2 2 ,
1976
Wind g e n e r a t o r s a r e a v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e energy source, one which, if p r o p e r l y u t i l i z e d ,
can s u r e l y compete wit!! t h e almost certain r i s i n g c o s t of u t i l i t y power, b u t it is important
t o p u t it i n t o p e r s p e c t i v e .
(POUER-OUTPUTS , EFFTCIENCIES)

ST77 1 6 0 2 0 PLANS I\ND STATOS O F THE NASA-LEWIS aESuLRcs CENTER WIHD ENERGY PROJECT
Thomas, R., Puthofz, a., Savino, J., Johnson, W., (NASA, L e w i s ) , NASA-TM-X-71701, 3 1 ?., 1975,
CONF-7509137-1, PC A03/MF A 0 1
The p o r t i o n of the n a t i o n a l five-year wind energy program t h a t is being -aged by t h e
WASA-Lewis Research Center f o r t h e ERDA is described. The L e w i s Research Cmter's Wind Power
O f f i c e , i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n and p l a n s and s t a t u s a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . The t h r e e major elements
of tl?e wind energy p r o j e c t a t -is are the experimental 1 0 0 kW wind-turbine g e n e r a t o r : t h e f i r s t
g e n e r a t i o n i n d u u y - b u i l t and u s e r - o p e r a t e d wind t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s : and t h e s u p p o r t i n g r e s e a r c h
and technology t a s k s which are each b r i e f l y described.
( ~OO-ICW, OVERVIEW)

ST77 1 6 0 2 1 A C O I ~ P~ R RO G M TO CILLCULA!fE AND PLOT WIXD-GEiZERATED STORED ENERGY AT CONSTANT

CONSUMPTION
V a l e r i o t e , E.x.L., (Defence Research Establishment Ottawa, O n t a r i o , Canada), 49 p . , June 1976,
DREO-TX-76-15, AD-AO29 977/6WE, PC$4.00/MF$3-00
X computer program h a s been d e s c r i b e d which g i v e s p r i n t e d and p l o t t e d o u t p u t s of t h e
q u a a t i t y of vind-generated e n e r n r e n a i n i n g i n a s t o r a g e system under qiven c o n d i t i o n s . The
?=Ogram ?emits simulated v a r i a t i o n s of s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y , c o n s t a n t e l e c t r i c a l l o a d and conversion
e f f i c i e n c y by simple d a t a changes. F u r t h e r a l t e r a t i o n s t o t h e progrka i t s e l f a r e d e t a i l e d , t o
adapt it ia c;-arry simi:a= ==lc-lacions far wind t u r b i n e s of v a r i o u s s i z e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .
The grogran: has been t e s t e d by s i m u l a t i o n Of a h y p o t h e t i c a l System Of energy p r o d u c t i o n , s t o r a g e
and Consumption. I t i s glanned t h a t its p r e d i c t i o n s w i l l be compared with d a t a o b t a i n e d from an
e x p e r i m e n t a l program c u r z e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s .
STOFAGE, S;?rIcLATION)

41
ST77 16022 AERODYNAMIC ?E-WORMANCE OF WIND TURBINES
Wilson, R.Z., Lissasta~, P.S.S., Walker, S . N . , (Oregon S t a t e Univ., iotvallis. OR) I NSF/m-
760228, 170 p., &ne 1376, TB-259 089/1WE
This r e p o r t summarizes t!!e s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t of performance p r e d i c t i o n inatbods for both
h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l a x i s wind t u r b i n e s . S t r i p theory nethods f o r h o r i z o n t a l a x i s wind tuf-
bines a r e evaluated f o r v a r i o u s ti? loss models and occur=ence of m u l t i p l e s o l u t i o n s i n s t r i p
theory a n a l y s i s is d i s c u s s e d and i l l u s t r a t e d . The performance o f h i g h - s o l i d i t y t u r b i n e s Such
a s L!e Chalk design a l s o a r e discussed. The c o n f i g u r a t i o n and performance of optimum h o r i z o n t a l
a x i s wind tuzbines a r e addressed. Optiinization schemes a r e developed and d i s c u s s e d and CO!3pari-
sons with t h e .WD-O r o t o r a r e made. Perfomance a t off-design c o n d i t i o n s is a l s o examined. P e r -
formance a r e d i c t i o n methods f o r v e r t i c a l a x i s wind t u r b i n e s a r e covered. ChaDter 4 develops
t h e p e r f o r m m e model f o r t h e Darrieus Rotor. !.iultiple s o l u t i o n s a r e found t o occur f o r
Darrieus Rotors i n ttie same manner a s occuzs for h o r i z o n t a l a x i s r o t o r s . This flow model is
compared t o e x i s t i n g experimental d a t a and shown t o y i e l d e x c e l l e n t agreement. Chapter 5
c o n t a i a s an a n a l y t i c a l model of t h e flow i n a Savonius Rotor. The flow model is shown t O pre-
d i c t t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s of flow i n Savonius Rotors w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n Of Viscous effects.
(OVERVIEWS, OPTIMIZATION, MODELS)

ST77 16023 PRODUCTION O F METXANE USING OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY. FINAL REPORT
Young, R.B., Tiedemann, A.F., Jr., Marianowski, L.G., Camara, E A . , (XU Cor?., aaltimore, M D ) ,
131 p . , NOV 1975, ERDA/NSP/993-75/Tl
The work accomplished d u r i n g a program t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of converting wind
energy t o methane gas is described. The b a s i c approach c o n s i s t s of u s i n g o f f - s h o r e winds t o
d r i v e g e n e r a t o r s which supply e l e c t r i c i t y t o e l e c t r o l y s i s cells. E l e c t r o l y s i s of d i s t i l l e d s e a
water produces hydrogen. Carbon d i o x i d e is d e r i v e d from underwater c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t s . These
g a s e s a r e combined t o form methane. This concept o f f e r s s e v e r a l advantages over t h e g e n e r a t i o n
of e l e c t r i c a l ?wer f o r i n s e r t i o n i n t o an A.C. power netwark. I t is envisioned t h a t hydrogen
w i l l be generated a t each wind t u r b i n e . Depending on the d e s i r e d o u t p u t of t h e p l a n t , methane
w i l l be produced a t each tower, or f o r l a r g e o p e r a t i o n s , hydrogen from many towers will be piped
t o a c e n t r a l p o i n t f o r processing. Herer the methane w i l l be formed and s e n t t o e x i s t i n g n a t u r a l
gas t r a n s m i s s i o n systema.
(HYDROGZN, EFFICIENCIES)

17,OflO B I OCOFiVERS I ON
ST77 17000 ENERGY FXOM AGRICULTURE
Alich, J.A., Jr., Inman, R.E., ( S t a n f o r d h a I n s t , .Menlo Park, CA) # p. 287-309, 1976, Clean
Fuels from Biomass, Sewage, Urban Refwe, Agric Wastes, Orlando, FL, J a n 27-30 # 1976, SponsOrbd
by I n s t o f Gas Technol, Chicago, I L
Under bioconversion f o u r sources of biomaaa are included: urban s o l i d w a s t e , a g r i c u l t u r a l
r e s i d u e s , and energy crops both t e r r e s t r i a l and marine. The paper c o n c e n t r a t e s on t e t r e s t r i a l
energy crops. The types of v e g e t a t i o n b e 8 t suited f o r an i n t e n s i v e energy p l a n t a t i o n a s w e l l
a s v e g e t a t i o n s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a are discussed. The type and a v a i l a b i l i t y of land f o r , a s W e l l
a s l o g i s t i c s and economics o f growing energy c r o p s on a c o n c e p t u a l t e r r e s t r i a l p l a n t a t i o n is
discussed. An energy budget f o r p l a n t m a t e r i a l production and h a r v e s t i n g f o r t h e c o n c e p t u a l
p l a n t a t i o n is developed. A technoeconomic comparison of f i r i n g the c r o p s d i r e c t l y f o r e l e c t r i c
power g e n e r a t i o n with conversion t o c l e a n fu.1 gaa e i t h e r a t the farm s i t e or a t s e l e c t e d markets
is made.
(BIOCONVERSION, COMPARISONS OVERVIEWS)

ST77 1 7 0 0 1 ENERGY FROM AGRICULTURX

CONVERSION
- THE MOST ECONOMIC -00 O F XARGE SCALE SO- ENERGY

Alich, J.A., Jr., Inman, R.E., ( S t a n f o r d Res I n s t , Menlo Park, CAI, Errergy, Oxford, V 1:53-
6 1 , Xl, May 1976
The economics of t e r r e s t r i a l growth of v e g e t a t i o n f o r i t s - e n e r g y c o n t e n t is f a r more
f a v o r a b l e than o t h e r more t e c h n i c a l l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d methods of l a r g e - s c a l e s o l a r energy conver-
sion - m i r r o r s , p h o t o v o l t a i c s , e t c . This paper summarizes t h e a u t h o r s ' view of what might he
a t t a i n a b l e i n biomass production, hoping, t h e r e b y , t o s t i m u l a t e i n t e r e s t i n t h e concapt. The
type o f Vegetation b e s t s u i t e d f o r an i n t e n s i v e energy p l a n t a t i o n , as w e l l a s v e g e t a t i o n selec-
t i o n c r i t e r i a , are discussed. The type and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f l a n d f o r growing energy c r o p s on a
conceptual t e r r e s t r i a l p l a n t a t i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e l o g i s t i c s and economics, a r e d i s c u s s e d . A n
enerTf budget f o r p l a n t - m a t e r i a l production and h a r v e s t i n g for the c o n c e p t u a l p l a n t a t i o n is de-
veloped. X tec.hnocconomic comparison of f i r i n g t h e c r o p s d i r e c t l y f o r e l e c t r i c lower g e n e r a t i o n
w i t h conversion t o c l e a n f u e l gas (methane or low-BTu g a s ) e i t h e r a t t h e form s i t e or a t s e l e c t e d
markets is made.
( S I O C O N V E R S I O N . OVERVIEWS, ETHANE)
42
 17006

ST77 L 7 0 0 2 BIOLOGICAL C;INVERSZON OF SOLAR ENERGY: AN ASSESSMENT O F I T S POTEXTIAL CONTRIBUTION

TO OUR ZXERGY XEQUIXEIUIENTS

aoardman, x.K., ( C S i 2 0 Div of P l a n t Ind, Canberra, A u s t r a l i a ) , i n s t of Enq, A u s t r a l i a ; Annu Eng

C m f , Townsvilie, .Yay 10-14, 1 9 7 6 , T u b 1 by i n s t of Enq, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, Pap 322/2, p. 6-10,
12 refs. 1976
The g l o b a l annua.1 p r o d u c t i v i t y of t e r r e s t r i a l and marine p l a n t s is e q u i v a l e n t t o s t o r e d
solar energy of 3 x 10**2**?5, which is 10-fold h i g h e r than p r e s e n t world consumption of energy.
Solar enezqy i a c i d e n t on the e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e i s 2 x 10**2**4J p e r annum. Total inarine photo-
s y n t h e t i c p r o d u c t i v i t y is lower t!!an t h a t of the land. Maximum s h o r t - t e r m growth r a t e s of high
y i a l d i n q c r o p s r e p r e s e n t s o l a r energy conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s of 2. 7-4. 6%. . h n u a l p r o d u c t i v i -
t i e s are c o n s i d e r a b l y lower. Average f o r e s t p r o d u c t i v i t i e s i n t h e Northern Remisphere r e p r e s e n t
solar energy conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s of 0 . 2-0. 3%. Indigenous f o r e s t s i n A u s t r a l i a have much
lower ' J r o d u c t i v i t i e s . A t t h e g l o b a l l e v e l , it s e e m u n l f i e l y that p h o t o s y n t h e s i s can provide
nore than a r e l a t i v e l y small percentage of t h e w o r l d ' s energy requirements.
(BIOCO:?VEXSION, OVERVIZWS)

ST77 17003 PKOTOSYNTEESIS AS X RESOURCE FOR ENERGY AND N A T E R X W

C a l v i n , M., ( C a l i f o r n i a , U n i v e r s i t y , Berkeley, C A I , American S c i e n t i s t , V 64:270-278, May-June
1976, ERDA-Supported Research, A77-12233
P o s s i b l e ways of using the n a t u r a l p h o t o s y n t h e t i c mechanisms i n so- plants t o construct
l a r g e - s c a l e s > n t h e t i c systems s e r v i n g a s renewable sources of materials ( p l a s t i c s , fibers) and
ftlel are examined. The p r o c e s s e s of p h o t o s y n t h e t i c quantum c o l l e c t i o n i n green p l a n t s a r e
d i s c u s s e d w i t h s p e c i a 1 , a t t e n t i o n t o the photosynthetic p o t e n t i a l of such p l a n t s a s sugarcane,
k e l p , ana t h e rubber tree. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s of e m t r o l l i n g n a t u r a l processes i n t h e s e alants
and I-rzgrcvFng t h e i r e n e r g e t i c e f f i c i e n c y are analyzed. The photochemical quantum conversion in
syr.t??etic systems i s t i e n c o n s i d e r e d as a aromising mechanism f o r direct fuel p o d u c t i o n (X2,
8 4 , etc.) . Recent s t u d i e s concerning c a t a l y s t s Cor 'Aese p r o c e s s e s a r e reviewed. ? a r t i c u l a r
a t t e n t i o n is given t o the problem of c r e a t i n g photochemical cell-membrane, i n which hydrogen
m i g h t be evolve6 on one s i d e of t h e aexubrane and oxygen on t h e o t h e r . A conceptual, d e s i g n of
such a membrane analogous t o t h e n a t u r a l c h l o r o p l a s t membranes is proposed.
(BTOCONVERSION , OVERVIEWS, LXGE-SCALE, RENEWABLZ)

ST77 17004 MtnTIDISCIPLINARY XESEARCH PRO- DIRECTED TOWARD UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
THROUGH BIOCONVERSION O F RENEWABLE ElESOURCES. PROGiiESS =PORT
F i n n e r t y , W.R., (Georgia Univ., Athens, GA), 73 p., July 1976, SRO-888-1
Progress is r e p o r t e d i n four r e s e a r c h a r e a s o f s o l a r bioconversion. The f i r s t program
d e a l s w i t h t h e g e n e t i c s e l e c t i o n of s u p e r i o r t r e e s , p h y s i o l o g i c a l basis o f v i g o r , t i s s u e culture,
h a p l o i d c e l l l i n e s , and somatic hybridization. The second d e a l s w i t h t!!e physiology of a a r a q u a t -
induced o l e o r a s i n b i o g e n e s i s . S e p a r a t e a b s t r a c t s were Orepared for the o t h e r t w o program areas:
biochemical b a s i s of paraquat-induced o l e o r e s i n pcoduction in p i z e s and biochemistry of metiano-
gesesis.
( OVERVZEWS )

aT77 L7005 A SOLAR-RIWLU;IZED SYSTEM FOR AtGOCULTTJRE

Fox, ZD., ( L a b o r a t o i r e de La Roquette, France)
A s i m 9 l e Low-cost system for c u l t u r i n g t h e p r o t e i n - r i c h blue-green a l g a e , S p i r u l i n a , a t
the v i l l a g e l e v e l u t i l i z e s s o l a r energy t o produce algae, r e g u l a t e temperature, provide C02,
stir t h e c u l t u r e , harvest t h e a l g a e , and k i l l c o n t a m h a t i n g organisms. This system has a high
p o t e n t i a l f o r combatting m a l n u v i t i o n i n the developing c o u n t r i e s where p r o t e i n d e f i c i e n c y is
d- problem.

(BIOCONVERSION. ?LGAE-PSODUCTION, ECONOMICS)

ST77' 1 7 0 0 6 AGilICVLTURe FOR ZEXO W A S T E - TRE IPPI CONCEPT

Gartside, G . , (CSIZo, South .%lbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , Natl Chem Eng Conf, 3rd. Proc: T r e a t , Recycle
and! Disposal of Wastes, a l d u r a , V i c t o r i a , A u s t r a l i a , Aug 20-23, 1975, Pub1 by N a t l Cham Eng
Conf., Monash Univ, Clayton, A u s t r a l i a , Pap T134-Tl36, 1 r e f . 1 9 7 5
The concept of I n t e q r a t e d P h o t o s y n t b e t i c Product I n d u s t r i e s (IPPI) is aimed a t d e r i v i n g
maximum economic b e n e f i t from <!e r e s o u r c e s of l a n d and s o l a r energy w h i l e a t the same time .
- s a t i s f y i n g s o c i a l and environmental requirements. The p r o j e c t i s based on Lke use of crops as
s i n u l t a n e o u s r e s o u c e s of food, energy, and consumer products. One aim of t h e study is e f f i c i e n t
u s e o r r e s o u r c e s . T h e focal p o i n t of t?e IPPI s t u d i e s i s the f r a c t i o n a t i o n of the p l a n t i n a t e r i a l
i? Such a way a s t o provide an a c c e p t a b l e i n p u t f o r an a p p r o p r i a t e processlnq Stream. some
. d e t a i l is given o f t k e f r a c t i o n a t i o n s t u d i e s t h a t have been done on l u c e r n e and kenaf.
(aIOCONVERS ION, SQCiO-E?fVSRON~TAL)

43
ST77 1 7 3 0 7 WASTES AXD BIOMASS AS EXERGY RESOURCSS: AZY OVERViFA

Klass, D.L., ( I n s t of Gas TecL.o:, Chicago, IL), p. 21-58, 18 rer's, 1976, Clean Fuels from
Siomass, Sewage, Urban Refuse, Agric Wastes, Orlando, FL, Jan 27-30, 1976, Sponsored by I n s t of
Gas Technol, Chicago, IL
The n a t i o n a l economy can be maintained on organic f u e l s by c o n v e r t i n g major S O u r C e S Of
conizinuously renewable n o n f o s s i l c a r t o n to s y n f u e l s t h a t a r e i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e wiLbr 3r can be
s u b s t i t u t e d f o r , natural gas and pet:oleum-derived f u e l s . Promising s o u r c e s of LbiS carbon
a r e waste m a t e r i a l s , such a s urban r e f u s e , and biomass produced from s o l a r enerJy.by ghoto-
s y n t h e s i s . The paper p o i n t s o u t t h e broad scope of t h e technology and i t s 2 o t a n t L a l l a p a c t on
C.S. energy s u p p l i e s . The renewable f e a t u r e of both wastes and biomass makes t h e n v a l u a b l e
" n a t u r a l resources" t h a t i n e v i t a b l y w i l l be f u l l y developed and c o m e r c i a l i t e d a s sources Of
anergy-intensive products and s y n f u e l s .
(axocomRsIoN, UXITED-STATES, S Y N ~ L S )

ST77 1 7 0 0 8 CONVERSION OF OCE&Y F-LW RELP TO METHANE AND OTRER PRODUCTS

Leese, T.X., (Nav Weawns Cent, China Lake, C A I , p. 253-266, 13 r e f s , 1976, Clean Fuels from
Biomass, Sewage, Urban Refuse, Aqric Wastes, Orlando, n,J a n 27-30, 1976, Sponsored by I n s t
of G ~ STechnol, Chicago, IL
pyrifera -
The paper d e s c r i b e s a process being s t u d i e d f o r t h e conversion of k e l p ( H a c r o c y s t i s
g i a n t C a l i f o r n i a k e l p ) i n t o f u e l s . Xey f e a t u r e s of the approach a r e : t h e use of
solar energy t o produce biomass a s a source of f u e l , r e s u l t i n g i n a s t o r e d energy t o produce
biomass source whose u s e produces no n e t energy i n c r e a s e i n Lbe e a r t h ' s atmosphere: and the
use of c u r r e n t l y nonproductive ocean s u r f a c e , ocean w a t e r , and deep n u t r i e n t s i n t h e production
of the biomass. The c u r r e n t major p r i o r i t y of t h e conversion p r o c e s s e f f o r t i s t o c o n v e r t
L?e o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l i n k e l p t o methane and u t i l i z e the r e s u l t m g by-products and waste a s :
terrestrial f e r t i l i z e r , feed supplements for meat-producing a n i m a l s , and miscellaneous i n d u s t r i a l
products.
(BIOCONVERSION, OVERVIEWS)

ST77 1 7 0 0 9 SOLAR ENERGY FOR AUSTRALIA. THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION

