Sustaibability Plan

City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable
Use of Energy and Climate

Change Prevention
2008
City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable
Use of Energy and Climate Change
Prevention
This Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention for the City of Madrid was approved
by Agreement of the Local Government of the City of Madrid at its meeting of 12 June 2008.
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PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN 6
1. SUMMARY OF THE PLAN 8

1.1 Purpose 9
1.2 Scope 15
1.3 Structure 16
2. STRATEGIC AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 18

2.1 The global challenge of climate change 19
2.2 Commitments undertaken 22
2.3 International and community framework 23
2.4 Spain 27
2.5 Community of Madrid 29
2.6 Madrid City Council 30
3. CHANGES IN ENERGY DEMAND AND GREENHOUSE GAS 32

EMISSIONS
3.1 Changes in energy consumption and generation 33
3.2 Changes in GHG emissions 46
4. SCENARIOS 60
4.1 Energy scenarios 61
4.2 Emission scenarios 63
5. SUPPLY GUARANTEE, QUALITY AND SECURITY 66

5.1 Oil derivatives 68
5.2 Natural Gas 68
5.3 Electricity 69
5.4 Measures and Actions by Madrid City Council 73
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City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention
6. POLICIES AND MEASURES OF THE PLAN 76
6.1 Transversal measures 78
6.2 Transport 102
6.3 Residential, commercial and institutional 138
6.4 Waste management 210
6.5 Industry 222
6.6 Sinks 240
6.7 Adaptation measures 250
6.8 Results 276
7. MONITORING THE PLAN 290
8. BUDGET 294
ANNEXES 306
ANNEX I - EXISTING MEASURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PLAN´S OBJECTIVES 307
ANNEX II - ESTIMATE OF ENERGY DEMAND UP TO 2012 311
ANNEX III - ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF MADRID 320
ANNEX IV - METHODOLOGY 328
ANNEX V - CONVERSION FACTORS AND UNITS 334
ANNEX VI - ABBREVIATIONS ANACRONYMS 338
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PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN
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PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN
Climate change concerns us all and especially cities, where We are still at an early stage of developing a global,
the population's future well-being is closely linked to a effective response to this threat, but we are convinced
balance between the environment and urban development. that our city can demonstrate its effectiveness by
implementing solutions that address atmospheric warming.
75% of energy consumed can be attributed to cities,
which are, in turn, the models of settlement most vulnerable The City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy
to the impact of climate change. and Climate Change Prevention is a strategic planning
and coordination instrument that sets targets and designs
Nevertheless, cities have considerable potential to actions to achieve them within a defined horizon: the
implement innovative solutions to improve energy efficiency, year 2012.
increase sink capacity, develop structures of sustainable
mobility and proper urban waste management, thus Furthermore, we are presented with a unique opportunity
reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and increasing to set ambitious future goals, to lay down guidelines for
carbon sink capacity. From this point of view, which municipal administration in the medium and long term
approaches climate change in terms of its relationship and to make Madrid a committed city, with the help of
with cities, Madrid assumes its responsibility for taking all the people of Madrid.
action and raising awareness among the population by
drawing up a specific plan for the sustainable use of
energy and climate change prevention.
Ana Botella
Second Deputy Mayor
Member of the Governing Council
Delegate for Environment
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Presentation of the Plan

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1.
SUMMARY OF THE PLAN
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1. SUMMARY OF THE PLAN

1.1 PURPOSE
Madrid City Council is aware that climate change prevention To complete and coordinate these actions, this Plan for
and energy efficiency are among the main challenges the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change
facing the city of Madrid. In recent years, considerable Prevention has been designed, proposing coordinated
effort has been made in this respect, through measures action among all municipal services to meet the abatement
designed to address both objectives, such as the Local Air targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Quality Strategy, energy diversification of the City Council
fleet or participation in European projects, among others. The municipal institution's effort is presented as reference
The combination of these actions and their continuation for raising awareness and implementing abatement measures
over time have led to a significant abatement of emissions. for emissions and energy consumption in the private sector,
in other public institutions and among citizens, taking
advantage of our municipality's proven capacity.
After analysing energy demand and emissions generated in the different sectors of activity in the municipality of Madrid,
the following general objectives form the basis of the Plan's development:
• Contribution to national Kyoto targets: contribute to the target of curbing the increase of emissions to 37%
above 1990 levels, in the period 2008-2012, within the framework of the Spanish Climate Change and Clean Energy
Strategy. (The national objective of 37% has been distributed as follows: a 15% increase for the commitment to Kyoto,
a 20% increase to be covered with flexibility mechanisms and 2% to be covered with sinks).
In contributing to this national target, this Plan lays down the following quantitative goal:
Quantitative goal Horizon

20 % abatement as regards the forecast without measures 2012
1% reduction in emissions compared to 1990 2012
14% reduction in emissions compared to 2004 2012
1See Annex I: Existing measures that contribute to the goals of the Plan. Pg. 9
1• Summary of the Plan

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The above goal proposes a 14% emission abatement a more ambitious contribution to the Kyoto Protocol
by the year 2012, with respect to emissions in 2004. than the target assumed by Spain as a whole within the
This emission abatement by 2012 represents a total of Protocol's framework, of a 15% maximum increase in
3,296.48 kt of CO2 equivalent with respect to estimated emissions in the same period. Additionally, comparing
emissions in the trend scenario for the same year. the target with the estimated trend of emissions in 2012
without adopting measures, it represents a 20%
Furthermore, the abatement target represents a 1% abatement; in other words, a forecast of 16,341 Kt
reduction in total emissions (direct and indirect) from would drop to 13,045 Kt.
the municipality of Madrid, in the period 2008-2012,
with respect to the baseline year (1990). It represents
The graph below represents the abatement target set in terms of its total CO2-equivalent emissions for the year 2012 (horizon
of this Plan) and its comparison with the trend scenario for emissions; that is, in the event no measures were applied.
(See chapter 4. Scenarios).
Total emissions (kt CO2 eq)

17.000
16341
16.000
15192
15.000
Plan Target
14.000 Emissions
13045 Emissions growth
13.000 13181 trend (without
measures)
12.000
11.000
10.000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Changes in total CO2-equivalent emissions 1990-2012.
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• Orient Madrid's capacity to assume its share of additional commitments in the battle against climate
change beyond 2012 in a way that is coherent with the conclusions of the Spring 2007 Council of Heads of State or
Government of the European Union relating to:
- achieving an overall emissions reduction of 20% with respect to 1990 by the 2020 horizon, extendable to 30%, if
other industrialised countries and developing countries take on equivalent commitments in accordance with their
capacities.
- achieving a 20% increase in energy efficiency in the EU and a 20% quota of renewable energies in all energy consumed
by the year 2020. Guaranteeing a 10% minimum contribution of biofuels in transport by 2020.
Quantitative target Horizon

20% reduction of GHG emissions compared to 2004 2020
50% reduction of GHG emissions compared to 2004 2050
The proposed quantitative GHG-emission reductions for respect to the baseline year (1990). Future updates to
the 2020 and 2050 horizon steer the city of Madrid, in this Plan and the implementation of new measures in
the medium term, regarding the commitment proposed the 2012 - 2020 period will add further reductions until
by the European Union. Specifically, the Plan establishes the planned 20% is achieved.
an initial GHG-emissions reduction of 8% by 2020, with
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The graph below illustrates emissions generation between 1990 and 2020, incorporating the emissions reductions arising
from existing measures regarding air quality and climate change, in addition to those arising from the measures proposed
herein, in order to achieve the goals mentioned.
Plan Target Emissions

(kt CO2e)
17.000
16.000
15.1
15.000
14.000
13.1 13.04
13.000
12.1
12.000
11.000
10.000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
• Promoting and encouraging energy saving and efficiency and the use o renewable energies in
the municipal area of Madrid. In order to do so, the Municipality of Madrid proposes a 20% reduction of fossil fuels
by 2020.
Quantitative goal Horizon

20% reduction of fossil fuels, compared to 2004 2020
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• Reduce the external energy dependence of the city of Madrid while improving supply guarantee, quality and security.
• Increase the capacity to absorb carbon from the atmosphere with plant formations.
• Increase public awareness about rational energy use and climate change.
• Promote knowledge of the causes and effects of climate change from an urban point of view and, in
particular, so as to anticipate the main impacts on the city of Madrid and any possible adaptation measures to minimise
or prevent them.
• Promote the city of Madrid's participation in forums of cooperation at institutional, national and
international level, on clean energies and the battle against climate change.
To achieve the measures proposed, a series of emission abatement measures are proposed in five sectors of activity (residential,
commercial and institutional, transport, waste management, industry and sinks), together with transversal and adaptation
measures, to configure an Action Plan.
The elements that make up this Action Plan are as follows:
• Targets and goals: targets and goals are set in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to improve energy
efficiency, shaping Madrid City Council's commitments to action.
• Applicable measures: a series of 55 measures are set to contribute to achieving the targets established (49 abatement
measures and 6 adaptation measures). These measures are also classified by sector of activity, transversal and adaptation
measures and they are described in information files on each measure: general description, schedule of implementation,
budget and estimated reduction of emissions associated.
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The Action Plan incorporates the measures that The measures to be included in the future Local Urban
complement actions already undertaken by other Waste Strategy will also contribute to abating emissions
strategies, plans and programmes of the city of Madrid, in the waste sector, with the reduction in discharges of
also bringing about reductions in energy consumption organic matter and biodegradable waste and the use
and GHG emissions. of biogas, increasing recovery and enlarging collection
infrastructures and management.
Among the transversal measures proposed, a key feature,
as an instrument for coordinating and managing actions In the industrial sector, the Local Energy Agency will play
on climate change and energy in Madrid, the Local major role by advising industry and, especially, SMEs, as
Energy Agency. This body will be backed by another of regards energy efficiency. Action with high-emitting
the proposed and immediately measures: the Ordinance companies will be mainly support in setting up a network
on sustainable energy use, as a specific regulation of companies committed to preventing climate change,
governing integral, sustainable energy management. enabling an exchange of experiences and encouraging
abatement targets to be set.
Sectoral actions incorporate the drafting of the Urban
Mobility Plan for the city of Madrid, as a measure Increasing the sink capacity of Madrid's forest mass is
integrating all urban transport measures currently fundamentally to be achieved with the proposal to plant
implemented, together with promoting biofuels and 1.5 million new trees in the coming years.
vehicles that incorporate clean technologies. The
residential sector incorporates expanding the programme A major part of the climate change abatement measures
of subsidies for replacing diesel boilers, together with are actions aimed at improving knowledge on the possible
programmes of energy audits and encouraging the impacts of climate change on the Madrid municipality's
energy certification of buildings. In this respect, the City social, economic and natural systems and for the planning
Council plays a major exemplary role by applying the of municipal activities to integrate adaptation to climate
above measures in its municipal facilities, as well as change.
integrating solar energy systems and purchasing clean
energy for its buildings. These energy saving criteria will The estimated reduction in emissions arising from
be included in local contracting. the measures herein is calculated at 691.46 Kt
CO2eq per year, for the 2012 horizon. Considering
this Plan's spirit of integration, the total estimate
of emissions abatement has taken into account
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already-existing measures. Most of these measures are from the residential, commercial and institutional sectors.
applied in the transport sector, included in the Local Air In total, annual reductions of 2,605.02 kt CO2eq are
Quality Strategy. Other measures, not included in the Local estimated to arise from existing measures.
Air Quality Strategy, have also been taken into account,
Accordingly, total annual reductions amount to around 3,296.48 Kt CO2eq, corresponding to this Plan and to other measures
proposed by the City Council in other plans and programmes.
To undertake all the measures proposed herein, the necessary budget up to 2012 is estimated at 101,229,000.
1.2 SCOPE
1.2.1. Geographical area
The scope of this plan, as regards geographical area, covers the municipal territory of Madrid.
1.2.2. Instruments
Following the Plan's initial sectoral diagnosis, it is planned to implement measures in order to achieve the proposed targets of
emission abatement and energy efficiency. In this respect, the City Council has a number of instruments for their proper
implementation:
• Regulatory instruments: legislation and technical regulatory framework.

• Tax-related incentives.
• Subsidies: public aid for promoting and co-financing specific projects.
• Market creation: promotion of new market areas, products and new technologies.
• Voluntary agreements with different agents.
• Information and communication: actions complementing the implementation of measures for their proper divulgation.
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1.3 STRUCTURE
The Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention is structured around the methodological
implementation of actions intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The first chapter provides an introduction and • A detailed diagnosis of changes in emissions
framework for the Plan, proposing a series of general and energy consumption in each sector of
and quantitative goals. activity.
Chapter 2 presents the challenge of climate change • The materialization of general targets into
and provides the Plan's strategic and regulatory quantified targets for each sector of activity
framework. considered in the plan.
Chapter 3 presents a diagnosis of the present situation • The development of measures for achieving
and changes over time in energy demand and intensity the targets above. The measures are broken
and GHG emissions in the city. down into the reduction of emissions
corresponding to their application.
Chapter 4 of the Plan analyses the different energy and
GHG-emission scenarios: baseline scenario, efficient Chapter 7 includes the procedure for implementing
scenario and foreseen climate scenarios. and monitoring the Plan.
Chapter 5 studies the target of energy supply guarantee, Chapter 8 presents a summary of budgets for the
quality and safety in the city of Madrid. measures provided by the Plan.
Chapter 6 sets out the Action Plan by sectors of activity, Finally, there are six annexes with complementary
with: information.
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2.
STRATEGIC AND REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
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2. STRATEGIC AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

2.1 THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change constitutes currently represents one of Current references to climate change focus on its
the main environmental problems facing humanity. Climate anthropogenic character. Accordingly, the United Nations
change is defined as a statistically significant variation in Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
the global status of the climate or in its variability over a defines "climate change" as "a change of climate which
long period of time (more than a decade). It is a global, is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that
long-term problem with complex interactions, which may alters the composition of the global atmosphere and
be caused by internal natural processes or by persistent which is in addition to natural climate variability observed
anthropogenic pressure on atmospheric composition or over comparable time periods".
on land use.
with respect to the 1961-1990 average
0,5 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Temperature desviation (ºC)
0,0
-0,5
-1,0 Data from thermometers (black) and from growth rings in trees, corals,
ice samples and historic records (dark grey)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

YEAR
Figure 2.1.1. Variations in temperature of the Earth's surface in the last 1000 years.
Source: Third IPCC Assessment Report - 2001.
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2. Strategic and regulatory framework

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which reports its findings to the UNFCCC, has come to the following
conclusions:
• Estimated temperature increase between 1.4º and 5.8º over the 1990-2100 period.
• Estimated increase in sea level, in the same period, of between 9 and 88 cm.
• Modifications to the precipitation distribution regime.
• Worsening of droughts, particularly in southern Europe.
• Greater frequency and intensity of extreme meteorological phenomena.
• Decrease in agricultural production capacity in large areas of Africa and Asia.
In the framework of the Convention on Climate Change Each gas's contribution to the greenhouse effect is
and the Kyoto Protocol, the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) modulated by what is known as its global warming
considered are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), potential (GWP), which is used to transform each GHG's
nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and emissions into tonnes of CO2 equivalent, in order to
perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). make them comparable.
Other GHGs are not included in national totals because The table below shows the GWP of the main GHG for
they do not arise directly from anthropogenic emissions a reference period of 100 years. The GWPs published
or they are regulated by other international agreements, in the 1995 IPCC Report are currently used in drawing
as is the case of fluoride gases covered by the Montreal up the inventories of GHG emissions in terms of CO2eq.
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. These factors were modified in 2001.
Gas Lifetime GWP (IPCC 1995) GWP (IPCC 2001)

Methane (CH4) 12 21 23
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 114 310 296
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC-23) 260 11,700 12,000
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) 3200 23,900 22,200
Table 2.1.1. Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases.

Source: Third IPCC Assessment Report.
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Carbon dioxide is considered to contribute to the greenhouse Scientific evidence for climate change has triggered an
effect by a proportion of 60%, methane by 15% and international response and the application of a number
nitrous oxide by 5%, while other gases and particles, such of instruments, both political and legal, whose main
as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur objective is a global reduction in GHG emissions.
hexafluoride contribute with the remaining 20%.
At an international level, the adoption of the United
Emissions of anthropogenic origin which mostly contribute Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in
to the greater concentration of GHG come from using 1992, had the ultimate objective of stabilising GHG
and consuming fossil fuels for energy production, transport concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
and other industrial combustion activities. Additionally, prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the
certain agricultural practices, such as increased use of climatic system. During the Conference of the Parties in
nitrogenated fertilisers, among others, also contribute to Berlin, held in 1995, it was admitted that the Convention
a large extent to GHG emissions. required greater concretion and development, as emissions
in developed countries continued to grow despite the
Cities contribute very significantly to global GHG emissions, stabilisation targets set. For this reason, the UNFCCC's
mainly as consequence of the intensity of energy Kyoto Protocol was signed in December 1997, with specific
consumption occurring within their territory. This energy targets for limiting GHGs in developed countries.
consumption arises mostly from transporting people and
goods inside the city, from air conditioning and from
electricity consumption in buildings. Energy consumption
in the city of Madrid amounts to about 5.5% of Spain's
total consumption, and its GHG emissions are 5% of
national totals.
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2.2 COMMITMENTS UNDERTAKEN
The Kyoto Protocol meant adopting an agreement to According to calculations of projected emissions carried
reduce GHG for the 38 industrialized countries listed in out with methodology developed by the Polytechnic
its Annex I. The signatory countries undertook a University of Madrid, with the measures currently adopted,
commitment to limit the combined emissions of six gases the average emissions increase in 2008-2012 will be
(CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs y SF6), with respect to those around +50%. In the event these measures had not
in the year 1990, during the 2008-2012 period, in been applied, the estimated increase would exceed 70%.
different proportions according to the country in question.
As a consequence of the Kyoto Protocol's ratification, The Spanish Government's basic objective, in the National
Spain undertook the commitment to limit the increase Allocation Plan 2008-2012, is that total GHG emissions
in its GHG emissions to 15% between 1990 and the during the 2008-2012 period do not increase by more
2008-2012 period. than +37% over levels in the 1990 baseline year. This
is 22 points higher than the 15% target assumed under
The evolution of Spain's emissions differs significantly Kyoto. In order to comply with it, flexible mechanisms
from its assumed targets. Spain's economic development will have to be used to make up a 20% difference and
during the 90s led to a substantial increase in GHG the remaining 2% will be obtained from sinks. To achieve
emissions. Accordingly, in the years 2004 and 2005, the target set, that is to say, to decrease from +50% to
Spanish GHG emissions increased 48% and 52.2%, +37%, measures will be required from all public
respectively, compared to 1990 levels. Compliance with administrations.
national commitments, assumed by the State, represents
a challenge for every level of Public Administration.
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2.3 INTERNATIONAL AND COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK
To comply with the targets laid down by the Kyoto Protocol Act 7/1985, Regulating the Basis of Local Regimes, provides
and to reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels, one of the municipal powers to protect the environment, and it is
most important sectors where action is required is energy. unquestionable that this is considerably conditioned by
The energy sector is made up of a complex system of the activity of different sectors, especially as regards
industrial activities and commercial relationships, involving atmospheric pollution.
many globalised aspects and it tends to be considered a
national, and even supra-national, matter. However, we Responsibility for the environment cannot be exercised
should not forget that a substantial part of energy without particular attention to energy aspects taking place
consumption and GHG generation is concentrated in in urban environments, and to the emissions they generate.
cities, the municipal environment where very intensive
energy demand occurs. This implies that city councils feel Accordingly, municipal planning should address two levels:
more and more involved with the objective of reducing firstly, issues directly relating to its administrative
GHG emissions, because they are the public authority competency, which would constitute the regulatory aspect,
closest to citizens. Consequently, regulations and guidelines and, secondly, the implementation of policies aimed at
that may be established at municipal level will certainly creating and promoting the rational use of energy, better
affect GHG emissions and final energy consumption. use of available natural resources and, consequently, a
reduction in GHG emissions.
Nevertheless, municipal policy should take into account the local strategies, policies and legal framework on matters of climate
change and GHG emissions, without ignoring those relating to the energy sector. As regards municipal policies, this series of
policies and regulations is structured in five levels of upper hierarchy:
• Binding international commitments.

• The European Union.
• The Spanish State.
• The Community of Madrid.
• Madrid City Council.
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The plan's international framework is defined by the Monitoring Mechanism of Community GHG Emissions,
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate and Directive 2004/101/EC establishing a scheme for
Change (1992), and the Kyoto Protocol (1997). GHG emission allowance trading within the Community.
Additionally, looking forward, it is worth noting that the
process to set post-Kyoto commitments has already The basic strategic lines relating to climate change include
begun. The goal is that, by 2009, a global agreement the first European Climate Change Programme (ECCP),
is reached against climate change that may substitute in force up to 2004, and the Second European Climate
the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012. Change Programme, in force since 2006. The ECCP's
objective is to identify and develop all the elements of
Although the Spanish State is responsible for complying a European climate change strategy that are necessary
with the Protocol, it continues to be an obligatory point for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol.
of reference at all levels. In this respect, by means of the
National Plan for the Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Accordingly, the European Commission promotes research
Emission Allowances, the State has established a series into new technologies, international cooperation and
of maximum emission limits for a number of economic citizen awareness through, for example, the Sixth
sectors. However, the so-called diffuse sectors, such as Framework Programme of R+D, laying down major
transport, households, waste or agriculture have no action lines to reduce the emission of gases into the
specific regulations for reducing GHG emissions. atmosphere and to improve natural resource use from
the perspective of sustainability (Priority 6, "Sustainable
As regards the European Union, actions may be identified Development, Global Change and Ecosystems").
on two levels: on one hand, the establishment of basic
strategic lines of action and, on the other hand, the Another key aspect is the Green Paper on greenhouse
approval of regulations whose compliance is mandatory gas emissions trading within the European Union, whose
for Member States. objective is to improve understanding of emissions
trading in facilities affected by the EU-ETS (EU Emissions
Outwith individual initiatives by Member States, it is Trading Scheme) or the National Allocation Plan, in the
worth noting Council Decision 2002/358/EC approving case of Spain. (Royal Decree 1866 of 6 September 2004,
the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Convention approving the National Allocation Plan for the Allocation
on Climate Change and Member States' agreement to of Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances, for the 2005-
comply with the commitments adopted. 2007 three-year period). The Second NAP, for the 2008-
2012 period, was approved by Royal Decree 1370 of
Apart from this Decision, and regarding community 24 November 2006.
regulation, we have Decision 1999/296/EC for a
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As mentioned above, and simultaneously, it is essential As regards energy policies and strategies, these particularly
to make a compilation of European regulations and include the ones provided in the Green Paper on ther
measures on energy matters. In this respect, two of the Security of Energy Supply, which is intended to act as a
most important regulations refer to liberalising the guide to the energy planning process at all levels, and
community energy market, particularly Directives which, at the same time, lays down the goal of achieving
2003/54/EC and 2003/55/EC, which lay down common that, by the year 2020, 20% of fuels are alternatives to
rules for the internal electricity and natural gas market. oil derivatives.
The EU also provides sectoral directives, such as those Within this European target of a 20% substitution of
relating to the energy performance of buildings (Directive conventional fuels with alternative fuels, the European
2002/91/CE), transport (White Paper 'European transport Union, through Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotion
policy for 2010: time to decide' , Directive 2003/30/CE of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels, proposes
relating to biofuels), the promotion of cogeneration a market share for biofuels of 5.75% by 2010.
(Directive 2004/8/EC) and electrical appliances. The last
of these, with a large number of rules regulating both The White Paper on energy policy (1997) lays down the
the labelling and the performance of the most common target of covering, by the year 2010, 12% of the EU's
household appliances (dishwashers, washing machines, primary energy demand by means of Renewable Energy.
refrigerators, etc.). By establishing this target, Directives were required to
extend the use of renewable energy and to set up support
Accordingly, the decision by the European Commission programmes, such as the ALTENER Programme. The
in December 2003 to set up the Intelligent Energy Executive structure devised to comply with the targets of the White
Agency (IEEA) is a key element to centralising community Paper is shown in figure 2.2.1.
management in the field of energy.
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Mtoe
200
PHOTOVOLTAIC 0,1%
180 GEOTHERMAL 2,9%
THERMAL SOLAR 2,2%
WIND 3,8%
160
HYDRAULIC
19,7%
140 PHOTOVOLTAIC 0,2%
GEOTHERMAL 2,5%
THERMAL SOLAR 3,5%
120 PHOTOVOLTAIC 0,003% WIND 6,1%
GEOTHERMAL 3,4% HYDRAULIC 3,9%
100 THERMAL SOLAR 0,3%
WIND 0,5%
80
135 Mtoe
60 HYDRAULIC
35,5% BIOMASS
40 74,2%
44,8 Mtoe 90,2 Mtoe
20 BIOMASS BIOMASS
60,3% 83,8%
0
1995 2010 INCREASE
74,3 Mtoe 181,9 Mtoe 2010-1995
107,6 Mtoe
Figure 2.2.1. EU forecast of the growth in renewable sources.

