MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Osmania University)

Mount Pleasant 8-2-249, Road No. 3 Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-34.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project work titled “Railway Reservation System” is a
bonafide work prescribed by the Osmania University for B.E II,III/IV IT I/II Semester
during the academic year 2017-2018 carried out by Shakeeb Uddin Farooqi (1604-17-737-
310) , Syed Talmeez Ur-Rahman(1604-17-737-097)

Faculty Incharge
 A

Mini Project Report

On

TEMPERATURE CONTROL FAN USNG ARDUINO

By
Syed Talmeez Ur-Rahman (1604-17-737-097)

Shakeeb Uddin Ahmed Farooqi (1604-17-737-310)

Of

II/IV B.E. Sem-III (IT-B)

Under the Guidance of

Munavvara Tahaseen

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Osmania University) Mount Pleasant, 8-2-249, Road No. 3, BanjaraHills,
Hyderabad-34.

.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The austerity and satisfaction that one gets on completing a project cannot be fulfilled
without mentioning the people who made it possible with gratitude.

We are grateful to the almighty God who helped us all the way throughout the project and
also has molded us into what we are today. We express our sincere thanks to our parents who
encouraged us always to achieve our goals.

We offer our sincere thanks to Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology for
allowing us to do our mini project in their esteemed institution.

We show gratitude to Dr. N.Seetaramaih sir, Principal for having provided all the
facilities and support. We would like to thank Mrs. Mousmi Ajay Chaurasia, (Head of
the Department, Information Technology) for her expert guidance and encouragement
at various level of project.

We are thankful to our guide Mr. M.D.V. Prasad (Assistant professor of IT Department) and for his
sustained inspiring Guidance and cooperation throughout the process of this project report.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and thanks to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching
Staff of our college who stood with us and helped us to make it a successful venture.

ABSTRACT

TEMPERATURE CONTROL FAN USNG ARDUINO

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of devices such as vehicles, and
home appliances that contain electronics, software, actuators, and connectivity
which allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware

and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger
on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your
board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring),
and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Here we are going to make a temperature controlled DC fan. DHT22 sensor is

used to sense the room temperature and then we adjust speed of a DC fan/motor
accordingly using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Arduino Uno is the heart of
this project and a L293D driver IC is used to drive the DC fan/motor.

S.NO. EXP NO. CONTENTS(CHAPTERS)

INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
1.2 SCOPE
2 LITRATURE SURVEY
2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
3 ANALYSIS
3.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.2 LIMITATIONS
3.3 ADVANTAGES
4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5 SYSTEM DESIGN
6 IMPLIMENETATION CODE
7 TESTING
8 SCREENSHOTS

9 FUTURE SCCOPE

10 CONCLUSION
11 BIBLOIGRAPHY
 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that divides complex
projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases. Segmenting projects allows
managers to verify the successful completion of project phases before allocating resources to
subsequent phases. Software development projects typically include initiation, planning,
design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the
phases may be divided differently depending on the organization involved. For example,
initial project activities might be designated as request, requirements-definition, and planning
phases, or initiation, concept-development, and planning phases. End users of the system
under development should be involved in reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the
system is being built to deliver the needed functionality.

Batch Name of The student Roll No. Contact No. Email ID Signature
No.
Syed Talmeez Ur- 1604-17- 7674883673 Syedtalmeez07@gmail.com Talmeez

02 Rahman 737-097

Shakeeb Uddin 1604-17- 8978668620 Shakeebuddin23s@gmail.com Shakeeb

Ahmed Farooqi 737-310

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Electric Fan is one of the most popular electrical devices due to its cost
effectiveness and low power consumption advantages. It is a common
circuit and widely used in many applications. It is also one of the most
sensible solutions to offer a comfortable and energy efficient. In fact, the
fan has been long used and still available in the market.