Morse, R.N., S i e m n , J . R . , (CSIRO Solar Energy Stud, Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) , I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a ;
AMU Kng Conf, Townsville, Hay 10-14, 1976, P u b 1 by I n s t of Eng, A u s t r a l i a , Sydney, Pap 322/1,
p. 1-5, 1 8 r e f s , 1976
S o l a t enorgy by means of p h o t o s y n t h e s i s s t o r e s energy i n trees and p l a n t s which can be
converted t o l i q u i d f u e l suitable for i n t e r n a l combustion engines. Ethanol could be produced
t h i s way from c e l l u l o s e on a s c a l e s u f f i c i e n t to supply h a l f A u s t r a l i a ' s e s t i m a t e d needs f o r
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n 2000 from f o r e s t p l a n t a t i o n s t o t a l l i n g 13 m i l l i o n ha. The process has been
used on small s c a l e , b u t is n o t f u l l y developed. Rising energy c o s t s w i l l improve t h e p r o a p e c t s
t h a t r e s e a r c h could make solar e t h a n o l c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h s y n t h e t i c f u e l s such a s o i l from Coal,
and i n t r o d u c e a major renewable source of l i q u i d f u e l .
(BIOCONVERSION, SYNFUELS, OVERVIEWS)

ST77 17010 GAS PRODUCTION FROM MICRO ALGAE

Oswald, W.J., (Univ of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, a), p. 311-324, 1976, Clean Fuels from Biomass,
Sewage, Urban Refuse, Agric Wastes, Orlando, FL, Jan 27-30, 1976, sponsored by I n s t O f G a s
Technol, Chicago, IL
Nitro a l g a e are a b l e t o f i x s o l a r energy i n t h e v i s i b l e spectrum w i t % d a i l y production of
1 0 t o 25 grams o f c e l l material p e r s q u a r e meter. The h e a t of combustion of t h e s e a l g a e is
about 5 . 5 kilogram c a l o r i e s p e r gram and 5 0 t o 70 p e r c e n t of t h i s energy can be converted t o
methane through anaerobic f e r m e n t a t i o n of t h e alga.. On t h e b a a i s of e x i s t i n g technology, it
appears p l a u s i b l e to u t i L i z e l a r g e ponds f o r i n i t i a l f i x a t i o n o f energy and f o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
o € t h e energy t o mt5ane. W s t promising is an i n t e g r a t e d s o l i d waste and a l g a l bioqas f a c i l i t y
i n which combustion o f d.ry wastes could be used t o g e n e r a t e p o w e r , r e l e a s e carbon d i o x i d e f o r
a l g a e and h e a t t h e d i g e s t e r s .
(BIOCONVERSION, SYSTEM-REVEIW)

ST77 1 7 0 1 1 THE LONG-RANGE PROSPECTS FOR SOUR-DERIVED FUELS

P o l l a r d , W.G., American S c i e n t i s t , V 64:509-513, Smpt-Oct 1 9 7 6 , A77-12240
Solar-derived fuels a r e considered t o be t h o s e produced a n n u a l l y by g h o t o s y n t h e s i s i n
c u r r e n t l y growiag p l a n t m a t e r i a l . The papar examines t h e p o t e n t i a l o f f u e l s d e r i v e d from t h e
sun through photosynthesis f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e i r commercial conversion a s an i n t e g r a l
p a r t of t h e world energy s y s t m i n Lbe long-range f u t u r e when r e s e r v e s of f o s s i l f u e l s , e s p e c i a l -
ly petroleum and n a t u r a l g a s , have been d e p l e t e d . A t t e n t i o n is focused on *&e p y r o l y s i s o f
biomass t 3 produce s o l i d f u e l and methonol, a s w e l l a s on t S e p r o d u c t i o n of Liquid and gaseous
ftlels by a p p r o p r i a t e techniques. I t i s shown that t h e long-range p r o s p e c t f o r t h e use of s o l a r
energy through photosynthesis t o produce s o l i d , l i q u i d , and gaseous f u e l seems reasonably w e l l
assured. T h e tec.hology f o r such f u e l s i s a l r e a d y w e l l developed and t h e i z e x t e n s i v e use a w a i t s

44
 17016

a favorable p r i c e l e v e l for d e l i v e r e d biomass and a major s h i f t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l and s i l v a -

cul t x r a l p r a c z i c e .
( B I O C O N V E R S I G N , OVERVIEW, COXVERSION-TECXNOLOGYI

ST77 1 7 0 1 2 SOLAR EXERG'I COLLECTION BY BIOCONVERSION

S i t t o n , Q.C., Gaddy, J.L., (.Xissouri-Rolla, U n i v e r s i t y , R o l l a , XO) , New York, .-rican Institute

cf Chemrcal Engineers, V 1:91-97, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,
l l t i h , S t a t e Line, Xevada, S e p t 12-17. 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, A77-12672
The l e a f system. or canopy, of a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n t serves a s a solar energy c o l l e c t i n g
s u r f a c e . E f f i c i e n c i e s a s high a s 30.0 p e r c e n t have been r e p o r t e d f o r t i e conversion of i n c i d e n t
r a d i a t i o n i n t o energy i n t h e form of biomass. U.S. l a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r biomass production
i s c o n s i d e r e d , t a k i n g , i n t o account the n o r t h c e n t r a l c r o p l a n e , c r o p wastes, and range and f o r e s t
land. A t t e n t i o n is given t o biomass a s an energy mechanism, t h e p r o c e s s i n g of t h e biomass t o
o b t a i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of methane f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n e x i s t i n g n a t u r a l gas p i p e l i n e s , and
q u e s t i o n s of p r o c e s s economics. I t is found t h a t bioconversion of p l a n t matter t o methane g a s
is economically a t t r a c t i v e a t t o d a y ' s f o s s i l f u e l energy prices. Technology and l a n d areas are
a v a i l a b l e t o employ this process on a l a r g e s c a l e today.
(SCONOMICS, UNITED-STATES)

ST77 17013 FEASIBILITY O F MEETING THE ENERGY NEEDS O F ARMY BASES W I T R SELF-GENERATED FUELS
DERIVED FROM SOLAR ENERGY PLANTATIONS (APPENDICES A , E , AND C)
Szego, G.C., ( I n t e r t e c h n o l o g y Cor?, Warrenton, V A ) , 321 p . , J u l y 1976, ITC-260675-App, AD-
BO31 164/7WE, PC A14/ME' A 0 1
Yo A b s t r a c t d v a i l a b l e

ST77 17014 CLEAN FUELS FROM AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY WASTES

Tats=, Z.W., Colcord, A.R., Knight, J.A., Efston, L.W., (Georgia I n s t . of Tech., A t l a n t a , GA),
118 ?., Apr 1976, E?A/600/2-76/090, PB-2S9 956/1WE
The r e p o r t g i v e s r e s u l t s of an experimental i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the o p e r a t i n g pasameters
for a n o b i l e w a s t e conversion system baaed on the Georgia Tech Engineering Experiment S t a t i o n ' s
p a r t i a l o x i d a t i o n p y r o l y s i s process. The o b j e c t of the t e s t i n g w a s t o determine a e combination
Of parameters producing t h e m o s t c h a r and o i l and the l e a s t gas from a g r i c u l t u r a l -6 foresm
wastes. The t e s t i n d i c a t e d both t h e dominant i n f l u e n c e of a i r / f e e d on c h a r and o i l y i e l d s , and
d e s i r a b i l i t y of low v a l u e s of this r a t i o . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t e s t i n g , a p r s l i m i n a r y d e s i g n
ox a 200 ton/day mobile p y r o l y s i s system f o r conversion of a g r i c u l t u r a l and f o r e s t r y wastes i n t o
c l e a n f m l s w a s made and a simplified economic a n a l y s i s conducted. The r e s u l t s of tixis work i n -
d i c a t e t!ae t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y and t h e economic p r o f i t a b i l i t y o f such a system.
( ~ I O C ~ ~ R S I OSYNFUELS, N, ZCOWOMICS)

ST77 17015 =DEW FUELS FROM BIOMASS ENERGY PROGRAM

Ward, El., ( U . S . ERDA, Washington, DC), For Prod J , V 26:60-64, N9, 6 r e f s . S e p t 1976
Fuel f r o n biomass, c o n s i d e r e d an i n d i r e c t form of s o l a r energy, w a s i d e n t i f i e d a s p a r t of
an o v e r a l l s o l a r energy program. A comprehensive 5-year program of r e s e a r c h , development, and
demonstration has been developed. me major program elements m c l u d e : f u e l s from a g r i c u l t u r a l
and f o r e s t r y r e s i d u e s , t e r r e s t r i a l biomass production and conversion, marine biomass production
and c o n v e r s i o n , and b a s i c and advanced r e s e a r c h .
(BIOCONVERSION, S m U E L s )

ST77 17016 AND ENERGY PRODUCTION BY SIOCONVERSION O F WASTE MATERIALS - STATE-OF-TEE-ART

Ware, S.A., (Ebon 3esearch Systems, S U v e r Springs, MD), 78 p., Aug 1976, EPA/600/2-76/148,
PB-258 499/3WE
This r e p o r t is a s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t suarmary of b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s f o r c o n v e r t i n g waste
c e l l u l o s i c m a t e r i a l s ( a g r i c u l t u r a l , municipal and lumbering wastes) t o f u e l s . I t indicates
t h e l o c a t i o n s and q u a n t i t i e s of s u i t a b l e wastes and d i s c u s s e s t h e s t a t u s of the c u r r e n t pro-
c e s s i n g schemes. The p r o c e s s e s d i s c u s s e d are: Acid h y d r o l y s i s followed by f e r m e n t a t i o n ;
enzyme h y d r o l y s i s followed by fermentation; anaerobic d i g e s t i o n of manure and municipal s o l i d
waste; and, S i o p h o t o l y s i s .
(OVERVIEWS)

45
18,000 RESICE~ITIAL

ST77 18000 TEIE IMPACT OF SOLAR BEATING AND COOLIXG O F HOMES ON ?XE ZLECTRIC U T I L i 9

Aseltine, R., (Tennessee, U n i v e r s i t y , Knoxville, T ? U , Mew Y o r k , I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and

E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers, I n c . , p. 174-176, 1976, I n Engineering i n a Changing Economy; Proceedings
of t h e Southeast Xegion 3 Conference, Clenson. SC, Apr 5-7, 1 9 7 6 , A76-47201 24-99, A76-47225
An i n t u i t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e p o s s i b l e impact of s o l a r h e a t i n g and c o o l i n g of homes On t h e
e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y i s made. Consideration is given t o t h e load imposed by e l e c t r i c a l backup
u n i t s , and how t h i s r e l a t e s t o t h e need :or a d d i t i o n a l g e n e r a t i o n and t r a n s m i s s i o n f a c i l i t i e s .
A r e d u c t i o n i n the short term weather s e n s i t i v e load through t h e normal o p e r a t i o n Of s o l a r
u n i t s i s shown t o y i e l d a savings i n d a i l y g e n e r a t i o n c o s t s , however, c a r e f u l c o o r d i n a t i o n O f
t h e v a r i o u s systems must be implemented f o r maximum e f f i c i e n c y .
(RESIDENTIAL, ECONOMICS, P m - L O A D I N G )

ST77 18001 NEW CONCEPTS I N S O U R PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRIC POWER SYSTE.X.5 DESIGN

Federmann, E.F., Ferber, R.R., P i t t m a n , P.F., Chowaniec, C.R., (Westinghouse Electric C O W . ,
P i t t s b u r g h , P A ) , New York, American I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1308-1315, 1 9 7 6 , I n
I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, S e p t 12-17,
1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44, AZ7-12817
R e s u l t s a r e presented for a study of three types of v i a b l e s o l a r a h o t o v o l t a i c e l e c t r i c
mwer systems. The f i r s t is an o n - s i t e r e s i d e n t i a l power system with an o u t g u t ranying from 1
t o 10 kw: L5e second is an i n t e r m e d i a t e power system w i t h an o u t p u t i n t h e range 1 0 0 jw to 10
XW f o r l o c a t i o n n e a r an i n d u s t r i a l or commercial load; and t h e t h i r d is a c e n t r a l power System
with an o u t g u t varying betwaen 90 and 1 0 0 0 MW t o be l o c a t e d remote from urban a r e a s . The
r e s i d e n t i a l power s y s t e m is d i s c u s s e d r e l a t i v e t o system d e s c r i p t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n , slystam
e v a l u a t i o n elements, energy balance program, and system p o t e n t i a l . The i n t e r n e d i a t e power
system is examined i n terms of system d e s c r i p t i o n , u t i l i t y ownership, and proprietor-ownership.
The central power system is an i n s e p a r a b l e p a r t of a t o t a l u t i l i t y system. If one assumes that
c o s t o b j e c t i v e s for tae p h o t o v o l t a i c m a t e r i a l s a r e achieved, t h a t t h e r e is an e f f e c t i v e pre-
commercialization phase, t h a t t h e r e a r e r i s i n g energy c o s t s , and t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n a l problems a r e
r e s o l v e d , then the r e s u l t would be widespread acceptance of a l l three types of systems.
(RESIDENTIAL, IXDUST~ALCOMMERCIAL, L A R G Z - S U OVERVIEW)

ST77 18002 SOLAR POWER ROOF SHINGLE

F o r e s t i e r i , A.F., Ratajczak, A . F . , S i d o r a k , L.C., (NASA, L e w i s ) , Dec 1975, 075-10289

A r e c e n t l y designed s i l i c o n solar c e l l module does double duty. I t is designed a s a roof
s h i n g l e f o r residences and similar structures, and provides both t h e all-weather p r o t e c t i o n of
a s h i n g l e as w e l l a s the electrical power o f a s o l a r c e l l module. The module c o n s i s t s O f
a r r a y of c i r c u l a r s u i c o n s o l a r c a l l s bonded t o a f i b e r g l a s s s u b s t r a t e roof s h i n g l e wit!! d
f l u o r i n a t e d et!!ylene propylene (FEP) encapsulant.
( RESIDENTIAL, PHOTOVOLTAIC)

ST77 18003 DEFINITION STUUY FOR PRTOTVOLTAIC RESIDENTIAL PROTOTYPE SYSTEM FINAL REPORT
Imamura, M.S., H u l s t r o m R . , Cookson, C., Waldman, B.H., (Brooks Waldman Assoc.), Lane, R.,
(Martin Marietta Gorp-, Denver, C O ) , NASA-CR-135056, NAS3-19768, 303 p . , MCR-76-394, ERDA/NASA-
19768, N77-13533
Avai1:NTIS
A parametric s e n s i t i v i t y study and d e f i n i t i o n o f the concaptual design is p r e s e n t e d . A
computer program c o n t a i n i n g t h e s o l a r i r r a d i a n c e , solac a r r a y , and energy balance models was
developed t o determine the s e n s i t i v i t i e s of s o l a r i n s o l a t i o n and t h e corresponding solar a r r a y
o u t p u t a t f i v e s i t e s s e l e c t e d for t h i s study as w e l l M t h e performance of s e v e r a l s o l a r a r r a y /
b a t t e r y s y s t e m . A b a s e l i n e e l e c t r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n was chosen, and t h r e e d e s i g n o p t i o n s were
recommended. The study i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e most s e n s i t i v e p a r a m e t e r s are t h e s o l a r i n s o l a t i o n
and t h e i n v e r t e r e f f i c i e n c y . The b a s e l i n e PST sdected is comprised of a 133 SG M solar a r r a y ,
2 5 0 ampere hour b a t t e r y , one t o t h r e e i n v e r t e r s , and a f u l l s h u n t r e g u l a t o r t o l i m i t t h e upaer
s o l a r a r r a y voltage. A minicomputer c o n t r o l l e d system i s recommended t o provide t h e o v e r a l l
c o n t r o l , d i s p l a y , and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n requirements. A r c h i t a c t u r a l r e n d e r i n g s of t w o photo-
v o l t a i c r e s i d e n t i a l concepts, one above ground and the o t h e r underground, a r e p r e s e n t e d . The
i n s t i t u t i o n a l problems were d e f i n e d i n t h e a r e a s of l e g a l l i a b i l i t i e s d u r i n g and a f t e r i n s t a l l a -
t i o n of t h e PST, l a b o r p r a c t i c e s , b u i l d i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s and a r c h i t e c t u r a l g u i d e s , and l a n d use.
( COMPUTZR- PZOGRAM , ARCSITECTURE1

ST77 1 8 0 0 4 PERFORMANCE AND COST AN;cLYSIS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEXS FOR ON-SITE RESIDENTIAL
AP?LICXTIONS
K i q i c b , A., Shepard, N.F., Jr., Irwi3, S.E., (General E l e c t r i c Co., Space Div., Valley Forge,
PA), Sew York, american I n s t i t u t e of chemical Engineers. V 2:1300-1307, 1 9 7 6 , I n I n t e r s o c i e t y

46
Energy Conversion Zngineering Conference, l l t h , S t a t e Line, Nevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Pro-
ceedings, h77-12562 02-44, A77-12816
R e s u i t s a r e p r e s e n t e d f a r t h e performance a n a l y s i s of an o n - s i t e r e s i d e n t i a l p h o t o v o l t a i c
sower system, both w i t ? and without energy s t o r a g e . For systems w i L ? energy s t o r a g e , a d i r e c t
( o r f l o a t ) charge system implementation with a lead-acid b a t t e r y was s e l e c t e d , whereas f o r systems
without energy s t o r a g e a maxinun power t r a c k i n g OC/AC i n v e r t e r was used t o provide t h e i n t e r f a c e
between t5e s o l a r a r r a y and t h e u t i l i t g . The system performance s e n s i t i v i t y t o t!!e number of
s o l a r c e l l s i n t!!e a r r a y and t o Lke s o l a r roof slope a n g l e i s d i s c u s s e d . The r e s u l t s of
systern i e r f o m a n c e c a l i b r a t i o n s f o r t?e b a t t e r y and no-battery c a s e s a r e used a s a b a s i s f a r a
m d i f i a a Oresent wor6k c o s t a n a l y s i s t o determine the ? r e f e r r e d system s i z i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
t h e ninimum c o s t of energy supplied. Xajor conclusions a r e that f o r average s i z e a l l - e l e c t z i c
houses o n - s i t e r e s i d e n c e p h o t o v o l t a i c systems with energy s t o r a g e can achieve energy d i s p l a c a -
ments varying from 38 t o 80% f o r t h e range of U.S. weather c o n d i t i o n s , and t h a t systems w i t h o u t
energy s t o r a g e can achieve energy displacements ranging from 31 t o 98%.
(ECONOMICS, STORAGE)

~ ~ 1800s
7 7 CO~WOSITE RESIDENTIAL POWER SLTBLY SYSTEXS
EXEXGY SOURCES
- A PIIOOJECTION - ALTERNATE DOMESTIC
a a t t e r s o n , I . B . , (USAP, Space and M i s s i l e T e s t C a t e r , Vandenberg AFB, a), American I n s t i t u t e
of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s , Inc., Vandenberg, CA, Western B e r i o d i c a l s Co., North Hollywood,
Ch, p. 49-57, 1976, I n Symposium on A l t e r n a t e Fuel Resources, Santa iMariar CB, Mar 25-27, 1976,
? r o c e e d i n g s , X76-47287 24-44, A76-47292
The paper p r e s e n t s a b r i e f survey of a l t e r n a t e energy s o u r c e s , w i t h s p e c i a l e w h a s i s on
s m a l l - s c a l e solax enerqy sources. Energy sources a r e d i s c u s s e d r e l a t i v e t o c a p i t a l s o u r c e s
(petroleum, c o a l , a t c . ) , c o n t r o l l e d f u s i o n processes, renewable s o u r c e s ( h y d r o e l e c t r i c , geo-
t n e r n a l , t i d a l , e t c . ) , and solar energy ( p h o t o c e l l s , focused c o l l e c t o r s , and f l a t - p l a t e c o l -
l e c t o r s ) . Xeatzng and c o o l i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s of s o l a r energy a r e i n d i c a t e d . The reason
f o r t h e d e c l i n e of s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r s is reported t o be a s t r o n g promotion campaign t o have
everyone s w i t c h to utility-powered w a t e r h e a t e r s . The main a r e a s of a c t i o n should be t o educate
-he p u b l i c concerning s o l a r energy and t o take s t e p s t o make i t s ?we economical.
(COWAAISONS, SOCIO-ECONOMICS)

ST77 1 8 0 0 6 AiV WTEG2ATED PHOTOVOLTZUC/TXERMAT HIGH INTEXSITY SOLAR ENERGY SYSTREY

' (HISESl
CONCEPT FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
S a t e r , B.L., Goradia, C., (Cleveland State U n i v e r s i t y , Cleveland, OH), New York, American
I n s t i t u t e of Chemical Engineers, V 2:1316-1323, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engi-
n e e r i n Conference, llth, S t a t e L i n e , Nevada, Sept 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, A77-12662 02-44
-
A7 7 12118
An i n t e g r a t e d p h o t o w l t a i c / t h e r m a l high i n t e n s i t y solar energy system (HISIS) concept is
p r e s e n t e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n . The design o f a 36 Sq m HISES which can supply a l m o s t
t h e e n t i r e energy f o r t h e h e a t i n g , air c o n d i t i o n i n g , h o t w a t e r and e l e c t r i c a l n e e d s of an 1800
Sq f t model home in Albuquerque, Nu is d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l . I t a p p e a r s t h a t the YISES concept
can be implemented i n ttte very n e a r f u t u r e ana t h a t it is c o s t e f f e c t i v e i n terms of both d o l l a r
v a l u e and energy payback. A t an i n s t a l l a t i o n r a t e of about 500,000 BISES p e r y e a r , a 36 Sq m
HISES is e s t i m a t e d t o c o s t less than $4,500, while providing over 45,000 kwhr/yt of t!!ermal
energy a t $O.O072/kwthr and over 1 0 , 0 0 0 b h r / y r of electzical energy a t $0.02,4cwehr and r e s u l t -
i n g i n an e q u i v a l e n t f u e l savings of o w 30 m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of o i l t o t a l p e r y e a r .
(ECONOMICS)

