Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic

Materials – Part 2

EE 147
ELECTROMECHANICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION

PREPARED BY:

ENGR. ROGELIO F. BERSANO JR.

 Ferromagnetic Materials

• Composed of iron and alloys of iron with cobalt,

tungsten, nickel, aluminum , and other metals, are by far
the most common magnetic materials.

• Composed of a large number of domains. Domains are

magnetic moments of atoms.

• For unmagnetized sample of material, the domain

magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the net
resulting magnetic flux in the material is zero.

• When an external magnetizing force is applied to this

material, the domain magnetic moments tend to align
with the applied magnetic field.
Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials

 Materials which are classified as non-magnetic all show a linear

relationship between the flux density B and coil current I.

 For magnetic materials, a much larger value of B is produced in

these materials than in free space.

 Permeability is the property of a medium that determines its

magnetic characteristics.

 In electrical machines and electromechanical devices a somewhat

linear relationship between B and I is desired, which is normally
approached by limiting the current.
Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials

 Magnetization curve and B-H curve. This plot is called a saturation

curve or a magnetization curve.
 Example 1

A square magnetic core has a mean path length of 55cm and a csa of 150cm2. A 200 turn
coil of wire is wrapped around one leg of the core. The core is made of a material having
the magnetization curve shown below. Find:
a) How much current is required to produce 0.012 Wb of flux in the core?
b) What is the core’s relative permeability at that current level?
c) What is its reluctance?
 Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core

1. The hysteresis loss in an iron core

- is the energy required to accomplish the reorientation
of domains during each cycle of the alternating current
applied to the core.

2. Eddy-current loss
Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core

1st Positive
Cycle

F
2nd Negative
Cycle

Theoretical ac magnetic behaviour for flux in a ferromagnetic core.

Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core

Typical Hysterisis loop when ac current is applied.

 Why does hysteresis occur?

• To understand hysteresis in a ferromagnetic core, we

have to look into the behaviour of its atomic structure
before, during and after the presence of a magnetic field.

• The atoms of iron and similar metals (cobalt, nickel, and

some of their alloys) tend to have their magnetic fields
closely aligned with each other. Within the metal, there is
an existence of small regions known as domains where
in each domain there is a presence of a small magnetic
field which randomly aligned through the metal
structure.
Why does hysteresis occur?
 The effect of the size of magnetomotive force
excursions on the magnitude of the hysteresis loss.
 Faraday’s Law

• Faraday's law states that if a flux passes through a turn of a coil of

wire, a voltage will be induced in the turn of wire that is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect to time. In
equation form,

Flux linkage is measured in units of webers (or equivalently weber-

turns). The symbol 𝜑 is used to indicate the instantaneous value of a
time-varying flux.
 Flux Linkage, Inductance and Energy

• For a magnetic circuit composed of magnetic material of constant

magnetic permeability or which includes a dominating air gap, the
relationship between 𝜑 and i will be linear and we can define the
inductance L as
𝝀
𝑳=
𝒊
Substituting the equation for flux and flux linkage

𝑵𝟐
𝑳=
𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕
 Flux Linkage, Inductance and Energy

Under the assumption that the reluctance of the core is negligible as

compared to that of the air gap, the inductance of the winding is equal
to

𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝝁𝟎 𝑨𝒈
𝑳= =
(𝒈/𝝁𝟎 𝑨𝒈 ) 𝒈
 Example 2
The magnetic circuit of the figure below consists of an N-turn winding on a
magnetic core of infinite permeability with two parallel air gaps of lengths g1 and
g2 and areas A1 and A2, respectively. Find (a) the inductance of the winding and
(b) the flux density B1 in gap 1 when the winding is carrying a current i. Neglect
fringing effects at the air gap.
Magnetic circuit with two windings.
 Magnetic circuit with two windings.

In this case note that the mmf acting on the magnetic circuit is given by the total
ampere-turns acting on the magnetic circuit (i.e., the net ampere turns of both
windings) and that the reference directions for the currents have been chosen to
produce flux in the same direction. The total mmf is therefore

With the reluctance of the core neglected and assuming that Ac =Ag, the core
flux 𝜙 is

𝜙 is the resultant coreflux produced by the total mmf of the two windings.
 Magnetic circuit with two windings.

If the resultant coreflux equation is broken up into terms attributable to the

individual currents, the resultant flux linkages of coil 1 can be expressed as

which can be written

where

L11 is the self-inductance of coil 1 and L11i1 is the flux linkage of coil 1 due to its
own current i1. L12 is the mutual-inductance between coils 1 and 2, L12i1 is the
flux linkage of coil 1 due to its own current i2.
 Magnetic circuit with two windings.

Similarly, the flux linkage of coil 2 is

or

where L21 = L 12 is the mutual inductance and

is the self-inductance of coil 2.

 Energy, Power on Magnetic Circuits

The power at the terminals of a winding on a magnetic circuit is a measure of the

rate of energy flow into the circuit through that particular winding. The power, p,
is determined from the product of the voltage and the current

Thus the change in magnetic stored energy ΔW in the magnetic circuit in the
time interval t1 to t2 is

For a single-winding system of constant inductance, the change in magnetic

stored energy as the flux level is changed from 𝜆1 to 𝜆2 can be written as
 Energy, Power on Magnetic Circuits

The total magnetic stored energy at any given value of 𝜆 can be found from
setting 𝜆1 equal to zero:
 Example 3
The magnetic circuit shown in Fig. 1.2 has dimensions Ac = Ag = 9 cm2, g = 0.050
cm, lc = 30 cm, and N = 500 turns. Assume the value 𝜇r = 70,000 for core
material. Find (a) Find the reluctances Rc and Rg , (b) the inductance L, (c) the
magnetic stored energy W for Bc = 1.0 T and i = 0.80 A, and (d) the induced
voltage e for a 60-Hz time-varying core flux of the form Bc = 1.0 sin 𝜔𝑡 T where 𝜔
= (2𝜋)(60) = 377.