Source: Spanish Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving, IDAE).
In line with the strategies laid down, the main goal of of greenhouse gas emissions, in order to achieve this
the Green Paper on Energy Efficiency (2005) is to target, an integrated approach is required of policies
reactivate EU actions on matters of Energy Saving. regarding climate and energy". In this framework, the
Council supports the EU's firm, independent commitment
Finally, it is worth noting the integrative approach of to achieving a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse
policies on climatic change and energy, taken from the gas emissions by 2020, in comparison to 1990. A binding
conclusions of the Spring 2007 European Council of target has also been approved for 20% of combined
Heads of State and Government: "In view of the fact energy sources to come from renewable energy by 2020.
that production and energy use are the main sources
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2.4 SPAIN
To address the environmental, social and economic With the emissions reduction already under way and the
challenges and the issue of climate change, Royal Decree new initiatives now adopted by the Government, the
1188/2001 set up the National Climate Council (Consejo difference from the target in complying with Spain's
Nacional del Clima), under the Ministry of the Environment, obligations under the Kyoto Protocol is cut by 60%.
which has drawn up the "Spanish Climate Change and
Clean Energy Strategy. Horizon 2007-2012-2020", which In this framework, and mainly due to the commitments
is the basis for preparing action plans. Furthermore, and arising from the Kyoto Protocol, made specific by EU
through Real Decree 1477/2004, the Spanish Climate provisions, the Spanish Government drew up the National
Change Office (Oficina Española de Cambio Climático, Allocation Plan for the Allocation of GHG Emission
OECC) was set up with the objective of designing the Allowances, a basic instrument for the Protocol's first
Ministry of the Environment's policy on climate change, application stage (2005-2007), regulated by Royal Decree
its key functions including monitoring the United Nations 60/2005. Additionally, and as a complementary measure,
Framework Convention on Climate Change and promoting Act 1/2005 of 9 March was passed, regulating the system
policies and measures for its proper application in Spain. of GHG emission allowance trading.
The Spanish Climate Change and Clean Energy Strategy. The National Allocation Plan 2008-2012, drawn up in
Horizon 2007-2012-2020, includes a Plan for Urgent accordance with the Directive on GHG emission allowance
Measures, approved in July 2007, as a response to the trading, was approved by Royal Decree 1370 of 24
main observations put forward during the period of public November 2006, and later amended by Royal Decree 1030
consultation and the contributions from the National of 20 July 2007. This Plan stresses the need to apply
Climate Council and from the Coordinating Committee additional measures in the sectors not listed in Act 1/2005,
on Climate Change Policies. which exhibit a clear growth trend as regards the evolution
of their emissions.
In total, the Plan for Urgent Measures in the Spanish
Climate Change and Clean Energy Strategy (EECCEL) These sectors are called "diffuse sectors": residential,
includes more than eighty actions, including those laid commercial and institutional, transport and waste
down by the Action Plan 2008-2012. As a whole, they management, are of major importance in cities and,
affect seven sectors and different gases and involve the particularly, in Madrid. Furthermore, considering the direct
immediate application of around 65% of the emissions relationship between GHG emissions and energy
reduction measures listed in the EECCEL. The Plan for consumption, these sectors are directly regulated by a
Urgent Measures provides additional reductions of 12.2 series of Royal Decrees whose goal is to increase energy
Mt CO2eq/year (61.1 Mt CO2eq in the period). efficiency, recover and reuse waste, reduce emissions and
promote the use of renewable energy.
Pg. 27

Index
Key legislation in the residential, commercial and Lastly, in the waste sector, the National Urban Waste
institutional sector is Royal Decree 314/2006 approving Plan (PNRSU) provides a specific programme for energy
the new Spanish Technical Building Code, which provides recovery from waste, which involves sequestering GHG
specific measures as regards energy efficiency and emissions, such as methane.
integrating renewable energy, and Royal Decree
1027/2007 approving the Regulation of Thermal Facilities As regards promoting strategic energy lines, at a national
in Buildings (RITE). level we have the Renewable Energy Promotion Plan,
whose level of fulfilment is very unequal depending on
Regulation of the transport sector includes the PREVER the energy source in question. In the case of wind energy,
Plan (Royal Decree 39/1997) on the replacement of installed capacity and energy generated annually are all
vehicles or Royal Decree 837/2002 relating to fuel and well above what was expected. However, for the rest
biofuel consumption, which limits carbon dioxide (CO2) of energy sources, evolution is less favourable. This led
emissions. to the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving
(IDAE) proposing complementary actions, such as the
Framework Ordinance on Thermal Solar Energy.
Ktoe
20.000
PHOTOVOLTAIC 0,1%
GEOTHERMAL 0,0%
THERMAL SOLAR 3,1%
WIND
15.000 11,1%
HYDRAULIC
19,7% PHOTOVOLTAIC 0,2%
PHOTOVOLTAIC 0,0%
GEOTHERMAL 0,0% THERMAL SOLAR 5,1%
THERMAL SOLAR 0,4%
10.000
WIND 2,4% WIND
17,6%
11,0 Mtoe
HYDRAULIC
5.000 42,5% BIOMASS HYDRAULIC
66,0% 2,7%
3,9 Mtoe 7,1 Mtoe
BIOMASS BIOMASS
54,7% 74,4%
0
1998 2010 INCREASE
7.113 ktoe 16.639 ktoe 2010-1998
9.526 ktoe
Pg. 28 Figure 2.3.1. Forecast of the Renewable Energies Promotion Plan.
Index
Furthermore, another key field of action by the central in their different energy markets, and (3) promote the
government has related to establishing measures for development of policies that are coherent with Sustainable
Energy Saving and Efficiency, mainly by means of the Development, in order to reduce dependence on fossil
Spanish Energy Saving and Efficiency Strategy 2004-2012, fuels and to converge with commitments undertaken
commonly known as E4. regarding GHG emissions. This is an aspiration of the
European Union as a whole, fundamental to developing
In short, it is worth noting a series of provisions at state an energy structure that complies with the implementation
level intended to: (1) regulate GHG emissions in certain of a global strategy to combat climate change, and with
sectors of activities, (2) stimulate competitiveness of sectors the availability and capacity of each energy source.
2.5 COMMUNITY OF MADRID
The Community of Madrid's main programme documents The Blue Plan comprises, among other measures, reforesting
regarding Energy and Climate Change are the Community 8,000 hectares of moorland, equivalent to a surface area
of Madrid Energy Plan (2004-2012) and the "Blue Plan", almost five times the Casa de Campo, incorporating bike
for improving air quality, approved by Order 1433 of 7 lanes in new urban developments and 10,000 free courses
June 2007, of the Council for the Environment and Regional to help drivers save fuel.
Planning of the Community of Madrid.
Additionally, in the case of renewable energies, as a result
The guiding principles for energy planning in the of Madrid's geographical and social conditions, emphasis
Community of Madrid are very similar to those underlying should be placed on capturing solar energy and on
this plan, although there may be differences as regards managing waste for energy recovery. In this context, we
the instruments used to implement lines of action, in should mention Order 98/2005, of the Council for Economy
addition to the agents involved and the areas of jurisdiction. and Technological Innovation, regulating the concession
of aid for promoting renewable energies and energy saving
and efficiency in the period 2005-2007.
Pg. 29

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The scope of supply guarantee ties in directly with the and storage capacity is essential to matching offer with
final use of energy and other resources, such as water, demand. Nevertheless, any matter relating to the city
which is very significant at municipal level and which of Madrid's basic infrastructures and services should be
could be seriously affected by a sudden change in climatic analysed and solved at regional planning level
conditions. The infrastructures necessary are very different, (Community of Madrid).
2.6 MADRID CITY COUNCIL
The Act Regulating the Basis of Local Regimes provides As regards promoting the fight against climate change,
that municipalities have jurisdiction to carry out activities rational energy use and the development of renewable
complementary to those of other administrations energies, the central and regional governments use
regarding the general interest of the city, in particular measures and instruments of a general nature, comprising
protecting the environment. very broad sectoral boundaries.
Considering the environmental impacts associated with At municipal level, these same instruments, which
energy consumption, there are more than sufficient generally require very large budgets, should not be used.
reasons for the municipal policy aimed at encouraging Rather, lines of action should be markedly diversified,
the rational use of renewable resources, and guaranteeing involving other stakeholders and carrying out more
that energy demands are covered in a framework of specific, even radical, actions that help encourage cities
priority attention to environmental quality and to adopt measures such as the programme of subsidies
commitments relating to the Kyoto Protocol. for replacing coal-fueled boilers. Along with these kinds
of measures, the City Council has significant instruments
Furthermore, it is worth stressing that municipal planning for regulation, as is the case of Municipal Ordinances
should include specific measures and instruments, (such as the Ordinance on Capturing Solar Energy for
appropriate to the particular characteristics of its scope Thermal Purposes, adopted by some city councils, among
of action. them Madrid in March 2003) and tax incentives.
Pg. 30
Index
Finally, we should mention Madrid City Council's goal to Accordingly, Madrid City Council has areas of action,
advance in the search for more environmentally-friendly particularly in transport and construction sectors, where
technological solutions and for better performance in it can apply demonstration projects and lines of action
exploiting natural resources. As regards promotion and that contribute significantly to implementing emerging
incentives, this plan goes beyond the strictly jurisdictional. technologies in the energy sector, fundamental to achieving
Sustainable Development.
Pg. 31

Index
3.
CHANGES IN ENERGY DEMAND
AND GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS
Pg. 32
Index
3. CHANGES IN ENERGY DEMAND AND

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
3. 1 CHANGES IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GENERATION
3.1.1. Current situation
With a surface area of 606 km2, Madrid covers only 0.12% In the energy cycle, consumption can be considered in
of national territory, but contains almost 7% of the total differentiated stages:
population (with a density 57 times greater than Spain as
a whole). • Primary energy: including coal, oil derivatives and
natural gas, hydroelectric, solar, wind and nuclear
In the year 2003, the municipality of Madrid had a Gross power and certain types of biomass.
Domestic Product of 79,785.million euros, representing
10% of national income. Like other large cities, this human • Final energy: energy supplied to users, electricity,
and economic potential requires considerable energy piped natural gas, coal, etc.
consumption, which contrasts with its lack of own energy
resources.
Additionally, imported energy is taken to mean all energy that is generated, transported and/or piped from outside the municipality.
Generated energy, on the other hand, is taken to mean all energy for final use that is obtained within the municipality, in this
case generated electric power.
Pg. 33
3 • Changes in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions

Index
The following table, with sectors of activity grouped by SNAP category, shows energy consumption (fuels and imported
electricity) in the city of Madrid, in thousand tonnes oil equivalent (ktoe/year).
Natural Petrol. Elec. Special

Ktoe/year Coal Solar Biogas UW Total
Gas Deriv. (impor.) Waste
2.1.- 383 0 0.4

Residen.
02-
Residential, 681 352 0 0 0
Commercial 2.2.-
and Comer. + 541 52 0
Services services
TOTAL 681 352 924 52 0.4 0 0 0 2010
03- Industrial 238 40 37 0.1 0 0 0 0 315
07- Road transport 8 1,420 0 0 0 0 0 0 1428
08- Other modes 0 175 80 0 0 0 0 0 255

of Transport
09- Waste Treatment 69 0 0 0 0 27 69 12 177
Total 996 1987 1041 52.1 0.4 27 69 12 4185
Table 3.1.1.1. Energy consumption (fuels and imported electricity) by SNAP Category in the municipality of Madrid in ktoe. Year 2003.
Source: Emissions Inventory, 2003, Madrid City Council.
Pg. 34
Index
Consumption of Fuel and (imported) Consumption of Fuel and (imported)

Electricity by SNAP category in the Electricity by SNAP category in the
Municipality of Madrid (2003) Municipality of Madrid (2003), in %
2.500
100%
2.000 90%
80%
70%
1.500
60%
50%
1.000 40%
30%
20%
500
10%
0%
0
al
as
l
as
ta
rte ty
Co
og
lG
SU
s
d)
To
po ici
ive
TE L
al
as
l
as
Bi
r
ra
ta
AS IIA
rte ty
at
(im ct
Co
og
lG
SU
d)
tu
l
To
Oi
po rici
riv
Ele s
Ele
W PEC
ive
Na
Bi
de
ra
(im ct
at
tu
S
l
Oi
riv
Na
de
02 - Residential, Commercial and Services 02 - Residential, Commercial and Services

03 - Industry 03 - Industry
07 - Road Transport 07 - Road Transport
08 - Other modes of transport 08 - Other modes of transport
09 - Waste treatment 09 - Waste treatment
Figure. 3.1.1.1. Energy consumption (fuels and imported electricity) in the municipality of Madrid in Ktoe. Year 2003.
Source: Emissions Inventory, 2003, Madrid City Council.
Energy consumption in the municipality of Madrid centres As regards final energy consumption in the year 2003,
mainly on electric power, oil-based fuels and natural gas. the municipality of Madrid used about 4% of Spain's total
Apart from these, and to a much lesser extent, we have energy consumption. In short, final energy consumption
coal and renewable energies: biogas, urban waste and amounted to 4,027 Ktoe in the municipality of Madrid,
solar thermal power. representing 4% of Spain's total energy consumption,
which amounted to 100,849 Ktoe2 in the same period.
2Source: DGPEM (Directorate General for Energy Policy and Mining). Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade. La energía en España, 2003 (2004). Pg. 35

Index
To analyse distribution of final energy consumption by sources and sector, we work on the basis of Madrid City Council's
Emissions Inventory for the year 2003, which sets forth energy consumption in terms of both parameters:
• It may be seen that oil derivatives represent nearly • Although it varies by sector, oil derivatives and natural
50% of the city's final energy consumption, a figure gas represent over 70% of the city of Madrid's
surpassed by the national total of 59%. energy consumption, and they are mostly responsible
for direct GHG emissions. Although this value is
• Coal has a nominal presence, with 1.3% of Madrid's difficult to quantify, owing to the imprecise
energy consumption, a lower figure than the national contribution of land-based transport, it can be taken
energy consumption total of 2.4%. Regarding coal's as a realistic estimate of the order of magnitude of
contribution, it is worth noting that it has undergone GHG emissions.
a major decrease with respect to more efficient and
more sustainable energy sources. • The residential, commercial and services sector is
shown as the city's main energy consumer, with
• Despite the small proportion of thermal solar energy, 50% of consumed energy.
with a consumption of 0.3 Ktoe in 2003, its
implementation in buildings as a renewable energy • The second major consumer in the city is the transport
source is expected to grow steadily, following the sector, with 41.7% of demand, close to the national
entry into effect of the Ordinance on Capturing Solar demand percentage of 36%.
Energy for Thermal Uses in 2003 and the Technical
Building Code (approved by Royal Decree 314/2006), • Madrid's industrial sector only consumed 333 Ktoe
and Royal Decree 1027/2007 approving the in the year 2003, which represents a little more than
Regulation of Thermal Facilities in Buildings (RITE). 8% of the energy demand, a long way from national
average values for this sector, which in the year 2003
reached 37% of national energy consumption, with
37,326 Ktoe.
Pg. 36
Index
The following graph and table break down final energy consumption by type and by sector according to SNAP Category for
the year 2003.
Natural Oil Electricity Thermal

Ktoe/year Coal Total
Gas derivatives (imported
+generated) Solar
2.1.- 383 52 0.3

02- Residential, Residencial
Commercial and 681 352
Services 2.2.-
Comer. + 541 0.0
services
TOTAL 681 352 924 52 0.3 2,010
03- Industrial 179 40 115 0.1 0 333
07- Road transport 8 1,420 0 0 0 1,428
08- Other modes of Transport 0 175 80 0 0 255
Total 868 1,987 1,119 52.1 0.3 4,027
Table 3.1.1.2. Final energy consumption in the municipality of Madrid by sectors in ktoe. Year 2003.
Source: Emission Inventory, 2003 Madrid City Council.
2.500
2.000
1.500
02 - Residential, Commercial and Services
Ktoe
03 - Industry
1.000 07 - Road Transport
08 - Other modes of transport
500 09 - Waste treatment
0
er y
al
lar
l
as
ive il
ta
at O
en it
Co
.)
lG
+g ric
s
So
To
rt. ct
ra
al
po le
tu
m
riv
(im E
Na
er
de
Th
Fig. 3.1.1.2. Final energy consumption in the municipality of Madrid in ktoe. Year 2003.
Source: in-house. Pg. 37

Index
3.1.2. Electricity generation in the municipality of Madrid
One of the city of Madrid's main sources of primary energy is urban waste and biogas. These are used to generate electric
power, representing 40% of the total generated in the municipality.
Total primary energy obtained in the municipality amounts to nearly 108 Ktoe (excluding cogeneration based on imported
energy, which amounts to 128 Ktoe), representing 2.6% of the total energy consumed in the municipality per year and
a long way from the 24.2% of national self-supply for the year 20033.
Conversion
Electric Final E. Final E. Primary Primary E. (ktoe/GWh)
ktoe/year E. ktoe/year
GWh/year ktoe/year (%) ktoe/year (%) Equivalence
Final E.
Photovoltaic solar 1.2 0.1 0.1% 0.1 0.01% 0.086
Biomass N/A 0,0 0.0% 0.0 0.0% n.c.
UW (incinerator) 163.0 14.0 18.0% 68.9 29.1% 0.086
Biogas
(Valdemingómez 154.4 13.3 17.1% 27 11.4% 0.086
landfill + treatment)
Industrial waste 42.2 3.6 4.7% 12.1 5.1% 0.086
Cogeneration 541.0 46.5 59.8% 128** 54.2% 0.086
Thermal solar* 3331.8 m2 0.39 0.3% 0.4 0.1% 0.128 tep/m2
Total 901.8 77.9 100% 236.5 100%
* Value corresponding to m2 of solar panels installed. Energy equivalence is expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) per m2
** Imported primary energy for cogeneration.
Table 3.1.2.1. Energy generated in the Municipality of Madrid in ktoe. Year 2003.
Source: Emission Inventory and Madrid City Council.
Pg. 38 3 Source: DGPEM (Directorate General for Energy Policy and Mining).
Index
Electricity generation in the municipality originates from industrial cogeneration using natural gas, urban waste incineration
and biogas from landfill sites. This is equivalent to generating over 900 GWh, equal to 77.8 Ktoe and representing 7% of the
total electric power consumed in the city of Madrid.
Energy generation in the city of Madrid
70,0%
59,8%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
18,0% 17,1%
20,0%
4,7%
10,0% 0,3%
0,1%
0,0%
as
r
la c
as al
UW
la
So ltai
tio
W eci
r
te
og
So
ra
o
Sp
Bi
ov
al
ne
m
t
ge
Fo
er
Co
Th
Fig. 3.1.2.2. Electricity generation in the Municipality of Madrid in %. Year 2003.