ST77 18007 DEFLVITION STVDY FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC RESIDENTIAL PROTOTYPE SYSTEM

Shepard, N.F., L a d e s , R., Kornrumpf, I . P . , (General Electric Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A ) , NASA-CR-
1 3 5 0 3 9 , NAS3-19769, 271 p . , DOC-76SDS4225, 377-13532
Avai1:NTIS
A s i t e e v a l u a t i o n was performad t o a s s e s s the r e l a t i v e merits of d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s of t h e
c o u n t r y . i n terns of the s u i t a b i l i t y f o r experimental g h o t o v o l t a i c powered r e s i d e n c e s . E i g h t
s i z e s w e r e s e l e c t e d based on e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a which included p o p u l a t i o n , p h o t o v o l t a i c systems
i e r f o m a n c e and t h e c o s t of e l e c t r i c a l energy. A parametric s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s was performed
f o r f o u r s e l e c t e d s i t s l o c a t i o n s . M a l y t i c a l models were developed f o r four d i f f e r e n t power
system implementation approaches. Using t h e model which r e p r e s e n t s a d i r e c t (or f l o a t ) charge
system implementation t h e perfor;nance s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e following parameter v a r i a t i o n s is
r e p o r t e d (1) s o l a r roof slope angle; ( 2 ) r a t i o of the number of series c e l l s i n t h e s o l a r a r r a y
t o t h e number of series c e l l s i n the lead-acid b a t t e r y : and ( 3 ) b a t t e r y s i z e . For a Cleveland
s i t e l o c a t i o n , a system w i t h no on s i t e energy s t o r a g e and w i + A a maximum power t r a c k i n g i n v e r t e r
which f e e d s back excess power t o the u t i l i t y was shown t o have 19 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r n e t system
Oucput tfian t h e second p l a c e system. The experiment test i l a n is d e s c r i b e d . The l o a d c o n t r o l
and i a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system and &e 6aca d i s p i a y panei f o r Lye r s ~ i d e n tszs ~ 8i;c::a=d.
( S I T E CONPAR\RISONS, .*THEMATIC= MODELS, UTILITY-IMTEGXATION)

47
 19,1100 OTHER - HYCRGGEPI PRGEI!CTIO:I, LARGE SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC, ETC,

Seam, B.H., H a n s e n , C.F., (Beam Sng I n c , Sunnyvale, C A ) , Con€ R e c of the IEEE P h o t o v o l t a i c S p e c

Conf, I l t h , S c o t t s d a l e . AZ, May 6 - 8 , 1975, P u b l by IEEE, New York, N Y , p. 332-337, 1975, C a t
?175 CVO 9 4 8 -OED
C a l c u l a t i o n s and e x p e r i s e n t a l d a t a a r e presented l e a d i n g t o t h e development of a p r a c t i c a l ,
economical s o l a r p h o t o v o l t a i c power supply. The concept involves c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s u n l i g h t up
t o about LOO t i m e s normal s o l a r i n t e n s i t y i n a s o l a r t r a c k i n g c o l l e c t o r and d i r e c t i n g t h i s t 0
- an a r r a y Of s o l a r cel-1s. The c e l l s a r e immersed i n water c i r c u l a t e d from a thermal reservoir
which limits c e l l temperature rise t o about 2OoC above ambient d u r i n g the day and which cools t o
ambient temperature d u r i n g t h e n i g h t . Experiments were conducted on s o l a r cells using a F r e s n e l
l e n s f o r magnification, a t e l e s c o p e e q u a t o r i a l mount with clock d r i v e , and t a p water c i r c u l a t e d
through t h e s o l a r c e l l h o l d e r c a v i t y . T e s t results show t h a t c e l l s o p e r a t e s a t u f a c t o r i l y under
these c o n d i t i o n s . P o w e r o u t p u t s achieved experimentally with c e l l optimized f o r 25 suns were
l i n e a r with Concentration t o about 15 suns. C e l l s optimized f o r 1 0 0 suns were n o t a v a i l a b l e ,
but a corresponding l i n e a r r e l a t i o n of power o u t p u t with c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s a n t i c i p a t e d . T e s t
results have been used i n a deaign a n a l y s i s of t h e c o s t of systems u t i l i z i n g t h i s teChniWe.
(TEST-DATA, SYSTEM--SI)

ST77 19001 PERFORMANCE OF SILICON SOLAR CELLS UNDER CONCENTRATION

Bell, R.O., Ho, J.C.T., R u t h , W.T., (Mobil Tyco S o l a r Energy Corp., Waltham, LMA), Electrochem-
i c a l S o c i e t y , Xnc., P r i n c e t o n , N J , p. 237-263, 1976, I n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposirrm on S o l a r Energy,
Washington, DC, Lilaay 5-7, 1976, Proceedings, A76-47051 24-44, A76-47067
Generally s o l a r c e l l s have been designed and f a b r i c a t e d t o work wib& u n i t s o l a r f l u x . A
cell optimized f o r such c o n d i t i o n s d e f i n i t s l y i s n o t b e s t f o r use under c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A
t h e o r e t i c a l model of a S i s o l a r c e l l was developed t o h e l p w i t h t h i s o p t i m i z a t i o n and then
compared t o experimental measurements made on commercial s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t cells a t concentra-
t i o n s between 1 and 10 s u a . Such moderate c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e t h o s e encountered f o r ColleCtOrS
such as t h e s i d e mirror r e f l e c t o r , l i n e a r F r e s n e l l e n s or compound p a r a b o l i c c o l l e c t o r which do
n o t r e q u i r e d i u r n a l UACkhg. The e x c e l l e n t agreement w i t h t h e o r y encourages us t o b e l i e v e the
model is u s e f u l in p r e d i c t i n g performance under c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r guidance i n improving t i e
design.
(PHOTOVOLTAICS, DESIGV-REVIEW)

ST77 19002 CONVERSION O F SOLAR ENERGY BY PHOTOSYNTXESIS TO OBTAIN MOLECULAR HYDROGEN

Berezin, S.V., Varfolomeev, S.D., ( S t a t e Univ im. n. V. Lomonosov, mscon, USSR), G e l i o t e k h n i k a ,
p. 60-73, XJ3, 25 r e f s , i976, I n Russian
A g e n e r a l surrrey is given of t h e state of t h e a r t of hydrogen production from water by
photosynthesis using solat anergy. S o v i e t and f o r e i g n r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s a r e summrd up.
(OVERVIZW, SOVIET-UNION)

ST77 19003 SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION - TEE CHEMICAL VIEWPOINT

Boer, K.W., (Delaware, U n i v e r s i t y , Newark, D E ) , Resource Recovery and Conservation, V 2:s-21,
Aug 1976, X76-47695
The paper reviews s o l a r energy conversion technology w i t h a t t e n t i o n given t o photochemical
r e a c t i o n s (bioconversion t o f u e l s , and thermochemistry), d i r e c t conversion of s u n l i g h t i n t o
e l e c t r i c i t y ( t h e r m o e l e c t r i c and p h o t o v o l t a i c c o n v e r s i o n ) . The s o l a r one concept O f deploying
s o l a r c e l l s f o r heat and e l e c t r i c i t y is i l l u s t r a t e d by the example of t h e Delaware s o l a r one
house. Economic a s p e c t s of s o l a r energy conversion a r e d i s c u s s e d and schedules a r e p r e s e n t e d
,Cor p o s a i b l e l a r g e s c a l e deployment.
(PHOTOVOLTAICS, REAT-i?EJECTION, ECONOMICS, OVERVIEWS)

ST77 19004 ON HEAT REJECTION FROM TZRRESTRIAL SOLAR CELL ARRAYS W I T H SUNLIGHT CONCENTRATION

F l o r s c h u e t z , L.W., (Arizona S t a t e Univ, Tempe, A Z ) , Conf Rec of t h e IEEE P h o t o v o l t a i c Spec Conf,

11th. S c o t t s d a l e , A Z , Wy 6-8, 1975, P u b l by IEEE, New York, N Y , p. 318-326, 1975, Cat SJ75CY0948-
OED
A simple model f o r preliminary assessment of c o o l i n g system requirements f o r h e a t r e j e c t i o n
from s o l a r c e l l s s u b j e c t e d t o concentrated s o l a r i r r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s is p r e s e n t e d , baaed on
e f f e c t i v e thermal conductance concept. S e v e r a l b a s i c p a s s i v e and a c t i v e c o o l i n g schemes a r e
analyzed, and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e f f e c t i v e thernal conductance v a l u e s determined. R e s u l t s show t h a t
passive c o o l m g t o ambient a i r with extended s u r f a c e s can accommodate i r r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s achiev-
a b l e with p r a c t i c a l l i n e a r o r trough type c o n c e n t r a t o r s , b u t performance w i l l depend on adequate
l o c a l wind c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Once through f o r c e d c o o l i n g with ambient a i r i s n o t a v i a b l e

48
 19008

a l t e r n a t i v e . For i r r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s t - i c a l of s a r a b o l o i d c o n c e n t r a t o r s , a p p r o p r i a t e t y p e s
o f water c o o l i n g should be adequate.
( PHOTOVOLTAICS , COOLZXG-SYST'SMS)

ST77 19005 HYDROGEN SEO-ARATION AND COMP?.ESSION THROUGH HYDRIDE FORMATION XND DISSOCIATION aY
LOW-LEVEL SEAT
Gidaspow, D., Liu, Y., ( I n s t i t u t e of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL), Xew York, .American I n s t i t u t e
of Chemical Engineers, V 1:920-925, 1976, I n I n t e r s o c i e t y Energy Conversion Engineering Confer-
e n c e , 11th. S t a t e Line, Uevada, S e p t 12-17, 1976, Proceedings, 877-12662 0 2 - 4 4 , A77-12770
A process making it p o s s i b l e t o e f f e c t hydrogen s e p a r a t i o n from methane and compression
of hydrogen i n t o h y d r i d e s , using low-level h e a t (waste h e a t , o r solar enerqy from f l a t g l a t e
c o l l e c t o r s ) and e l i m i n a t i n g an expensive cryogenic s e p a r a t i o n s t e p , is described. The hydrogen
product s t r e a m can be d e l i v e r e d a t pressures up t o 1000 PSIG, w i t h methane, C02, and N2 removed.
Alloys of Fe-Ti, Fe-Ti-Ni, and LaNiS a r e proposed a s s o r b e n t s i n the s e p a r a t i o n s t e p . Hydrogen
production from biomass p a r t i a l l y o x i d i z e d w i t h a i r i s considered, a s w e l l a s hydrogen removal
from methane-hydrogen mixtures r e s u l t i n g i n c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s or from c o a l g a s e s
produced by ia s i t u coal g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s , f o r production of p i p e l i n e q u a l i t y gas w i t h o u t
a cryoseparation step.
(OVERVIZW)

ST77 19006 PHOTOVOLTAICS AND BIOMASS UTILIZATION

Johnson, A.C., ('XITRE C o r p . , Bedford, MA), Washington, iJC, Goverraent I n s t i t u t e s , I n c . , p . i38-
152, 1976, I n Energy Technology I11
Washington, OC, M u 29-31, 1976, X76-45226 23-44, A76-45240
-
Commercialization; Proceedings of the Third Conference,
The direct conversion o f s u n l i g h t i n t o e l e c t r i c i t y by p h o t o v o l t a i c c e l l s , and the production
of h e a t o r f u e l s from o r g a n i c wastes o r from l a n d o r water crops grown f o r energy purposes, a r e
two a p p l i c a t i o n s o f s o l a r energy which offer c o n s i d e r a b l e promise f o r t h e midterm. .3esearch,
Cevelopment and demonstration can produce more e f f i c i e n t and reliable p h o t o v o l t a i c systems and
b e t t e r proCuction methods; more e f f i c i e n t biomass p r o d u c t i o n , c o l l e c t i o n and conversion p r o c e s s e s ;
and optimized s y s t e m f o r the u t i l i z a t i o n o f bot!! these energy sources.
(3IOCONVERSION, OVERVIEWS)

ST77 19007 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCZS FOR RYDROG2N PRODUCTION

M a r e h e t t i , C., ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, A u s t r i a ) , Revue

O e L'Zaergie, V 27:102-U2, Feb 1976, X77-11335, In E n g l i s h and French
Various blue-sky approaches t o protiuction of hydrogen by novel low-cost t h e r m o d y n m i c a l l y
e f t i c i e n t p r o c e s s e s w i t h e c o l o g i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y are p u t fort!^. Tapping of hydrogen s t o r e d i n
t r e e s by u s i a g g e n e t i c a l l y engineered m i c r o f l o r a and suitable c o l l e c t o r s , s e c o n d a q recovery of
c o a l , an energy-island concept of u s i n g nuclear f i s s i o n r e a c t o r s i n hydrogen production a t
t e r a w a t t l e v e l s , hydrogen e x t r a c t i o n from "Aeraonuclear plasma, t a p p i n g solar energy by develop-
i n g photothermal chemistry techniques and a p p r o p r i a t e semiconductors and soLid e l e c t r o l y t e s , and
t a p p i n g m e l t i n g g l a c i e r ice and ocean thermal g r a d i e n t s are considered. The s t o r a b i l i t y ,
t r a n s p o r t a b i l i t y , f l e x i b i l i t y , and e c o l o g i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f hydrogen and t h e e c o l o g i c a l
s a f e t y of a s s o c i a t e d e l e c t r o l y t i c p r o c e s s e s are pointed o u t .
( PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION , OCEAN hT)

ST77 19008 A SUIIVEY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCING PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS I N TROPICAL AiiD SUBTROPICAL
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
FitSUi, A., ( R o s e n s t i e l School of Marine and Atmospheric S c i e n c e , Miami. E%), NSF/RA-760203,
73 P . , 1976, PB-259 2i2/9WE
The r s s e a r c h is concerned wit!! the concept of c o n v e r t i n g s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n t o a u s a b l e
f u e l , o r o t h e r p r o d u c t , v i a a b i o l o g i c a l conversion system. The study examines t h e f e a s i b i l i t y
of e x p l o i t i n g t i e n a t u r a l hydrogen gas producing c a p a b i l i t y o f z a r i n e p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a i c r o -
o r j a n i s m s a s a source of f u e l f o r t h e f u t u r e . Included is a review of the working h y p o t i e s i s -
and t h e p r o g r e s s made w i t h i n the f i r s t of t h i s two-year p l a n aimed a t e s t i m a t i n g the p o s s i b i l i t y
Of commercial a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s concapt. The most s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t of t!!e f i r s t y e a r ' s
e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n is t h e discovery of a blue-green a l g a l s p e c i e s with remarkably high and s t a b l e
hydrogen photoproduction c a p a b i l i t y . The discovery o f such a s t r a i n provides numerous oppor-
t*mities for further r e s e a r c h and a p p l i c a t i o n . Subsequent t o t h e s e experiinents, it w i l l now be
f e a s i b l e to conceive of d e s i g n i n g a prototype hydrogen production p l a n t , a t l e a s t on a l a b o r a t o r y
scale.
1
(OVZXVI~JS

49
 19010

ST77 19009 RYDROGEN PRODUCTION U S I X G SOLAR .WDIATION

Chta, T., (Yokohana ? r a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y , Yokohama, J a p a n ) , Veziroglu, T . N . , (%lid. University,

Csral Gables. FL), I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of Bydrogen Energy, V 1:255-263, O c t 2 0 , 1976, X77-
13540
v a r i o u s w a t e r - s p l i t t i n g methods using s o l a r energy a r e reviewed and compared t o each o t h e r .
D i r e c t thermal method has t!e h i g h e s t e f f i c i e n c y , however it poses d i f f i c u l t i e s because of t h e
need f o r h e a t - r e s i s t i n g x a t e r i a l s . Thermochemical method becomes gromising i f corrosion-
r e s i s t i n g m a t e r i a l s a r e found. E l e c t r o l y t i c method is s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d and conventional. However,
a hybrid system combining e l e c t r o l y t i c method with thermochemical and/or photochemical metbods
Looks promising and i s b e l i e v e d t o result i n optimum conversion e f f i c i e n c i e s i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e .
PhotoLysis and biochemical metbods a r e environmentally mast a c c e p t a b l e , b u t a r e of low conversion
e f f i c i e n c i e s presently.
(PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION, COMPARISONS)

ST77 19010 B I G i INTENSITY SOLAR CELL - KEY TO LOW COST PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER
S a t e r , B.L., Goradia, C., (NASA, L a w i s ) , Conf Rec o f t h e IEEE P h o t o v o l t a i c Spec Conf, llth,
S c o t t s d a l e , A Z , May 6-8, 1975. Pub1 by IEEE, New York, NY, p. 356-363, 15 r e f s , 1 9 7 5 , Cat
Y75CH0948-OED
This p e e r d i s c u s s e s t h e problems a s s o c i a t e d with conventional s o l a r c e l l s a t high i n t e n s i -
t i e s and p r e s e n t s t h e design c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e "high i n t e n -
s i t y " (HI) solar c e l l whrch appears t o e l i m i n a t e t h e major problems. T e s t d a t a o b t a i n e d a t
g r e a t e r than 250 a i r aass one ( A M l ) suns gave A peak o u t p u t power d e n s i t y of 2 w/cm**2 a t an
e f f i c i e n c y exceeding 6 % w i t h an moptimized c e l l o p e r a t i n g a t over 100°C. ?.t appears t h a t
o p e r a t i o n a t 1000 A M l suns a t e f f i c i e n c i e s g r e a t e r than 1 0 % is p o s s i b l e . A t 1 0 0 0 AM1 suns
and 1 0 3 e f f i c i e n c y , t h e HI c e l l m n u f a c t u r i n g c o s t is e s t i m a t e d t o be 50.25/watt, with m u l t i -
maqawatt a n n u a l production c a p a b i l i t y a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g w i t h i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r . A high
i n t e n s i t y solar system was analyzed t o determine i t s c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s and t o a s s e s s t h e ben-
e f i t s of f u r t h e r improving HI c e l l e f f i c i e n c y . I t appears t h a t r e s i d e n t i a l s i z e d s y s t e m
could be produced a t less than $1000/kw aeak electric p a r e r with s u b s t a n t i a l amounts o f thermal
enesgy a v a i l a b l e f o r h e a t i n g and cooling. Because o f t h e i r s u p e r i o r high i n t e n s i t y g e r f O m n C e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s coapared to t h e conventional and v e r t i c a l m u l t i f u n c t i o n c e l l s , HI c a l l s and
l i g h t c o n c e n t r a t o r s may be t h e key t o low c o s t p h o t o v o l t a i c power.
(ECONOMICS, RESIDENTIAL, HEATING)

50
t
!
I .