Nowadays, the demand for accurate temperature control and air freshening
control has conquered many of industrial domains such as process heat,
automotive, industrial places or office buildings where the air is cooled in
order to maintain a comfortable environment for its occupants. One of the
most important concerns involved in heat area consist in the desired
temperature achievement and consumption optimization. Fan can be
controlled manually by pressing on the switch button. Where in this
method, any change in the temperature will not give any change in the fan
speed. Except the usage change the speed of the fan which is manually.
So, an automatic temperature control system technology is needed for the
controlling purpose in the fan speed according to the temperature changes.

1.1 OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this software is to describe the Railway Reservation System which provides
the rail timing details, reservation, enquiry, billing and cancellation on various
types of reservation namely:-
 Confirm reservation for confirm seat
 Reservation against cancellation
 PNR generation

1.2. SCOPE:

This module can be used everywhere

where power consumption has to be
controlled
• It can be use to cool the processor
in computers.

CHAPTER 2
 LITERATURE SURVEY

LITERATURE SURVEY

EXISTING SYSTEM
In the existing railway reservation system has many shortcoming associated with it. In the
existing system railway used to set train reservation levels higher than seating capacity to
compensate for passenger cancellation and no-shows accounting to overbooking in the agent
frequently to do so thus wasting time and money for all. In the existing system integration of
different railways on single platforms was not met. With the advent of the online reservation
system these flaws can be overcome.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be really wants to stand
against today’s merciless competition where not to wise saying “to err is human” n longer
valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your mist so, to keep pace with time, to bring about the best
results without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of files
with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer. One has to use the data management
software. Software has been an ascent in atomization various organizations. Many software
products working are now in markets which have helped in making the organizations work
easier and efficiently. Data management initially had to maintain a lot of paper work has to
be done but now software production this organization has made their work faster and easier.
Now only the software has to be loaded on the computer and work can be done. This prevents
a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated and any information regarding
the organization can be obtained by clicking the button. Moreover, now it’s an age of
computers of and automating such an organization gives the better look.
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS:

This system is basically concerned with the reservation and cancellation of railway tickets to
the passengers. The need of this system arose because as is the known fact that India has the largest
railway network in the whole of the world and to handle it manually is quite a tough job. By
computerizing it, we will be able to overcome many of its limitations and will be able to make it
more efficient. The handling of data and records for such a vast system is a very complex task if done
manually but it can be made much easier if the system is computerized. To be more specific, our
system is limited in such a way that a train starting from a particular source will have a single
destination. The basic functions being performed by our system are reservation and cancellation.
These functions will be handled with the help of following sub functions: -

 It reserves and cancels seats for the passenger.

 It contains information about the trains.
 It contains information about the passenger.
 It contains the details of reservation fees, any concessions etc.
 It makes entries for reservation, waiting, cancelled tickets.
 It will update for uptime and downtime trains.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:
Functional requirement of ticket reservations are:

 PRODUCT FUNCTIONS:

It tells the short note about the product.

 TRAIN DETAILS:

Customers may view the train timing at a date their name and number of tickets.

 RESERVATION:

After checking the number of seats available the customers reserve the tickets.

 BILLING:

After reserving the required amount of tickets, the customer paid the amount.

 CANCELLATION:
If the customers want to cancel the ticket, then half of the amount paid by the customer will be
Srefunded to him.

3.2LIMITATIONS:

The new system has been designed to meet all of the user requirements but it too has
certain limitations some of which can be enhanced in the future enhancements or
updates.

Supports Only Multiple choice and no Theory

The existing system supports only multiple choice questions and these can be used
only for the logic testing of the student where as paper based test can provide overall
result of the users knowledge for that topic. This will do injustice to users who are
sometimes aware of answers but not sure completely. It supports only two values true
and False. If the selected answer is true the user gets marks, If not loses.

NO IMAGE SUPPORT
The existing system has no image support at present and so images and diagrams
cannot be included in the exam which would make it at present the only feasible choice
available.

NO BACK OPTION AVAILABLE

The existing system also lacks a back option which would take a user to a previously
answered question in case he wants to check or change his choice. This makes difficult
and quite stressful for the user to choose an option which is totally contrary to the
theory tests in which the user can review and change his answers. This has been an
important point in the proposed enhancements in the system.

3.3Advantages

The advantages of automatic fan control for air conditioning system mainly
include the following.