Source: Madrid City Council.
Solar energy only represents 0.3% of total primary energy in Madrid, and 0.01% of the energy consumed, although this is
expected to increase considerably in coming years.
Pg. 39

Index
3.1.2.1. Thermal solar energy.
Capturing solar energy for low temperature thermal uses is at a stage of development in the city of Madrid. Although
it is developing steadily, this renewable source's contribution is still small, representing 0.3% of total primary energy
produced in the municipality.
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Fig. 3.1.2.1.1. Energy production from low-temperature thermal solar panels in the municipality of Madrid.
Source: Own estimates from Madrid City Council figures.
Its potential in Madrid is significant, so the use of this source is expe d to grow in the short to medium term. We should
highlight the measures promoted by the municipal authorities, such as the Ordinance on Capturing Solar Energy for
Thermal Uses and the amendment to the Technical Building Code (TBC) of December 2005, and which have achieved
a normal level of implementation in the city.
Pg. 40
Index
3.1.2.2. Photovoltaic solar energy.
Photovoltaic solar energy is a renewable energy source Accordingly, this energy has low distribution in the
that transforms solar energy into electricity. It is usually municipality, mainly due to high costs and, in some cases,
characterised by small, independent facilities isolated from to the complexity in installing it.
the main grid.
With the aim of encouraging this energy source, the
On the basis of data obtained from the Directorate General Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS) of Madrid
for Industry of the Community of Madrid, total energy City Council plans to install photovoltaic panels in all the
produced by all solar panels installed in the Community buildings it owns. Furthermore, the EMVS uses this energy
of Madrid amounted to 3.8 GWh in 2003, equivalent to source in new developments of the "Eco-Valle, Árboles
0.3 Ktoe. For the municipality of Madrid, production in del Aire" Plan in Vallecas bioclimatic boulevard.
2003 was estimated at 1.2 GWh, equivalent to 0.1 Ktoe.
3.1.2.3. Waste recoverable for energy.
In Madrid more than 4,000 tonnes of urban waste is matter collected entirely from urban waste generated in
produced every day and more than 1,5 Hm3 of wastewater. the city, with the objective that all organic matter generated
is reused, and to prevent its disposal in landfills. To reach
In the actions of the Local Waste Strategy, Madrid City this goal, two plants for transforming organic matter into
Council has the goal of improving treatment capacity at compost and biogas are planned to start operating in
the facilities of Valdedomínguez Technology Park. These 2008: "Las Dehesas" and La Paloma" biomethanisation
improvements focus on recovering and reusing organic plants.
a) Urban waste (UW)

Urban waste is one of the most important sources of treatment capacity of about 300,000 Tm/year of waste,
energy in the municipality of Madrid. Accordingly, the with an installed capacity of 29 MW and a generation
municipality currently has two energy recovery centres in capacity of 163 GWh. The Valdemingómez-2000 biogas
operation: Las Lomas incinerator and La Galiana exploitation centre reached a net electricity generation of
degasification plant, powered with biogas generated in 95.5 GWh in 2003.
Valdemingómez landfill. Las Lomas incinerator has a
Pg. 41

Index
Furthermore, and with the aim of recovering all organic Tm/year, and "La Paloma", with a treatment capacity
waste from the city of Madrid, it is planned to put in of approximately 110,000 Tm/year. As a result of this
operation the biomethanisation plants of "Las enlargement, it is estimated that 26,600,000 m3 of
Dehesas", with a treatment capacity of 245,000 biogas will be recovered every year.
b) Treatment plants
Wastewater and sewerage treatment provides Madrid approximately 43% of the total electric power
with an important source of electricity generation in consumed. This electricity production has been more
the municipality. On one hand, the biogas generated or less constant over recent years and is expected to
during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is captured increase following the recent entry into operation of
and subsequently used. On the other, heat from the new La Gavia plant, whose installed capacity is 2
cogeneration is used to dry the sludge at the end of MW, so an increase is anticipated of approximately
the process. 10% of the electricity currently generated from using
sewage sludge.
Energy production from using biogas obtained in
wastewater treatment processes at Madrid's municipal Furthermore, at the Sur and Butarque wastewater
facilities is of the municipality's most important treatment plants, there are also natural gas cogeneration
renewable sources. The seven wastewater treatment stations for drying sludge and using it in the agriculture
plants operational in 20034, with an installed capacity sector. These two power stations, with an installed
of 17 Mw, generate around 60 GWh/year, representing capacity of 43 MW, generate 301 GWh, representing
5.1 ktoe in 2003. At present, electric power generated 33% of the electrical energy generated a year using
is used as self-supply for the treatment plants' this technology in Madrid, equivalent to 25.9 ktoe.
wastewater management system and represents
Pg. 42 4 In 2004, the new "La Gavia" treatment plant started operating, so on the date of publication of this Plan, 8 treatment plants are in operation.
Index
3.1.2.4. Cogeneration: Industrial Production and Services.
Apart from cogeneration at the two treatment plants, the Among facilities for industrial cogeneration production,
municipality of Madrid has a number of industrial facilities there is one that recovers and reuses industrial waste,
and plants with cogeneration stations. Usually, and as in mostly oils, as its primary cogeneration fuel. This plant,
the case of treatment plants, the goal is to generate with an installed capacity of 10 MW, generated 42.2 GWh
electric power for self-consumption and to take advantage in 2003.
of residual heat for the process's requirements, increasing
the fuel's overall yield. In short, we should stress that the contribution of
cogeneration is associated with industrial power stations
In the year 2003, the city of Madrid had 19 power stations or services in special schemes, with special waste treatment
in special schemes with an installed capacity of 63.6 MW, and sludge-drying, and it represents 60% of total electric
generating 240 GWh. power generated in the municipality; that is, 583.2 GWh
in 2003, equivalent 50.2 ktoe.
3.1.2.5. Biogas Production from Biomass.
Biomass is a fuel generated from organic material of Ha of forested surface area. Nevertheless, no reliable
vegetable or animal origin, including materials produced figures are available on its use for energy because part of
by its natural or artificial transformation, and which is this waste is used to obtain compost and another part is
used for generating thermal or electric energy (combustion landfilled with the rest of urban waste.
or gasification).
This biogas is included in the figure for the SNAP Category
At present, the city of Madrid has some biogas production for Waste Treatment and, specifically, for La Galiana biogas
associated with material pruned from Madrid's 19,000 production.
Pg. 43

Index
3.1.3. Global balance in the municipality of Madrid
The global energy balance, in the diagram below, comprehensively shows primary, imported and final energy generated
and consumed in the municipality. It therefore shows both imported energy and energy generated in the municipality
alongside each other, the latter mainly derived from two sources: cogeneration and the recovery of urban waste to
produce energy.
The following diagram shows the energy balance of the city of Madrid in net and energy percentage values.
Energy Balance: City of Madrid (in ktoe)
Energy FINAL Energy

Importations Consumption 4.026,6
4,185.2 867,8
Natural Gas 995,9 CONSUMERS
52,4
Coal 52,4
1.119,1 Domestic 2.010,1
Electricity 1.041,5
1.987,0 Commerce & Services
Oil Derivatives 1.987,0
Total 4.076,8 77,6
128 Electricity Production Industrial 333,5
Incineration 14.0
Photovoltaic 0.1
Primary Production Ind-Cogeneration 50.2
+ Sp. Waste Road Transport 1.428,0
Industrial Waste 12,1 + Treat. Sludge
Renewables Biogas 13.3
UW 68,9 (landfill + sludge)
Photovoltaic Solar 0,1 Other modes of transport 255,0
Biogas 27,0
Thermal Solar 0,3 236,2 Total para Generación 0,3
Total 108,4
Fig. 3.1.3.1. Diagram of the energy balance in the municipality of Madrid in ktoe.
Pg. 44
Index
Energy Balance: City of Madrid (in %)
Energy FINAL Energy

Importations Consumption
100,0 100,0
21,6%
Natural Gas 23,8% CONSUMERS
1,3%
Coal 1,53%
24,9% 27,8% Domestic 49,9%
Electricity
49,3% Commerce & Services
Oil Derivatives 47,5%
Total 97,4% 6,9%
Electricity Production Industrial 8,3%
Incineration 18,1%
Photovoltaic 0,1%
Primary Production Ind-Cogeneration 64,7%
+ Sp. Waste Road Transport 35,5%
Industrial Waste 0,3% + Treat. Sludge
Renewables 0,0% Biogas 17,1%
UW 1,6% (landfill + sludge)
Photovoltaic Solar 0,002% Other modes of transport 6,3%
Biogas 0,6%
Thermal Solar 0,01% 0,01%
Total 2,6%
Fig. 3.1.3.2. Diagram of the energy balance in the municipality of Madrid in percentages (%).
As mentioned above, it is important to note that nearly all energy consumed is imported, specifically 97.4% of the total. The
rest comes from certain by-products generated by municipal activity, which generates almost 108 ktoe of primary energy,
representing 2.6% of all energy consumed, compared to the national self-supply figure of 24.2% for the year 20035.
By-products considered renewable energies include urban waste generated in the municipality, and biogas produced from
landfills and during wastewater processing at treatment plants.
5 Source: DGPEM (Directorate General for Energy Policy and Mining). Pg. 45

Index
3. 2 CHANGES IN GHG EMISSIONS
3.2.1. Inventories, estimates and trends
The GHG emission figures included in the Plan are inventory is also available for the year 1990, allowing
taken from Madrid City Council Emissions Inventory, changes in Madrid's GHG emissions to be analysed
which has been carried out annually since the year with regard to the targets assumed by Spain as a whole
1999. Data from 2004 have been taken as current under the Kyoto Protocol.
figures in drawing up the plan's diagnosis.
The Madrid City Council Emission Inventory, like the
GHG are taken to be the main Greenhouse Gases: National Inventory, is carried out following the
CO2, CH4, N2O, PFC, HFC y SF6. EMEP/CORINAIR methodology, which lays the basis in
the European Union for estimating the volume and
The plan also takes into account, as indirect emissions, characteristics of emissions from each emission source
gases produced at generation plants located outside using quantifiable data, such as recorded consumption
the city, as a consequence of electricity consumption of fuels or raw materials.
by Madrid. These emissions have been calculated on
the basis of electricity purchasing figures in the By using the EMEP/CORINAIR methodology, the
municipality, using the corresponding emission factors. evolution and distribution of Madrid's emissions can
(see annex IV Methodology) be compared with those of Spain as a whole and of
the European Union. The EMEP/CORINAIR methodology
The year 2012 has been chosen as the reference year has also been harmonised with the methodology of
for the analysis of estimated future trends. Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
longer-term targets have been set for the years 2020 adopting the Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution
and 2050, in such a way that ensures continuity for (SNAP), which complies with goals of emission
the emission reducing trend that this plan seeks to inventories in assessing impacts at local, regional and
achieve. global level.
The Madrid City Council Emissions Inventory has been

carried out annually since the year 1999. A base
Pg. 46
Index
The SNAP nomenclature is structured into three hierarchical levels called Group, Sub-Group and Activity:
• Group level comprises 11 categories of emitting activities, anthropogenic and natural.
• Sub-group level divides the level above into 76 classes reflecting the structure of emitting activities according to their
technological and socio-economic specifications.
• The most disaggregated level, Activity, comprises a total of 430 activities/sub-groups that emit or capture atmospheric
gases.
SECTORS AT GROUP LEVEL
01 Combustion in producing and transforming energy
02 Non-industrial combustion plants
03 Industrial combustion plants
04 Industrial processes without combustion
05 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal energy
06 Solvents and other products
07 Road transport
08 Other modes of transport and mobile machinery
09 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Other sources and sinks (nature)
Table 3.2.1.1. Sectors at group level according to the EMEP-CORINAIR methodology
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Index
The inventory estimates emissions of the main This inventory covers the whole municipal area of
Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFC y PFC), Madrid (605 km2) and in presentating the aggregated
together with acidifiers, ozone precursors, heavy metals, results, emissions correspond to all anthropogenic and
particles and persistent organic pollutants, all pollutants natural activities that take place within the territory.
regulated by the legislation on air quality. Accordingly, it does not consider indirect emissions,
that is, those that take place in other territories as a
consequence of the municipality's energy consumption.
Figure 3.2.1.1. Regular grid 250m x 250m from the Inventory.

Source: White Paper on Air Quality, Madrid City Council.
The inventory is carried out on a grid made up of cells 250m x 250m in which three types of emission sources are located:
• Point sources: these correspond to sources in group 2, which comprises the combustion
located precisely at a spatial point. In carrying facilities in the residential, commercial and
out and maintaining the inventory, a very large institutional sector. In many cases, the postal
number of point sources were located, specifically address of the building where the facility is
Pg. 48
Index
located was identified from the data provided by • Methods based on input/output balances. These
the census of boilers conducted by Madrid City estimate emissions by applying emission factors to
Council Department of Environmental Quality. fuels and other materials for which input/output
Combustion facilities were also identified in the figures are available, whether in combustion or in
public buildings of the local, regional and national industrial processes.
authorities. An example of these sources would be
industries and boilers in buildings. • Methods based on functional modelling. These
are based on estimating functional or correlative
• Line sources: these are used to identify emissions relationships between certain physical-chemical
from motor vehicles, as they are associated with variables and emissions from certain activities. They
vehicles travelling along sections of streets. are able to estimate emissions as if the activity were
being continuously monitored.
• Area sources: emission areas are used for major
emitting sites where restriction to a specific spatial • Methods based on emission factors: activity
point is not suitable. The best example of this factors and variables. These methods require two
situation is Barajas Airport. basic variables to be available: the emission factor
itself and the activity variable. Emission factors are
given by unit of socio-economic variable and are
Quantifying emissions of atmospheric pollutants is carried worked out from the factors deduced for plants or
out, as far as possible, by using direct, specific information activities similar to those being estimated for the
on the processes and techniques of the emitting units, of inventory.
inputs, outputs and energy sources used and the
technologies applied for controlling emissions. Preference This inventory is one of the most detailed as regards
is given to measured values over estimated values. Emission the variation of emissions over time, and is able to
estimation methods depend on the nature of the activity give emission profiles by pollutant and time of day,
considered and the availability of basic information. for each grid.
Emission quantification methods can be classified into
four major categories:
• Methods based on observed emissions. These

are based on direct observation of emissions. Among
them, we may also differentiate between continuous
measurement methods and measurements at
periodic intervals.
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The 11 groups or categories of emitting activities used • Industry

in the inventory have been grouped here into 5 activity • Residential, commercial and institutional
sectors, thus limiting the activities analysed to the • Waste management
jurisdictional scope of Madrid City Council and the • Transport
city of Madrid's current reality. The activity sectors • Sinks
which this plan will affect are as follows:
The table below identifies plan sectors according to sector categories in the CORINAIR methodology.
SECTORS AT GROUP LEVEL

(EMEP-CORINAIR Methodology) PLAN SECTORS
01 Combustion in energy production and transformation Industry
02 Non-industrial combustion Residential, Commercial and Institutional
03 Combustion in industry Industry
04 Production processes without combustion Industry Industry
05 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and -

geothermal energy
06 Use of solvents and other products Industry
07 Road Transport Transport
08 Other transport and mobile machinery Transport
09 Waste treatment and disposal Waste management
10 Agriculture -
11 Other sources and sinks (nature) Sinks
Table 3.2.1.2. The Equivalent between Groups of Activity according to EMEP-CORINAIR methodology included in the City
of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention.
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Index
Consideration has also been given to a number of sectors • Water resources

that are especially vulnerable to the potential effects of • Energy sector
climate change, for the section of adaptation measures: • Tourism and services sector
• Transport sector
• Health
• Biodiversity
3.2.2. Current situation of direct and indirect GHG emissions in the municipality of Madrid.
The city of Madrid's emission inventory for the year 2004 recorded a volume of direct emissions of 9,734 kt CO2eq. The table
below shows the distribution of these emissions by gas and sector:
SECTORS AT GROUP LEVEL CO 2 EMISSIONS (kt) TOTAL

CO 2 CH 4 N2O SF 6 HFC PFC kt %
01 Combustion in energy production and transformation
02 Residential, commercial and institutional combustion 3,086 17 83 3,186 32.7%
03 Industrial combustion plants 505 1 6 512 5.3%
04 Industrial processes without combustion 17 17 0.2%
05 Extracting and distributing fossil fuels and geothermal 0 67 67 0.7%

energy
06 Solvents and other products 28 10 273.0 6.4 318 3.3%
07 Road transport 4,405 13 147 4,565 46.9%
08 Other modes of transport and mobile machinery 554 1 6 561 5.8%
09 Waste treatment and disposal 304 216 12 532 5.5%
10 Agriculture 2 2 4 0.0%
11 Other sources and sinks (nature) 7 0 -29 -0.3%
TOTAL SECTORS 8,835 326 283 10 273 6 9.734 100%
% 91% 3% 3% 0% 3% 0%
Table 3.2.1.3. GEI Direct emissions inventory of the municipality of Madrid.

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Waste treatment and disposal 5%

Others 4%
Other modes of transport 6% Residential, commercial and
industrial combustion 33%
Combustion and
industrial processes 5%
Road transport 47%
Figure 3.2.1.2. Sectorial direct emissions distribuition of CO2eq in 2004.

The bulk of the emissions corresponds to CO2 emissions, However, to get a clear vision of total emissions from
originating firstly from transport sector, followed by the municipality of Madrid, we must take into account
residential, commercial and institutional combustion indirect emissions, taken to mean those that do not
plants. Industrial emissions are responsible for only take place in the municipality of Madrid, but in other
5.5% of total direct emissions, while the so-called regions, though which are due to the municipality's
"diffuse sectors" (transport, residential, waste...) emit electricity consumption. These emissions have been
the highest percentage in the city (94.5%). calculated on the basis of figures for electricity
purchased in the municipality of Madrid and they
The municipality of Madrid emits 2.3% of Spain's total amount to 5,459 kt CO2eq6 in 2004, so total emissions
emissions, which in 2004 amounted to 427,904 kt from the municipality of Madrid for the year 2004
CO2eq (GHG inventory of Spain ed. 2006). Accordingly, would be 15,192 kt CO 2 eq. The table below
total emissions from the municipality (direct and indirect) summarises the distribution of direct and indirect
represent 3.6% of the national total. The municipality emissions of CO2eq from the municipality of Madrid,
of Madrid's quota of national emissions from diffuse grouped by sector.
sectors is larger, amounting to 4.5% of the total.
6 Estimate of indirect emissions obtained from data on electricity purchasing from the Municipality of Madrid Statistcs Yearbook and by applying an emission factor provided
Pg. 52
by the International Energy Agency. See Annexed IV Methodology.
Index
Accordingly, indirect emissions represent around 36% of total emissions from the municipality. Sectoral distribution shows a
predominant residential, commercial and institutional sector, if indirect emissions are taken into account.
Agriculture 0%
Waste traetment
and disposal 3% Other sources and sinks 1%
Residential, commercial and

institutional combustion 50%
Transport 36%
Solvents and other

products 2% Industrial combustión and processes 7%
Energy
activities 1%
Figure 3.2.1.3. Sectorial total emissions distribuition (direct and indirect) of CO2eq in 2004.
Annual direct emissions per capita in Madrid amount to municipality of Madrid, by comparison with the rest of
3.14 tonnes CO2eq per inhabitant, compared with 10.8 Spain. In this respect, while Spain as a whole emitted 0.51
tonnes CO2eq per inhabitant in Spain as a whole. Taking tonnes CO2eq for each of wealth generated, in Madrid,
into account total emissions (direct and indirect) from the direct emissions per fell to 0.1 tonnes CO2eq, and total
municipality of Madrid, these amount to almost 5 tonnes emissions to 0.16 tonnes CO2eq. Emissions per capita in
CO2eq per capita, still well below the emissions per capita the UE-15 as a whole amounted to 11.02 tonnes CO2eq,
for Spain as a whole. and emissions by GDP to 0.4 tonnes CO2eq, which again
positions the city of Madrid in a very favourable comparative
Emissions figures by GDP also give positive results for the situation.
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By comparison with other European cities that took emissions, owing largely to the greater contribution
part in the European Common Indicators Project, to total emissions from the industrial sector in some
Madrid would be among the cities with the lowest of these cities.
Total Emissions of tCO2 per capita

12
11
10
11,9
9
10,7
8
9,37
9,17
8,81
8,73
8,62
7
8,58
8,39
8,04
7,81
7,73
7,58
6 7,23
7,1
7,02
6,94
6,69
6,43
5
5,97
5
4,97
4,79
3,89
3
3,79
3,51
3,6
3,6
3,14
2
2,47
1
0
Barcelona
Parma
Oslo
Stockholm
Malmoe
Nord Milano
Pamplona
Den Haag
Gdansk
Maribor
Burgos
Tampere
Bristol
Pori
Madrid (emisiones directas)
Catania
Bizkaia
Ancona
Turku
A Coruña
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Verbania
Ferrara
Madrid (emisiones totales)

Blagoevgrad
Vaxjo
Pavia
Provincia Torino
Aarhus
Hameeninna
Figura 3.2.1.4. CO2 emissions per capita in cities participating in the ECI project.
Source: European Common Indicators, 2003.
Pg. 54
Index
3.2.3. Evolution of emissions
Direct emissions from the city of Madrid increased by 5.22% between 1990 and 2004 and, therefore, at a much lower rate
than the increase of emissions in Spain as a whole, with 47.9%.
Evolution of direct emissions (CO2 equivalent)

1990 - 2004
120%
115%
110%
105%
100%
95%
90%
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 3.2.3.1. Evolution of direct emissions (CO2 equivalent) 1990-2004.

The downward trend in direct emissions from the year section on sectoral analysis of sector waste, and to the
2003 onwards stems mainly from actions carried out to substitution of fuels in the Residential, Commercial and
improve the use of waste, which led to a considerable Institutional sector, where the use of coal has fallen in
reduction in methane emissions, as described in the specific favour of natural gas and electricity.
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The table below shows how the sectoral distribution treatment and disposal sector, whose emissions in
of direct emissions (CO2eq) evolved in the period 1990- 2004 amounted to 50% of emissions in 1990.
2004. The sector with the largest growth is transport, Furthermore, the industry sector also saw a sharp drop,
mainly "other modes of transport", in particular its emissions in 2004 amounting to 60% of those in
referring to air transport, which increased more than 1990, as a consequence of industrial activity moving
200%, followed by road transport, which increased outside the municipal area and of urban industry's
by 150%. In the rest of sectors, however, direct greater specialisation in high-technology and
emissions dropped with respect to the baseline year. knowledge-based activities.
The most significant drop took place in the waste
Evolution of emissions (CO2 equivalent) by sector

1990 - 2004
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Residential, commercial and institutional combustion Industrial combustion plants
Road transport Other modes of transport
Waste treatment and disposal Others
Figure 3.2.3.2. Evolution of direct emissions (CO2 equivalent) by sector 1990-2004.