AUTHOR INDEX

51
 91:735
> 13012
3 IS?’?1
315032
0 10040
?11?35
917331
017000
311375
316031
7 1 aooq
3 16032
,115003
015304
0 13020
316015
313013
314013
314032
3 12023
613994
013Or)Fj
3 13336
315303
010012
313012
0 19000
011030
012066
019901
010015
010014
3 12023
3 10023
010016
019002
311037
3 159t2
3 10622
013907
3 16005
31hO04
3 16003
blOOl7
315Q04
317032
3 19093
713314
0 15005
3 11009
3 13040
013035
015305

53
 311779
314361
3 13J<??.E.
? 1531 1
a13314
?15037
116339
3 13025
317033
9 15023
3 13009
013010
3 113 15
3 12007
311015
311311
316017
GI1312
3 :a93 1
3 12908
010021
3 17.314
0 10020
316306
311632
011013
,319003
0 11032
312007
313308
’lIOO44
01 1925
012009
31101*
011014
3 13035
313011
0 1331 1
010321
315334
012006
(315003
311315
0 10022
3 13023
910639
a13012
31131 3
319012
012010
3 1501 1
313237
317614

54
F V A Y S , 0.L. 3l2311
'IRrHIUG. G.A.9 JR. 315033
FE3E2MANN. Eo'. 318091
FELLS9 I. 3 13343
'=ELTZ. L e v o 616337
FELTZ. t.V. 9 16335
F3LTZ. L e v o 3 16003
FE2aFR. RoRo 31Rr)01
FXNNERTY 9 W.R. 3 17604
FXSHER. POD. 9 16332
FITZPATRICKv 5.00 314001
FL3RSCHUETZv L.Yo 319034
F L G R S C I U E T Z . L.W. 0 1201 1
FORD. Q . 610012
FOREMAN. K o H o ,71601 3
FOREST1 ERX AoF. 018002
FOX. ROD. 317005
FRALEYI O o Y o 0 10024
FRANCIS. E o J o 0 15004
G A O O Y I J.L.. 3 17012
GARG. P o 311015
GARTSXDE. Go 3 17936
GERVAISI R o L o 613613
CERVAIS. Q o L o 313015
GIBQAT. Re 3 10025
CIDASPOW. 0 0 319005
G I L B E R T . B.L. 016013
CLE NDE.NN XNG. I 013040
G L E N N . 0.R. 033043
G O L X B E R S U C H I 3. 313045
GOODENOUCH, J O B . 311017
G O R A D I A I Co 618006
C O R A O I A. C . 319010
GORDON. C o E o 0 1 IO06
CORMAN. Re 311325
GRAHAM. C O D . . JR. 3 12312
GRAVE,. Ho 311318
G R A Y 9 DOC. 3 1301 4
GREY* J 3 16026
CUPTAI B O P . 0 1331 4
GUPTA. Y o P o 013012
HAFELE. Wo 9 13027
H A L L E T , ROW.. JRo 313315
HAMPL. E O F O I J R o 014004
HANNES. K O 0 13043
HANSEN. C o F o 319.390
HANSEN. L o K o 014091
H A R D I E I ROW. 3 1201 3
H A R L I N C I OoK. 01301 1
H A R R I C A N . R. W O 312014
HARTEL. R o 316015
HAUSEQ. L O G . 0 100~s-
HAYNES. H o H o 315309

55
HAZELTON. TO 310012
HEIL, G o 312915
!iE!NBUCK€Le J.H. 013015
HENOEL. FoJ. 910023
H E T Y E I . S.A. 015010
HCNDERMAN. J.0. 314004
HQ. J o C o T . 319031
HOERSTC=R, H e 013040
HORNBURG. C O D . 315011
HUOSONI E. 312006
H U L S T R O M . R. 018033
HUNDEMANN. A. S. 011020
HUNDEMANN. AoS. 311019
IHAMURA. M.S. 318003
INMAN. ROE. 3 17000
INMAN- ROE. 017001
IRWIN. S . E . 018004
JARVINEN. P o 0 0 313017
J4YADEVAIAH. T.S. 316038
JENSEN. GOA. 015315
JENSEN. MOHO 311021
JOHNSON. AoCo 3 19066
JOHNSON Co C D 016016
JOHNSON W 3 16020
JONES. 8.00 310017
JUSTf. Eo 011022
JUSTUS. COG. 0 16009
KADLEC. €.Go 616313
KATSON. R. Q 12023
K A U F F M A N , K.W. 0 13020
KEATCN. MOJO 0 10035
KEATON. MOL. 910312
KELLEHER HOD. 315007
KEHENY. L O G . 011023
K X E S L I N C . HOE. 310012
KXRPICHI A. 318004
KLASS. DOL. 017007
K L E SNKAUF. Wo
011324
KLEINKAUFe W o 013318
KLIUCHEVSKII. 1U.E. 013036
KNKGHT. JoAo 317014
K N O B B O U T * J.A. 0 13040
KNUTSEN C D A. 313011
KOEGERI E d . 9 14602
KOEHNE. R. 913018
KOELN. FOR. 9 11024
KONOPKA A. 315012
KORNRUYPF. W.2. 318007
KRAUSS. 0. 0 16002
KRENZI JmHo
3 10333
KULKARNI. So 012312
KUNIN. L o
o 10042
KUQTH. W.T. 319301

56
L A FQANCE. L o J o 010012
LAITNER. So 0123:5
LAMS SOH. 314093
LANOES. R e 3 18337
LANSFORD. R.R. 013312
LAWRENCZ, J o 316315
LAWSON. C I A O 3 15C13
-5.ESEr T O M . 317038
L E F R O X S . ROT. 0 133 19
LEFRUISI ROT. 0 13037
LEON. H.1. 911325
LESK. KOA. 011007
LSSKUVJAN. L O L O 3 10940
L I G O N S C. 3 1631 6
LINDAL. e. 0 1501 1
L I N O N E R I F. 3 1331 8
CI NSCBTT. a.s. 31601 1
LIOQ, N o 3 13020
L I S S A M A N . PeI3.S. 0 16022
LITTLE. A 0 0 0 312317
L I T T L E . TOE. 015014
LIUI Y. 319035
LOWE. P . A . r) 1304c
HA. F.S.7'. 0 1332 1
MACPHERSQN. H.C. 3 13044
MAGNGLI 9 0 . 31 1 326
H A N N . 8.J. 010035
MANSOORIS GeA. 011027
M A R C H E T T I . C. 9 19031
H A R I A N O Y S K I s LOG. 0 16023
M A R S H A L L * W. 3 13331
MARVIN* H o H o 311923
MAUCHMER. MID. 016012
HAYCOCK, POD. 312918
MAYDEW. ROC. 3 166935
MCSRIDEr Eon. 0 130 1 4
YCCALLUH. 8 . 311329
H C C A S L I N . 8.0. 310012
HCFEEe R.H. 0 13322
YCGOWAN. J.G. 615335
NCKENNEY. 0.80 311030
MCK tNNON. M e A * 0 1301 1
MCVE 1GH 9 J C 011031
HfTSUt. A i 3 19003
MORGAN* J O D I Q 16032
M O R R I S . J.F* 314602
MORRISON. ?OF* 311013
MORSE. RON* 311932
MORSE. R O N . 311933
YORSE. R O N * 3 17003
HOW. C o c o 311013
MURPHY9 L O M I 3 13023
NESERAY. Y o I * 310912

57
 CJ11334
3 1531 3
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58
oOS?’. D o J o 0 13040
?0T+FUS 9 R R e 0 1531 d
XVEGCI Ro J 12021
SALIEVA. Ro30 0 11040
S A L X E V A . ROB. 3 11939
S A L T E R . RoGo 911313
SASSIN9 Wo 0 10027
S A T E R . 8.L. 318206
SATER. a o L o 019010
SATHAYE. J o A o 0 10342
SAVIN09 J o 316023
SCHIERHOLZ. P O I Y O 016015
SCHMXOI L O C O 910041
SCHMIDT 9 R .No 0 1‘322
SCHRENK. C o L o 0 13026
SCHUCZE s WOO. 9 12623
SERVAIS. RoAo 3 13039
SESSLER 9 CoLo 3 13035
SHAFFER. L o H o 0 1331 1
SHAPTON. UoRo 3 1601 1
SHELDAHC. ROE. 016073
SHEPARD. N o F o 318037
SHEPAR39 N o F o . JRo 0 19004
SIDORAK. L O G O 3 18002
S I E MON 9 J R 317009
SILVER. EoGo I) 10044
SX.MON9 0 - I OH. 013027
SIMPSON. L O A . a 13028
S1RI n WOE* 3LO052
SITTON9 O a C o 917012
SKI N R 0 0 0 . A9Co 0 13023
SMITH. G O S O 316012
SHS TH, 0 O J M o 313031
SMITH. 0-J.H. 313030
SMITH. O o J o Y o 0 I3029
SMITH. R 9 L o 3 14034
SHSTH. R . T o 316038
SYITH+ ROTO 315016
S O H E R V E L L e ‘d 0 - 0 9 JQ 3 16035
SOUTHERLANO. So!?. 311396
S P E I S E R . 4.P. 313a4.3
SP I ER I N GS 9 P A M 0 16317
SPRINGSR. T 9 H o 3 13032
S T A F F E L D T . E9Ee 0 10012
STALCUP. H O C . 315903
S TE RMSC HEG J9 0 13929
STEVENS. T o H o 010012
STEVENS Wac. 310012
STOLL. R O O . 312’324
STROMBERC. R 9’0 3 13633
S T Y R I S-e D O L O 3 1301 1
Sdi. D o 016006
SWANS~NI RoK* 316016

59
S A I X F T - H C O K . 0.1. 316313
SVIFT. 11.H. 3 10024
SYVERSgN e Co D o 3 16.319
SZECO. G o t . 017013 '
T A K E T A N I r ti. 3 1301 3
T A L I B . A. 315012
TATOM. JoW. 317314
THAYER. M a 312023
THEOOC39E. L D 313039
THCMAS. Re 3 16023
THOMSCIY We Bo 313032
TIEDEMANN. A*'.. JR 316023
TITMAN. P O S O 010012
T D R I A S . A. 311041
TDRKELSON. L e I o 311342
TREADWELL. G.W. 011042
TRUKHOV. V. So 333036
TWJSCELLO. V e C o 0 13009
TURNER. R.HD 3 13034
TURSUNSAEVI 1.40 313336
TYE. RoP. 013035
UMAROV GD I A . 013036
VALERIOTE. E .MOL 3 16021
V A N HORN. A.J. 313317
VARFOL3MEEV 300. 319002
VENKATASEETY H Vo 313019
VENKATESETTY. H o V . 013037
WADDINGTON. O D 9 13338
WA<EFIELD. Gof. 01201a
WALD. DoAo 914004
WALDMAN B OH 318003
WALKER. S O N O 316322
WA90. Re 017015
WA?E+ SoA. 3 17016
WATSON. K O 316315
WEINHOLD. J o F . 0 lQ044
WEN* L e 313039
WHITTLE. C e E . 0 10044
WILLEM. 9 . A . 310012
WILSON. 0.8. 310012
W ILSON J o E 3 13040
WILSON. RmE. 9 16322
WU. C.C. 315019
WU. Y.C. 0 13039
YEHr H o 313020
YELLOT Jo I e 011043
YOUNG. R o e 0 0 16023
YUDn'U. Bo 315012
ZAUORSK1. R o 31301 1

60
 PERMUTED TITLE/SUBJECT TERM INDEX

.-

61
CEY-ADDITTCN# dXND-?OWERE3r FiE9ATI3Ns WATZ? POLLUTION. OXY 316015
T J ? 3 1 NES. SVERVIEkS. 3’TI M IZ/
AERODYVAMIC-PERFORMANCE. W I Y D 3 15322
ECYNICAL-REPORT, I / ?€SEARCH.
AERODYNAMICS. WIND T U R B I N E S I T ’3 1501 Q
W I N D M I L L ROTOR- T E S T - O A T A r
AERODYNAMICS# 316012
A E R O O Y Y A M I C S M / T U Q B I N E S m PQOG
RESS R E D O 2 T r 1973. E C O N O M I C S . 315213
U N I TED S T A T E S R AGRICULTURE
SOUTHWESTERN EYERGY-OVERVIEW. 313312
EDINCS. 4IRLIE-HOUSE-VA.
Y O R < S H O P s CONFEQENCE. M A R C H 1976. E 01 3 0 2 5
A L G A E - P R O D U C T I O N + ECONON ICs#
~ 8 I O C O V V E R SOI N * 01703s .
EL3 PROCEEDINGS ALTA-UTAH.
CONFERENCE. J U L Y 1975. E N E R G Y - 0 3 1333.9
C S S Y M P O S I U M * E N E R G Y - O V E R V fE/
A L T E R N A T E R E S O J R C E S I P R 3 C E E D 1’4 313029
e ELECTRICI/ ENERGY-OVE4VIEW* A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. 1975-2000 3 13323
SOCIO-ECONOMI/ RESIDENTIAL.
A L T E R N A T E SaURCES. CCNPARISONS 018005
ACTS. E\IVIR/ ECONOMIC-GROWTH* A L T E R N A T I V E ENERGY. SOCI AL-IMP 012036
TEHBER 1 9 7 6 s E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W .
ALTERNAT IVE-F’JSLS R /VADA* SEP 310.304.
€NE RGY -3 V E ? V I EW 9
ALTERNA T W E - R Z SOURCESS 010037
R V I EU ECONOMICS# FUSI ON.
A L T E R N A T I V E - S 3 U g C E S 9 SOLAR-OVE 9iao23
G N Y E N T A L - I MP, I C A T I O N S . F U T U R E
ALTERNATIVES. ENERGY-OVERVIEW# 3 10322
MZ’4 T-TRE”JDS9 ENERGY-OVEQVXEW ALTERNATIVES. SOCIO-ECONOMICS# 3 10043
SOLAR-OV E R V I EW
A L T E R N A T XVE S # 0l1C38
A L T E R N A T X V E S#
E N E R G Y - 3 VER V I EW s 0 10034
EZ3NOMIC. ECONOMCC-3VE9VXEW. ALTERNAT IVESM 3 1231 9
E N E R G Y - J V E R V 1EW* E N V I R O N M E N T .
A L T E R N A T 1 V E S # / IV E - S T A N D A R D S 9 310035
ENERGY-JVERVIEW. U T I L I Z A T I CN.
ALTERNAT I V E S R /NITED-KINGDOM. 0 loa3 1
- Q E / C O R R A D I A T I O N + REVE7SIBLE
AMMONIA. THERMAL-POWER. DESIGN 913011)
Y# ANALYSI S
THERMAL-ENERGY CONVERSION-EFF I C I E N C 312309
R T r ENERGY-JVERVfEW/ A N A L Y S I S , VOLUME-1.
REGIONAL F I N A L REP0 oiaoi6
ER9s OCEAN DTS A N A L Y T I C A L STUDY 9 H E A T EXCHANG 315315
EVAPORATOG O C E A N 07. H E A T - € /
ANALYTICAL STUDY VAPOR-FLOW, oisooa
?ESL DENT I A L . ECONOMY H E A T I N G AND COOL I N G s E L E C T R I C - U T IL I T Y 9 0 18300
CLIYATE. E N E R G Y - O V E R V t EW 9
ANTHRO?OG&NIC-I MPACTN 6 1001 8
LOGY * MICHIGAN. E C O N O M I C S . E/
A P P L X C A T I O N STUDY. WIYD-TECHNO 0 16002.
V L Z U . C O N V E R S I W SOLAR-ENERGY APPLICATIONS. 1376s S O L A R - O V E R ’311043
PROCEEDINGS. ILLINOIS.
APR 1L 1915- S O L A R - O V E R V I E W # 611315
HZ45T‘REGICN+ A P R I L 1976. E C O N O M I C - O V € R V I E W #
SOUTH C A R O L I N A . 012001
N4L-REPORT. COMPtJTER-PROGRAM* ARCHITECTURE# / R E S I D E N T I A L FI 3 19003
NT. THERMAL-POWER. A R R A Y * DESI G N - R E V I E W @ I W E R - P L A
HELIOSTATr 3 13023
L A d s TAX I N C E N T I V S S ?ROPERTY
ASSESSMENTSI /TE-CEGISLATION. 612319
UELS. OVERVIEWS# AUSTRALIA. BIOCONVERSION. SYNF 3 17909
EYE R G Y - 3 V E ? V t E W + A U S T R A L X A. CONFERENCE-PAPERS 9 0 10002
V E T SI/ S C L A R - E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H .
AUSTRALIA. SOLAR-OVERVIEW, CON 0 11333
SOLAR-ENERGY STATUS.
AUSTRAL I A s SOLAR-OVERVIEW* 011032
E Q G Y - O V E R V I E W U T I L I Z A T I / FUEL
A V A I L A a I L I T Y . POWER-%ANTS. EN 010033
€ 3 PROGRESS-REPORT. B E A R I N G L E S S R O T O R * WIND TWRB IN
JJNEI 19/ 3 16017
VERVIEW. N T I S-DATA-BASE@ 81 S L I O G R A P H Y - 1 ‘ 4 DEXES. E N E Q G Y - 0 310301
B I B L I 3 G R A P H Y + CANADA#
UtND-POWER. 316006
d * ENVIRONMZNTI BIRLIOGRAPHY E C O N O M I C - O V E R V TE 312337
U*S.+OUSE ENERGY-OVEQVIEW. B I B L I O G R A P H Y # /-1975. VOLUME-1 313005
N e ECONOYICS# 81OCONVERS I ON. ALGAE-PRODUCT I D 017035
CRV IEWS# EYERGY-AGRI CJLTURE. B I O C O N V E R S I O N S C C H P A R I SUNS. OV 0 17300
ED- S T A T E S + BIOCONVERSION. ECONOMICS. U N I T 0 17012
NOMIC. C O N V E R S I ~ N I OVE?VIEWS. BIOCONVERSION. HETHANEI / e ECO 317301
T O S Y Y T H E 5 IS 9 ENERGY-RESOUR CE, B I O C O Y V E R S I O N * (3 VERV IE’dS LARG 017303
R S I ON-/ L O N G - R A N G E PQOSPECTS. B I O C O N V E R S I O N * OVERVIEW. CCNVE 317311

63
 FUEL -E\ E 2 G Y P S U D U C T I ON. 8 I O C O N V E R S I ON, O V E q V IE U S # 317915
‘4ETHANE. 3 1 3 C O N V E R S I O N r JVEQVXE’AS R 317309
BIOCONVE2SION. OVERVIESSR 0 17332
PHOTOVOLTAICS* BIOCCNVERSION. OVEQVIEMSH 0 19036
R C 3 S r PROG/ R E S E A R C H 3 9 0 G R A M . RXCICONVERS I O N . RENEWA6LE 9ESOU 3 17904
N f / ZERO-UASTE. IPPT-CONCEPT. BIOCONVERSION. SOCI3-ENVIRONYE r) 17@06
I Z‘rrSS AUSTRALIA. B ~ O C C N V E R S I D N I S Y N F U E L S . OVERV 0 17009
8 I ClCUNVERS I ON 9 S Y N F U E L S # 617915
VICS# B I O C O N V E R S I ON, SYNFUELS ECONO 0 17314
E N Z R G Y RESOURCES. 3VEqVIEW BXOCONVERSIONI UhITED-ST ATES. 017037
O V 3 r ENVIRONMENT* O C E A N DT. B I O M A S S . WIND. T I D A L . COMPARIS 3 15.31 7
8LADE-OESfGN. WlND, ECONCMICS# 016007
‘41’40 T U R B I N E . P A T E N T . BLADE-OESIGNN 0 16005
M E Y T I CONVERSION-UTTLKZATION. 8 0 3 K . ENERGY-OVERVIEW. EhVIRON 3 10333.
OS’EtTS. ELECTRIC-GENERATION. BRAZIL. SOLAR-OVERVIEW* PR 0 11025
-DEMAND. WESTERN-STATES. 197/ CALIFORNIA E L E C T R I C I T Y SUPPLY 3 10042
ST;7UMENTSY CA-ORXMETRY THERMAL-POWERI IN 313033
d IND-POWER. B I R L I OCRAPHY CANAOAl 016036
XNZS. SOUTHEAST-RECKON. SOUTH CAC70LXNA. A P R I L 1976. E C O Y O M I C 3 1200 1
O M I C S I R E S I D E N T I A L . HE/ S O L A R C E L L . PHOTOVOLTAIC-POWER. ECGN 319’310
T 4 1 CS. D E S I G N - R E V I E W / SILICON CELLS. CONCENTRATION. PHOTOVOL 619031
ORT 9 THERMAL-POWER. O V E R V I EW/ C E N T R A L - R E C Z I V E R 9 PROGRESS R E P 313302
G R Z S S REPOFIT. T H E R M A L POWER,/ CENTRAL-RECEIVER 9 RESEARCH PRO 0 1300 1
S O C I A L C O S T S * THERMAL-POWER. CENTRAL-RECEIVER STORAGE. COM 3 13099
Re R E P O R T - P R 3 G R E S S H C E N T R A L - R E C E I V E R 9 THERMAL-POWE 0 1301 5
TH E9 M A - - W W E R P H A S E - W A N GE 9 C E N T R A L - R E C E f V E R il STGRACE. 013019
THIERMAL-POWEF?. COMPARISONS s CENTR4L-RECE KVER # 313017
EAT-TRANSPORT. THERMAL-POWER. CENTNAL-TOWER# / I Q U I D METAL. H 313032
GLAND. R E L I A B I L CTY. E C O N O M I C S . CENTRAL-UNITED-STATES# /NEU--EN 316003
E SOURCES 9 SOLAR-OVERVIEW. C/ CHEMICAL-ENERGY 9 NON-EXPANDABL 3 11035
R E J E C T ICN. ECONO/ CONVERS T O N 1 C H E M K C A L . P H O T O V c l l T A I CS. HEAT- 019003
R O P c) G E N I C- IY P A C T I C L I M A T E S E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EU. A N T H 7 iooia
~ O S T - 2 0 0 0 r E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EW. C L I MATOCOGY # ENVIRONMENT 310025
E Z C N O H I CSrY COLLECTOR MANUFACTURING. 1976. 0 12024
# C3LLECTOR-F I E L O THERMAL-POWER CJ 13012
AL-POWER. M A T H E M A T I C A L YODELI COLLECTCIR-FIELO# /STICSs THERM 313607
HEAT-TRANSFEQr ”OCUSED COLLECTORS. THERMAL-POWERY 3 13624
OHICS. MA/ EVALUATION-REPORT. C O M M € R C I A L - O E M O N S T ~ A T I O ~ E~C C N 0 12034
ECONOH I C - S T U D Y COHHUN I TY-DE VEL PMENTiO 3 12014
’
C O M P A R I SON‘ NOT I N D E X E D
Y - D V E R V t EW 9 E N V f R 0 N H E ” J f . ALT/ COMPREHENSf VE-STANDARDS ENERG 3 10035
SISN. POWER-PLANTS. OCEAN D t r C O M P U T E R MODElr O P T I M I Z A T I O N ~ 3 1’5319
T I C A L - S Y STEMS, THERMAL-POWER. COMPUTER MODEL* UP 3 13022
T-ZXCHANGERS. OTEC. 3 C E A N DT. C O M P U T E R PROGRAMS. DESXGWOVER 315606
E f O N O M I C S r F O R I E C A S T I NG. COMPUTER-MODEL# 312013
ORAGE-SYSTEMS. THERMAL-POWER 9 COMPUTER-MODELS COMPAR I S O N S # 013321
C r RESID‘NTIAL * FINALIREPORT, COMPUTER-PQOGRAH. ARCHITECTURE 3 18003
ED ZNERGY. STORAGE. S I M U L A T I / COMPUTER-PROGRAM. WIND-GENEQAT 316321
LAR-OVERVTEUr CONTROL-SYSTEM. C 3 M P O T E R - P R O G R 9 M f f / Y e WINO SO 311040
DES IGN-REVIEW/ S I L I C O N CELLS. C O N C E N T R A T ION. P h O T O V O L T A I C S . 0 1900 1
COOL I NC-SY STEMS* CONCENTRATION. PHOTOVOLTAICS 3 I9004
C T S I C A L W W E R r THERWAL-POWER. CONCEYTRATORI D E S I G N - R E V I Z W W 1 313033
O T S V O L T 4 I C . POWER G E N E R A T I C N . CONCENTRATOR. LIQUID COOLIYG. 019000