 Quick cooling
 More cooling and less moisture removable
 Good for daytime, when cooling loads are low and humidity
high
  Energy efficient, partly because it removes less moisture
 Low speed settings
 More moisture removable
 Lower fan noise and quieter operations
 Good for nighttime, when cooling loads are low and humidity is
high
 Increased comfort level
 Slight loss in efficiency

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT&
SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

1. Arduino UNO
2. DHT11 sensor
3. DC Fan
4. 2n2222 transistor
5. 9 volt battery
6. 16*2 LCD
7. 1K resistor
8. Connecting Wires
9. Bread Board

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino IDE
 Programming Languages Used: C/C++

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN

SYSTEM DESIGN

Arduino UNO:
• The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on

the ATmega328P.

• 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs)

• 6 analog inputs.
• 16 MHz quartz crystal

• A power jack

• Connect it to a computer with a USB cable or powerit with a AC-to-DC adapter or

battery to get started.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

• LCD screen is an electronic display module.

• Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2
displays.
• A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines.
• Each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
• 16x2 LCD has two registers, Command and Data.

DC Fan:
A fan is a powered machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically
a gas such as air. A fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades
which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an
impeller, a rotor, or a runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of
housing or case.[1] This may direct the airflow or increase safety by preventing
objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered
by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic
motors, handcranks, internal combustion engines, and solar power.
Mechanically, a fan can be any revolving vane or vanes used for
producing currents of air. Fans produce air flows with high volume and
low pressure(although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed
to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A
fan blade will often rotate when exposed to an air fluid stream, and devices that
take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines, often have
designs similar to that of a fan.

DTH11 SENSOR:
This DHT11 Temperature Sensor features a calibrated digital signal output with the
temperature and humidity sensor complex. Its technology ensures the high reliability and
excellent long-term stability. A high-performance 8-bit microcontroller is connected. This sensor
includes a resistive element and a sense of wet NTC temperature measuring devices. It has
excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and high cost performance advantages.
Each DHT11 sensors features extremely accurate calibration of humidity calibration chamber.
The calibration coefficients stored in the OTP program memory, internal sensors detect signals in
the process, we should call these calibration coefficients. The single-wire serial interface system
is integrated to become quick and easy. Small size, low power, signal transmission distance up
to 20 meters, making it a variety of applications and even the most demanding applications. The
product is 4-pin single row pin package. Convenient connection, special packages can be
provided according to users need.

2N2222 Transistor:
It is the most commonly used Negative-Positive-Negative (NPN) Bipolar
Junction Transistor (BJT) available in the market now a days. 2N2222 can be
used for different purposes e.g. switching and amplification of analog signals.
The major functional area of 2N-2222 is enclosed in TO-18 package. It is most
common in the market due to the cost efficiency and the smaller size.

9 VOLT BATTERY:
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for the
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors.
The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry,
in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride
and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not been
manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Designations for this format
include NEDA 1604 and IEC 6F22 (for zinc-carbon) or MN1604 6LR61 (for alkaline). The size,
regardless of chemistry, is commonly designated PP3—a designation originally reserved solely
for carbon-zinc, or in some countries.

16x2 LCD:
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical
device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.[1] LCDs
are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed
images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,
digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology,
except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays
have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on
the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black
lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will
have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters
are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

Resistor (1K):
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

Connecting Wires:
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed
by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in
various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used
more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in "multistranded wire", which is more
correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.
Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular in cross-section,
wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for
decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice
coils in loudspeakers. Edge-wound[1] coil springs, such as the Slinky toy, are made of special
flattened wire

CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation includes all those activities that take place to convert from the
old system to the new. The old system consists of manual operations, which are operated
in a very different manner from the proposed new system. A proper simple
implementation is essential to provide a reliable system to meet the requirements of the
organizations. An improper installation may affect the success of the computerized
system.

IMPLEMENTATION METHODS:
There are several methods for handling the implementation and the consequent
conversion from the old to the new computerized system.