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Indirect emissions, on the other hand, for which the Total emissions grew by 15% between 1990 and 2004,
Residential, Commercial and Institutional sector is mostly thus evolving more favourably than emissions in Spain as
responsible, amounted to 3,930 ktCO27 in 1990, having a whole. It is interesting to note the increased importance
grown by 39 % between 1990 and 2004, well above the of indirect emissions with respect to direct emissions. As
national target under the Kyoto Protocol of reducing GHG shown in the table below, indirect emissions represented
emission increases to 15% between 1990 and the period 30% of total emissions in 1990. In 2004, this proportion
2008-2012. had increased to 36% of total GHG emissions in the
municipality.
1990 2004 2004-1990

Kt CO 2 % Kt CO 2 % Emissions increase
Direct emissions (KtCO2eq) 9,251 70% 9,734 64% 5.22%
Indirect emission (KtCO2eq) 3,930 30% 5,459 36% 38.91%
Total emissions (KtCO2eq) 13,181 100% 15,193 100% 15.26%
Table 3.2.3.1. Evolution of emissions (CO2eq) and their proportion as regards total emissions 1990-2004.
3.2.4. Conclusions regarding the initial diagnosis
To conclude this initial diagnosis, this plan's priorities will Its emissions underwent exponential growth between
focus on stabilising and subsequently reducing direct and 1990 and 2004, more than doubling in the case of air
indirect emissions from the residential, commercial and transport, and by 150% in the case of road transport.
institutional and transport sectors, as these are the sectors Most GHG emissions come from automobiles, in urban
most responsible for municipal GHG emissions and which (40% of total emissions) or intercity (25%) journeys.
have undergone the greatest growth since 1990. Madrid's automobile fleet has grown constantly over the
last decade. The City Council's priority in the framework
The transport sector is responsible for 53% of direct of the Plan for Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate
emissions and 36% of total emissions from the municipality.
7 Estimate in indirect emissions obtained from data on electricity purchasing from the Municipality of Madrid Statistics Yearbook and by appying an emissions factor provided
by the International Energy Agency. See Annexed IV Methodology.
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Change Prevention consists of encouraging a switch already implemented significant actions to reduce their
to urban public transport and moderating the growth GHG emissions. In the case of the industrial sector, it
of the automobile fleet, especially vehicles with larger- is mostly regulated at national and regional level.
capacity engines. Nevertheless, there is margin for improvement in
industrial SMEs' energy efficiency. Accordingly, the
The RCI sector is responsible for 29% of direct emissions waste sector has implemented actions to recover and
and 50% of total emissions from the municipality of use landfill biogas, leading to significant reductions in
Madrid. The residential sector, in particular, is the main methane emissions.
cause both of direct emissions, through the combustion
of residential boilers, and of indirect emissions, its As regards the role of sinks, Madrid City Council has
electricity consumption in 2004 amounting to 34.5% planned a series of actions to enlarge municipal green
of all electricity purchased. The institutional sector also areas, with an increase of the city's capacity to absorb
has considerable potential for energy saving, as it is carbon.
responsible for 15.3% of electricity consumed in the
city. The City Council's priorities will therefore focus Accordingly, it is interesting to note Madrid's prominent
on encouraging energy saving in the residential sector position among low-emitting cities, both in terms of
and in applying exemplary actions to reduce energy emissions per inhabitant and of emissions by GDP. This
consumption in its own institutional buildings. position is, to a large extent, a result of industry's
comparatively small participation in the city's economic
The industrial and waste management sectors have activity.
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4.
SCENARIOS
Pg. 60
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4. SCENARIOS
4.1 ENERGY SCENARIOS
On the basis of how each energy by-product has evolved, increase at a rate of 3% annually to reach an energy
as described in Annex II, it is deduced that the trend in consumption of 5,299 ktoe by the year 2012.
the city of Madrid's energy consumption will continue to
Interval 2003 2012 D mean/y D interval D mean/year D interval

Ktoe Ktoe ktoe/year ktep %/year %
2003-2012
4,173 5,299 124 1,113 3.0 26.6
Table 4.1.1. Evolution of consumption reference framework, Baseline Scenario.
This trend is determined by the increase in natural gas As in emissions scenarios, the energy efficient scenario is
consumption which, despite having been used as a produced by taking the baseline scenario and applying
substitute for fuels with higher emission rates (coal or red the reductions in consumption arising from the measures
diesel for heating), has evolved considerably over the last proposed in the plan and in other related plans and
decade, reaching saturation point on the market with programmes up to the year 2012. It is estimated that
growth rates of 2% in the last years. energy consumption will fall by 118 ktoe in 2012, meaning
3% less with respect to energy consumption in the baseline
Oil derivatives, on the other hand, have also followed an scenario by 2012.
upward trend despite a drop in the consumption of
gasoline. Gasoline has been substituted by diesel, whose Accordingly, electricity consumption will fall by 11% with
consumption grew by 6.4% over the period 1990-2003. respect to the baseline scenario as a result of the measures
applied in the Residential, Commercial and Institutional
Finally, electricity consumption increased by 50% in the sector, one of the sectors most affected by this plan.
period 1990-2003, as a consequence of our country's
level of development and of an increase in the standard
of living, leading to greater energy demand. Furthermore,
though to a lesser extent, the use of electricity has been
a substitute for fuels such as coal.
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4• Scenarios
Index
Baseline and Efficient Scenario Baseline and Efficient Scenario

Electricity
Ktoe/year Ktoe/year
5,300 1,400
5,200 Consumption Consumption
5,100 1,300
Baseline Scenario Baseline Scenario
5,000
4,900 Efficient Scenario 1,200 Efficient Scenario
4,800
4,700 1,100
4,600
4,500
4,400 1,000
4,300
4,200 900
4,100
4,000 800
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 90 9 92 9 94 996 99 8 00 0 0 02 0 0 4 0 06 00 8 0 1 0 01 2 0 14
19 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Figure 4.1.1. Evolution of consumption reference framework, Baseline Scenario.
In this respect, the differences between the emission Additionally, some of this plan's energy measures are
scenario reduction rates and energy scenario rates are difficult to quantify so it has not been possible to establish
explained, to a large extent, by substituting fuels for their impact on the efficient scenario's evolution. As a
options with lower GHG emission rates over the current result, once the plan's energy measures come into effect,
and last decade (coal and red diesel for natural gas) and it is recommended that a more realistic estimate be
by the recovery of GHG emissions from urban waste. made of consumption evolution in the city of Madrid.
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4.2. Emissions Scenarios
Total GHG emissions (direct and indirect) from the These differences are due to the gradual electrification of
municipality of Madrid grew by 15.26% between 1990 the industrial and residential, commercial and institutional
and 2004. In this period, direct GHG emissions underwent sectors, as well as to improvements in standards of living,
an increase of 5.22%, and indirect emissions grew by 39%. accompanied by an increase in consumption levels.
1990 2004 2004-1990

Kt CO 2 % Kt CO 2 % Emissions Increase
Direct emissions (KtCO2eq) 9,251 70% 9,734 64% 5.22%
Indirect emission (KtCO2eq) 3,930 30% 5,459 36% 38.91%
Total emissions (KtCO2eq) 13,181 100% 15,193 100% 15.26%
Table 4.2.1. Emissions 1990 y 2004.

Sources: Emission Inventory and Madrid City Council Statistics Yearbook.
GDP in the municipality of Madrid is expected to continue The efficient scenario is the result of applying emission
an upward trend, with increases around 2% every year. reductions produced by the measures proposed under the
In these circumstances, the proposed baseline scenario Plan and by other related plans and programmes, up to
estimates an emissions increase in accordance with historical the year 2012. It is estimated that this emissions reduction
trends, with annual increases of 1.1% between 2004 and will amount to approximately 3,296 kt a year in 2012, by
2050. comparison with emissions estimated in the baseline or
trend scenario, for the same year.
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4• Scenarios
Index
Accordingly, the efficient scenario represents an emissions Furthermore, this efficient scenario also represents an
reduction of 14% in 2012 with respect to 2004. The average emissions increase in the period 2008-2012 of
municipality of Madrid is therefore on the way to 0.21% over the baseline year (1990), that is, a more
achieving the target of reducing emissions in the year ambitious target than Spain as a whole has undertaken
2020 by 20% over those in 2004 and by 50% in the by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, regarding a 15%
year 2050. emissions increase in the same period.
Real Trend Plan targets Reduction Reduction

(ktCO 2 ) (ktCO 2 ) (ktCO 2 ) over 1990 over 2004
1990 13,181
2004 15,192 15,192
2012 16,341 13,045 -1% -14%
2020 17,490 12,153 -8% -20%
2050 21,799 7,596 -42% -50%
Table 4.2.2. Emission evolution scenarios and plan reduction targets.
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Total emissions (Kt CO2eq)

17.000
16.341
16.000
15.192
15.000
Plan Target Emissions
14.000 Emission growth trend
(without measures)
13.045
13.000
13.181
12.000
11.000
10.000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Figure 4.2.1. Emission evolution scenarios and plan reduction targets.
By implementing the emission reduction measures In order to meet the targets set for the long term, by 2020
presented in this Plan, the municipality's economic growth and 2050 it will be necessary to review the plan so as to
can be disassociated from its GHG emissions, reversing ensure continuity in the downward trend in emissions.
the upward trend in emissions in the period between
2004 and 2012.
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4• Scenarios
Index
5.
SUPPLY GUARANTEE, QUALITY
AND SECURITY
Pg. 66
Index
5. SUPPLY GUARANTEE, QUALITY AND

SECURITY
Apart from the measures oriented towards saving, energy construction, renovation and maintenance requires
efficiency and promoting renewable energies, one of this coordinated actions to meet the needs of service providers
plan's basic objectives is to improve the quality and security (electricity, gas and water) and which are compatible with
of Madrid's energy supply. the city's new developments.
In order to do so, the energy supply is planned to be Accordingly, it is essential to bear in mind the limited
improved in terms of quality (supply continuity and technical jurisdictional scope of city councils on energy matters, an
quality) and security (reliability and demand coverage), issue that basically corresponds to Central Government
introducing mechanisms to allow municipal officials to and the Autonomous Communities, with the legal
participate actively in designing the city's energy competences of city councils limited to issuing works
infrastructures. licenses and permits.
The question of meeting energy demand is a matter that With this Plan, Madrid City Council aims to play a more
ranges from generation, a level well beyond municipal active, decisive role, by collaborating with the different energy
jurisdiction, to final distribution to consumers, where agents, taking into account the importance of the city's
municipal competence has greater importance. energy supply. In this respect, the City Council intends to
encourage the creation of Coordination Offices and an
In order for the city of Madrid to have the energy supply Energy Infrastructure Master Plan to properly coordinate the
it needs to cover changes in demand, it is essential to actions necessary. These measures are described in detail in
permanently rely on proper infrastructures, whose the section on Tranversal Measures of the action plan.
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5. Supply Guarantee, Quality and Security

Index
5. 1 OIL DERIVATIVES
Oil derivatives can be stored for strategic and commercial With respect to local distribution, Madrid has an extensive
purposes, usually for 90 days, which means that network of supply stations for oil derivatives. Although
occasional fluctuations in market demand can be the number of stations per capita in the city of Madrid
absorbed. is relatively low compared with the average for Spain as
a whole, this is not the case in terms of density of stations
Apart from this provisioning, meeting the demand for per km2, which is one of the highest in the country.
different oil derivatives requires proper functioning of
communications in transport at all levels, from national
and international connections to local distribution.
5. 2 NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is a relatively easy product to store, whose As a consequence of the distribution network's high
final distribution takes place via pipelines. In the capacity to absorb unexpected fluctuations in demand,
Community of Madrid, this is carried out through the natural gas supply is not limited if faced with an above-
gas semi-ring that connects with the Sevilla-Madrid and average increase in demand. Therefore, daily demand
Córdoba-Madrid gas pipelines and which spreads out is usually set as a reference value with respect to supply
in a network of medium/low pressure gas pipelines, guarantee. This is calculated by comparing the capacity
storage points and compression stations that supply the of the gas network and infrastructures throughout their
municipality of Madrid. daily operation with maxim foreseeable demands during
one day.
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Natural gas availability and demand in the

Community of Madrid
35,0
Demand
30,0
Availability
Mm 3 /day
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Figure 5.2.1. Forecast of availability and maximum daily demand for natural gas in the Community of Madrid, in millions of cubic metres per day.
Source: ENAGAS.
5. 3 ELECTRICITY
As mentioned in previous chapters, the city of Madrid's electricity is supplied by the companies Iberdrola and Unión Eléctrica-
Fenosa through a high/medium voltage network and a series of transformer substations distributed around the municipal area
of Madrid and neighbouring towns. The most important distribution centres include the following:
• A 400 kv double circuit ring main comprising the • The abovementioned susbstations at 220 kv feed
substations of Galapagar, Fuencarral, San Sebastián the 220 kv lines, including such substations as: Tres
de los Reyes, Paracuellos, Loeches, Morata, Moraleja Cantos, Arroyo de la Vega, Barajas, Puente de San
and Villaviciosa. Fernando, Coslada, Villaverde, Getafe, Torrecilla,
Retamar, Boadilla, Aravaca, Melancólicos, Mediodía
and Cerro de la Plata.
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Figure 5.3.1. 220 kV network, within the 400 kV ring main, in the 2004 configuration.
The upward trend in electricity demand will give rise to greater development of infrastructures, especially in the number of
substations and distribution lines.
Figure 5.3.2. Forecast for the 400 kV high-voltage grid (in red)-220 kV (in green) for the year 2012.
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In 2004, Madrid City Council made a preliminary diagnosis (Royal Decree 1955, of 1 December 2000, regulating
of the electricity supply quality in the city of Madrid. As transport, distribution, commercialisation, supply and
an initial methodological approach to studying the best authorization procedures in electric power facilities).
way to assess the city's electricity supply quality, a pilot
test was conducted in order to analyse restrictions, needs This situation is a consequence, among other initiatives,
and possibilities from the point of view or architecture of improving procedures in cases non-programmed supply
and urban planning, and with respect to current electricity cuts, by progressively installing telecontrol and remote
infrastructures. control systems that can detect, isolate and reconfigure
distribution networks from operation centres.
The diagnosis made showed that the growth rate of
electric power transport and distribution infrastructures Comparative studies with cities exhibiting similar
is less than the growth in demand. demographic, social and economic characteristics have
positioned Madrid above the quality levels of Rome, Dover
The Community of Madrid is the third region in electric and Brighton, and at the same standard levels as London,
power consumption and the first in consumption density Milan, Manchester and Liverpool.
by surface area, with an average growth rate in demand
of 8% during the period 2001-2003, and with steady The comparison was made by taking into account the
growth forecasts in the medium term, due to increased parameters set out in the tables below, which show, for
economic activity, among other factors. each city, surface area, customers covered and energy
distributed, for the year 2003. The comparative charts
Despite this, the evolution in supply quality standards over also show each city's operating companies, number of
the last decade showed a significant improvement in clients for the period 2001-2003 and the CML (Customer
quality in the Community of Madrid. Minutes Lost) indicator.
Electricity supply quality in the city of Madrid may be This comparative study has taken into account some
considered very satisfactory, with a TIEPI (Interruption Time heterogeneity in the comparison based on applying a
Equivalent to Installed Capacity) below 0.6 hours/year, series of quality indicators resulting from different
and better than as provided by the applicable legislation, calculation methodologies implemented according each
where the limit for urban areas stands at 2 hours/year country's regulation.
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Distrib Madrid Milan Manchester Dover and London Rome

Activity. and Liverpool Brighton
Area (km2) 605.8 1,966 12,500 8,200 665 5,352

No. Clients 1,573,868 2,085,061 2,279,297 2,168,321 2,255,232 2,245,000
2003 (Sup.)
Energy 2003
15,200 20,900 26,000 25,000 20,000 15,400
(GWh).
Table 5.3.1. General characteristics of cities studied.

Source: Figures published by the National Energy Commission (2003).
City Operator No. 2001 2002 2003
Clients 2,022,258 2,053,851 2,085,061

Milan 3 companies
Main: ENEL 8
CML 85.06 min. 55.89 min. 40.28 min.
Clients 2,269,503 2,281,769 2,279,297

Manchester United
and Liverpool Utilities
CML 64.42 min. 67.71 min. 59.31 min.
Seeboard Clients 2,112,108 2,145,958 2,168,321

Dover and
Brighton Power
Networks CML 96.65 min. 91.61 min. 90.18 min.
Clients 2,083,617 2,232,604 2,255,232

London LPN
CML 42.28 min. 43.17 min. 44.34 min.
Clients 1,515,566 1,518,541 1,522,914

Rome ACEA
CML 105.23 min. 128.54 min. 107 min.
Clients 1,531,151 1,536,752 1,573,768

Madrid Iberdrola/
Unión Fenosa
CML 55.06 min. 41.88 min. 48.13 min.
Table 5.3.2. Continuity standards in cities studied.

Source: Figures published by the National Energy Commission (2003).
Pg. 72 8CML (Customer Minutes Lost) is an indicator approximately equivalent to Spain’s TIEPI (Interruption Time Equivalent to Installed Capacity).
Index
5. 4 Measures and Actions by Madrid City Council
Below, we briefly describe a series of actions and measures carried out by Madrid City Council to improve and guarantee supply
in the city. (Additionally you may consult the Municipality of Madrid's Energy Infrastructure in Annex V).
5.4.1 Improvements in supply of oil derivatives
At present, Madrid City Council has a number of powers to dismantle and relocate fuel supply units located in the
relating to creating the conditions to which fuel supply most city centre's most problematic sites. The objective
facilities should adapt, laid down in the "Regulations of of this agreement was to eliminate or diminish alterations
the Special Plan for Vehicle Fuel Supply Facilities". caused to road traffic, pedestrians and the urban landscape,
without altering the balance between economic and social
Additionally, in January 2004, the City Council signed a development of the city and policies to revitalise the urban
Collaboration Agreement with REPSOL-YPF and CEPSA centre.
5.4.2 Improvements in gas supply
Natural gas has seen extraordinary development in our on reviews and inspections, on the existence and features
country, now one of the fuels most used in the residential, of new equipment, the expediency of installing gas
commercial and institutional sector. As a result, the detectors (whether alarms in cases of low capacity facilities,
municipal authorities endeavour emphasis the security of or alarm and automatic supply cut-off), and about aid for
facilities and ensure proper compliance with all security replacing or renewing faulty equipment.
regulations in domestic equipment, whether individual or
collective. The Local Energy Agency is also set to implement
collaboration agreements with the main gas distributors
Accordingly, the City Council has undertaken a series of in order to coordinate actions aimed at improving security
information campaigns to raise awareness about good in facilities, and to promote the proper use and maintenance
practices in the proper use of gas in domestic facilities, of equipment.
both individual and collective. Information is also provided
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5.4.3 Improvements in electricity supply
5.4.3.1 Transformer substations.
The occasional power cuts that have occurred in recent Following these accidents, a series of measures were
years in the city of Madrid, owing to fires in transformer adopted to reduce the probability of such accidents.
substations or centres, were accidental. As a consequence Among the measures implemented, it is worth noting
of these events, a series of immediate, timely actions an improvement in the coordination between the
were implemented to identify the causes of the accidents competent authorities and the electricity companies,
in electricity substations in the process of being along with the companies adopting a series of measures
modernised. In no case did the accidents originate from aimed at improving the quality of designs, in particular:
a saturation of the distribution network, a peak in
demand or the poor condition of any section of the • New transformers are manufactured with stricter
grid. quality controls than current ones.
• Modifications were made to the design and layout

of new substations.
5.4.3.2 Agreement for dismantling high voltage overhead lines and shielding power substations.
High voltage overhead lines in the municipal area of Specifically, the agreement signed with Iberdrola
Madrid are negatively viewed by local people, concerned guarantees shielding for 16 substations and dismantling
for their impact on the environment and the landscape 126 km of overhead lines of 45, 66, 132 and 220 kw.
and for safety reasons. The agreement with Unión Fenosa, on the other hand,
guarantees shielding for 8 substations and dismantling
Faced with this situation, the City Council and the 156 km of overhead lines.
Community of Madrid implemented a series of immediate
measures, which in particular include agreements signed In this respect, the City Council is collaborating and
by the Community of Madrid and Madrid City Council coordinating these measures to enable the work to be
with the companies Unión Fenosa and Iberdrola to carried out and even to advance the terms laid down
dismantle high voltage overhead lines that run round for complying with commitments undertaken in these
the city and either lay them underground or transfer agreements.
them to the city's power corridor.
Pg. 74
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5.4.3.3 Ordinance on the Design and Management of Works on Public Highways.
In developing the city's infrastructures, Madrid City Council being made to coordinate new integral actions (PAUs -
uses the reference framework of the municipal ordinances Urban Development Plans - and major developments) so
and rationalisation plans for works, services and facilities that, in partial urban development plans, common
in public highways and areas, in order to properly harmonise pipelines and infrastructures o f the necessary services are
the differing interests of the various stakeholders involved. taken into account.
Conversely, works to renovate, maintain and enlarge the

As a result, it is vital to differentiate two different scopes capacity or power of existing infrastructures often cause
of action: on one hand, new urban developments and, restrictions and major service cut-offs, which considerably
on the other, the renewal and maintenance of existing limits possible actions.
infrastructures in the city of Madrid.
Madrid City Council's new ordinance therefore lays down
In the first case, action plans are made in advance and, the mechanisms for implementing different actions for
in general, do not come up against difficulties as urban renovation on the basis of coordination and the use of
plans sufficiently guarantee the connections and distribution infrastructures already in existence or whose construction
networks for each service. Accordingly, a major effort is is planned soon.
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6.
POLICIES AND MEASURES
OF THE PLAN
Pg. 76
Index
6. POLICIES AND MEASURES OF THE PLAN
The Action Plan is set to join the measures already in existence and implemented by Madrid City Council to reduce Greenhouse
Gases and increase energy efficiency. The measures proposed in this Plan of Action will be adopted in the period 2007-2012
and have been grouped by sector of activity. Furthermore, it includes transversal actions, such as the measures on raising
awareness and on adapting to climate change.
The Action Plan consists of the following:
• Objectives and goals: Madrid City Council's proposed. A large part of the measures to address
commitments to action are to set objectives and climate change are measures to increase energy
goals for Greenhouse Gas emission reduction and efficiency in every sector of activity in the
for improving energy efficiency. municipality. As mentioned throughout the plan,
these are measures that complement other
• Applicable measures: the objectives and goals, measures already adopted in the city of Madrid, in
in turn, take shape as a series of measures aimed other strategies, plans and programmes, also aimed
at achieving them. These measures are also classified at reducing energy consumption and GHG
by sectors of activity, transversal and adaptation emissions.
measures and are described in detail in information
files on each measure: general description, schedule • Results: to sum up this chapter, we provide an
of implementation, budget and associated emission estimate of the emissions reduction brought about
reduction. A set of 48 abatement measures and 6 by applying this Action Plan.
climate change adaptation measures have been
Pg. 77
6• Policies and measures of the Plan

Index
6.1 TRANSVERSAL MEASURES
Objectives
Actively involve citizens in the plan's objectives.
Include rational energy consumption and GHG emissions reduction in all municipal policies.
Strengthen the quality and security of Madrid's energy supply.
These actions take shape as the following measures, grouped by lines of action:
Transversal
lines of Measures
action
1. Setting up the Local Energy Agency.

Management 2. Drafting the Ordinance on the Sustainable Use of Energy.
3. Quantifying emissions in municipal plans.
4. Actions to divulge and inform on the Plan for the Rational Use of Energy and Climate Change
Prevention.
Awareness
5. Awareness campaigns aimed at the public in general.
6. Awareness and training for professional associations in the construction sector.
7. Promoting an advisory body for climate change prevention and rational energy use.
8. Collaboration with public and private institutions and agencies.
Participation 9. Awareness, communication and training in the industrial sector.
and
collaboration 10. Promoting sustainable mobility.
11. Awareness and training programme aimed at municipal authorities.
12. Promoting social research into the use of sustainable energies and climate change prevention.
Development 13. Including climate change prevention programmes into the Municipality of Madrid's Development
cooperation Cooperation Programme.
Supply Guarantee, 14. Coordination agencies.