64
5 . J C E A N DT. E C O N O M l C S # CONCRETE C O N V E R S I CN-STRUCTURE 315303
AST-REGION. SOUTH CAROLINA. / CCNFERENCE U Q O C E E 9 1 N G S . S7UTYF ’)121?01
VIZ‘JY 4USTQALIA* CONFERENCE-PAPE9S. ENE2GY-OVER 3 13302
X3GY PROCEEDINGS. VJOR<SHGP* CONFERENCE. A S R L XE-tiOUSE-VA+ ‘4 3 13325
E Y 4 T I C A L MmELS. PROCIEDINGS- CONFERENCE. ALTA-UTAH. J U L Y 19 010338
EUROPEAN CONFFRENCE E N E R G Y - O V E R V IEW# 013336
1976. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EW. A L T E Q / CONFERENCE. N E V A C A . S E P T E M B E R 3 10004
ENERGY-OVE?VIEW* ENVIROYMEN/ C ~ N F E R E N C E I P R O C E E D I N G S * 1975. 3 19939
EYERGY-OVERVIEWS. / UMR-MEC, CONFERENCE. P P O C E F D I N G S . 1975. 0 10032
I E d s PCMSR/ P 9 0 C E E D I N G S e IEEE CCNFERENCE. 1976. ENERGY-OVERV 010309

.
R E S E A ~ C H I S O L A R - O V E R V I EW*
R v r EW S O ~ I O - / INTERNATIONAL.
CONFERENCE#
CO~GRESS-EXPOSI
R E P O R T . CONGRESS.
TION.
SNFLAT ION#
SOLAR-OVE
3 11312
011001
C12003
59 INGS. WOR<SHOP+ CONFERENCE/ C O N S E R V A T I O N - T E C h N O L O G Y PROCE 31 0 0 2 6 ’
9 N 4 T I ONAL-AGENCY ENEQGY-Fi CD. C O N S E R V A T I O N s E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W R 0 10003
TH-CONGRESS. ENERGY-OVERVIEW s CONSERVATION# 94 9 I001 I
TS-INDUCEMENTS. I N S T I T U T I O N A L CONSTRA I N T S # I N E R G Y . I M P E D I N E N 3 12223
E A 9 D T . ECONC)MICS+ C O N S T R U C T I O N - A S P ECTS. OTEC OC 0 15034
-
8 I I TY Y I NO S O L A R - O V E W I Ew 9 CONTROL-SYSTEY. COMPUTER-3ROGR 311040
4’ ER GY -CARR IZR S # CONVERSXi3N P L A N T S . O C E A N DT. E 0 15012
THERMA--ENERGY A N A L Y S I S . COYVERSXCN-EFFI C I E N C Y I 0 12369
-P3WER# S O L A R - O V E R V I EW, CONVERS I O N - P O T E N T X A L S . THERMAL 3 13329
T t EC O N O Y I CS# CONCRETE. CCNVERS I O N - S T 2 U C T U R E S . OCEAN 0 015009
CTS. BXOCONVERSICN. O V E R V I EU. CONVERS I O N - T E C 4 N O L O G Y * /PROSPE I)1 7 3 1 I
EW. I N S T I T U T I O N A C - R E S T ~ A I N T S . CONVERS I O N - T E C q N C L O C Y # / O V E R V I q11 341
I T I O N S 9 1976. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . CONVERS I O N - T E C H N C L O G Y I I A P P L I C 011343
A T 1 ON. SOLAR-OVERVIEU. F R A N C E CONVERS I O N - T E C ’ 4 N C L Q G Y # / U T I L I 2 011336
A B L E SOURCES. S O L A R - O V E Q V I E Y . CONVERS I O N - T E C H N C L O G Y Y / E X P A N D 311035
IC-UTILITIES. SOLARDOVERVIEW. CONVFRS XON-TECANQCOGY# /ELECTR 313325
CS. U N I T E D - S / SOLAR-OVERVIEW. CONVERSION-TECiNOLOGY* ECONOMI 011018
S O L A R - O V E R V I EW+ CONVERS I O N - T E C H N O L O G Y # 011917
LJS-PQOS’ECTS. S C L A R - O V Z Q V I En. COhVERS I O N - T E C 4 N O L O G Y * FORECAS 311022
OC, I M A T O L O G Y . S O L A R - O V E R V I EW. CONVERS I O N - T E C + N O L D G Y * ENVIRCN 011033
P H i 3 T 3 T H E R M A L I S O L A R - O V E R V I ’EM, CONVERS I O N - T E C H N G L 3 C Y I / I R A N * 311927 -
P?OCEEDINGS. SOLAR-OVERVT EW. CONVERS I O N - T E C 4 N O L O G Y M 1 1976. 311067
V E ? V I EW. WORKSHOPW CONVERSION-TECHNOLOGY. SCLAR-0 011009
ENZRGY-JVESVXEW. E N V I ?ONMENTI CONVERS I O N - U T I L I Z A T X O N BOOK 9 3 10330
T 4 1 C S . H E A T - R E J E C T 1 O N + ECONO/ C O N V E R S I O N . CHEMICAL, PHCTOVOL 919063
3ATAff T H E R M I ON I C - I N E RGY CGNVERS ICN. COMP A R IS O N S TEST- 01~001
P H O T 3 V 3 L T A IC CONVERS I CU, E C O N C M I C-OVERV I E W W 3 la16
N V I aONMENTAL. SOCIO-ECOUOMIC/
.
ur IL I ZATI ON. SOLAR-OVERV I EW CONVERS ION. GERMANY +
S* SOCIO-POLITICAL#
CONVERSION. EVERGY-JVERVIEW.
I, IR-EENERGY
C O N V E R S I O N . O C E A h DTI O V E R V I E W
E 313317
011324
315016
ENERGY-AGRICULTURE, ECUNOMIC. CONVERSION. OVERVIEUS. a IOCUNV 0 1700 I
L E Z U L A R HYDROGEN. O V E R V X E Y / CONVERS XCN. P H O T O S Y N T H E S S S . MO 619032
HEY AT I C A L MODE/ S O L A R - T H E R M A L CONVERS ION, THERMAL-POWER, MAT 3 13026
H s A U S T R A - I A * SOLAR-OVERVIEW1 CONVERS I O N * /AR-ENERGY RESEARC 0 11033
LIT4RY-BASES. SOLAR-OVERVIEW. CONVERSION+ IRGY-RESOURCES. MI 311013
ERUOSYNAHIC-ANALYSIS. D Y N A M I C CONVERTER. STIRLINC-ENGINE* TH 3 t 3936
C O ’ J C E N T ? A T I O N . P H O T O V O L T A I CS. COOLING-SYSTEMS# 0 19334
S E N T IAL. €CONOW/ H E A T I N G AND C O O L I N G . E L E C T R I C - U T I L I T Y . RES 9 19330
E R A T I ON* CONCENTRATOR. L I Q U I D COOLING+ TEST-DATA. SYSTFM-PFV 0:9030
1A. THERMAL-POWER. D E S I C N - R E I CORRADIATICN. Q E v E R S I B l - E ANMON 3 13319

65
dEtEI V E R t ST3RAGE. CD/ S O C I A L COSTS. THEQMAL-POWER. CZhTRAL- 313309
CJVJH ICs# P 4YK INE CYCLE ORGANIC, ThERMAL-PJWE2 E 3 13036
ECONOMICS. F L U 1 0 CYCLES. OCEAN 3T. TRADE-OFFS# 315013
‘ D A T A * NOT INDEXED
NP4CT. PUERTO-RrCU. O C E A N OT. D A T A - S U R V E Y 9 SI TINGrY / M E N T A L - I 3 1503 3
NEQCY-CENTER. S O L A R - O V E R V IEW DEMONSTRATIONS# FLORIDA. E 01 1 3 3 7
*DESIGN N O T INDEXED
L E C T R I C P L A N T . -THER MAL-POW ER/ DES I G N - C r 3 N S I D E R A T I ONSI SOLAR-€ 3 13031
O C E A N D T . COMPUTER PROGRAMS. DESIGN-OVERVIEWSff /GERS. OTEC. 315066
O N S I T E - P R O O U C T I O N . ECONOMICS. DESIGN-GEVIEW. ENVXRCNMENT* 1 3 1501 1
STATUS. TURBINE-DES1 GN. D E S I C N - R E V I E U @ 316004
R - T H E R M A L POWER. C O M P A R I S O N S . DESIGN--REVIEW# STORAGE* SOLA 013020
C-h(O3ULE. SELENIDE MATERIALS. OESIGN-REVIEW# THERMOELECTRI 014004
THERMAL-POWER. C O N C E N t R 4 T O R . D E S X C N - R E V I E W # / C T R I C A L POWER. 0 13030’
S t 3 L E AMWOY I A. T H E R M A L ~ P O Y E R e DES XGN-REV IEWff / U I A T I C N v R E V E R 013010
CONCENTRATTON. PHOTOVOLTAICS. DESIGN-REVIEW* / I L I C U N CELLS. 019001
I ) G R E S S REPORT. T H E R M A L POWER. DESIGN-REVIEU# /Re RESEARCH PR 31 3 0 0 1
S13N. 11 l - I R r D [ U M ELECTR3DES. DESICN-REVIEW# /RMIONIC-CONVER 014002
i2MAL-POWER. H E L I O S T A T . ARRAY 9 DES I G N - R E V I E Y # /WER--PLANT. THE 0 13023
1975r OCEAN O T s P U M P I N G # DESIGN-STUDY. PROGRESS-REPORT. 015314
RVIEW 9 A L T E ? N A T I V E S * SOCIO-E/ DEVELOPMENT-TRENDS. ENERGY-OVE 013043
UNI TED-<INGDOM# SOLAR-ENERGY D E V E L 0 ” M M f S . SOLAR-OVERVIEW. 0 1 1031
ARISGNSr ENVIRDNNENTI O C E A N O T r B I O M A S S . WIND. T I D A L . COMP 015017
G DESIGN. POWER-PLANTS. OCEAN O f . COMPUTER MODEL. r 3 P T I M Z Z A T I 0 15019
HEAT-EXCHANGERS. OTEC. O C E A N C O M P U T E R PQOGRANS. O E S I G N - 015006
AL-IMPACT. PUEQTO-RICO. O C E A N DT. O A T A - S U R V E Y 9 S I T I N G * / V E N T 915003
Ti?UCTION-ASPECTS. OTEC. O C E A N DT. E C O N O M I C S * CONS 3 15004
C O N V E R S I ON-STRUCTURES. O C E A N DT. E C D N O H I C S f f CUNCRETEr 015009
CONVERSION PLANTS. OCEAN O T , ENERGY-CARRIERS* 015012
AT-TRANSFER1 MATERIALS. O C E A N DT. F L U I D S - Y O R K I N G I / R R E N T * H E 015318
E 2 s T H E R M A L - E X C H A N G E R S 9 O C E A N O T . FLU I D S - W O R K I N G # I A T - T R A N S F 015005
V A ? C I R - f L O I 9 E V A P O R A T O R * O C E A N DT HEAT-EXCHANGERS. MATkEHATI 31SC38
I C / O P T I H X Z A T X O N STUDY. O C E A N D T r M A T H E M A T I C A L MODEL* ECONOM 015637
SEA-P~WERIPLANTSI O C E A N D T s M A T H E H A T I C A L MODELS* 015010
fS. DESIGN-A/ RESEARCH. O C E A N DT. O N S I T E - P R O D U C T I O N . ECONOHI 315011
THERMAL-ENGINE. O C E A N DT. O V E R V I E W # 015001
Z Y 3 . T I D A L , WAVE-POWER. O C E A N DT. O V E R V I E W # / E R C Y - S O U R C E S * U 016013
# CONVERSION. O C E A N 01. O V E R V I E W S . SOCIO-POLITICAL 015016
P90GRESS-REPGRT. 19751 O C E A N DTs P U M P I N G # DESIGN-STUDY s 0 15014
A N i J M . HEAT-EXCHANGERS. O C E A N DTI T E S T D A T A * M O D E L S # TIT 015302
CONOM I C s . F C L l I O CYCLES. O C E A N DT. T R A D E - O F F S # E 3 1501 3
OTECs O C E A N DT, U N I T E D - S T A T E S . OVERVIEW# 315600
STLJDY 9 H E A T E X C H A N G E R S . O C E A N D T # ANALY7ICAL 315315
HOTOTHERHAL-CONVERSION. OCEAN OT# H Y D R O G E N P R O D U C T ION. P 0 19007
GI qE/ THEQHOSY NAH I C - A N A L Y S 1s. D Y N A M I C C O N V E R T E R . ST1 Rt 1NG-EN 313036
NE2GY s SOCIAL-IMPACTS. E N V 1R/ ECONOMIC-GROWTH. ALTERNATIVE E 3 12936
S# ECONOMIC. E C O N O M I C - O V E R V I EW. A L T E R N A T I V E 0120x3
U BIBLIOGRAPHY. E C O N O Y I C - O V E R V I EW. E N V I R C N M E N T 312007
NSURANCEM E C O N q M I C - O V E R V I EW. T A X A T I O N . I 3 1202 1
E / I N D U S T R Y . H E A T 1 N G + C 0 3 L I NG. E C O N O M I C - O V E R V I EW. U N I T E D - S T A T 012022
PHOTOVO, T A 1 C C O N V E R S T C N ECO NOM I C-OV E R V 1 EWY 012018
N 3 N L I N E A R I T I E 5 S I M U L A T I C N . E C O N O M I C - O V E R V I E’*# 312015
O L J G I E S I M P A C T . LABO3-OEMANDs E C O N O M I C - J V E R V I EM# TECHN 312315

66
-?,ECTRIC SYSTEMS. E R D A / E P R I 9 E C O N C M I C - O V E R V I E*# SiILA2 3 12330
9 53UTH CARO-INA. A P P I L 1975. EC3NJMIC-3VE&!VIE9# /AST-REGtON 312331
L 5 P Y E NTI) ECONOMIC-STUD79 C3MMUNITY-QEVE 3 :2?14
5 1 BIGCO/ EUERGY-AGRICULTUREe EC9NOMIC. C O W E R S I C N . OVEQVIEW 017301
L E 2N A T 1 VES # EC3NOYI Cv ECON2MIC-OVERVIEW* A 9 12019
3 I Y E S . P R O G R E S S REDORT, 1975. ECONOMICS. A E P 9 D Y N A M I C S Y / TUR 316013
NE3 NEW-ENGLAND. ? E L I A B I L I T Y . ECONOM!€S* CENT9AL-UNItEC-SfAT 315303
' 3 C E A N Df. ONSITE-PRODUCTICN. EC!YNOMICS* D E S I G N - R E V I E W . ENVI 015311
U*So-HOUSE ENEi?GY-OVE9VIEW* ECONOMICS. ENVIRCNMENTAL-IHPAC 313306

DT
-
.
Ye W I ND~TECHNOLOGY. MICHIGAN.
TRAO-E-OFFS#
ER M O 0 E- #
E C D N G M I C S I E N V I R C N M E N T b / STUO
E C O N O M I CSI FLUX D C Y C L E S ,
ECONOMICS. FORECASTING.
OCEAN
COMPUT
Oi6332
3 1501 3
012013
ESTMENTSI C I N A N C I N G # E C 3 N f l M I C S . H E A T 1 NGs S Y S T E M - I N V 0 12005
NA--COMPARISONS* JNITED-STAT/ E C O N O M I C S . HOME H E A T I N G . R E C I O 012023
R T e C C M N E R C I A L - O E M O N S T R A T I ON. E C O N U M I CS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S - S U R V E 012004
I A L m HEATING+COOLING. R E V I E W . ECONOMICS. M A R K E T S , L A W # /DENT 312317
PHCTOVOLTAIC-SYSTEMS. ECONOMICS. H A T H E M A T I C A L NODEL# 31201 1
I N E S r TECHNICAL--REPORT. 1975. E C O N O M I C S . O P T 1 M I Z A T I C N # / T U 2 6 3 15314
H O T O V O L f A I C S * HEAT-REJECTION. ECONOMICS. OVERVIEWSI I I C A L . P 319003
IO-KWE. THERMAL-POWER, E C O N O N I C S . P A R A B C L IC-TROUCHar 013013
L E C T R X C - U T I L I T Y * R E S X 3 E N T I A L . E C O N O M I C S + P E A K - L C A D I N G d /C. E 3 1 so00
R A V G E s U o S o + ENERGY-OVERVIFM. ECONOMICS. P O L I C I E S f f /L. L O N G - 3103d4
QUARTEBY-REPORT-NO.-l* 1976. ECONOMICS. P Q O C E S S - R E V I E W + / * 012012
L A 3 CELL. P H O T O V O L T A I C-JgWER. ECONOMl CS. RES1DENTIAL. HEAT I N cJt9013
O L T A I C 9 ON-S IT E. R E S 1 DENT I A L . S C O N O N I CS. STDQAGE# PHOTOV 0 18604
RT. JUNE. 1975. E F F I C I E N C I E S . ECONOHLCS. T E S T MODEL# I S - R E P 0 61601 7
ER-SYSTEMS. ELECTRIC-UTILITY* ECONOMICS* T E X A S # /DV. WINDPOW 716916
6 1 O C O N V E R S I CN. E C O N O M I CS, UNITEC-STATES# 017312
CY PROSPECTS. S O L A R - O V E R V X EW 9 E C O N r l M L C S v U N I T E D - S T A T E S . PESS 3 11038
R V I EW CONVERS ION-TECHN3LOGY. E C O N O M I C S * UNI T E D - S T A T E S * /OVE 611019
COVVERSION. ALGAE-PPODUCTION+ ECONOYICSIv B IO 0 17035
OL-ECTOR MANUF4CTUR ING. 1976. ECONOMI CS* C d 12024
c r c L E ORGANIC. THERMAL-POWER ECONOMICS* 2 ANK I NE 013606
ST3RACE, THERMAL-POWER. ECONOMICS* 3 13025
L E C T R I C I T Y J F L Y W H E E L STORAGE. ECONOMICS* E 3 13320
THEPMAL-POWER G E N E R 4 T f C N . E C O N O H I CSff 0 13039
TION-ASPECTS. O f E C . O C E A N DTt ECONOMICS# COhSTRUC 3150'34
8 I O C O N V E R S I ON SYNFUELS ECONOY I C S * 017314
BLADE--DESIGN. MIND. ECUNOYICSlY 016007
V E Q SI C N - S T R U C T U R E S 9 O C E A N O T , EC'3NOMI C S # C C l N C R E T E r CON 015009
TIVE-SOURCES. SOLAReOVERVIEW* ECONJWI CS# FLSION, ALTERNA 3 11023
r-r\lo. -1. 1975. THERMAL-POWER. ECONOMICS* PILOT-PLANT. REPOR 0 13603
P O J E R . O V E R V I EW. C O M P A R I S O N S . ECONOMICS# THERMAL ELECTRIC. 3 13033
L E C T R I C P L A N T . THERMAL-POWER. ECONOMICS* I D E R A T I C N S , SOLAR-E 013031
A L GENERATION. THERMAL-POWER. E C O N O M I C S # / L A R FOND. E L E C T R I C 013011
9 THERMAL-POWER. COMPARISqNS, ECONOMICS# /LECTRIC-GENERATION 013013
9 5 Nz R CY- SY S T E M R E S I DENT I A L E C ONOM I C S # / DTOV OL T A I C/ T HE9 N A L 018006
AR<ET-OVERVIEW FINAL-REPORT. ECoNflMICSff /9AM F E A S I B I L I T Y * M 3 12002
THERCAL-POWER. P H O T O V O L T A I C . E C O N G M I C S * /SON 9 HYBRID-POWER. 913316
OCEAN DT. M A T H E M A T I C A L MODEL. E C O N O M I C S 1 / T I M L Z A T I O N S T U D Y 9 dl5097
RCLS. 1975-2000r E L E C T R I C I T Y . ECONOMTCSM /W* A L T E R N A T E R E S O U 51h328
E F F I C I E N C I ' VOT INDEXED
E R V IEW, T E = H N ~ ~ L O G Y - F O R E C A S T I / E L E C T Q I C S E N E R A T I O N . E N E R G Y - 9 V 3 10043