The most secure method for conversion from the old system to the new system is to run
the old and new system in parallel. In this approach, a person may operate in the
manual order processing system as well as start operating the new computerized
system. The method offers high security as well as start operating the new computerized
system. This method offers high security, because even f there is a flaw in the
computerized system, we can depend upon the manual system. However, the cost for
maintaining two systems in parallel is very high. This outweighs its benefits.

Another commonly method is a direct cut over from the existing manual system to the
computerized system. The change may be within a week or within a day. There are no
parallel activities. However, there is no remedy in case of a problem. This strategy
requires careful planning.

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN:
The implementation plan includes a description of all the activities that must occur to
implement the new system and to put in into operation. It identifies the personal
responsible for the activities and prepares a time chart for implementing the system.
The implementation plan consists oof the following steps.

o List all the files required for implementation.

o Identify all data required to build new files during the implementation.
o List all new documents and procedures that go into the new system.

The implementation plan should anticipate problems and must be able to deal
with them. The usual problems may be missing documents, mixed data formats
between current and files, errors in data translation, missing data etc.

SAMPLE CODE

#include<dht.h> // Including library for dht

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#define dht_dpin 12
dht DHT;
#define pwm 9
byte degree[8] =
{
0b00011,
0b00011,
 0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000
};
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.createChar(1, degree);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" Fan Speed ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" Controlling ");
delay(2000);
analogWrite(pwm, 255);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Circuit Digest ");
delay(2000);
}
void loop()
{
DHT.read11(dht_dpin);
int temp=DHT.temperature;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Temperature:");
lcd.print(temp); // Printing temperature on LCD
lcd.write(1);
lcd.print("C");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
if(temp <26 )
{
analogWrite(9,0);
lcd.print("Fan OFF ");
delay(100);
}

else if(temp==26)
{
analogWrite(pwm, 51);
lcd.print("Fan Speed: 20% ");
delay(100);
}

else if(temp==27)
{
analogWrite(pwm, 102);
lcd.print("Fan Speed: 40% ");
delay(100);
}

else if(temp==28)
{
analogWrite(pwm, 153);
lcd.print("Fan Speed: 60% ");
delay(100);
}

else if(temp==29)
{
analogWrite(pwm, 204);
 lcd.print("Fan Speed: 80% ");
delay(100);
}
else if(temp>29)
{
analogWrite(pwm, 255);
lcd.print("Fan Speed: 100% ");
delay(100);
}
delay(3000);
}

CHAPTER 7

TESTING
S.NO Module Expected Result Actual Result

1 Reserve ticket Successful Ticket is

reservation of booked
ticket is done successfully

2 Availability of trains Trains are Trains are

available available

3 Cancel of Reservation Reservation is Reservation is

cancelled cancelled

4 Exit Program Program is

termination terminated

CHAPTER 8
SCREEN SHOTS
 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The main aim of developing Reservation system is to provide all information that is
required by the users. User friendliness is a must that is the user must get the details
without complicated searching procedures. Other important requirements of software
are data security, extensibility and maintainability. All these features are included in
this web application.
The project greatly helped in understanding the various phases in website
development and exposure to a new developer platform C and Code blocks

CHAPTER 10
Future Enhancement

Future scope
Enhancements are the perquisite for development of a system. Every existing system
has proposed enhancements which make it better and easier to use and more secure.
The enhancements that have been proposed for this system are listed here.

Including Image Support

The existing system has no image support due to which the images cannot
be used. It will be one of the priorities in the proposed enhancements to enable Image
Support in the system.

Including Back Option

The new system will have a back option which will enable the users to go back to
previously answered questions and change them if needed. It will enable the user a
hassle free exam so that the user can properly utilize the total time allotted for the test.

Facility to Set Exam Time

The new system will allow the facility to set the exam for a particular
subject. It will increase the efficiency of the system greatly as it will enable each subject
to the tested for a different duration as desired and required.

CHAPTER 11
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
• A complete Guide to Programming using Code Blocks
• A complete C training course: How to programme

Site Address
• www.scribd.com
• www.irctc.com
• www.indiarail.com
• www.wikipedia.org