Quality and
Security 15. Energy Infrastructures Master Plan.
Pg. 78
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Heading 1 Setting up the Local Energy Agency.
Sector Transversal Type Abatement

Description
The Local Energy Agency is the body responsible for coordinating and implementing all the measures under
this Plan.
The Local Energy Agency's aim will be to achieve, by managing the measures approved, greater energy saving
and efficiency, an increase in the use of renewable energies and a reduction in GHG emissions.
In this respect, the following objective for Madrid's Local Energy Agency are proposed:
• Promote compliance with the Plan for • Improve capability to adapt to the effects
Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate of Climate Change.
Change Prevention.
• Promote knowledge and research into
• Increase energy saving and efficiency and diversification, energy saving and efficiency
the use of renewable energies in the city in addition to climate change abatement
of Madrid. and adaptation.
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and • Increase the city of Madrid's carbon sink
contribute to national targets under the capacity.
Kyoto Protocol.
Accordingly, the Agency's first action will be to define its Action Plan.
The Agency's main functions will be the following:
1. Coordinate and monitor the implementation 3. Establish collaboration agreements with other
of measures in the "Plan for Sustainable Use public and private bodies.
of Energy and Climate Change Prevention"
and promote all sustainable measures that 4. Promote the optimisation of energy
reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the consumption at public municipal facilities and
city of Madrid. offices, and monitor energy consumption in
municipally-owned buildings.
2. Develop initiatives to promote and encourage
rational energy use, energy efficiency and
renewable energies in the municipality of
Madrid.
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Measure 1 (continuation)
5. Design and manage incentives to encourage 8. Provide technical advice on matters of energy
rational energy use and abate greenhouse saving for employers and citizens.
gas emissions.
9. Promote actions to raise awareness,
6. Participate in national and international information and knowledge on the subject
initiatives to fight against climate change in of energy and climate change.
the urban environment.
10. Draw up and centralise information and
7. Foster research and knowledge on climate d o c u m e n t a t i o n re g a rd i n g e n e r g y
change abatement and effects. management and use.
Furthermore, part of the subsidies on energy matters will be managed from the EMVS (Municipal Housing
and Land Company), specifically all developments in the residential, commercial and institutional sector. In
this respect, the EMVS' Department for Coordinating and Managing Refurbishment Aid would have competences
to advise and collaborate with the Department of Projects for residential innovation.
Costs ( )
The Local Energy Agency will be set up in 2008, with the aim that the Agency starts operating the same year.
The final budget will be determined according to the Agency's legal status and initial operating capacity.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Agency Setup 180,000 X X X X
TOTAL 180,000 - - - -
Government Department of Environment

Department(s) responsible for
implementation Government Department of the Treasury
and Public Administration
Pg. 80
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Heading 2 Drawing up an Ordinance on sustainable energy use.
Sector Transversal Type Management

Description
By drawing up this ordinance, the aim is to provide Madrid City Council with a specific regulation by which
the sustainable, integrated management of energy can be regulated in the municipality. The aim is to improve
levels of energy saving and efficiency and promote renewable energies and energy certification.
The authority responsible for applying, coordinating and verifying it will be the Local Energy Agency although,
and as it is a transversal regulation, this Ordinance will affect areas of governmental and municipal jurisdiction.
In this respect, the following objectives are proposed:
1. Promote and foster energy saving and 4. Reduce or substitute, as far as possible, all
efficiency, and rational energy use. fuels or energy sources that have high
pollution rates, especially greenhouse gas
2. Encourage and foster the use of renewable emissions. Key actions will include
energies in the municipal area. calculating the emission reduction factor
for all municipal plans.
3. Establish and encourage proper energy
management in all actions carried out or
coordinated by the City Council.
The most important aspects that this Ordinance must include are the following:
• Define the general concepts and purpose of • Establish the integration, coordination and
the Ordinance, setting forth the fundamental management instruments that contribute to
role of the Local Energy Agency. the Ordinance's proper implementation.
• Define the main lines of action aimed at Furthermore, it will include all aspects involved
meeting the goals of integrated energy in any area of government and which arise
management: energy saving and efficiency,
renewable energies, energy certification, etc. from applying the Ordinance.
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Estimated emissions reduction (tCO2e/year)

Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
• Objectives and main lines of action will be defined in the send half of 2008 and the Ordinance will be finally
drafted in 2009.
• The total budget for this measure amounts to 43,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Drafting the Ordinance 30,000 13,000

Department(s)
Local Energy Agency
responsible for
Municipal Housing and Land Company of Madrid (EMVS)
implementation
Government Department for Public Works and Areas
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Heading 3 Quantification of emissions in municipal plans.

Description
By applying this measure, the aim is to provide Madrid City Council with a tool capable of quantifying the
extent to which all municipal plans reduce and affect GHG emissions. The objective is to minimise the impact
of all these measures and actions which involve GHG emissions or inefficient energy consumption. This measure
will be obligatory and will be regulated by the Ordinance on Sustainable Energy Use.
Additionally, a Basic Guide will be drawn up on quantifying emissions and energy consumption, and which
will take into account the following aspects:
• Methodology for determining direct and implementation and subsequent use of

indirect emissions. developed areas. Accordingly, there will be
special emphasis on transport and on energy
• Methodology to quantify emissions and consumption in inhabited areas.
energy consumption during the process of
In this respect, and according to modifications of the original plan, the City Council may determine the impact
of such actions on each municipal plan.
To facilitate the plans' application, a handbook will be drawn up on Good Practices for energy efficiency and
reducing GHG emissions in municipal plans.
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Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
• The Basic Guide for quantifying emissions and energy consumption in municipal plans will be drawn up
during the second half of 2009, by technicians of the City Council. The estimated budget for external
consultants amounts to 40,000.
• The Handbook on Good Practices for energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions in municipal plans will
be drawn up during the second half of 2009 by technicians of the City Council. The estimated budget for
external consultants amounts to 40,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Basic Guide for quantifying emissions and
40,000
energy consumption in municipal plans
Handbook on Good Practices for energy

efficiency and reducing GHG emissions in 40,000
municipal plans
TOTAL 80,000
Government Department for Urban Planning

Department(s) responsible for and Housing
implementation
Pg. 84
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Actions regarding informing on and communicating the Plan for the Sustainable
Heading 4 Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention.
Sector Transversal Type Awareness
Description
A communication and education plan will be defined for the different population sectors (industrial, tertiary,
construction, residential) in the most suitable formats for each one (internet, radio, television, newspapers,
advertising billboards, etc.) with the aim of informing and raising awareness among citizens of the Plan for
Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention.
Initially, the following sectors are identified:
• For the industrial sector, there will be (architects, etc.), there will be leaflets
technical information guides focusing on highlighting bioclimatic construction in
cogeneration in industry, and they will be buildings.
distributed among business associations,
the Chamber of Commerce, etc. • In the residential sector, there will be mailing
lists with diptychs, leaflets, etc., by city
• In the tertiary sector (services, trade, tourism), sector, until every district in the capital has
there will be information leaflets and been covered, aimed at making an impact
triptychs on energy efficiency mechanisms, on mechanisms of energy efficiency and
such as lamps, low-consumption bulbs, etc. energy certification of domestic appliances.
• For the construction sector, through their Collaboration with energy companies will
respective professional associations be sought in implementing this campaign.
The Local Energy Agency will act as a point of reference for collaborating and organising events, conferences,
workshops or seminars on climate change and energy efficiency for different sectors of the population (retailers,
employers' associations, environmental groups, civic organizations, etc.). Accordingly, participation will be
fostered in conferences and congresses held in the city every year, either by presenting speeches, organising
round tables, sectoral technical workshops, information stands, etc.
Furthermore, in the framework of the School Agenda 21, which is already being implemented at some schools
of Madrid, it is planned to introduce specific educational activities to improve knowledge on climate change
and energy use.
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Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
• In the year 2008, educational actions on energy matters are already programmed for a budget of 145,000.
These actions include activities relating to the School Agenda 21, activities in schools, sustainable events
(sports and institutions), as well as environmental actions oriented towards the general public.
• For drafting and distributing guides, diptychs and leaflets, the estimate is approximately 400,000 a year.
• Costs associated with organising and holding conferences, congresses, workshops, etc. will depend on the
number and type of events planned to be held each year, which in any case will include events to present
the Plan in different forums.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TOTAL 145,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000
Department(s) responsible for Government Department of

implementation Environment
Pg. 86
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Heading 5 Awareness campaigns aimed at the general public

Description
Campaigns for information purposes set forth in the measure above will be supplemented with press releases,
mass communication programmes, news inserts in press and magazines in the municipal area and on internet.
Accordingly, an energy-related web page will be designed, as an area to publicise and involve people in the
Plan for Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention in Madrid City Council. Apart from offering
information on this plan's lines of action and general information on how the people of Madrid can help fight
climate change, it will include a virtual forum. The forum will aim to foster citizens' involvement in the plan's
implementation and encourage debate on climate change, energy efficiency and rational energy use.

Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
• An awareness campaign is proposed for non-consecutive years, in such a way that the preliminary study
for the campaign is conducted in the year 2008 and the campaign takes place in 2009 and 2011. Advertising
campaigns (television, radio, magazines, etc.) have an approximate budget of 1,000,000 euros in the period
2008-2012.
• Setting up and maintaining the web page involves a total cost, for the term of the plan, of 50,000 euros.
This cost includes dynamisation of virtual forums where visitors are invited to take part and debate on the
subjects of climate change and rational energy use.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Awareness campaign 500,000 500,000
Setting up web page 15,000
Maintenance and dynamisation 5,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Department(s) responsible for implementation Government Department of Environment

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Heading 6 Awareness and training for professional associations in the construction sector.
Description
The Local Energy Agency of Madrid together with the Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS) will be
responsible for promoting awareness campaign and training courses on matters relating to bioclimatic, sustainable
architecture which improves energy efficiency and respects the environment. These courses or seminars are
aimed at architects, engineers, construction companies, installation companies and other technicians involved
with the construction of buildings who wish to improve the design of buildings, both in terms of their impact
on the urban landscape and for the use of more efficient, sustainable systems and materials.
In addition to training courses, the Agency's awareness strategies may include publications and campaigns
on quality, design and sustainability criteria in buildings, available technologies, the renewable energies that
ma be required or other basic concepts of energy efficiency that the Municipal Housing and Land Company
(EMVS) considers interesting in order to foster sustainable construction. In this respect, the Local Energy Agency
and the EMVS will be coordinated with the aim of managing training courses to annually meet the training
needs of professional associations.
Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
• The budget for training courses or technical seminars will be 100,000. A minimum of two seminars a year
will be given as of 2009, and they will be annual in frequency.
• The budget for awareness material will be 15,000 for the first year and 10,000 for subsequent years.
• The total budge for this measure amounts to 445,000 for the whole term of effectiveness of this plan.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Training courses or technical seminars. 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

Awareness material (publication of reports,
15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
information leaflets, etc.).
TOTAL 115,000 110,000 110,000 110,000
Department(s) responsible for Government Department for Urban Planning and Housing
implementation Municipal Housing and Land Company of Madrid (EMVS)
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Promoting an advisory body for climate change prevention and rational

Heading 7 energy use.
Sector Transversal Type Participation collaboration
Description
The advisory body for climate change prevention and rational energy use is a participation mechanism that
involves social agents in decision-making about energy in the municipality of Madrid. The body is made up
of representatives from a number of City Council departments, energy companies, trade unions, universities,
neighbors' associations and environmental groups.
Apart from promoting transparency, the advisory body's functions are:
• Advising on matters relating to climate change • Promote processes of participation regarding

prevention and energy use. climate change and rational energy use, for
example participation forums, working parties
• Creating proposals for action in the field of and volunteer programs, among others.
climate change prevention and energy use as
well as in plans and programmes relating to
energy.

Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
The cost of the setting up and operating the advisory body is mainly associated with holding meetings and
the potential cost of commissioning specific reports to facilitate the advisory body's work. The estimated cost
associated with the advisory body's meetings is 2,000 a year.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000

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Heading 8 Collaboration with public and private institutions and bodies.
Sector Transversal Type Participation and collaboration

Description
In order to ensure collaboration with institutions and other bodies working on preventing and adapting to
climate change and fostering energy efficiency, collaboration agreements will be entered into between public
authorities and private organisations. These agreements will have the scopes of actions defined above:
educational courses, awareness campaigns, participative forums, preparation and distribution of information
materials, etc. The public authorities with whom agreements may be established include Departments of the
City Council itself, Municipal District Councils, the Community of Madrid, the Ministry of the Environment
and the European Commission.
Private organisations with which the City Council may enter into collaborations includes chambers of commerce,
universities, companies and business associations, trade unions, consumer associations, banking entities, etc.
Madrid City Council will foster the participation of municipal institutions and public and private bodies and
national and international networks, such as the International Council of Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI),
"Energie Cités", the "Universidades por el Clima" Network.

Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
Initially, this line of action does not involve any cost for the City Council until specific plans and programmes
have been defined.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Pg. 90
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Heading 9 Awareness, communication and training in the industrial sector.

Description
The functions of the Local Energy Agency include inform, advising and providing technical support to industries
as regards sustainable energy use and climate change prevention. In this respect, one of the actions considered
in the plan and focusing on the industrial sector it is the "energy audit, certification and energy efficiency
information for industrial SMEs". This measure includes a preliminary study of the SMEs' opportunities and
difficulties in implementing an energy efficiency certification system that assigns value to a line of subsidies
to partly cover the costs.
The objective of this measure is to ensure that information, communication and training instruments are
applied in the industrial sector, in particular the following actions:
• Information and communication seminars for • Training on implementing energy efficiency

the industrial sector on adapting to and certification systems for company managers.
preventing climate change and developing
energy efficiency. • Information campaign on offsetting emissions
by financing projects that reduce emissions.
• Designing and publishing information material.
• Training seminars for the retail automobile
• Guide on good environmental practices in sector.
organising events and fairs in the industrial
sector.
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Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
Information and communication seminars will be held once every two years, starting in 2009 and with
60,000 budget for organising, advertising, publishing material associated with the seminar, etc.
The annual budget for training companies will be 3,000 and this will be done for 5 years with a total budget
of 15,000.
Drawing up a guide on good environmental practices in organising events and fairs in the industrial sector
will be 15,000 in the year 2008. The annual publication of 10,000 guides will have an annual budget of
4,000.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Information and communication 60,000 60,000
Training 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000
Guide on good practices 19,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000
TOTAL 22,000 67,000 7,000 67,000 7,000
Department(s) responsible for Government Department of Environment

implementation Local Energy Agency
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Heading 10 Promoting sustainable mobility.
Sector Transport Type Awareness
Instruments
Regulatory Tax Subsidy Market Vol. Infor. and

creation Agreement comm.
X
Description
In order to help foster sustainable mobility, this plan will undertake the following actions:
• Information campaign on sustainable mobility, purchasing managers for the public

highlighting the benefits of restricted traffic authorities, with the aim of obtaining
and residential priority areas, the recovery of economic advantages or lines of subsidies
public spaces for meeting and coexistence, that encourage the use of hybrids and biofuels,
improvements in health and air quality by flexible vehicles that run on a mixture of
reducing traffic, etc. bioethanol and gasoline. In the framework
of this forum, a seminar or working party will
• Training and advice on sustainable mobility be set up to analyse the potentialities and
plans in the different sectors, including: difficulties of biofuel producers and
companies, schools through the School distributors, the administration and
Agenda 21 and universities. automobile sellers.
• Setting up a forum structured into sectoral • In the framework of the Master Plan for
groups and coordinated by the Local Energy Cyclists' Mobility, meetings or working parties
Agency, forming an institutional and social will be set up to promote the use of bicycles
commitment between biofuel manufacturers, as a means of transport and propose designs
suppliers, automobile sellers, companies with for cycling networks.
fleets of vehicles, hire companies, vehicle
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Difficult to evaluate the cause-effect relationship.
Costs ( )
• The information campaign on sustainable mobility has a budget of 130,000 a year, set to start in the year
2009.
• The annual budget for training and advice on sustainable mobility for the different sectors will be about
5,000 with a total budget of 25,000.
• Setting up the forum has a budgeted cost of 25,000, in the year 2009, and holding the annual meeting
of the Forum and the other working parties will have a budget of 30.000 a year.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Information campaign 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000
Training and advice on sustainable mobility
5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
plans
Creation and annual meeting of the Forum 55,000 30,000 30,000 30,000
TOTAL 190,000 165,000 165,000 165,000

implementation Government Department for Public Works and
Areas
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Heading 11 Awareness and training programme aimed at the municipal authorities.
Sector Institutional Type Awareness

Description
This measure comprises designing and implementing an awareness campaign and training plan on climate
change, aimed at all municipal authorities staff, including political representatives, municipal workers in general,
especially directors responsible for contracting goods, services and works, architects with competences in
designing and refurbishing buildings, managers in charge of building maintenance and drivers.
This training plan must include the following:
• Inclusion of criteria aimed at saving, efficiency and maintaining and managing municipal
and the use of renewable energies in public buildings.
contracting of works and services.
• Organising institutional, sporting and cultural
• Energy criteria in managing and maintaining events with criteria of energy saving and
buildings. efficiency and neutral CO2 emissions.
• Inclusion, in public contracting, of criteria • Energy audits and certification. Training in

aimed at energy reduction and efficiency in biofuels and efficient driving (considered in
purchasing and using computer equipment the measure "Programme on efficient driving
for drivers in municipal fleets").

Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
The awareness and training plan for municipal authorities is budgeted at 12,000 per year, amounting to a
total budget, as of 2008, of 60,000.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Training for municipal authorities 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000

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Promoting social research into the sustainable use of energy and climate change
Heading 12 prevention.
Sector Transversal Type Research

Description
One of the main measures to orient awareness, understanding and training campaigns on climate change is
promoting social research on how society perceives climate change, its levels of knowledge on the subject,
the relationship between the global effects of climate change and actions at local and individual level, and
the effects on human health.
The conclusions and approaches of this type of research, by social sector, will help design and plan actions
on communication, education and training and on more directed, holistic participation. Consequently, this
plan aims to encourage areas of research to explore the mechanisms that operate in shaping climate change
in the collective consciousness and, on the basis of this social representation, adapt the necessary measures
on communication, training, education and participation.

Not quantifiable
Costs ( )
Initially, this line of action does not involve costs for the City Council, until the research studies to be carried
out have been defined.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Pg. 96
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Include climate change abatement projects among the priorities of the Municipality
Heading 13 of Madrid's Development Cooperation Programme.

Description
Climate change abatement projects in developing countries will be included among the priorities of annual
invitations for subsidising projects in development.
This will help pass on clean technologies to developing countries, encouraging the development and distribution
of such technologies by Madrid-based companies, and promoting clean development in priority countries of
Madrid's Cooperation Program.
Madrid City Council may require carbon credits obtained as consequence of certification as a CDM in the
subsidised projects.

Emissions will be reduced in developing countries.
Costs ( )
The planned budget is in addition to the one laid down for the Annual Invitation for Subsidies for Development
Cooperation Projects 100,000 annual.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Inclusion of clean technology

100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
projects in upcoming invitations

implementation Government Department of the Treasury and Public
Administration
Pg. 97

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Heading 14 Coordination platforms.

Sector Transversal Type Guarantee supply quality and security
Description
Although Madrid City Council does not have jurisdiction in planning and supervising energy distribution
networks, the municipal authority is responsible for granting the necessary licenses to distribution companies
for undertaking works.
Regardless of restrictions arising from the framework of competences, coordination must be improved in order
to enlarge, renew and maintain existing networks and ensure supply guarantee all over the municipal area.
Accordingly, Madrid City Council plans to set up a series of communication channels to help improve the
service to citizens, institutions and companies. To do so, the City Council considers the most effective way
to work is on the basis of a series Coordination Platforms where, apart from the City Council, other involved
stakeholders or institutions like the Community of Madrid and the distribution companies are represented.
The Coordination Platforms will be one of the reference points for addressing and solving not only issues
relating to energy, quality and security at facilities, but also the specific characteristics in urban development
of the city's infrastructures.
Consequently, the Coordination Platforms will be responsible for defining the plans and programmes to
improve efficiency in management. In this respect, common objectives will be set in managing public service
infrastructures and equipment, especially those of general interest.
To implement these plans and programmes, the global scenario of actions planned in the city will always be
taken into account, ensuring sustainable, efficient execution of works to be carried out, by proper planning
and coordination to avoid unnecessary duplication of works and minimise disruption for citizens.
Pg. 98
Index
Estimated emissions reduction (tCO2e/year) and energy saving (MWh/year)
Costs ( )
The period of consultation and contacts with the different stakeholders involved will start in 2008 with the
goal that the Coordination Platforms are operative as of 2009. Responsibility for this coordination will be a
matter for municipal authority technicians so no budget is assigned to this measure.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Period of Consultation X
Coordination Platforms X X X X
TOTAL X X X X X
Government Department for Urban Planning and Housing

Department(s)
responsible for Local Energy Agency and Madrid Municipal Housing and Land Company
implementation Government Department for Public Works and Areas
Pg. 99

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Heading 15 Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures.

Sector Transversal Type Supply Guarantee, Quality and Security
Description
Considering how necessary and important infrastructure works are for the city of Madrid, the City Council
will foster the development of a Master Plan for Infrastructures, integrated within a Geographical Information
System.
Accordingly, the Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures will help coordinate actions by different stakeholders
and public services, and achieve the maximum possible synergies in each action necessary in the city of Madrid's
infrastructures.
Accordingly, it will be necessary to facilitate implementation of the works necessary and minimise inconveniences
caused to citizens. The Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures will be strategic in nature and will use any
information and communication tool that helps to efficiently manage and process the different partial and
operating plans and help find proper solutions to the problems raised.
Furthermore, one of the basic pillars for correctly applying the Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures is that
the Coordination Platforms and the Local Energy Agency assist in bringing the City Council in contact with
the other stakeholders involved.
The City Council will therefore establish structured planning with the companies affected for an agreed period
of time, in such a way that a works schedule can be designed, eliminating risks involved with supply interruptions
and minimising possible impacts as regards mobility and inhabitability.
The Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures' actions will also specify the requirements of new facilities in order
to absorbing future increases in demand, together with the renovation and maintenance requirements of
existing infrastructures.
Additionally, this plan will have a distributed information system (based on a centralised geographical information
system) to assist in preparing, with different levels of information breakdown and of the city of Madrid's
energy infrastructures.
This Geographical Information System will be part of the City Council Central GIS and will be a tool that,
apart from providing an inventory of the current situation, may be used to coordinate multiple actions in the
short, medium and long term.
The enlargement requirements of necessary infrastructures may also be defined, to respond to future needs
associated with the increase in demand. Accordingly, it will be necessary for companies to provide detailed
digital information about their energy infrastructures and a guarantee that they keep this information updated.
Pg. 100
Index
This provides detailed knowledge regarding existing infrastructures, their status and renovation or enlargement
requirements. Simultaneously, detailed information will be obtained in order to better carry out works and
reduce accidents and supply interruptions due to accidental breakage of pipelines during works.
With the new Ordinance on Designing and Managing Works on Public Highways, energy infrastructures may
be properly coordinated with the rest of the city of Madrid's infrastructures.
Costs ( )
• The Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures will be drawn up during 2009 to come into effect as of 2010.
Responsibility for this modification will be a matter for municipal authority technicians. The estimated budget
for external consultants amounts to 100,000.
• The estimated budget for the Geographical Information System is 40,000. The acquisition of this system
will come into effect as one of the measures under the Master Plan for Energy Infrastructures so it is not
expected to be acquired until 2010.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Drafting the Master Plan for Energy

100,000
Infrastructures
Geo-referenced Information System 40,000
TOTAL 100,000 40,000
Government Department for Urban Planning and Housing

Department(s)
Government Department of the Treasury and Public Administration
responsible for
Local Energy Agency
implementation
Government Department for Public Works and Areas
Pg. 101

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6.2 TRANSPORT
6.2.1 Diagnosis of emission from the sector
The energy consumed by the transport sector, and the While the GHG of many other sectors is falling, the
associated GHG emissions, are growing at a steady rate, contribution of transport continues to increase.
according to the European Environment Agency9. In the Accordingly, since 1990, emissions have grown by
EU-15, the transport sector is responsible for 21% of approximately 23%, according to projections made by
GHG emissions (excluding maritime transport and the European Environment Agency. It is expected that,
international aviation). Urban road transport alone emits even with the application of the planned abatement
more than 10% of total CO2 emissions in the European measures, emissions will grow several points more by
Union. 2010.
Index (1990=100) GHG Emissions (Mtonnes)
140
1200
130
120 1000
110 800
100 600
90 500
80 400
70
200
60
0
19 0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
1990 2003
9
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
EU-15 EU-10 EEA-32 AC-2+CC-1 EFTA-4

Maritime Aviation Rail Road
transport transport transport
Evolution of GHG emissions from the transport sector GHG emissions in Europe (1990-203)
in European countries (1990-2003) GHG evolution by mode of transport (1990-2003)
Figures 6.2.1.1. and 6.2.1.2.