67
C rlER COHPAR ISCNS ECONOH ICS/ E L E C T R I C-CENEQAT 12N. THEGHAL-P 313013
RVIEWIY ELECTRIC-GENEQ4TION. SOLAR-OVE 01a320
R V I 53# E-ECTRI C-GENER4TIgN. SOLAR-OVE 311019
O L A R - 0 VERV I EW# P R O S P E C TS.ELECT3IC-GENERAfION. BRAZIL, S 011026
R m C 3 M P A R I S O N S / M O D U L A R - D I SH. ELECTR I C-SYSTEU S THERMAL-POWE 0 13014
VIEW CONVERS I O N - T € / OPTTONS. E L E C T R I C - U T I L I T I E S . SOLAR-OVER 311025
C A - - 5 TUOY wlf NOPOWER-SY STEMS. E L E C T 9 1 C - U T I C I T Y 9 ECONJM I C s T 316.116
5: O N O M I H E A T ING A N 0 COOL ING. E L E C T R I C - U T I L I T Y 9 R E S ID E N T IA L 9 0 18003
PARISCNS. ECONSHICSw THERMAL E L E C T R I C * POWER. O V E R V I E ' * * COH 0 13033
-
I I L C OMM E R C I A L / P H O T D V O L T A IC
-POUER* R O N O M I C / SOLAR PONO.
E L E C T 9 1 CI R E S I D E N T X A L INOUSTR 318031
ELECTR IC A L G E V E R A T I O N . T P E R M A L 91331 1
2. CONCENTRATOR, D E S I G N - R E V I / E L E C T R X C A L POJIER. THERMAL-POWE 0 13030
E F F I C I E N C L E S m COMPARXSONSY E L E C T R I CAL-OUTPUT. WIND-POWER 9 3 1630~
IEWSlO R + 3 9 NO N- ME C H Ah) I C A L e E L E C T R I C A L - P O W E R * ENERGY-OVERV a10023
TERN-STATES 1 9 7 1 C A L I F O R N I A. E L E C T R I C I T Y SUPPLY-DEMAND. WES 0 10042
T E R N A T E RESOURCES. 1975-2000 s ELECTRC C I T Y e ECONOMICS# / W e A t 0 10029
EC ON G M I CS # E-ECTRICITY. F L Y W H E E L STORAGE. o 13028
IONIC-CONVERSIGNr 11 1 - I R X D I U M
ELECTRODES, DES IGN-REV IEWn / R M 0 14032
4VERVIEUfl NAT I O N A L - i X AN. E N E R G Y R-O+O. VOLUME-1. ENERGY 0 10308
OCONVERSION. U N I T E D - S T A T E S . 1
ENERGY RESOURCES. O V E R V I E W . 8 1 0 1730 7
CONVERSION. OVERVIEWS BIOCU/ ENERGY-AGRICULTURE. ECDNCNIC. 017301
ION. C C M P A R I S O N S I O V E S V I E W S #
C O N V E R S I O N PLANTS.
DE MON S f R A T I C N S *
O C E A N DT.
FL3R I C A .
-
ENERGY-AGRI CULTURE. BIOCCNVERS
ENER CY C ARR I E R S 1
ENERGY-CENTER. S C L A R - O V E R V 1EWs
0 17300
0 1501 2
011637
ER. PATENT. HEAT-ENGINE# ENERGY-CONVERSX ON. THERHPC-PdW 613004
ENERGY-OVEQVIEW e ENERGY-CONVERSI ON# 010319
VOLUME-5. U e S r - H f l U S E ENERGY/ ENERGY-DEVELOPMENT 1973-1 97'59 3XOOOb
VOLUME-1 U e S.-HOUSE ENERGY/ E N E R G Y - D E V E L O P V E N T 9 1973-1 9759 0 10005
URCZS PROCEEDINGS SYMPOSIUM. ENERGY-OVERV IEW SANTA-MAR I A-CA 0 10629
L AVAILABILITY. POWER-PLANTS. ENERGY-OVERVIEW UTTLXZATIONO I 010933
ENERGY -0 V E 9 V I f W e A L T E R N A T I V E S ff 0 10034
E S 3 UR CE5n ENERGY-OVERVIEW 9 ALTERNA T I VE-5 0 10037
EN: € e N E V A D A * S E P T E M B E R 1976. E N E R G Y - 0 VE R V ICW ALTER N A T I VE-F 3 10004
OURCES. 1975-2000. E L E C T R I C I / E N E R G Y - O V E R V I 5 W ALTERNATE RES 0 10028

- S 3 C I 0-E/ DEVELOPMENT-TRENDS.
I4 P A CTrY
ENERGY-OVERV I E V ALTERNATIVES.
C L I M A T E . E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EU 9 A N T H R O P O G E N I C
73- 1975. V O L U M E - I e U o S o - H O U S E ENERGY-OVERV I E U Bf BLI OGRAPHY Y
0 10043
010018
310395
E N V I R D N M E N T I POST-2030. ENERGY-OVERVIEW 9 C L I M A T O L O G Y # Q 10025
94TH-C3YCRE ss.,ENERGY-OVERVIEW CONSERVAT X O N l 0 1031 1
73- 1975. VOLUME-5 9 U o So-HOUSE E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W s E C O N 3 M I C S . EN b 10066
1t 3 N MODEL. LONG-RANGE* UeSo ENERGY-OVERVIEW. E C O N O M I CS. PO 0 13044
I E N V I R O N M E N T A L I / ERDA-PLAN. ENERGY-OVERVIEW ENERGY-POLICY 0 10003
SION# ENERGY-OVERVIEW ENERGY-CONVER 0 10019
P O L L UT I O N # ENERGY-OVERVIEW 9 ENVIRCNMENTI 0 10023
33C I O-ECONOHIC/ CONVERSION. ENERGY-OVERVIEW ENVXRCNMENTAL 613017
UR C ES s EN G I NEE R I NG- S O L UT IONS 9 ENERGY-OVERVTEW e E N V I R O N M E N T A L 310310
ONFERENCE. P R O C E E D I N G S * 1975. ENERGY-OVERV I EW 9 E N V I R O N H E N T 9 0 10039
A L T f C OMPREHEV SI VE-ST ANDAR OS 9 E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EW ENVIRCNMENT 9 0 10335
C ONVE R S I ON-UT I C IZ A T I O N 8OOKr E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W . ENVIRONMENT# 3 100313
D WESTS RN-ST A T E S 9 1973- 1990 9 ENER C Y - 0 VE R V I C W 9 E NV I R CK ME NT * 013042
4 T I ON s 3NV IRQNMENTAL-IMPACT I ENERGY-OVERVIEW FUELS-OPTIMIZ 3 10315
C S, E N V X R O I S I M U L A T I O N MODEL. E N E R G Y - O V F R V t EW 9 MACRO-ECIINOM I 3 10024
€# 6 IBLI O G R A P H Y - I V O E X E S . ENERGY-OVE2VIEW NTIS-OATA--BAS 3 IO30 1

68
 D I U G f 9 IEEE CONFERENCF. 1976. ENERGY-OVE?V IEW. POWEQ-TECHNOL bl33n9
LXCY-ASSESSqENT# ENE RGY-OVE? V I 5 W TEC H N O L C G Y - P 3 3 i3314
S E C A S T I I E L E C T R I C GENERATION. EN€ RGY-OVERV I 3 W 9 T E C H N O L OGY-FO I) 13940
E R E N C E. A L T A - U T A H J U L Y 1975. ENE RGY-OVEQV 1% 9 T 3C H N O L CGY -FO 0 19038
RATEGIES. ENVIRONMENT# ENERGY-OVERV IEW TRANS I T ION-ST 3 10927
NV IRONMENT # ENERGY-OVERVIEU UN I TED- ST 4 T E S 3 13941
* SOUTHWESTERN A G R I C U L T U R E S ENERCY-OVE?VIE'U t U N I T E D STATES 010012
Me F U E L - R E S J U R G E S a E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EW q U N I T E D KINGDO 13313
r)
ALTERNATIVES/ UNITED-KINGDCMI E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EW 9 U T I L I Z A T T ON. 313331
EUROPEAN CONFEqENCE. ENERGY - 0 V E ?V I E# # 0 10336
SHOP. VOLUME-4. FINAL-REPORT, E N E R G Y - O V E R V IEW # N A S A , WORK 3 13607
PLAN. ENERGY R-040. VOLUME-I 9 ENERGY-CVERVIEW I NATIONAL- o 10308
AUSTRALIA CONFERENCE-PAPERS. ENERGY-OVERV I E# # 0 10002
P O S I UH. E N E R G Y &SOURCES. 1975. ENERGY-OVERVIEW# SYY 613321-
AIRLIE-HOUSE-VAS M A ? C H 1976. E NE R C Y - 0 VE R V IZ W # / C O N F E R E N C E . 0 10026
CY ENERGY-QCD 9 CONSERVAT I C N9 ENERGY-OVERVIEW # / A T I O N A L - A G E N 3 10003
Y SI S* V O L U M E - I F I N A L QEPORT. ENFRGY-OVERVI E X # / E G I U N A L ANAL 0 10016
CATIONS. FUTWRE ALTERNATIVES. ENERGY-OVE?VIEW# /MENTAL-I MPL I 3 16322
ONFERENCE. PROCEEDINGS. 1975. ENERGY-OVERV I E U S 9 G E N E R A T I O N . r) 13032
HE CHA N I C A L 9 ELE CTR I CAL-POWER. ENERGY-OVERV I E W S # Q+0. NON- 0 10020
ERDCI-PLAN. ENEQGY-OVERVIEW ENERGY-POL I CY 9 ENV I R C N M E h T A L I 0 1COdC)
S O L A R - O V E R V I EWI ENERGY-POL I C Y I 3!1363
RKET-OVERVIEW FINAL-RfPORTm/ ENERGY-PROGSAU FEASIBILITY. M4 3 12302
R - 3 V E R V I E W 9 XNTERNAT I O N A L I ENERCY-RiOr FINAL-REPORT. SOLA 611314
GY-OVE/ INTERNATIONAL-AGENCY. ENERGY-RG3. CONSERVATICN ENEQ 0 13003
3VERVIEMS*/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS* ENERGY-RES3URCE 9 8 I O C O N V € R S I O N CY 17303
ES. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . CONVERSI/ ENERGY-RESOURCES. MILITARY-BAS 911913
AV5-POWER, 3 C E A h DT. O V E R V I E / ENERGY-SJIRCZS. WINO. T I D A L . W 016018
VER V I E W # SY MPOS I UM. ENERGY-SWRCESI 197s ENERGY-0 9 10321
TEY S # E N E R G Y - S T O R A G E 9 W I NO-SOLAR SY S 315331
ONOMIC/ PHOTOVOLTAI C/THERNAC* ENERGY-SYSTEM. RESIDENTIAL. EC 319606
I ECONOMIC-GR3WTH. ALTERNAT I V E ENERGY 9 S O C f A - - I H P 9 C T S . ENVIRO 0 1200 6
PUTER-PROGRAM. W I N O - G E N E R A T E D ENERGY. STORAGE. 5 I N U L A T I O N # / 015021 .
O V E q V 1%. E/ W O R L D - R E S O U R C E S * E N G XNEER I N C - S O L U T X O N S r E N E R C Y - 910310
E-STANDARDS. ENERGY-OVERVIEW. E N V I RON MENf 9 A L T E R N A T IV E S# / I V 6 16035
E N E S G Y - S ~ V E R VEIW s E N V I R O N M E N T . P'3LLUTIONR 0 10023
-OVERVIEW* CLIMATOLOGY# E N V I R O N M E N T S pOSt-23oO ENERGY 0 10025
VTE R N A T I G N S A L # T C C H N O L OGY E N V I R O N M E N T , Si3LAR-OVERVIEd. I 311329
D I Y G S . 1975. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E Y . ENVIRJNHENT. UNITED-STATES# /E 3 10039
E R G Y - 0 V E R V I EW U N I TED-ST A T E S ENV I R l j N M E N T # EN 0 10041
I
RVIEW TRANSITIOh-STRATEGIES* ENV I RON MEN T # ENERGY-OVE 0 10027
L IO SR A P H Y E C O N U H I C-0 VERV X EW ENV IRONMENTM B 13 312007
I SS. W X N D . T I D A L . COMPARISONS* E N V I R O N M E N T # O C E A N DT. i 3 I O MA 315017
CN. ECCNOHICS. DESIGN-REVIEW. ENVIRONMENT# / ONSITE-PRODUCT1 0 1501 1
H N O L O GY M IC H I C A Ns ECONOMICS E N V I R O N M E N T # 1 STUDY. WIND-TFC 316202
s 197 3-1 996 E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EWI E N V I R O N M E N T # I . W E S T E R N - S T A T E S 0 13.342
A T I V E ENERGY. SOCIAL-IMPACTS. ENV IRONHENT /C-GROWTH. ALTERN 312306
RVIEI CONVERSION-TECHNGL3GY* ENV 190NMENT Y /OLOGY 9 SOLAR-OVE 011330
AT I O N BOOK. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I EW E N V I RON M E N 1 rY / O N V E R S ION-LT I L I 2 010030
CY-OVERVIE'#* MACRO-ECONOMXCS. E N V I R O N M E N T # / T I C N MODEL, ENES 0 19024
E R G Y - O V E R V I EW ENER GY - P O L I CY ENVIRONMENTAL I M P A C T # /LAN. EN 910303
G- S O L U T I ONS E N E R G Y - 0 V E R V I EW E N V I R O N M E N T A L - I MP4CTQ / X I V E E R I N 0 1001 3
E E NE R CY -0 VER V I EW 9 E C U N 3 M I C S EYVIqflNNENTAL-IMP4CTrv /S*-YOUS 0 16306

69
CVZQVIEW. F U E L S - C P T I M I Z A T I C N I ENVIRONMENTAL-IN PACT^ E N E Q G Y - 310015
IC3. C C f R E S I U R C E - A S S E S S M E N T E N V K R O N M E N T A L - [ M P A C T I PWEQTD-R 915003
TURE ALTERNATIVES. ENERGY-OV/ E N V I R O N M E N T A L - I M F L X C A T I O N S * FU 313022
S O L A R - O V E Q V I EMS * UN LTED-STAP/ E N V I RONMENT A L . REPORT-SUMMARY 311003
CONVERSIONI ENERGY-OVERVIEW * E h V I R O N M E N T A L * SOCIO--ECONOMIC# 310317
N O M ! CS. M A N U F A C T U R E R S O S U R V E Y , EQUIPMENT-AVAILABILITY# t'* ECO 0 12004
E ~ G Y - P O L I C Y I E N V I R O N M E N T A L I / ERDA-PLAN. ENERGY-OVERVIEW EN 1913390
TED-STATES# ERflA-RO+o. SOLA R-OVERV I E k * UNI 3 11928
S O L A R - E L E C T ? IC SYSTEMS. E R D A Y E P R 1, E C C N G N I C - O V E R V I E W 9 012000
ERV I E W A E U 2 O P E A N C O N F E ~ E N C E * ENERGY-OV 3 131936
'EVALUATION' NOT I N D E X E D
A N A L Y T I C A L STUDY VAPOR-FLOW. EVAPORATOR. OCEAN O T I HEAT-EXC oisoJa
A N A L Y T I C A L STUDY. H E A T E X C H A N G E R S , O C E A h O T * 0 15915
'FEASIBILIT' NOT' I N D E X E D
R E G I O N A L ANALYSZSI VOLLIME-I w F I N A L ? E P O R T * E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E Y Y 310616
t' PY O T O V O L TA I C I R ES I DENT 1: A L F I N A L - R E P O 2 T 9 C 0 NPUT ER-PROGRAM 0 18303
F S A S I B I L IT Y H 4 R K E T - O V E R V I EW F I NA L - 4 E P O R T r E C C N O M I C S# /RAM 0 12002
Y ASA. WORKSHOP. V O L J H E - 4 9 F I N A L - R E P O R T I ENERGY-OVERVIEW# 3 1303 7
ENCIESiU M E T H A N E r WINO. FINAL-REPORT. HYCROGEN. EFFICI 016323
INTERNATIONAL* ENERGY-R+O. FINAL-REPORT9 SOLAR-OVERVIEY. 01101a
e A T I N G r SYSTEM-INVESTMENTS* FINANCING# ECUNCMICS. 012938
O V E R V I E W * DEMONSTRATSONSY F L O R I D A * ENERGY-CENTER. SOLAR- 011b37
OF'S# ECDNOMICS. F L U I D CYCLES, O C E A N O f . TRADE- 0150L3
T H E R M AL-EX CHANGERS O C E A N DT FLU I OS-WORK I NGff /A T - T R A N S F E R 9 015005
RAVCFER. M A T E R I A L S . OCEAN Dfr F L U I D S - Y O R K I N G f f /RRENT. I-EAT-T 019018
E L E C T R I C I T Y * F L Y W E E L STORAGE. ECONCMICSIO 0 13028
'dER A HEAT-TRANSFER FOCUSED COLLECTORS. THERWAL-PO 0 13024
E C ONOM I CS FOR E C A S T I NG. C O M W T E k-MO C E L R 012013
R V I EU C O N V E R S I O ~ - T E C H N O L 3 G Y . F O R E C A S T I N G # /=ECTSr SOLAR-OVE 011322
UT I L I Z A T I ON' SOLAR-OVERV IOU 9 F R A N C E C O N V E R S I O N - T E C H N O L O G Y * 311336
S . 5NERGY-OVERVIEW U f f L I Z A T I / FUEL A V A I L A B I L I T Y . POWER-PLANT 0 10033
VER S I O N . OVERV I EkS A F U E L - E N E R G Y PQOOUCTSON. B I O C O N 317316
R G Y - O V E R V I E W * UNITE3 K I N C D C M . FUEL-RESOURCESff EN€ 0 10013
TA,- I H P A C T Y E N E E C Y - O V E R V I EW 9 F U E L S - O P T 1 M I Z A T I ON. E N V I R O N M E N 310015
S# S E L F - G E N E R A TED FUEL S s SOL A R - E N E RGY P t A N TA T I ON 617013
OLAR-OVERVTEW. E C O N O H I CS# FUSION. ALTERNAT IVE-SOURCES* S 011023
Z N V I R O N M E N T A L - I M P C X C A T I O N S . F U T U R E A L T E R N A T T VES, E N E R G Y - O V 3 16922
ro cuoLr/ PHOTOVOLTAIC, POWER GENERATION. CONCENTRATOR. Lxau 019900
THERMAL-POWER' G E N E R A T I O N . E C O N C M I C S # 0 13039
ECHNOLOGY-FORECASTI/ E L E C T R I C GENERAT ION. EVERGY-OVERVIEW. T 0 10940
N O M I C / S O L A R P O N D . E L E C T R I C A L G E N E R A T I ON. THEQHAL-POWER. ECO 0 1301 1
INGS. 1975 I ENERGY-OVERV I EMS. G E N E R A T I ON' UT I L I Z A T I O N # / C E E D 310032
OGRESS-REPORT/ T H E R M O E L E C T R I C GENERATOR' R T G ~ O E C R A D A T I C N I PR 01 W O C )
S O L A R ~ O V E R V I E W . CONVERSICN. GERMANY. /R-ENERGY UTILIZATION 0 11024
S O L A R d V E R I V E W rn P R O C E E D t N G S . G R E E N H O U S E S * WOR KSHOP, 0 11021
A N A L Y T I C A L STUDY. H E A T E X C H A N G E R S . OCEAN O T # 0:5315
PHASE-WAN/ S T O R A G E M A T E R 1 ALI H E A T TRANSFEQ. ThERMAL-PCWERs 0 13335
R S I ON THERMAL-PCWER. P4TENT. H E A T - E N G I N E S E NE R GY -C O N V E 0 13004
R-FLOU, EVAPORATOR. O C E A N DT. H E A T - E X C H A N G E R S 9 M A T H E M A T I C A L 015038
T D A T A . MODELS* T I T A N I U M . HEAT-EXCHANGEQS. O C E A N D T . TES 0 15302
T. C U P P U T E R PROGRAMS. DESIGN/ HEAT-EXCHANGERS* OTECI O C E A N 0 015036
IO\* C H E M I C A L * P H O T O V O L T A I C S * H E A T - R E J E C T I O N . ECONOMfCS. OVE 019003
ORs. THERMAL-POWER* HEAT-TRANSFEQ. FOCUSED C O L L E C T 0 13024