Source: AEMA. Transport and environment: facing a dilemma - TERM 2005 (EEA Report No 3/2006).
9Transport and environment: facing a dilemma - TERM 2005 (EEA Report No 3/2006).
Pg. 102 http://reports.eea.eu.int/eea_report_2006_3/en/term_2005.pdf
Index
The growth of the road transport in the EU-25 is, in energy (EU-25). The difference in percentages between
absolute terms, what makes the greatest contribution to GHG emissions and energy consumption associated with
GHG emissions (excluding international aviation and transport is due to international aviation, which has been
maritime transport). Additionally, and not considering the considered in the second case.
modes of transport included in the Kyoto Protocol, aviation
is the mode of transport with the highest growth. Its Figures in Spain corroborate the growth in Europe: road
emissions increased by 62% in Europe (EU-15) between traffic has multiplied by three and air traffic has quadrupled
1990 and 2003, representing 13.6% of the sector's in the last thirty years. The growth of motorized mobility
emissions. has been much greater than population growth and
economic growth. Specifically, Spain, in the period 1990-
The sector's contribution final energy consumption is also 2003, saw GHG emissions from transport increase by
increasing. Transport consumes 31% of Europe's final 57.5%, compared with a European growth of 23%.
Emissions from the transport sector in Spain 1990-2003

Thousand tonnes CO2eq.
120,000.00
100,000.00
80,000.00
60,000.00
40,000.00
20,000.00
0.00
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
Figure 6.2.1.3. Emissions from the transport sector in Spain (1990-2003).

Source: Inventory Spain IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1990-2003). Pg. 103

Index
In the municipality of Madrid, the transport sector as a The table below breaks down direct emissions from road
whole, in 2004, was responsible for 52.7% of direct transport by sub-sector for the year 2004. The bulk of
emissions in the municipality and for 36.4% of total emissions from road transport come from automobiles,
emissions. Considering its low electricity consumption, with 65%, and in particular in urban driving, responsible
the transport sector concedes first position as primary for 40% of total emissions from road transport as a
emitter to the residential/commercial/institutional sector whole. Heavy vehicles of more than 3.5 tonnes and
in terms of total emissions. buses constitute the second group of vehicles in terms
of volume of emissions.
7 ROAD TRANSPORT CH4 CO2 N2O TOTAL

(ktCO2eq) (kt) (ktCO2eq) CO2eq %
07 01 Passenger cars 9 2,844 130 2,983 65%
07 01 01 Highway driving 3 1,102 52 1,157 25%
07 01 03 Urban driving 6 1,742 78 1,827 40%
07 02 Light duty vehicles <3.5t 0 430 9 439 10%
07 02 01 Highway driving 0 167 3 170 4%
07 02 03 Urban driving 0 263 5 269 6%
07 03 Heavy duty vehicles >3,5t and buses 2 1,084 12 1,099 24%
07 03 01 Highway driving 1 536 7 544 12%
07 03 03 Urban driving 2 548 5 555 12%
07 04 Motorcycles and mopeds <50 cm3 0 1 0 1 0%
07 05 Motorbikes >50 cm3 1 46 0 48 1%
07 05 01 Highway driving 0 8 0 9 0%
07 05 03 Urban driving 1 38 0 39 1%
TOTAL GROUP 07 13 4,405 152 4,570 100%
Pg. 104 Table 6.2.1.1. Breakdown of direct emissions from road transport.
Index
As regards other mdes of transport, air traffic represents 93% of emissions (CO2eq) in the sub-group for the year 2004.
OTHER MOBILE SOURCES AND CH4 CO2 N2O TOTAL

8 (ktCO2eq) (kt) (ktCO2eq)
MACHINERY CO2eq %
08 02 Railways 0 7 1 8 1%
08 02 01 Shunting locomotives 0 1 0 1 0%
08 02 02 Rail car 0 1 0 1 0%
08 02 03 Locomotives 0 4 1 5 1%
08 05 Air traffic 1 515 5 521 93%
08 05 01 Domestic airport traffic (LTO cycles - <1000 m) 0 259 3 262 47%
08 05 02 International airport traffic (LTO cycles - <1000 m) 1 255 3 259 46%
08 06 Agriculture 0 2 0 2 0%
08 08 Industry 0 31 1 32 6%
TOTAL GROUP 08 1 554 6 562 100%
Table 6.2.1.2. Distribution of direct emissions from other modes of transport.
Emissions from the transport sector underwent the greatest referring to air transport. This increase is, furthermore,
growth in the period 1990-2004 among emitting sectors similar to the increase for the sector in Spain as a whole,
in the municipality of Madrid, reaching 150% for road which amounted to 177% in the period 1990-2004.
transport and 221% for other modes of transport, mainly
Pg. 105

Index
Evolution of emissions (CO2 equivalent) by sector

1990-2004. City of Madrid
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Road Transport Other modes of transport
Figure 6.2.1.4. Evolution of CO2 emissions by sector in 1990-2004 in the city of Madrid.
The transport sector's main source of energy is oil Transport consumes 42% of the municipality's energy
derivatives, with small proportions of biofuels, natural and 80% of its oil derivatives.
gas for urban buses and electricity for rail transport.
Natural oil Electric. Thermal

ktoe/year (imported + Coal TOTAL
gas derivat. generated) solar
07-Land transport 8 1,420 0 0 0 1,428
08-Air transport 0 175 79.9 0 0 255
TOTAL 8 1,595 79.9 0 0 1,683
Tabla 6.2.1.3. Distribution of energy sources in the transport sector.

Pg. 106
Index
6.2.2 Factors affecting the sector's GHG emissions
The sector's upward trend in GHG emissions and energy growth in emissions from road transport is predicted
consumption is to a large extent due to the fact that the between 2005 and 201510.
sector's volume is growing faster than the energy efficiency
applied to the different modes of transport. In Spain, road and air transport are steadily increasing
their proportion as regards the total number of journeys
In particular, the growth of road transport is significant: made, with these modes being the most energy-intensive
goods transport in Europe (EU-15) has grown by 34% in per kilometre travelled.
the last decade and, likewise, passenger transport has
grown by 30%. Projections made by the European In the last decade (1995-2004) passenger transport by
Environment Agency show that growth of goods transport road grew 38%, by rail a little more than 25%, by sea
by road will involve an 20% increase in energy demand 28.4% and passenger air transport increased by 104%.
in the next decade. Furthermore, a 2.1% drop in energy
demand for passenger transport is expected in the next In the same period, goods transport also increased
decade, as a result of greater efficiency. It is also expected differently according to mode of transport: maritime
that greater efficiency in fuels will offset the 16.4% growth transport grew by 5.3% and by rail 15.4%. Road transport
expected for passenger transport. Nevertheless, a 10.3% stood out, increasing by almost 57%.
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Rail/Air/Sea GOODS TRANSPORT Rail/Pipeline/

Road (Thousand million passengers-km) Road (million tonnes-Km) Sea
450% 25 400 50
400% 350
20 40
350% 300
300% 250
15 30
250% 200
200% 20
10 150
150%
100
100% 5 10
50
50%
0% 0 0 0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Rail Air Sea Road Rail Pipeline Sea Road

Source: Ministry of Public Works Source: Ministry of Public Works
Figure 6.2.2.1. and Figure 6.2.2.2. Passenger and goods transport.

Source: Public Bank of Environmental Indicators (Ministry of the Environment).
10TERM 2005, Transport and Environment: facing a dilemma. Report 3/2006. European Environment Agency. Pg. 107

Index
Growth in the transport sector was also appreciable in the city of Madrid:
• Motor vehicle fleet: In 2005, Madrid's representing 9%. Motorcycles also have
automobile fleet amounted to 1,740,084 vehicles. considerable importance, numbering 148,139
Of these, cars represented 80% of the fleet. The vehicles and representing 8.5% of the total
second largest group of vehicles is trucks and number of motor vehicles.
vans, which number 158,285 vehicles,
Trucks and Motorcycles Other motor

Cars Buses vans Mopeds vehicles TOTAL
2005 1,398,127 5,923 158,285 148,139 26,610 1,740,084
2006 1,402,258 5,938 161,142 161,803 31,532 1,762,673
Table 6.2.2.1. Fleet of motor vehicles in Madrid (2005 and 2006).

Source: Directorate General for Mobility, Madrid City Council.
An analysis of figures from the last five years Changes in the number of automobiles by engine
points to a moderate, but steady, growth of the size (although taxable horsepower does not have
private vehicle fleet by an average 2.6% a year direct relationship to the vehicle's real power or
for the period 1999-2003. cubic capacity) shows a gradual change in demand
for cars tending towards higher-range segments.
Pg. 108
Index
Fleet of passenger cars per inhabitant

465 4%
Nº of cars/1,000 inhab.
460 Inter-annual variation (right axis) 3%
455 2%
450 1%
445 0%
440 -1%
435 -2%
430 -3%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Figure 6.2.2.3. Fleet of passenger cars per inhabitant. Madrid.

Source: Madrid City Council. Government Dept. of the Treasury and Public Administration.
In 2004, the number of cars per 1,000 inhabitants Figures for the number of vehicles per 1,000
was 426, representing a drop in number with inhabitants are still lower than the UE-15 average,
respect to the year 2000 (as a result of the of 495 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants in the year
considerable population increase in this period and 2002.
not owing to a reduction in the fleet).
700 2002
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
0 E E B C D G E G S F Ir It C L L L H N A P P S S F S U
U( U( el ze e e st re pa ra el al yp et ith ux u e u ol or lo lo in w nit
25 15 gi c nm rm on e in nc an y r vi u e ng th st an tu ve va la ed ed
co co um h R ar an ia ce e d us a an mb ar er ria d ga ni ki nd en Ki
un un ep k y ia ou y lan l a a ng
trie tri ub rg ds do
s) es) lic m
Figure 6.2.2.4. Number of vehicles per 1,000 inhab. In the European Union, 2002. Pg. 109
Source: Eurostat.

Index
On average, 1,600,000 vehicles circulate around There is also considerable internal traffic of vehicles
Madrid every day. A representative part of these belonging to residents, and urban traffic of goods
are vehicles that access the municipality daily from transport vehicles.
neighbouring municipalities, on regular journeys.
Average daily intensity of urban traffic in the city of Madrid

Inside Between 1st Between 2nd Between Outside
Whole 1st belt 1st belt & 2nd belt 2nd belt belt & M-30 M-30 M-30 & M-40 M-40
2005 2,672,958 180,849 385,191 528,219 251,039 535,616 263,128 483,634 45,282
jul-05 2,682,954 179,327 362,268 523,493 255,771 564,765 272,738 477,925 46,667
aug-05 2,731,340 182,944 374,287 534,788 240,975 582,660 274,730 493,002 47,954
sep-05 2,700,288 177,305 371,763 529,800 239,431 565,486 280,122 489,710 46,671
oct-05 2,803,647 181,429 391,293 546,711 254,241 582,765 287,458 510,950 48,800
nov-05 2,799,991 182,493 405,114 542,848 249,528 579,048 272,903 519,652 48,405
dec-05 2,774,921 184,692 406,387 552,912 254,623 541,688 267,358 520,096 47,165
jan-06 2,654,124 186,722 401,707 537,977 245,110 519,555 240,040 479,678 43,335
Var. 06-05 -1.3% 1.0% 3.3% -3.9% 3.5% 0.1% -10.5% -1.3% -6.1%
Average daily speed of urban traffic in the city of Madrid

Inside Between 1st Between 2nd Between Outside
Whole 1st belt 1st belt & 2nd belt 2nd belt belt & M-30 M-30 M-30 & M-40 M-40
2005 23.37 9.53 20.40 17.22 23.40 22.08 59.89 24.95 59.75
jul-05 21.88 9.40 21.87 16.14 21.56 20.05 51.32 23.40 54.01
aug-05 25.17 11.41 23.06 18.90 26.96 23.95 65.35 25.48 63.14
sep-05 21.95 8.81 18.02 15.77 23.30 20.43 64.52 24.05 61.24
oct-05 23.53 10.09 19.09 17.80 24.50 21.73 58.54 24.64 57.91
nov-05 23.02 9.54 21.28 16.80 23.66 21.97 56.30 23.63 66.44
dec-05 22.97 10.12 18.48 17.05 20.66 21.68 54.79 24.34 78.40
jan-06 23.00 9.99 20.44 16.11 22.92 21.30 61.24 24.89 67.30
Var. 06-05 -2.3% 9.5% -4.5% -9.8% 2.2% -6.8% -6.0% -0.2% 24.2%
Figure 6.2.2.5. Average daily traffic intensity and average speed of urban traffic in the city of Madrid.
Source: Madrid City Council Directorate General for Statistics.
Pg. 110
Index
• Mobility patterns. The 2004 household mobility residents in the Community of Madrid, followed
survey in the Community of Madrid shows that by personal matters, visits to the doctor or
work is the main reason for regular journeys by accompaniment.
Motivo del viaje Regular journeys

Work/work-related 3,714,118
Study 1,934,061
Shopping 1,084,034
Leisure/sports 824,026
Medical/ personal matter/ accompaniment 2,084,066
Other 360,011
Total 10,000,317
Table 6.2.2.6. Regular journeys by purpose.

Source: 2004 Houshold mobility survey in the Community of Madrid. Regional Transport Consortium.
As regards the destination of journeys from the In journeys with the metropolitan ring, public
municipality of Madrid, the most frequent journeys transport is only the predominant mode when the
are those made within the metropolitan ring, journeys' destination is the city's central zone.
followed by those made between the central zone
and the urban periphery. Public transport is the
most used mode in journeys from the central zone.
Pg. 111

Index
Absolute values %
Relation 2004 Total Public Private Public Private
Centre- centre 1,081,993 801,566 280,427 74.1% 25.9%
Centre-urban periphery 1,958,384 1,398,804 559,580 71.4% 28.6%
Centre-met. ring 901,609 537,752 363,857 59.6% 40.4%
Centre-regional ring 90,368 52,821 37,547 58.5% 41.5%
Centre-exterior 9,128 3,435 5,693 37.6% 62.4%
Total 4,041,482 2,794,378 1,247,104 69.1% 30.9%
Table 6.2.2.7. Motorised mobility on journeys with the central zone.

Source: 2004 Household mobility survey in the Community of Madrid . Regional Transport Consortium.
Absolute values %
Relation 2004 Total journeys Public Private Public Private
Met. ring-centre 901,609 537,752 363,857 59.6% 40.4%
Met. ring- periphery 1,141,120 467,575 673,545 41.0% 59.0%
Met. ring- Met. ring 2,337,700 635,575 1,702,125 27.2% 72.8%
Met. ring- Regional ring 216,885 51,439 165,446 23.7% 76.3%
Met. ring - exterior 47,296 8,693 38,604 18.4% 81.6%
Total 4,644,610 1,701,034 2,943,576 36.6% 63.4%
Tabla 6.2.2.8. Motorised mobility on journeys with the metropolitan ring.

Source: 2004 Household mobility survey in the Community of Madrid. Regional Transport Consortium.
Pg. 112
Index
• Public transport in the city of Madrid: The year (6.3%) in both modes of transport, particularly
2005 ended with a 2.6% growth in the number among Metro users, whose numbers grew by
of collective transport users in the city of Madrid, 8.4%. Distance travelled by bus fell by 7.8% in
brought about by the increase in Metro users 2005, although January 2006 recorded an increase
(4.9%), which was offset by the drop in bus of 2.6%. Distance travelled by Metro increased by
passengers (-0.4%). The year 2006 began with a 0.3% in 2005.
significant recovery in the number of passengers
Main indicators of collective transport in the City of Madrid

Passengers transported (thousands) Distance travelled (Km)
Total Bus Metro Bus Metro
2003 1,072,516 470,711 601,805 102,941.7 148,579.3
2004 1,089,498 475,597 613,901 103,148.1 154,907.9
2005 1,117,592 473,568 644,024 95,073.6 155,434.6
jan-05 94,002 39,584 54,418 9,105.7 13,328.4
feb-05 93,545 39,486 54,059 8,589.5 12,262.0
mar-05 96,868 41,228 55,640 9,219.2 13,610.3
apr-05 102,846 44,002 58,844 9,170.0 13,365.4
may-05 99,894 42,762 57,132 9,088.6 13,586.0
jun-05 99,909 43,324 56,585 8,876.7 13,187.6
jul-05 80,407 34,849 45,558 7,885.0 12,230.5
aug-05 59,778 25,487 34,291 6,876.4 11,506.2
sep-05 88,606 38,105 50,501 8,125.8 12,398.1
oct-05 101,713 42,349 59,364 9,146.3 13,431.7
nov-05 102,865 42,515 60,350 8,990.4 12,860.4
dec-05 97,159 39,877 57,282 8,934.2 13,668.1
jan-06 99,926 40,918 59,008 9,340.9 n,d,
Var. 06/05* 6.3% 3.4% 8.4% 2.6% 0.3%
Table 6.2.2.9. Main indicators of collective transport in the City of Madrid.

Source: Madrid City Council Directorate General for Statistics.
Pg. 113

Index
Madrid has a modern, extensive network of public 2006, was made up of 208 lines in service, covering
transport providing coverage to every district in the city. 3,598 kilometres and with a fleet of 2,013 buses. The
The Metro network consists of 12 lines and 236 stations. EMT (Municipal Transport Company) fleet recently
It covers 226.9 Km. and serves practically every area in incorporated five buses powered by bioethanol, arising
the city. The municipal bus network, as at September from its participation in the BEST Project.
Distribution of Madrid City

Council bus fleet by fuels
(June 2006)
Diesel (Gasoil) 1,826 units
CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) 164 units
Hybrid (Diesel/Electric) 20 units
Hydrogen 3units
2013 units
Table.6.2.2.10. Distribution of Madrid City Council bus fleet by fuels.

Source: Municipal Transport Company of Madrid. S.A. (www.emtmadrid.es).
RENFE's local rail network consists of 10 lines joining a and the excessive role that private vehicles have taken
number of stations around the city with the main on, a trend that we must endeavour to modify if we
municipalities in the metropolitan area, allowing hope to make efficient use of transport-related energy
connections with the city's other public transport services. and to reduce the high consumption of fossil fuels.
These figures give some idea of the status of mobility

in Madrid, the enormous potentiality of public transport
Pg. 114
Index
Main indicators of airport traffic at Madrid - Barajas

Passengers (thousands) Goods (Tn)
Total National International Total National International
2002 33,690 16,817 16,873 295,711 79,715 215,996
2003 35,525 17,622 17,904 307,026 80,863 226,163
2004 38,129 18,477 19,651 336,890 82,166 254,724
2005 41,566 19,571 21,995 338,148 78,499 249,808
mar-05 3,439 1,593 1,846 29,048 6,951 22,097
apr-05 3,342 1,634 1,708 29,020 6,819 22,201
may-05 3,523 1,745 1,778 26,600 6,703 19,897
jun-05 3,546 1,756 1,790 26,686 6,804 19,882
jul-05 4,048 1,850 2,198 26,930 6,533 20,397
aug-05 4,008 1,729 2,279 22,602 5,881 16,721
sep-05 3,827 1,798 2,029 26,256 6,777 19,479
oct-05 3,690 1,733 1,956 30,535 7,418 23,117
nov-05 3,267 1,593 1,674 29,605 6,929 22,676
dec-05 3,191 1,464 1,727 28,916 5,769 23,147
jan-06 3,091 1,428 1,663 24,969 6,235 18,734
feb-06 3,067 1,481 1,585 24,930 5,759 19,170
Var. 06/05* 8.3% 8.7% 7.9% -4.2% 0.7% -5.7%
*Accumulated interannual rate in January - February
Table 6.2.2.11. Main indicators of airport traffic at Madrid-Barajas.

Source: AENA. The data does not include direct transit nor other types of traffic.
Pg. 115

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In comparison to other European capitals, the participation 2001, leading to a drop in the cost of transport for the
of public transport in Madrid's modal distribution is community.
high, and it increased significantly between 1995 and
Participation of Transport
public transport in cost
the city (% of GDP)
1995 2001 1995 2001
Geneva 18.8 21.7 10.2 9.4
London 23.9 26.8 8.5 7.5
Madrid 23.4 29.1 12.2 10.4
Paris 27.1 27.5 6.8 6.7

Vienna 43.2 46.6 6.9 6.6
Table 6.2.2.12. Comparison of cities and public transport.

Source: UITP, Mobility in Cities Database Project.
• The increase in transport capacity at Barajas mainly to the significant recovery of domestic
airport: In the year 2005, the dynamism of flights, which grew by 8.7%, compared with a
passenger traffic at Madrid-Barajas airport -0,5% drop in the same period the previous year.
continued, with an inter-annual increase of 9.0%, The inauguration of the new T4 Terminal meant
1.7 points above the previous year. This positive a major boost to the airport's transport capacity.
performance is due to the greater growth of There will be a significant increase in passengers
international flights (11.9%) together with a over the next five years, reaching 70 million
recovery of domestic flights (5.9%). This trend passengers/year in 2010, compared with 41.6
continued in the first two months of 2006, which million passengers/year in 2005.
registered an inter-annual increase of 8.3%, due
Pg. 116
Index
Basic enlargement figures

2005 2010
Passengers/year (millions) 41.6 70
Increase in turnover* n.d. 56%
Terminal surface area (m2) 293,896 940,000
Boarding gates 40 104
Parking spaces 9,736 21,800
Hourly capacity (take-offs and landings) 78 120
No. of runways 2 4
*Rate of variation between 2005 and 2010
Table 6.2.2.13. Basic figures for the enlargement of Madrid-Barajas.

Source: AENA, Iberia.
• Passenger transport by rail in the City of Madrid and, to a lesser extent, major lines (2.7%).
increased in 2005, with an especially large growth Furthermore, this upward trend will continue in
recorded among travellers on regional lines (6.2%) coming years due to the inauguration of new lines.
Pg. 117

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Passenger traffic at railway stations in the City of Madrid

Thousands Long-distance Regional AVE Total(3)
2003 5,932.1 1,422.3 5,068.7 7,354.4
2004 5,873.2 1,279.7 5,256.0 7,152.9
2005 (1) 6,034.3 1,359.3 5,467.9 7,393.7
jan-05 435.0 93.3 396.6 528.3
feb-05 411.5 92.9 423.6 504.4
mar-05 516.6 118.0 489.2 634.5
apr-05 452.1 121.9 498.4 574.0
may-05 493.0 113.7 531.4 606.7
jun-05 509.9 108.4 512.8 618.2
jul-05 629.8 127.8 n.d. 757.6
aug-05 628.4 114.6 n.d. 743.0
sep-05 536.9 119.3 n.d. 656.2
oct-05 484.2 126.5 n.d. 610.7
nov-05 436.9 102.9 n.d. 539.9
dec-05 500.1 120.2 n.d. 620.2
Var. 05/04(2) 2.7% 6.2% 8.0% 3.4%
(1) For the AVE, figures correspond to the last twelve months accumulated.
(2) Inter-annual rate of variation except for the AVE, which refers to inter-annual variation of the first half.
(3) Corresponding to the sum of Long-Distance and Regional lines.
Table 6.2.2.14. Passenger traffic at railway stations in the City of Madrid.

Sources: Madrid City Council Directorate General for Statistcs, RENFE.
Pg. 118
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The fuels most used in the city of Madrid are oil derivatives, stable and LPG fell. The estimates mentioned above predict
as shown by the energy balance. In the Community of a 43% growth in the period 2003-2012, equivalent to
Madrid, in the period 1990-2003, diesel consumption 1,471 ktoe in that time, of which 1247.8 ktoe corresponds
underwent an average annual increase of 5.6% and to the productivity increase at Barajas airport.
kerosene, 6.4%, while gasoline consumption remained
6.2.3 Actions undertaken in the municipality of Madrid
The Local Air Quality Strategy of the City of Madrid 2006- Other key measures undertaken by the City Council are
2010 lays down different measures aimed at road traffic, intended to progress towards a transport system with
to be adopted in the reference period, comprised in a lower GHG emissions. For example, including vehicles in
number of lines of action: its fleet that use less pollutant fuels, promoting public
transport or the Master Plan for Cycling Mobility.
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6.2.4 News measures proposed
Goals
• Raise awareness among citizens.
• Reduce the city's use of motor vehicles.
• Increase journeys by public transport.
• Reduce energy consumption, mainly by reducing private car journeys.
• Promote travel by alternative means such as bicycles or on foot.
• Develop the use of clean technologies and fuels in automation.
• Improve efficiency in energy use by transport.
• Actions in the municipal vehicle fleet to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, increase the use of substitution
fuels and gradually introduce clean vehicles to the fleet.
Targets 2012
• Increase biofuel consumption by up to 10% by 2012.
• 10% drop in the use of private transport in Madrid by 2012.
• 20% drop in the use of private transport in Madrid by 2020.
• 10% share of clean vehicles in new purchases by 2012.
• 50% of municipal vehicles low-emitting by 2012.
To reach these targets, the following measures are proposed in the framework of this plan, grouped by line of action:
Line of action
Transport Measures
sector
16. Draw up an Urban Mobility Plan.

Foster 17. Promote alternative fuel supply networks for transport.
alternative 18. Raise awareness of drivers to consider environmental aspects when purchasing new
vehicles and vehicles.
fuels 19. Campaigns to educate on, inform and promote biofuels.
20. Voluntary agreements with vehicle hire companies to promote clean vehicles.
Foster public or 21. Setting up a Car-Sharing system.

shared transport
22. Limiting the number of parking in tertiary buildings.
Reduce emissions 23. Annual campaigns to analyse energy consumption and GHG emissions by the
from existing vehicle fleet.
vehicles 24. Efficient driving programme for drivers in the municipal fleet
Pg. 120
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Heading 16 Drawing up an Urban Mobility Plan.

Sector Transporte Type Abatement
The city of Madrid will draw up and adopt an Urban Mobility Plan, with short, medium and long-term goals
Description
to reduce the use of private motor vehicles and increase the share of other, less pollutant modes of transport.
This mobility plan will endeavour to reduce the negative impact of transport, addressing the growing volume
of traffic and congestion and coordinating with national and regional plans, as well as with other, related
municipal plans, especially as regards urban planning. Its basic objective will be to set up a more environmentally
efficient transport system in the service of citizens. So as to take public opinion into account, in parallel to
the plan, a public consultation process will be carried out with the economic agents and other stakeholders.
The plan will cover all modes of transport and its goal will be to modify the proportion of each in favour of
the most efficient, such as public transport, bicycles or journeys on foot.
This Mobility Plan will permit Madrid to comply with the GHG emission abatement targets assumed by Spain
under the Kyoto Protocoland the requirements of the Directive on evaluating and managing air quality and
noise.
In order to achieve the goals proposed, a wide range of reduction measures will be taken into account, a
large part of which have already been provided herein.
The expected contents of this Mobility Plan will be:
• Introduction. • Goals in re-allocating modes of transport and

reducing emission.
• Definition of the area of study.
• Measures.
• Analysis of transport supply.
• Monitoring Plan.
• Analysis of transport demand.
• Budgets.
• Models of transport demand.
• Comparison of transport supply and demand.
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The emissions reduction will be obtained as a sum of the reductions achieved by measures proposed in the
future Urban Mobility Plan. A large part of these measures are already included herein and in the Air Quality
Strategy, so a significant volume of the reductions has already been accounted for.
Costs ( )
The estimated total cost over 2 years is 800,000.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Drawing up the Urban Mobility Plan 400,000 400,000

Department(s) Government Department for Urban Planning and Housing
responsible for
implementation Government Department for the Treasury and Public Administration
Government Department for Safety and Mobility
Pg. 122
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Heading 17 Promoting alternative fuel supply networks for transport.

Sector Transport Type Abatement
As fossil fuels used in transport are one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions, new vehicles have
Description
been developed in recent years which are powered by alternative, less pollutant fuels and energies, such as:
biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol); liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); natural gas; hydrogen or electricity.
Madrid City Council's fleets already use all these alternative fuels and it participates in European innovation
projects with experiments in using hydrogen or bioethanol within the BEST Programme.
Nevertheless, in order to promote the use of less pollutant vehicles, we must ensure a minimum supply of
such alternative fuels and energy, as currently their supply capacity in Madrid is clearly insufficient.
To increase the number of stations offering alternative fuels and energies up to a percentage between 10%
and 30% of the total, Madrid is to implement the following actions:
• Entering into agreements with supply and private, to create conditions that
companies and the owners of distribution encourage demand for alternative fuels,
stations to introduce alternative fuel pumps. establishing the necessary legal instruments
As part of these agreements, the option of to foster these fuels' use in company vehicle
tax allowances will be studied. Stations that fleets. As compensation, the City Council will
sign the agreement must install at least one study the possibility of discounting the
pump to supply this fuel at their facilities. corresponding tax payment for these vehicles,
whenever it is possible to verify, from a
• Inclusion, among the bidding specifications management point of view, that these fuels
in public tenders granting surface rights to are being used regularly.
new fuel supply stations, criteria such as
alternative fuel supply. • Adapting urban planning regulations to the
objective in hand.
• Developing collaboration agreements with
different stakeholders and sectors, both public
To promote alternative fuels among consumers, and in parallel to the promotion of supply networks, the Local
Energy Agency will develop publicity, training and promotion campaigns for alternative fuels.
Pg. 123

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1. Estimated emissions reduction: 39,893 tCO2e/year
Costs ( )
The cost of implementing the measure will correspond mainly to fuel distributors, as it will be carried out on
the basis of voluntary agreements, bidding specifications for the concession of supply stations and meetings
with the State Authorities. The cost, therefore, is virtually zero for Madrid City Council.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Agreements with supply companies X X X
Introduction of clauses that require the

supply of alternative fuels and energies in X
service stations concessions
Contacts with State Authorities X X
Department(s) responsible for Government Department for Urban Planning and Housing
implementation
Government Department for the Treasury and Public
Administration Pública
Pg. 124
Index
Raising awareness among drivers to consider environmental aspects in purchasing

Heading 18
new vehicles.
According to a study carried out by the Community of Madrid and the RACC of 1,008 individuals between
Description
the ages of 16 and 70 in the Community of Madrid, based on a survey carried out in July 2005, fuel consumption
is among the most important factors in deciding the purchase of new vehicles.
Importance of different aspects

% multiresponse
Current vehicle Next vehicle
(basis: current vehicle owners)
80,1 Security 88,1

Low
67,5 79,9
consumption
49,1 Speed 52,3
Gas
44,9 emissions 66,8
31,5 Recyclable 55,1

materials
100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100
Source: Community of Madrid and RACC, 2006.
Compared with these results, in recent years, there have been negative trends such as the constant increase
in the purchase of off-road vehicles for urban use, characterized by their high fuel consumption and high
emissions, along with other problems like greater occupation of space and consequently hampering the traffic
of cyclists and other drivers.
Furthermore, most of those interviewed would be willing to acquire vehicles fueled by alternative energies,
even though they had less power and less autonomy. The main barrier against purchasing these vehicles is
their price.
Pg. 125

Index
Willingness to purchase
% multiresponse
More expensive 43,3
More autonomy 77,8
More power 86,6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Source: Madrid Blue Plan, Community of Madrid and RACC, 2006.
The study suggests the need to carry out awareness campaigns for environmental protection aimed at private
vehicle users and campaigns for public transport use as a mode of transport.
Madrid City Council will carry out driver awareness campaigns with the possible collaboration of different
vehicle insurance companies and the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving (IDAE). These campaigns'
objective will be to inform on the impact that certain vehicles and fuels cause on the environment, and inform
on new options for vehicles on the market that consume and pollute less.
The City Council will also review the Ordinance regulating the Tax on Motor Vehicles (IVTM) to include
allowances for vehicles that use biofuels.
The Department of Safety and Mobility together with the Treasury will study the possibility of scaling the SER
(Regulated Parking Service) rate or payment according to vehicles' pollutant level.
Pg. 126
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Costs ( )
The City Council will assume the costs for drivers' environmental awareness, estimated at around 20,000
euros per annum, for information material.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 1.32 /tonneCO2

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Measure 40,000 20,000 20,000 20,000
Local Energy Agency

implementation Dept. of Safety and Mobility
Dept. of the Treasury
Pg. 127

Index
Heading 19 Information, training and promotion campaigns for alternative fuels.

Sector Transport Type Adaptation/Abatement
Alternative fuels, which include mainly biofuels, electricity and hydrogen, are not
Description
well enough known by drivers due to the lack of supply points. They are not part
of the product offer supplied by major companies manufacturing fuels derived from
petroleum for vehicle transport.
In order to foster their use and increase their market penetration, considerable
efforts will have to be made in publicity campaigns focusing on informing about
the characteristics of biofuels and the advantages (environmental and socio-
economic) of use them as substitutes for traditional fuels.
The Local Energy Agency will be in charge of carrying out the promotion campaigns, by means of triptychs
to be distributed in establishments associated with the automation, information on the web page and other
available means. Implementing these actions will require the collaboration of drivers' associations, service
stations, etc.

15.957 tCO2e/year
Costs ( )
The annual cost is estimated at around 10.000.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 0,63 /tonneCO2

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Measure 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

Pg. 128
Index
Voluntary agreements with vehicle hire companies to promote clean

Heading 20 vehicles.
Madrid City Council, in the framework of contacts already established with car manufacturers, through the
Description
bioethanol development programme BEST, will endeavour to go one step further by establishing contacts
with vehicle hire companies in the city, in order to encourage them to incorporate clean vehicles in their fleets,
for the use of clients who so wish.
Contact between Madrid City Council, vehicle manufacturers and car hire companies will be arranged through
a Voluntary Agreement, in which the City Council will undertake to study the possible benefits of clean hire
vehicles for users and provide information material at fuel supply points.

3. Estimated emissions reduction: 7.111 tCO2e/year
Costs ( )
The costs of incorporating clean vehicles into the fleets of hire companies will be met by such companies.
Costs of information material published by the Council will be small.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Action
plan
Measure X X X

Pg. 129

Index
Heading 21 Setting up a Car-Sharing system.

CarSharing consists of sharing the use of vehicles in a fleet managed by an operating company and made
Description
available to clients. The main differences with conventional car hire systems are:
• This system allows vehicles to be used for • Clients have the option to reserve and pick
minimum periods of one hour, so users only up the vehicle at any time of day or night.
pay for what they have used.
• There are many parking spaces near the client.
CarSharing works as follows:
• Clients have a smart card that lets them reserve • Clients open it with the card bearing the
by internet or by phone. reservation in question and can start it up.
• In the reservation, clients choose the vehicle • As for refilling, maintenance and cleaning the
and decide which car park to collect it from. vehicle, the CarSharing system management
company is responsible.
• A telematic system transmits the reservation
to the vehicle computer.
With the initial backing of Madrid City Council, and on based on the experience of the Avancar initiative in
Catalonia, which aims to expand all over the country, a company will be set up to manage the service. Support
will be sought from other companies involved in public transport (EMT, Metro) and automobiles. Furthermore,
there will be an effort to incorporate parking spaces into the CarSharing system in new promotions by the
EMVS.
The cars acquired for the CarSharing system will be characterized by fuel consumption efficiency and/or the
use of alternative energy sources.
The use of CarSharing also favours intermodality in transport. Studies carried out in Switzerland and Germany,
the countries where CarSharing originates from, show that users of the system are also habitual users of
public transport.
Pg. 130
Index
Evolution of CarSharing clients in Barcelona

Figures after the service
operating for one year
600
500 Number of clients: 600
400 Number of vehicles: 42
Individuals
300 Companies Available parking: 16
200 Total reservations: 5,600
100 Total hours of use: 93,000
0 Total km travelled: 850,000
M 05
Ju 05
Ju 05
06
ar 6
No ber 5
De vem 05
Ja ber 5
Fe uar 5
Ap 05
pt 05
Ap 06
g 05
ua 06
0
M ry 0
ct . 0
m 0 Accidentes con injures:

ril
ce .
ay
ne
ril
ch
Se ust
ch
Au ly
br y
O em
ar
o
M
n None

4. Estimated emissions reduction: 267 tCO2e/year
Costs ( )
The City Council will collaborate with the Company only through the Municipal Transport Company (EMT)
and providing the following services:
• Providing municipal land for car parks.
• Activities to promote the service. ( 20,000 per annum)
• Financial stake in the company ( 100,000)
It is estimated that the company will start to be profitable as of the fifth year of operation.
A feasibility study is currently under way (Fundación Movilidad - IDAE) to set up a car-sharing system in Madrid.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Measure 120,000 40,000 20,000 20,000
Department(s) responsible for Área de Gobierno Seguridad y Movilidad

implementation Government Department for Urban Planning and Housing
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Heading 22 Limiting the number of parking spaces in tertiary buildings.

Improving air quality in urban centres, in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, necessarily involves
Description
introducing a wide range of measures to discourage the widespread use of private vehicles in urban centres,
in favour of other, more sustainable modes of transport. Less congestion will also benefit pedestrians, the
reliability and speed of public transport and, in general, mobility in urban centres.
A large part of the traffic there, concentrated at certain rush hours, is associated with journeys to places of
work, shopping or leisure activities. Research and experiments conducted in other cities have shown that
controlling the availability of parking spaces in these types of activities is very effective in reducing congestion
in certain especially affected parts of the city.
Act 9/2001 of 17 July, on the land of the Community of Madrid, lay down a minimum provision of parking
spaces in each area of non-consolidated urban land or sector and/or unit of land on which urban development
is permissible. Nevertheless, in accordance with article 36.6 (d), section 1, of the above Act 9/2001, it is possible
to establish maximum limits on parking spaces for commerce, performances and offices "for reasons of
congestion and density of urban centres". Such maximum limits must be stipulated by the General Urban
Development Plan for the urban centre, properly justifying the reasons of congestion and density.
This measure aims to establish a maximum limit over the number of parking spaces for new buildings located
in the urban centre which are intended for offices, performances or commercial activities, as an action that
may be undertaken by local authorities to control excess availability of parking spaces associated with these
activities, thus contributing to reducing journeys by private vehicle in congested areas. These limits will be
established by modifying the general planning instruments.
This measure must go hand in had with proper studies and in combination with other actions affecting the
improvement of public transport, so that easy, convenient access is guaranteed to such places.
In order to reduce private vehicle use for journeys to places of work and, consequently, reduce GHG emissions
from private vehicle transport, it is proposed to modify urban planning regulations to set a maximum number
of parking spaces that a new building may have, and lay down a minimum number of spaces for two-wheeled
vehicles.
Pg. 132
Index
This measure will therefore be restricted to the urban centre of Madrid. Its implementation will require the
following stages:
1. Drawing up a document that justifies the 2. Proposal to modify the PGOUM (General
need to lay down maximum limits on parking Urban Development Plan) on the basis of this
spaces for commerce, performances and study's results.
offices in the urban centre, for reasons of
congestion and density. The document will 3. Processing the modification to the PGOUM
be based on mobility studies already carried to lay down maximum limits on parking
out by Madrid City Council. spaces for commerce, performances and
offices in the area established in the
abovementioned study.
The purpose of the measure is to reduce journeys to places of work, shopping and leisure centres in private
motor vehicles. This measure must be offset with an increase in the public transport offer, allowing people
to get to these places.
Costs ( )
In view of the fact that it is a regulatory measure, it will barely cost the authorities anything.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1- Modification of urban development

X X
regulations.
2- Entry into effect of new urban

X
development regulations.
3- Entry into effect of new regulations. X
Department(s) responsible Government Department for Urban Planning and

Housing
for implementation Government Department for Safety and Mobility
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Annual campaigns to analyse energy consumption and GHG emissions by the fleet
Heading 23
of vehicles.
This measure aims to implement a programme to analyse vehicles, focusing on the circuits and components
Description
that affect vehicles' consumption. In order to do so, the main actions to be undertaken are:
• Analysing the existing infrastructure of campaigns on preventive vehicle maintenance

automobile workshops in the city, establishing and its relationship with the vehicle's energy
contacts with specialist workshop associations consumption. Both the municipal web page
to subsequently design a programme of and information triptychs will highlight
diagnosis. preventive maintenance as an instrument for
reducing consumption and pollutant emissions
• Defining a common protocol for all selected in vehicles.
workshops in diagnosing energy consumption
in the fleet of vehicles. • Drawing up an annual diagnosis document
based on the results of analyses carried out
• Free diagnosis of energy consumption among in the workshops.
Madrid's vehicles by workshops involved in
the programme, together with awareness
Costs ( )
The budget for the measure amounts to 50,000 a year for the whole term the plan is in effect, involving a
total of 250,000.
Diagnosis costs will be paid by participating workshops, with the City Council financing the information and
awareness campaigns, drawing up the energy consumption diagnosis protocol and the annual diagnosis of
energy consumptions by vehicles in Madrid.
Pg. 134
Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Measure
Contact with specialist workshops X
Defining a diagnosis protocol 50,000
Diagnosis campaigns 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
TOTAL 100,000 50,000 50,000 50,000

Department(s) responsible
for implementation Government Department for the Treasury and Public
Administration
Pg. 135

Index
Heading 24 Programme on efficient driving for drivers in municipal fleets.
This programme's goal is to achieve savings in the fleet's fuel consumption of around 15% over 2006 values,
Description
on average, in the period 2008-2012.
Both the IDAE and the Ministry of Industry's E4 Strategy propose efficient driving programmes at municipal
level, as a useful tool in reducing energy consumption associated with transport by private vehicle and in the
vehicle fleets of companies and public authorities.
According to estimates made by research bodies on energy matters, efficient driving both in the city and on
the road can help save up to 15% in a vehicle's fuel consumption.
Source: Efficient driving campaign by IDAE, DGT, ANFAC, ANIACAM,

AOP, AUTOCLUB REPSOL and RACE, March 2006.
Pg. 136
Index
At the beginning of 2005, the IDAE published a guide aimed at State Fleet Drivers, analysing all the aspects
to do with efficient driving, and which will be used to provide formation to drivers in the municipal fleet.
The efficient driving programme for drivers in the municipal fleet will comprise the following actions:
1. Courses to be attended by all drivers in the 3. Annually checking compliance with targets.
municipal fleet in the year 2008.
2. Setting annual reduction targets. Year 2008.

993 tCO2e/year
Costs ( )
Total costs are estimated at 50,000, corresponding to the programme's first year, when the training courses
will be given for drivers in the municipal fleet.
Activities to check compliance with targets will be carried out by personnel from departments with fleets of
municipal vehicles.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Courses attended by all drivers in the
50,000
municipal fleet
Reduction targets X
Checking compliance with reduction
X X X X
targets

implementation Madrid Local Government Training and Studies Institute
Pg. 137

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6.3 RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL E INSTITUTIONAL
6.3.1 Diagnosis of emissions from the sector
In general, citizens are users of more than one building: Furthermore, there is a growing number and variety of
their own residence, their place of work, the different small-sized equipment, such as domestic appliances and
services they attend (education, health, culture, etc.). computers, contributing to increased energy consumption
These can be of varying types and, in each of them, in homes.
comfort and quality of use and enjoyment is conditioned
by the construction elements and facilities they are The residential, commercial and institutional sector (RCI)
equipped with. is the primary consumer of energy in the city of Madrid.
Consumption reached the figure of 2010 ktoe in 2003,
At present, energy consumption in the construction representing 50% of the city's energy consumption.
sector is growing, as current society has reached a high Electricity is the largest energy resource, followed by
level of development and demands increasing levels of natural gas and oil derivatives, mostly gasoil C for boilers.
comfort for individuals in all the activities they carry out.
Built-up surface area increases year after year, involving

a greater provision of energy-consuming equipment
and facilities, such as heating, air conditioning, hot water
and interior lighting.
Sector Natural Oil Electricity Coal Solar Biogas SUW Total

Gas derivatives (importada) thermal
2-
Residential 383 52 0,3
02- 681 352 0 0
Residential, 2-
Commercial Commercial 541 0,0
and Services and services
TOTAL 681 352 924 52 0,3 0 0 2,010
Table 6.3.1.1. Consumption by energy type for the SNAP-02 category. Year 2003.
Source: Madrid City Council Emission Inventory.
Pg. 138
Index
This consumption means that greenhouse gas emissions According to the Emission Inventory and with 2004 figures,
(GHG), direct and indirect, associated with this sector are direct GHG emissions from the RCI sector, SNAP Group
the most significant and, in many cases, difficult to control 02: Non-industrial combustion plants, are responsible for
and regulate. 32.7% of direct GHG emissions in the municipality of
Madrid. It is therefore the municipality's the second biggest
emitting sector, only surpassed by transport.
EMISSIONS CO2 EQUIVALENT (ktCO2eq/year)
Sector 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Residential, Commercial and Services 3,405 3,144 3,183 3,150 3,182 3,212 3,186
Table 6.3.1.2. Emissions (CO2eq), 1990-2004.