70
 N DT. FL/ S T U D I E S - C C N C U R R E N T * HEAT-T2ANSFEQ* MATZRIALS. OCEA oiso'ra
5'9s n O C E / S T U D I E S - C O N C 3 R R E N T s nEAT-TRANSFER. THERMAL-EXCHANG 3 15395
CEYTRAL-TOWER/ L I QU ID Y E T A L HEAT-TRANSPORT, THERMAL-POWER* 0 13632
UTILITY. RESIDENTIAL. ECONOW H E A T I N G AND COOLING. ELECTRIC- 213000
H E A T XNG S Y S T E M * T H E R M A L - P O W E R # 313038
VIEW+ UNITED-STATE/ INDUSTRY. HEATfNG+COOLXNG. ECCNOMIC-OVER 0 12022
-MXCS. MARKETS, / RESI3ENTXAL. HEATING+COOLIVS. R E V I E W . ECCNO 0 1201 7
VESTIGATION. W L ~ D P O W E R I S P A C E H E A T I N G * P R O G R E S S R E P O R T 1 1975 3 16030
UY [ T E D - S T A T / E C O N O M I C S * HCME H E A T I N G . R E G I O N A L - C C W P A R I S O N S . 0 12323
I NANC I N G # ECONOMICS. HEATING. SYSTEM-INVESTMENTS F 3 1203a
CIWER. E C O N O M I C S . R E S I D E N T I A L . H E A T I Y G # / C E L L * PHOTOVOLTAIC-P 0:3013
PGUER-PLANT. THERMAL-POWER. HELIOSTAT. AR9AY DESIGN-QEVIE 013023
3 G R E S S REPORT. THERMAL-POWER. H E L I O S T A T S * TRACKTNC-SYSTEM# / 0 13096
SONS. UNITED-STAT/ E C O N O H I C S I HOME H E A T I N G . qEGICNAL-CCHPARI 0 12323-
H O T 3 V O L T A I C e E C W CUMPARISCN. HYBRID-POWER. THERMAL-POWER. P 313016
HYDROGEN. H Y D R I D E I O V F R V I E W * 919305
n ~ H O T O T H E R N A L ~ C C N V E R S X ~C/N ~ H Y D R O G E N P R O D U C T XCN. R A D I A T I O N 0 19009
MAL-CONVERSION. OCEAN O T # HYDROGEN PRODUCT ION. PHOTOTHER 513637
ME T H A N E W I NO F INAL-RE?ORT* HYDROGEN EFFI C I ENC I ES # 3 16023
HYDROGEN H Y D ? X DE. O V E W I E w # 013005
O N - P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S . M O L E C U L A R HYDROGEN. O V E Q V I E W I S O V f ET-UNI 9 19002
NE. O V E R V I E W S * HYDRGCENI PHOTOSYNTHETIC. MAR1 319038
NGE. UoS.. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W 9 / LEA. SI M U L A T I O N MODEL. LCNG-RA 3 19044
3 V E R V IEW. P O U E R / P R O C E E D I N G S * I E E E C O N F E R E N C E . 1 9 7 6 r ENERGY- 0 10009
E R V IEW# PROCEE31NGS. I L L I N O I 5 . A P R T L 1975. S O L A R - W OllOlS
* IMPACT N l J T INDEXED
TUT I O N A L / LAW, SOLAR-ENERGY. IMPEDIYENTS-INDUCEMENTS. INSTI 012020
S T A T E ~ L E G I S L A T I O NL~A U . T A X I N C E N T I V E S . P Q 3 P E R T Y A S S E S S M E N 012010
L T A I C . E L E C T R I C * R E S 1 D E N T I A L s I N D U S T Q I A t ~ C O M Y E R C T A L . LARGE-S o iaooi
NOMIC-OVERVIEW. UNITED-STATE/ I N D U S T R Y . H E A T 1 NG+COOLING. ECO 012022
REPORT. CONGRESS. INFLATION# 011303
, Lo0 I V I STON. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . INSOLATION--OAT4# 0 11334
RGY I M P E D I H E N T S ~ I N D U C E M E N T S ~I N S T I T U T I O N A L C Q N S T R A I N T S S /NE 0 12020
ERS ION-TECHN/ SOLAR-OVERVIEW. I N S T I T U T I O N A L ~ ~ E S T R A I N T CONV S~ 0 11041
C A L O R 1 ME T R Y THERYAL-POW €Re I N S T R U Y ENT S * 3 13030
EZONOHrC-OVERVIEW. TAXATICN. INSURANCE* 0 1202 1
NGTOY-OC. MAY 19769 P R O C E E D X / I N T E R N A T I O N A L S Y M P O S I U M . W A S H 1 311037
&D. E O N S E R V A f I O N . ENERGY--OVE/ I N T E R N ~ T I O N ~ L - A G E N C Y IENERGY-R 010043
T - F A C I L I T IES. S O L A R - O V E R V T E W I N T E R N A T I O N A L - S E M I NARIQ TE S 311002
TION. S O L A R - O V E R V f EW. S 3 C I C - / I N T E R N A T I O N A L * CCNCRESS-EXPOS1 011301
I N T E R N A T I O N AL. S GLAR-OVERV IEiJff 011011
FIN4L-EPORT.
ENV I RONNENT
SOLAR-OVEQVIEW.
S O L A R-OVERV I EW . INTERNATIONAL#
I NT €RNA 1I O N S A L *
E H E A T I N G . P R O G R / F E A S I B I L I T Y I N V E S T I G A T I O N . W INDPOWER. S P A C
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TECHNOLOGY
3 11614
3 1 1 329
016000
3 C I O - E N V I R O N M E N T / ZERO--WASTE. IPP I - C O N C E P T . BIOCCNVERSION~S 3 17006
V I / SOLAR--ENERGY U T I L I Z 4 T I O N . I R A N . P H O T J T H E R M A L . SOLAQ-OVEQ 011927
I R AN. S O L A R-OVE R V I EU I o iao3s
3 1 NGS 9 C O N F E R E N C E . ALTA-UTAH* J U L Y 1975r E N E 4 G Y - O V E R V I E W . TE 3 10338
IN0 T U R B I N E . PROGRESS-REPORT. JUNE. 1975. E F r I C I E N C I E S * E C C N 016017
ENERGY-OVERVIEW UNITED KINGDOM. FUEL-Q!ESOURCES* 3 1031 3
SOLAfIQN4ATA# L-0 I V I S I C N . S O L A R - O V E R V I E'#. I N 2113.34
w* T EC H N O t O G I C 3 I M P A CT. L A B O R - D E HAND. E C CNC M I C O O VERV I E 312315
'?OGRAM. SOLAR-OVERVIEWS S R I LANKA. U N I T E D - N A f S O N S * RLRAL D 011035

71
N T I A L . INDUSTRIAL-COMMEQCIAL. LARGE-SCALE OVERVIEW# / 9ESIOE 3 1800 1
CEO 3 I O C O N V Z R S ICN. ~ V E R V I E W S I LARGE-SCALE. R E N E W A B L E # /ES3UR S 17933
- I N OUCEMIENTS. INSTITUTIONAL / LAW, SOLAR-ENERGY, I MPED I H E N T S 3 12320
A/ SURVEY S T A T E - L E G 1 S L 4 T ' I CN. LAW T A X I NCENT I V E S , P R O P E R T Y 012310

.
ATIVE-ENACTMENTS*

1975.
~ E IEW,V
LAW.
EcoNaMIcs.
UNITED-/
19749 1975.
MARKETS.
V O L d M E 1.
LAW. U N I T E D - S T A T E S # / 1
L A W # IDENTIAL. HEATING+CCOLING
LEGISL

L E G I S L A T ~ V E - E V A C T M E N T S . 1974.
712305
019'317
612095
WER G E N E R A T I O N . C O N C E N T 2 A T O R . L I Q U I D COOLING. TEST-CATA. SYS 0 19000
T H E R M A L - P O WER 9 C E N T R A L - T O W E R / L I Q U I D METAL. HEAT-TRANSPORT 0 13032
R S I O N . OVEPVIEU. CONVERSION-/ LONG-RANGE P Q O S P E C T S . B I O C O N V E 3 1701 1
I€# / I E A . SI M U L A T I O N MODEL. LONG-RANGE. U.S. ENERGY-OVERV 3 10944
A T I CIN MODSLI E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W .

*
I AL-OEMGNSTRAT I O N . ECON~NI
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CS.
MACRO-ECONOMICS.
MANUFACTURERS-SURVEY .
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M A N U F A C T W 1 N G . 1976. E C G N O M I C S
0 10024
3 12004
0 12024.
CONFERENCE. AIRLIE-HOUSE-VA. M A R C H 1976. E N E R G Y - O V E R V IEWff / 3 10026
R V I EW S A N T A - M A R 1 A - C A L I F O R N I A . MARCH 1976# / O S I t M * ENERGY-OVE 0 13329
H Y OROCEN. PHOTOSYN T H E T I C . MAR I NE. O V E R V I E M SW ,319008
E r9 RCY-PROGRAM F E A S I O I L I T Y M A R K E T - O V E R V I E'# F IN A L - R E P O R T d 12062
G + C O O L I N G * REVIEW. ECONDHICS. MARKETS. L A W * / D E N T I A L . HEATIN 312917
AL-POWER. PHASE-CHAN/ STORAGE MATER1 A L I H E A T TFANSFER. THERM 0 13035
E2MOELECTRIC-YQDULE. SELENIDE MATERKALS. DES1 G N - R E V I E W # TH 0 14804
ES-CONCURREVT. HEAT-TRANSFER. MATERIALS. O C E A N DT. F L U IDS-WO 015310
O P T I M I Z A T I O N S T U O Y 9 O C E A N DT. M A T H E M A T I C A L YODEL. ECaNCHKCS* 015007
A R A C T E R I ST I CS THERMAL-POWEQ 9 MATHEMAT I C A L YO D E L COLLECTOR- 013007
TOVOL TAIC-SYSTEMS. ECON7MICS. M A T H E M A T I C A L NODEL# PHO 312011
E S I D E N T I A L . S I T E COMPARISONS. M A T H E M A T I C A L YODELS. U T I L I T Y - I 018007
GSI C O N F E R E N C E 9 ALTA-UTAH. J I M A T H E M A T I C A L MODELS* P R O C E E D I N 0 19639
S E A - P ~ W E R - P L A N T S I O C E A N DT. M A T H E M A T I C A L YODELS# 0 15013
R 9 OCEAN D T r HEAT-EXCHANGERS. HATHEMAT I C A L MODELSff /V4PORATfY 0 15338
MATHEYAT I C A L MODELS# 0 13034
A L CONVERSION. THERMAL-POWER. MATHEMATICAL YODELS# IAR-THERM 0 13026
NAL S Y M P O S I U M . WASHINGTON-DCI MAY 1976. P R O C E E D I N G S . S C L A R - O 3 11007
-POWER CENTRAL-TOWER/ L IQ U I 0 M E T A L HEAT-TRANSPORT TbERMAL 0 13332
E dS * M E T H A N E s 8 X OCONV E R S IO N 9 OVERV 1 0 17300
YQROGEN. E F F I C I E N C I E S * M E T H A N E 9 W I NO. F I N A L - R E P O R T . H 3 16023
('Ne OVERVIEWS. BIOCONVERSICN. METHANE# / v FCONCWIC. C C N V E R S I 017001
A T X O N STUOY. WIND-TECHNOLOGY. MICHIGAN, ECYNOHICS. ENVIRONME 316302
EWI C O N V E R S I O N - T E C H N O L O G Y E/ M I C R O C L I M A T O L O G Y S O L A R - C V E R V I $31 1333
t O N V E R S f / ENERGY-RESOURCES. MILITARY-BASES, SOLAR-OVERVIEW 011013
'MODEL NOT I N D E X E D
w M O O C L I N G 0 N O T INOEXED
'MODELS N O T XNOEXEO
9 THERMAL-POWER* C O M P A R I S O N S / M O D U L A R - 0 1 SH. E L E C T R I C - S Y S T E M S 013015
C O N V E R S I O N * P H O T O S Y N T H E S 1s. M O L E C U L A R H Y D 2 O G E N . O V E R V I E W . 3 1 9002
T r 100-KWv OVERVIEW# N A S A - C E U IS 9 Y I NO-ENERGY PROJEC 016320
L-REPORT 9 ENERGY-OVERVIEW# NASA. JORKSHOP. VOLUME-4. FINA 0160?7
OLJME-I ENEQCY-OVERVIEW# NATICNAL-PLAN. E N E R G Y R--C+O* V 0 10008
-OVERVIEW A L T E R / CONFERENCE. NEVADA. S E P T E Y B E R 1976. E N E R G Y 0 13004
M/ STATTSTICS. WIND T U R S I N E S NEW-ENGLAND, R E L I A B I L I T Y 9 ECONQ 3 16309
F'PLEHENT. SOLAR-OVERV I D A N O N - C O Y V E N T 1 0 N A L . PETRCLEUM-SU 011304
OVERVIEW. C/ C H E M I C A L - E N E R G Y . NON-EXPANDABLE SOURCES. SOLAR- 0 11035
ER 0 E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W S # R+O. NON-MECHANICAL. ELECTRICAL-POW 3 19920
NOY I C - 0 V E P V IEW # N O N L I N E A R I T I ES S I N U L A T I O N - E C 3 012015

72
PHV-INDEXES. ENERGY-OVERVIEW* NTISdATA--BASE* aIRLIOGRA 3Ar)31)1
* COMPARISOVS. E N V I R O N H E N T I CICtAN DT. B I O M I S S * WIND. T I D A L 315317
O D E L I N G DESIGN. POWER-?LANTS* O C S A N D T , C O Y P U T E R MODEL OPT1 015019
E 3 I G N / HEAT-EXCHANGERS. OTEC. O C Z A N D T . C O M P U T E R PROGRAMS, 0 015006
ONMENTAL-IMPACT. PUERTO-RICO. OCZAN O T . DATA-SURVEY SITINGIY d 15.333
CONSTRUCTION-ASPECTS. OTEC. OCEAN DT. ECON3MICSIY 3 15963
CRETE. CONVERSION-STRJCTURES. O C O A N DT. E C O N O M I C S # CON 3 1%09
CONVERS13N PLANTS* OCEAN 01. ENERGY-CARR I E R S # .3 15012
NT. H E A T - T R A N S F E R . MATERIALS, O C E A N 01. F L U I D S - W O R K I N G # / R R E oisaia
TRANSFER. THERMAL-EXCHANGERS. O C E A N OT. F L U I D S - W O R K I N G # / A T - 015005
TUDY. VAPOR-FLOW * E V A P O R A T O R . O C E A N 01. H E A T - E X C H A N G E R S . MAT 3 15008
ECCNOMIC/ O P T I H L Z A T I O N STUDY s O C E A N D T . M A T H E M A T I C A L MODEL. 0 15007
SEA-POWER-PLANTS. O C E A N 0 1 . M A T H E M A T I C A L MODELS# 915313
CONOMICS+ DESIGN-R/ RESEARCH. O C E A N OT. O N S I T E - P R O D U C T I O N . E 01561 1'
THER M A L - E N G I NE 9 O C E A N DT 9 O V E R V IE# # 0 1500 1
CES. WIND. T I D A L . WAVEIPOWER. O C E A N D T . O V E R V I E W # /ERGY-SOUR 316013
I TIC4LI CONVERSION. O C E A N 07. O V E R V I E W S . SOCIO-POL 0 1531 6
STUDY 9 PQOGRESS-REPORT. 1975, O C E A N D T . PUMf'INGIY DES I GN- 315313
T I T A N I U M . HEAT-EXCHANGERS. O C E A N 01. TEST O A T A I M O O E L S B 0 15002
E C O N O M I C S . FLU10 C Y C L E S . OCEAN DT. TRADE-OFFS# 0 15013
IEI# OTECo OCSAN 31. U N I T E D - S T A T E S . OVEQV 015000
T I C A L S T U D Y * H E A T EXCHANGERS, OCEAN DT* 4NALY 015315
I ON. P H O T C T H E R M A L - C O N V E R S I CN. OCEAN D T # H Y OROGEN P G O D U C T 019007
S. S T O R A G E # PHOTOVOLTAIC* '3N-SITE. R E S X D Z N T I A L * ECCNOMXC ?) 1800 4
DESIGN-R/ RESEARCH. O C E A N DT, O N S I TE-PRODUCTION. ECONOMICS. 015311
9 COMPUTER MODEL# OPT I C A L - S Y S T E M S s THERMAL-POWER 0 13022
OPT I M I Z A T I N3T INDEXED
O L A R - O V E R V I E U s CRNVERS tON-TE/ O P T 1 ONS E L E C T 2 I C-UT IL I T XES- S 0 11025
CS# R A N K X N E C Y C L E O R G A N I C , THERMAL-POWER ECONOML 013006
AYS. D E S I G N / HEAT-EXCHANGERS. OTEC. O C E A N O T , C O Y P U T E R PROGR 0150Q6
C C N S T R U C T ~ O N - 4 S P E C T S , O T E C . O C E A N DT. E C O N O M I C S # 0 15304
OVERVXEW# O T E C a O C E A N 011 U N I T E D - S T A T E S . 0 15OOc)
0-STATES. / E N E R G Y RESOURCES. OVERVIEW 9 BIOCONVERSION. UNITE 3 17307
CS* THERMAL ELECTRIC. POWER, O V E R V I E W . C O M P A R I S O N S . ECUNOYI 313033
NC3 PROSPECTS. BEOCONVERS I C N . OVERVIEW. CONVERSION-TECHN7LOG 0 1761 1
YNTHESXS. M O L E C U L A R HYDROGEN. O V E R V I E W * S O V I E T - U N I O N # /HOTOS 3 19002
STORAGE. PHASE-CHANCE, OVERVIEW# 0 13037
HYOROCEN. H Y D R I OE. OVERVIEW# 9 19005
TEZ. OCEAN 3T. U N I T E D - S T A T E S . OVERVIEW# c) 015030
1H E R M A L - E N G t hE p O C E A N 0 1 9 O V E R V I E W S 015001
W I NO--ENERGY PROJECT. 1 00-KW. OVERVIEUR NASA-LEY I S , 316020
- P 3 W E R * T O T A L - E N E R G Y - S Y STEMS. O V E q V I E U f f STORAGE, THERMAL 0 13040
T2T 4 L - C O H M E R C I A L s LARGE-SCALE OVERVIEW* / R E S I D E N T I A L . INOUS iaoo I
r)
OGRESS REPORT. T H E R M A L ~ P O U E R . OVERVIEW+ /ENTRAL-RECEIVER. PQ 013002
TIDAL. WAVE-POWER. O C E A N 01. O V E R V I E W * / E R G Y - S O U R C E S * WINO, 336618
* O V E R V T E U S * NOT I N D E X E D
0. A E R A T I O N . WATER P O L L U T I C N . OXYGEN-ADOITION# WINO-POWERE 0 160 15
WE 1HERMAL-POWER ECO N O M 1 CS s P A R ABOL IC - T 9 U U G H f 10-K 313318
WIND T U R B I N E . PATENT. BLADE-OESICNff 3 1600s
GY-CONVERSION. THERMAL-POWERI PATENT, H E A T - E N G INE# ENEQ 0 13004
LITY. R E S I D E N T I A L , ECONYMICS. P E A K - L 3 A D I N G # /G. ELECTRIC-UT1 9 18000
PERFORWANC' NOT I N D E X E D
f'rJ E C O N O M I E S UN1T E D - S T A T E S 9 P E S S I H I S T I C - OUT L C O K a /R--OVERV I 311038

73
EQVIEWY NON-CONVEYT I O N A C s DETROLEWM- S U P o L E M E N T r S C L A R - O V 911304
# STO RACE. T H E 2 ' 4 A L - P O V E R 9 PWAS E-C HANG€. C E N T RAL-SE CS I V E 9 313013
STORAGE. PHASE-CHANGE OVERVIEW # 0 13037
HE4 T TRANSFER THERMAL-POWER. P H A S E - C H A N G E # /QAGE M A T E R I A L . 0 13335
E * BIOCONVERSXON. OVERVIEWS./ P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S . ENERGY-RESOURC 3 17303
OGEN. OVERVIEW. / CONVERSICN. PHOTOSYNTHESIS. MOLECULAR HYDR 2 19002
E as # HYDROGEN* PHOTOSYNTHET I C MAR I NE 9 OVERV I 019038
O R O G E N PRODUCT I O N * R A D I A T T C N . PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION. CClMPA 0 19909
Of R HYDROGEN P R O D U C T I O N . PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVERSION. OCEAN 3190.37
L A R - E N E R G Y UT I L I Z A T ION. IRAN PHOTOTHERMAL S O L A Q - O V E R V IEW 011027
M I C - O V E R V Y E I Iy P W O T O V O L T A I C C O N V E R S I O N . ECONO 312018
R E S I DENT1 A L * HE/ S O L A R C E L L 9 P H O T O V O L T A I C-PO WER - E C t N a M I C S 019010
S . M A T H E M A T I C A L MODEL# P H O T O V O L T A I C - S Y STEMS. E C O N O M I C 0 1201 1
YSTEH. R E S I D E N T I A L . ECONOMIC/ PHOTOVOLTAIC/TH€RMALI ENERGY-S 318096'
HYBRID-POWER. THERMAL-PCWER. P H O T O V O L T A I C . E C C N O M I C S # /SON. 3 13016
NTIAL INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL/ PHOTOVOLTAIC. E L E C T R I C * G E S I D E 018091
T I A L . ECONOMXCS* S T O R A G E * PHO TOVOL TA IC. ON-S ITE R E S IDEN 3 18004
tONCENTPATDR. L I Q U I D C O O L I / P H O T O V O L T A I C . POWER G E N E R A T I O N 319000
E C O M P A R I S O N S . M A T H E M I STUDY, PHOTOVOLTAIC. R E S I D E N T I A L . S I T 318047
AL-REPORT. COMPUTER-QROCRAN,/ PHOTOVOLTAIC* RESIDENT IAL. F I N 018003
RESIDENTIAL. PHOTOVOLTAIC# 018002
O V E R V I EWS M P H O T O V O L T A I CS. B I O C C J N V E R S I CIN. 019006
# C O N C E N T R A T I CN. PHOTOVOLTAICSI CCOLING-SYSTEYS 0 19004
S I L I C O N CELLS. CONCENTRATICN, PHOTOVOLTAICS, DESIGN-REVIEW# 0 1903 I
E C O N W CONVERSION. CHEMICAL. PHOTOVOLTAICS. HEAT-REJECTION. 019003
5 THERMAL-POWER ECONOM XC S I P I L O T - P L A N T 9 R E P O R T - N O e- 1 197 613003
ONS I D E R A T I ONS
GC'U E R A T E D F U E L S . SOLAR-ELECT R IC
S O L A R-ENERGY
PLANT.
PLANTAT IONS#
THERHA,-PCW ER. E C O N O M I C
SELF-
3 13031
017013

.
ERS rcl
ENERGY-OVERVIEW.
W INO-POWERED ,
CONVERSION
ECONOMICS.
A E R A T I ON. WATER
PLANTS. OCEAN D T e ENERGY-CARRI
P O L I C I E S # /LI
P O L L U T I ON.
LONG-RANGE.
OXYGEN-ADD1 T I CN#
UeS.
015012
9 10044
316013
EN€ R G Y - 3 V E R V I EW ENVIRONMENT P O L L U T I CN# 3 16023
HER HAL-POWER. ECONOMIC/ SOLAR POND. E L E C T R I C A L G E N E R A T I O N . T 91301 1
I MATOLOGY* ENVIRONMENT'. POST-2000. ENERGY-OVERVIEW. CL 3 10025
LIQUID C O 3 L I / P H O T O V O L T A I C . POWER G E N E R A T I O N . CONCENTRATOR 019000
W I NO-POWER. POWER-OUTPUTS. EFF I C I E N CI E S M 0 16019
L X J S T AT. AR?AY DESIGN-REVIEI POW€R-PLANT. THERMAL-POWER. HE 3 13023
IJTILIZATI/ FUEL A V A I L A B I L T T Y 9 POWER-PLANTS. ENERGY-OVERVIEW 010033
ER M O D E L * O/ M O D E L I N G D E S I G N . POWER-PLANTS. O C E A N 01. COMPUT 0 15019
SOLAR-W INO POWER-PLANTS. S O L A R - O V E R V I EW * 3 X 1039
fOLAR-OVE2VIEW. CONTROL-SY/ P O W E R - S U P P L Y R E L I A B I L I TY 9 W I N O 9 11040
R E V C E . 1976. ENERGY-OVERVYEM. POWER-TECHNOLOGYM 1 IEEE c a w € 310333
[E'#* STORAGE. S O L A R - T H E R M A L POWER. C C M P A R I S O N S . D E S I GN-REV 3 13023
A R C H PROGRESS REPORT. T H E R M A L POW'ER. D E S I G N - Q E V I E W d / R e R E S E 0 1300 1
EC3h)OMICSlY THERMAL E L E C T R I C . POWER. OVERVIEW COMPARISONS. 0 13033
ATOR. DES t G N - R E V I / ELECTRICAL POWER. T H E R M A L - P O W E R - CONCENT8 7 13030
OVERV I € / A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. P 9 0 C E E D I N C S SYMPOSIUM. ENERGY- 0 10029
U T 4 H . J/ M A T H E M A T I C A L MODELS. PROCEEDINGS. CONFERENCE. 4LT4- 3 10038
WORKSHOPr SOLAR-OVER I V E W . PROCEED I N G S GREENHOUSES& 311021
1976. ENERGY-OVERVIEW. POWER/ PROCEED I N G S I I E E E CCNFERENCEI r) 1 0 0 3 9
973 SOLAR-OVERV Y E U M P Q 3 C E E D INCS. I L L I N O I S . APRrL 1 311015
IJMI UASHXNGTON-OC. MAY 13769 PQOCEEDINGS. SOLAR-OVERVIEWr C 011007
SJUTH CAROLINA. / CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. SOUTHEAST-REGION. 312001

74
“CS/ CCNSERVAT ION-TECHNOLOGY 9 PRCCEED INGS. dOGKSHOP. C C N F E Q E 319326
V !fd+ E N V I R O N M E N / CONFEQENCEe P90CEZDINGS. 1975. ENE?GY-OVE? 3 10039
V I E # S * / UMR-MEC. CONFERENCE. PROCEEDINGS. 1975. ENERGY-OVER 2 10032
EP‘3RT-N0.-1 1976. E C O N O M I C S . PROCESS-REVIEW# /+ CUARTEQLY-3 0 i2312
RVIEYSl FUEL-ENERGY PQODUCTION. S I O C C N V E R S I C h . OVE 0 17315
R S I CN. 2 C E A N 3 T # HYDROGEN PQODUCT I J N PHOTOTHERMAL--CONVE ’319307
E?MA,-CONVERS!GN. C/ HY3ROGEN PRODUCTION. R A D I A T I C ‘ N , PFOTUTH 019009
*PROGRAM NOT INDEXED
E R S + OTECI O C E A N DT. C O M P U T E R PROGRAMS* D E S I G N - O V Z R V f E k S a /G 0 15796
e SVERVIEW/ C E N T R A L - R E C E I V E R r PROGRESS R E P O R T 9 THESMAL-POWER 0 13992
* / CENTRAL-RECEIVER. R E S E A R C H PROGRESS R E P O R T rn T H E R M A L POWER 313961
9 +EL IOSTATS. T R A C K I N G - S Y S l F / PROGRESS R E P O 2 T 9 THERMAL-POWER 013000
C S + AEROOYNAM/ U I N D T U R B I N E S PROGRESS R E P O R T 1975. ECONOMT 0 1631 3
R I N G L E S S R O T 3 R . WIND T U R 3 I N E . PROGRZSS-REPORT. JUNE. 1F75r E 316317
V E ? S I ON. R E N E W A B L E RESOURCES. P R O G R E S S - R E P J R T 9 O V E R V I E U S * /N 0 17004
C GENERATOR. R T G - O E G R A D A T I C N I PROGRESS-REPORT O V E R V IC-bS# / I 0 :400O
TI PUMPING# DESIGN-STUDY* PROGRESS-REPORT. 1975- O C E A N D 015314
ON. Y I N O P O Y E R I S P A C E H E A T I N G . PROGRESS-REPORT l?J75# / T I C A T 1 316000
O N V E R S ION R E 5 EARCH-ANALY S IS. PROGRESS-REPORT# THERM1 ONIC-C 614003
NASA-LEWIS. WIND-ENERGY P R O J E C T . IOO-KW. OVERVIEW# 0 16020
S L A T 1 CN. L A Y * TAX I N C E N T I V E S . P R O P E R T Y A S S E S S M E N T S * ITE-LEGI 312013
VIEY. CONVERSION-/ LONG-RANGE PROSPECTS. 8 I;!COhVERSfCN. OVER 0;73:1
a R A Z I L s SOLAR-OVERVXEUa PROSPECTS. E L Z C T R I C - G E N E R A T I O N 0!1326
U C I M I C S + UNITED--/ S O L A R - Z N E R G Y P q O S P E C T S , S O L A R - G V E R V I E W + ECO 3 !1338
SSMENT. ~ N V I R O N M E N T A L - I M P A C T . P U E R T O ~ R I C O . O C E A N DTv 9 A T A - S U 015333
G~ESS-REPORTI 1975. O C E A N DT. P U M P I N G * DESIGN-STUDY. PRO 315314
EC3NJMTCS PROCESS-REVI/ R+O. QUARTERLY-REPORT-N0.-1 1976. 012012
L-POWER. ENERGY-aVERVIEdSI R tD. NON-MECHAN I C A L E L E C T R I CA 0 10020
9 7 5 * ECONOMICS. PROCESS-REVX/ Q+D. QUARTERLY-REPORT-NOI-I 9 1 3 12012
EW 1y NATT 9NAL-PLAN. E N E R G Y R-D+O. VOLUME-I ENERGY-OVERVI 010008
S1O.Y. C / H Y D R O G E N P R O D U C T I O N + R A D I A T I C N . PHOTOTHERMAL-CONVER 019009
-POWER E C O N O M I C S # R A N K I N E C Y C L E 3 R G A N I C . TI-ERMAL 0 13306
I N 4 L REPORT. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W / REGIONAL ANALYSIS. VOLUME-1. F 0 1001 6
T A T / ECONOMICS. kOME H E A T I N G . R E G I O N A L - C O M P A R I S O N S , UNITED-S 0 12023
S . W 1 NO T U R B I N E S * NEY-ENGLAND. R E L I A B I L STY* E C 3 N 3 Y I C S r CENTRA 016309
IElr rn C O N T R O L - S Y / POUES-SUPPLY R E L I A B I L I T Y 9 WINO. SOLAR-OVERV 011040
E A ? C H PROGRAM. 8 IOCONVERSION R E N E W A B L E RESOURCES. PROGRESS- 0 17004
S ION. OVERVIEWS+ LARGE-SCALE. RENEWABLE* /€SOURCE* B I O C O N V E R 017303
1 EN SAND I A-LABS Iy REPORT S E M I A N Y U A L . SOLAR-OVERV 0113!3
WZR. ECUNOMICS# PIL3T-PLANTe REPtYRT-NO.-I 1975. T H E R N A L - P r J 9 139303
TRAL-RECEIVER THERMAL-POWER. REPORT-PROGRESS ff CEN 0130i5
Sm U N I T E D - S T A / E N V I P O N M E N T A L I REPORT-SUMMARY + S O L A R - O V E R V I E W 011303
9EPORT. CONGRESS. INFLATION* 0 1200 3
NAL ANALYSIS. VOLUME-1 9 F I N A L REPORT. ENERGYoOVERVIEU* I E G I O 010316
L - ~ E C E I V E R I R E S E A R C H PROGRESS REPORT+ T H E R M A L FOWER. D E S I G N - 3 1300 1
d / CENTRAL-RECEIVER. PROGRESS REPORT. THERHAL--FOWER. JVERVIE 0 13032
ATS T R A C K 1 NG-SY STE/ P R O G R E S S REPORT. THERMAL-FOWEQ HEL I O S T 0 13003
YYAM/ WINO T U R B I N E S . P Q O G R E S S REPORT. 19759 ECCNOMXCS. A E R O 0 3 16613
“4, R E N E W A B L E R E S C U R C E S + PROG/ R E S E A R C H PROGRAM, B I O C C N V F R S T O 317304
M A L POWER./ CENTGAL-RECEIVER. R E S E A R C H P R O G R E S S REPORT, THER 913901
P’3RT# T H E R M T O N I C = C D N V E R S 1 0 N I R E S E A R C H - A N A L Y S T S . PROGRESS-RE 015303
U?31NES. T E C H N I C A L - R E P O R T . 1 / RESEARCH. A E R O D Y N A M I C S . W I N O T 0 16914
R V I E W 9 C O N V E R S I / S O L A R - E N E R G Y RESEARCH. A U S T Q A L I A . SilLAR-OVE 611333

75
O L ' C T I C N . ECONOMICS. OEStGN-R/ RESEA?CH. OCZ'AN 3T. C N S I T E - P R O 0 is31 1
ERENCE# R E S E A ~ C H . SCJLAR-CVERVIEW. CONF 5!1312
9 COMPARISONS. SOCIO--ECONOMI/ RES IDENT I A L . A L T E R N A T E 5 0 U R C E S 7 1 a305
E# P H O T O V O L T A I C . ON-SITE. R E S I D E N T X A L I E C O N O M I C S 1 STOiZAG 0 1900 4
N O CO C L I N G . E L E C T R I C - U T I L I T Y s RESIDENTIAL Z C O N J M I C S 9 PEAK-C 3 1800 3
LTAIC/THERMAL. ENERGY-SY 3TZM. RES I D E N T X A L ECONOMICS* IOTOVO 318036
PUTER-PQOGRAH./ PHOTOVOLTAIC. PES I D E N T I A L r F I NAL-REPORT. C3M oiaoo3
H O T 3 V O L T A I C-POWER ECONOMICS 9 R E S I D E N T I A L I H E A T I N G # /CELL P 0 19013
R E V I E W . ECONOMICS. MARKETS. / R E S I D E N T I A L . HEATING+CCOLXNG* 012017
C I A L / PHOTOVOLTAIC. ELECTRIC. RESIDENT I A L . INDUSTRIAL-CUMME3 0lR001
RES I DENT I A L P H O TOVOLT A I Cff 3 18032
Y4THEH/ STUDY 9 P H O T O V O L T A I C . R E S I D E N T I A L . S I T E COMPARISONS. 0 18007
N T A L - I M P A C T 1 P U E G T O ~ R I C O . OC/ R E S O U R C E - A S S E S S M E N T s Eh(V I R O N M E oisoo3
S I O N I U N I T E D ~ S T A T E S . / E N E R G Y RESOURCES. O V E R V I E W . B I O C O N V E R 3 170.3 7-
UMI ENERGY-OVERV I € / A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. PROCEED I N G S S Y M P O S I 0 10029
RAMI B I O C O N V E R S I O N . R E N E W A B L E RESOURCES. PROGRESS-REPORT. OV 0 17304
I/ E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E W . A L T E R N A T E RESOURCES. 1975-2'360. ELECTRIC 010028
WE3 9 D E S I G N - R E / C O R R A O I A T I C N + R E V E R S 1 BLE AHMONXA. THERMAL-PO 013013
'REVIEW ' NOT INDEXED
# W I N D M I L L ROTOR. TEST-OAT A e AERODYhAMICS 0 ?6012
REPORT. JUNE, 19/ B E A R I N G L E S S ROTOR. W I N 0 T U R B I N € . P R O G R E S S - 3 16017
R t / fHERMOE,ECTRIC GENERATOR. RTG-OECRADAT I O N * PROGRESS-REP0 3 14000
SR I L A N K A . UNITED-NATICNS, R U R A L 3FIOGAAM. SCLAR-OVERV IEN# 0 11006
T SEMIANNUAL. SCLAR-OVERVIEW. SANOIA-LABS# REPOR O l l O l O
NNUAL-REPORT, S O L A R - O V E R V IEU. S A N D I A - - L A B S # / Y PROGRAM. SEHIA 311042
CS S Y M P O S I U M + E N € R C Y - O V E R V I E W S A N T A-M AR I A - C A L I F O R N I A MARCH 3 10929
THEMAT I C A L MODELS# SE4-POWER-PLANTS* O C E A N O f . MA 315610
IEWv T H E P H O E L E C T R I C-MODULE. SELENIDE MATERIALS. DESIGN-REV 0 14004
E 9 G Y PLANT A T IO N S # SELF-GENERATED FUELS+ SOLAR-EN I) 17013
T H E R M A L SY ST E M
0 SEMI-4RIb-RECXONS# 0 13027
IEU S/ S O L A R - E h E R G Y PROGRAY. S E M I ANNUAL-SEPORT. SOLAR-OVERV 011042
NO1 A - L A B S # R E P O R T SEMIANNUAL. snLAR-uvEavxEw. SA 0 11010
'4 A L T E R / CONFERENCE. NEVACA. SEPTEMBER 1976. E N E R G Y - O V E R V I E 3 10004
P H O T O V O L T A I C S 9 DES 1CN-REV 1 EW/ S I L X C O N C E L L S . C C N C E N T R A T I O N . 019301
XEd MACRO-ECONOMICS. ENV I R O / S I Y U L A t I ON M O D E L ENERGY-OVERV 3 10924
U e S a. ENERGY-OVFRVIEW. / IEA. S I M U L A T I O N MODEL. LCNG-RANGE. 0 10344
NUNLI N E A R I 1I ES S f M U L A T I O N . ECONCMIC-OVERVIEW# 312015
N O - G E N E R A T E D ENERGY. STORAGE, SI M U L A T I ON# / ~ U T E R - P R O G ~ A M SW I 0 1632 1
r . PHOTOVOLTAIC^ RESIDENTIAL. S I T E C O H P A R I SONS. M A T H E M AT I C A L o 1 a007
-9ICO. OCEAN DT. D A T A - S U R V E Y , S I T I N G # /MENTAL-IMPACT s P U E R f 3 015003
ENTRAL-RECEIVER. STCJRAGE. CO/ S O C I A L C O S T S . THERMAL-POWER. C 31 3909
C-CRO WTH. A L T E R N A T I V E EYERGY. SOCIAL-IMPACTS. ENVIRONMENT* / 312396
Y-4SSESSMENTr SOLAR-OVERVXEW. SOCIO-ECONOMIC* TECHNOLOG 311016
S - E X P O S 1 T I ON. S O L A R - O V E R V I E W . SOCfO-ECONOMIC# / O N A L s CCNGRES OllOOL
E RGY-OVERV IEW 9 E N V I R O N M E N T A L . S U C I 0-ECONOM I Clr / O N V E R S IC N EN 010017
TE2NATE SOURCES. C O M P A R I S O N S . S O C I O - E C O N O M I C S # / IDENTI LIL AL 318035
NERGY-OVERVIEd ALTERNATIVES. SOCIO-ECONOMICS# /NT-TRENDS+ 5 010043
I P P I -CDNCEPT. R I O C O N V E R S I O N . S O C I O - E N V I R O N M E N T A L I /O-WASTE* 0 17036
VERSION. OCEAN DT. O V E R V I E U S + S O C I O - P O L 1 T I C A L # CON 015615
S C O h O M I C S . R E S I D E N T I A L * HE/ S O L A R C E L L . P H O T C V O L T A I C - P O W E R 319019
I: 'Y'l THERMAL-POW ER 9 ECUNOM I C / S O L A R P O N O + E L E C T R I C A L G E N E R A T 0 1301 1
POWER/ D E S ~ G N - C C N S ~ O S Q A T l O N S . S O L A R - E L E C T R I C P L A N T . THERMAL- 0 1303 1
P R I 1 ECONOMIC'OVERVIEWff SOLAR-?LECTRIC SYSTEMS. ERDA/E 012303

76
69 S C L A R - O V E R V I E Y . C C N V E R S IO/ S O L A R - E N E R G Y A P P L I C A T I G N S , 197 311013
4R-OVERVIEW 9 U N I T E 3 - K I N G D O M # S O L A R - S N E Q G Y D E V E L O P M E N T S * SOL Y 11031
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RESEARCH. AERODYNAMICS.
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-OVERVIEW/ R E G X C N A L A N A L Y S I S - VOLUME-I. F I N A L fiEPORT. ENERGY 719316
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19?5. E C O N O M I C S * A E R O D Y N A M I W I N O T U R B I N E S . PROGRESS REPORT 31601 3
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