The table of emissions by subsectors shows that the 92% of direct emissions. These emissions are due
residential sector is the primary source of direct GHG to combustion in boilers of less than 50MW.
emissions from non-industrial combustion plants, with
2 NON-INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION CH4 N2O

(ktCO2eq)
CO2 (kt)
(ktCO2eq) TOTAL
PLANTS
02 01 Commercial and institutional combustion plants 0 242 3 245
02 01 03 Combustion plants < 50 MWt (boilers) 0.12 242 3
02 02 Residential combustion plants 17 2,844 80 2,941
02 02 02 Combustion plants < 50 MWt (boilers) 17 2,844 80
TOTAL GROUP 02 17 3,086 83 3,186
Table 6.3.1.3. GHG emissions from Category 2.

Pg. 139

Index
As regards the evolution of direct emissions from the natural gas in boilers and of progressively electrifying
sector, the graph below shows a drop in the period domestic appliances.
1990-2004, as a consequence of substituting coal with
Evolution of emissions (CO2 equivalent) from the

residential/commercial/institutional sector 1990-2004.
102%
100%
98%
96%
94%
92%
90%
88%
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Residential, commercial and institutional combustion
Fig. 6.3.1.1. Evolution of emissions (CO2eq), 1990-2004.

The origin of direct emissions is combustion associated Domestic uses are taken to be all uses related to household
with domestic uses of natural gas, oil-derived fuels and needs and comfort such as heating, air conditioning,
coal. generating domestic hot water (DHW), etc.
Pg. 140
Index
1,400,000 700,000
1,200,000 600,000
1000,000 500,000
800,000 400,000
Kt
Kt
600,000 300,000
400,000
200,000
200,000
100,000
0 0
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Coal Oil Natural gas Coal Oil Natural gas

products products
Fig. 6.3.1.2. Evolution of consumption of total natural gas, coal and oil derivatives in the residential, commercial and institutional sector of the Municipality of
Madrid, 1990-2004.
In recent years, natural gas consumption has undergone However, the evolution of consumption of oil-derivatives
a significant increase despite dropping last year as a result and, especially, coal, has dropped over the last 25 years.
of the evolution of industrial consumption. Since 1990, Oil-derivative consumption has fallen by 50%, while coal
the RCI sector has increased nearly 44%. This is basically consumption has dropped by 80%.
due to using this type of fuel in new developments and
to the increase in distribution lines.
Pg. 141

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As regards GHG emissions, natural gas is the fuel emissions (kt CO2eq / ktoe). Of the three fuels studied,
contributes most to direct emissions in the RCI sector, natural gas is the one with the lowest GHG emission
although, as mentioned above, this is related to its ratios through heat input.
greater use and not to its specific contribution to GHG
100.0 100.0 4.8

7.3
90.0 90.0
80.0 80.0 32.4
70.0 37.5 70.0
60.0 60.0
% ktCO2eq
50.0 50.0
% ktep
40.0 40.0
30.0 30.0 62.8
55.2
20.0 20.0
10.0 10.0
0.0 0.0
2003 2003
Natural Gas Oil Deriv. Coal Natural Gas Oil Deriv. Coal
Figure 6.3.1.3. Percentage contribution of direct GHG emission Figure 6.3.1.4. Percentage energy contribution of fuels with
in the RCI sector , Municipality of Madrid, 2003. effects on direct GHG emissions in the RCI sector , Municipality
Source: In-house. of Madrid, 2003.
Source: In-house.
Pg. 142
Index
On the other hand, 15% of all oil derivatives is associated diesel for heating and generating DHW in boilers.
with the RCI sector and the majority with the use of red
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
kt
200,000
100,000
0
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
LPG Propane LPG Butane Red diesel
Fig. 6.3.1.5. Consumption of oil derivatives in the RCI sector (1990-2004).

In this respect, it may be seen that the consumption of Indirect GHG emissions are all those that occur outside
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is practically marginal while the Municipality of Madrid and which are attributed herein
red diesel consumption, while dropping, still continues to to electric power generation. The trend in electric power
be widely accepted. As a consequence, direct emissions consumption has followed the same pattern as the
associated with coal and with oil derivatives still have evolution of our country: on one hand, population increase
margin for improvement. and, on the other, the increase associated with society's
new demand for comfort which has led consumption per
capita to increase by 28%.
Pg. 143

Index
Electric energy facturada (MWh) Electric energy per capita (MWh)

30,000,000
5,000.00
25,000,000
4,500.00
20,000,000
MWh
MWh/h
4,000.00
15,000,000
3,500.00
10,000,000
3,000.00
5,000,000
2,500.00
0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Community of Madrid MUNICIP. OF MADRID Community of Madrid MUNICIP. OF MADRID
Figure 6.3.1.6. Evolution of electricity consumption and consumption per capita in the Municipality of and Community of Madrid.
Source: Community of Madrid Statistics Yearbook.
The RCI sector is the largest consumer of electric power, factors in generating and transporting electric power,
representing 80% of total purchased electric power, indirect emissions represent nearly 60% of total GHG
and it is therefore the largest indirect emitter of GHG emissions attributed to the RCI sector.
in the Municipality. In turn, this sector has the greatest
diversification and least control and, although addressed Indirect emissions, and therefore electricity production,
in chapters below, this trend has been accepted as are already regulated by the National Allocation Plan,
premise for this plan's term of application. which sets CO2 emission reduction targets at electricity
generation facilities.
Furthermore, it is important to stress that owing to the
large number of primary energy sources and to efficiency
Pg. 144
Index
Evolution of the contribution from the RCI sector in

9,000 Spain and the Municipality of Madrid, 2003 (%)
8,000 100
7,000 90
80
6,000 70
5,000 60
ktCO2eq
50
%
4,000 40
3,000 30
20
2,000 10
0
1,000
03
00
99
98
97
96
95
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
rid
ad
2003 2004
M
of
y
Indirect emissions
lit
pa
Direct emissions Total Spain RCI Spain
ici
un
M
Figure 6.3.1.7. Total GHG emissions, direct and indirect, from the Figure 6.3.1.8. Percentage contributed by indirect emissions from
RCI sector in the Municipality of Madrid, 1990-2004. the RCI sector in Spain and the Municipality of Madrid.
Source: In house and Madrid City Council Statistics Yearbook. Source: In house.
It is also worth noting that the percentage contribution terms, the weight of certain sectors of activity, such as
to total emissions from RCI of emissions due to electricity construction and services, is smaller in the Municipality of
consumption is significantly greater in Spain as a whole Madrid.
than in the city of Madrid. This is because, in percentage
Pg. 145

Index
6.3.2 Factors affecting GHG emissions from the sector
In cities, energy consumption is directly related to the occurred in the rest of Spain, recent years have seen a
evolution of the residential sector. In Madrid, as has boom in urban development.
Census of number of households in the Municipality and Community of Madrid
3,000,000
2,500,000
Number of households
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
MUNICIPALITY OF MADRID Community of Madrid
Fig. 6.3.2.1. Evolution of the number of homes in the Municipality of Madrid and the Community of Madrid.
The number of houses in the city of Madrid amounted construction of new homes, according to residual housing
to 1,371,024 units in 2003, according to figures from in each district up to the end of the General Urban
the 2004 Housing Report. Although growth has been Development Plan, numbers about 245,000 houses.
smaller than in the Region as a whole, the expected
Pg. 146
Index
Energy consumption in construction depends on several 3. The building enclosure; that is, the thermal
factors: performance of the elements that make up buildings
outer layer (facades, windows, roof, etc.).
1. The number of inhabited homes. The larger the
number of homes, the greater the consumption, The commercial and services sector has a similar level of
because it has more to do with the surface area of consumption to the residential sector, generally associated
the homes than with the number of people that with the use of energy consuming facilities in buildings.
who inhabit them.
Average consumption per home in 2003 was 0.91 toe/home.
2. Climatic conditions. Temperature and the effect of Most of the energy consumption goes to heating systems,
solar radiation on residential buildings are the factors which accounted for 47.2% of total consumption (year
that most influence the energy demand, both in 2000). The second most important category was DHW
summer and in winter. (20.4%), followed by domestic appliances (15.5%), cooking
(9.6%) and lighting (7.2%).
100% 100% 0.2%

7.6% 7.2%
12.1% 9.6%
80% 80%
19.7% 20.4%
60% 60%
16.3% 15.5%
40% 40%
20% 44.2% 20% 47.2%
0% 0%
1990 2000
Heating Dom. App. Hot water
Cooking Lighting Air cond.
SOURCE: INE/IDAE
NOTICE: The final energy consumption statistics come from the Ministry of Economy (Electricity and gas
planning; Development of the transport networks 2002-2011; The energy in Spain, 2001), excluded non
energetic consumption.
Fig. 6.3.2.2. Distribution of the home consumption of energy 2000/1990

Source: Institute for Diversification and Saving Energy-IDAE. Pg. 147

Index
6.3.3 Actions undertaken by the Municipality of Madrid and by the Community of Madrid to reduce GHG emissions
and increase energy efficiency in the sector.
Under the General Urban Development Plan in force, important measures is the Ordinance on Capturing Solar
the City Council activated a plan to foster energy Energy for Thermal Uses, to encourage the development
efficiency, for the benefit of all owners or promoters of solar energy capturing facilities for low-temperature
who incorporate energy saving and efficiency measures thermal uses. Since the date when the Ordinance came
in the corresponding planning or implementation into effect in November 2003, the following results have
instruments. This plan considered the use of sources or been obtained:
technologies that improve energy performance and/or
the use of renewable energy sources. One of the most
Ordinance on Capturing Solar Thermal Energy

No. of Licences with solar energy capturing 424
No. of square metres (m2) of solar energy panels 28,196.77 m2
No. of solar panels for capturing Solar Energy 13,150
Table 6.3.3.1. Figures from applying the Ordinance on Capturing Solar Energy in the Muncipality, 2005.
In spite of this, the measure has not yet been fully consistent in installing solar energy systems for thermal
developed, so greater emphasis is being put on promoting or electric self-consumption. These bonuses go up to
and developing this energy source in existing buildings. 95% in the case of constructions for residential use.
At present, the Ordinance Regulating the Tax on
Constructions, Facilities and Works provides a 30%
bonus for constructions, facilities or works which are
Pg. 148
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It is expected that the new Technical Building Code (TBC) Accordingly, the aim is to make the building itself what
will significantly boost this kind of solar energy system. captures the thermal solar energy, without extra costs for
At present, sections HE 4 and HE 5 of the TBC stipulate additional facilities, thus eliminating the economic
that the minimum solar contribution for hot water and limitations, and considerably increasing the energy efficiency
the minimum photovoltaic contribution for electric power of the systems used in the building (heating and DHW,
generation will be obligatory in the following cases: even for dishwashers and washing machines), as the solar
capturing surface area only depends on the layout and
• Thermal solar: new constructions and the orientation of the building.
refurbishment of existing buildings of any use where
there exists a demand for DHW and/or heating This 53-home building has been equipped with an
indoor swimming pools. In certain cases, there may environmental solar capturing surface area twice as large
be justification for the alternative of measures or as what a conventional installation would have given,
elements that lead to thermal energy saving or a with a very acceptable orientation and inclination. That
CO2 emission reduction, equivalent to what would is to say, the building will capture approximately double
be obtained by means of the corresponding solar the energy from the sun without involving additional costs
facility. in its construction. Another key project is the mixed
institutional building at Margaritas, 52, where 33 homes
• Photovoltaic solar: buildings for certain uses when are being built with a cleaning canton and 76 semi-
they exceed certain limits of gross floor area as robotized parking spaces. The building is equipped with
defined in the code HE 5. In this respect, such geothermal heat pumps. This system will constitute an
minimum required power may be reduced or exemplary, highly efficient experiment for providing DHW
eliminated in certain cases which demonstrate the and thermal conditioning both in summer and in winter,
use of other renewable sources. on the basis of a stable, constant exchange with the
terrain. This technology will double the performance
Consequently, all initiatives that lie outside the scope of this achieved with conventional air-air or air-water systems.
obligatory application will be promoted from Madrid City
Council. In this respect, we should highlight the initiatives
by the Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS),
promoting these and other sources of renewable energy.
These include the "Arquitectura Vertida" project with the
construction of 53 homes in the Vallecas Expansion Area.
This project's innovation lies in substituting the prefabricated
concrete elements that were part of the gable skirting the
building's roof, with thermal solar panels, also prefabricated,
which are shaped and measured to fit perfectly, meeting
the required conditions of insulation and waterproofing.
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Additionally, the EMVS' project "ECOBARRIO", approved smaller than any conventional natural gas system for
at the Government Meeting of 21 June 2007, will producing heat.
undertake the urban development of the municipal
colonies named San Francisco Javier and Nuestra Señora This "ECOBARRIO" also involves measures as innovative
de los Ángeles in the San Diego neighborhood of Puente and sustainable as encouraging the planting of bushes
de Vallecas district. This project proposes a system to and autochthonous tree cover, which, with the wind
supply energy by means of Urban Heating (District and a proper irrigation system, will create mircoclimates.
Heating). Optimising the orientation and sun exposure of each
block comprised in the Eco-neighbourhood, paying
In order to supply useful energy to all the buildings special attention to the bioclimatic guidelines that govern
comprised in the "Ecobarrio" (Eco-neighbourhood) a current actions. Creating large green zones between
thermoelectric production plant will be constructed housing blocks. Limiting motor vehicles from entering
underground, based on technologies of condensation, and parking, fostering pedestrian streets. Creating a
low temperature, solar thermal energy and fuel cells. bicycle lane in a loop around the housing development.
Using the most innovative, sustainable technologies for
This production station will generate electricity to export constructing the buildings. Capturing renewable energy,
to the general distribution network and heat for heating preferably by means of passive systems in constructing
and DHW for the 2,000-plus homes set be built, co- the buildings. Natural ventilation and lighting inside the
generated from biogas obtained from Urban Waste homes, paying special attention to thermal inertia in
Treatment. buildings.
The thermoelectric plant designed will produce Another exemplary, innovative project by the EMVS to
approximately 14,500 thermal MWh./year and 6,300 highlight is the current construction of a 144-home
electric MWh./year, with an annual seasonal performance building in the Usera district, Virgen de la Encina, where
factor (SPF = relationship between the energy from fossil the obligatory thermal solar panels will be replaced by
fuels consumed and the useful energy corresponding 30 KWh co-generation with hydrogen. This electricity
to buildings) from the system as a whole of around and heat generation will have a yield of 85%, greatly
197%. The power plant designed will be self-sufficient. superior to any conventional electric production where
That is to say, it will generate more energy than it yields do not exceed 30%.
consumes.
The level of environmental pollution from the system

of co-generation with fuel cells will be zero and the
level of pollution from the thermal power station,
considering its high performance, will be substantially
Pg. 150
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We should also mention the European R+D+i projects surface are of 500 m 2 , and which will generate
Manubuild and I3CON, where the EMVS seeks to overcome approximately 51,000 KWh/year. The project expects the
the inertia that has traditionally hampered contemporary installations to have a useful life of around 30 years and
construction by making a commitment to modulation, a 10-year term of amortisation.
industrialisation and energy yield optimisation. The
construction will be built under the Urban Development The EMVS also carries out advisory functions and helps
Programme for Carabanchel, and more specifically, in in designing and implementing facilities with high energy-
Expansion Zone 37, plot 4.5.2.C. This project is suitable efficiency systems for buildings. Its advisory actions include:
for replication and seeks to research and develop new drafting technical specifications for the design, execution
working and execution processes, with results like reducing and subsequent energy management of heating or DHW
costs by 50%, execution times by 70% and work accidents generation facilities by capturing thermal solar energy,
by 90%. This project involves industrialised, open and guideline layouts and recommended set-ups plus drafting
prefabricated construction systems, mobile factories basic maintenance and energy administration contracts
producing components on site and with future users' with individualized sale of energy for heating and DHW.
participation from the outset of the process, all managed Accordingly, the EMVS provides architects, engineers,
through powerful IT tools for design, configuration, manufacturing companies, installation companies and
personalisation, intelligent combinations of work materials, construction technicians with the details of High Energy
etc. developed expressly throughout the project. Efficiency systems. The EMVS advises on the following
basic concepts:
The final result is to demonstrate the creation of flexible
buildings, reduced development times, maximum planning, • Design criteria.
personalisation of the building's technology and user • Minimum annual yield in energy production systems.
satisfaction, with direct consequences on capacity for • The technology to use.
recycling, materials efficiency and the life cycles of buildings. • Required renewable energies.
• Energy savings to be achieved.
Furthermore, and in terms of inhabited housing, the EMVS • Pollutant emission reduction.
has started, as mentioned above, a programme entitled • Energy management.
"Photovoltaic Communities", which consists of installing
photovoltaic solar panels for producing electricity in existing
buildings and where, owing to regulatory circumstances,
the now mandatory thermal solar panels were not installed.
As the programme's initial projects, a number of solar
fields have been set up in the buildings Espíritu Santo 23
and Sanchinarro X, in the second of which, with an
approximate budget of 200,000, almost 40 KWp of
electric production has been installed, on an approximate
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The Residential Innovation programme "9+1 NINE PLUS to consider in future actions, and their adaptation with
ONE" brings together a decalogue of thematic areas, the new TBC.
particularly including energy efficiency and bioclimatic
architecture with the aim of defining fundamental aspects In it continuous process of Research, Development and
of sustainable housing. To do so, Residential Innovation is Innovation, the EMVS has also entered into agreements
implementing a series of pilot projects to help define and with different public and private bodies in search of systems
put into practice all the aspects of each thematic areas that can be replicated, with a view to optimising energy
defined. resources and reduce GHG emissions. These agreements
particularly include the ones signed with the Technical
Schools of Telecommunications and Architecture of the
The EMVS has also carried out, together with the IDAE, Madrid Polytechnic University, where they are currently
a standard project and feasibility study to analyse and investigating an economic domotics system, whose main
design heating and DHW facilities with high energy- function will be energy saving in the domestic sector; in
efficiency thermal solar energy. The project analyses the other words, rational energy use in the home, as well as
Energy Qualification of housing developments with possible actions that can and must be done for the same
significant typology and defines the technical guidelines purpose in existing buildings in the city's historical quarter.
In this respect, the Community of Madrid has also set up a series of energy saving and efficiency actions in the residential
sector, including:
- Areas of Restoration in which the Managing Body is This aid will be managed from the Restoration
the EMVS, who distributes non-refundable subsidies Departments by means of agreements.
from the Community of Madrid and the Ministry of
Housing, adding its own funds to the aid from these - Madrid City Council, through the Government
central and regional authorities. Department for Urban Planning and Housing and,
specifically, the EMVS, is also setting up series of
- Aid to sustainable public interest housing: housing actions to foster energy saving and efficiency in the
that is developed in compliance with sustainability residential sector, which include restoration in
criteria laid down by order of the competent council compliance with criteria of accessibility, improvement
on housing or which incorporates technological to architectural quality and sustainability in housing
innovations compliant with environmental parameters. in consolidated urban areas in the city of Madrid, and
classified as Sustainable Restoration Areas in the
- Financial aid from the Community of Madrid, framework of the urban landscape master plan, entirely
refurbishment with public protection (Housing Plan financed by Madrid City Council, to a maximum sum
2005 - 2008): the actions of this measure include, of 6,000 per home, for a total of 6,500 homes,
with the aim of improving energy efficiency in buildings preferentially in the area around the river.
and housing, improvement to thermal insulation in
buildings and water, electricity, gas, ventilation, air
Pg. 152 and thermal insulation of homes.
Index
6.3.4 Proposed new measures
Goals
• Environmentally adapt buildings by means of bioclimatic architecture.

• Optimise the design of new buildings to achieve greater energy efficiency.
• Take advantage of restoration and refurbishment to include aspects that contribute to reducing energy
consumption.
• Promote energy certification and efficiency in the tertiary and services sector.
• Foster proper use of buildings by users to permit rational energy consumption.
• Promote best practices in purchasing and using energy consuming equipment, both in the residential
sector and the commercial and services sectors.
• Audit and certify municipal buildings with the greatest energy consumption.
• Introduce renewable energies in municipal buildings.
• Ensure proper operation of all energy facilities in municipal buildings.
Targets 2012
• Introduce renewable energies in local authority buildings for up to 30% of all energy consumed.
• Energy certification for 30% of new constructions.
• Certify and audit 50% of municipal buildings and facilities with the greatest energy consumption.
• Ensure that 100% of audited municipal buildings have high energy qualification.
The lines of action defined and their corresponding measures are listed below, describing each in detail in their
corresponding sections:
Pg. 153

Index
Lines of action
residential, Measure
commercial and
institutional sector
25. Including a supplementary environmental report to Technical Building Inspection.

Energy efficiency in 26. Fostering Energy Certification for Buildings.
buildings and urban 27. Programming energy audits in the tertiary and services sector.
planning 28. Promoting collective systems for heating, domestic hot water (DHW) and air
conditioning.
29. Programming subsidies for replacing diesel boilers.

30. Fostering efficient lighting.
Energy efficiency in 31. Using LED lamps for traffic lights in the municipality.
32. Plan for reducing consumption in the use of domestic appliances and air conditioning
equipment
equipment.
33. Fostering domotic systems.
34. Promoting bithermal domestic appliances and conventional ones that use DHW
from thermal solar energy.
35. Programming energy audits and certification in municipal buildings and facilities.
36. Integrating solar energy systems in municipal buildings.
37. Managing energy purchasing and clean quotas in all municipal facilities and buildings.
38. Management and maintenance contracts.
39. Applying all criteria relating to energy consumption and GHG emissions in local
contracting.
Municipal buildings 40. Carbon neutral institutional events of the City Council.
and facilities 41. Revolving fund to invest in energy efficiency measures in municipal buildings.
42. Energy efficiency and reduction plan for IT systems in municipal facilities and
buildings.
43. Fostering exemplary projects that integrate sustainable criteria in urban constructions
and developments.
Pg. 154
Index
Heading 25 Including a supplementary environmental report to Technical Building Inspection.
Sector Residential, commercial and institutional Type Abatement

Description
Technical Building Inspection (I.T.E. in its Spanish acronym), approved by the plenary meeting of Madrid City
Council on 29 January 1999, as part of the Ordinance on Conservation, Restoration and Poor Condition of
Buildings, regulates the conservation of Madrid's buildings, endeavouring to mitigate the effects of buildings'
deterioration over time.
At present, I.T.E consists of a report drawn up by a competent technician freely chosen and contracted by
the property, and approved by the corresponding Professional Association, which shows the state of, at least:
• Structures and foundations. • Plumbing and sanitary facilities in the building.
• Facades, cornices, balconies, canopies and • Damp, cracks or any other defect that affects
any other element that places pedestrians at the building, in the event that they are serious.
risk.
• Roofs and terraces, whether accessible or

otherwise.
This report will be given to the property to be handed in to the Municipal Authority's Registry, declaring
whether the Inspection is favourable or unfavourable.
This measure recommends including a voluntary energy efficiency report with a series of environmental
indicators regarding the condition and energy efficiency of the property. This report should include the
following basic criteria:
• Lighting and sunlight exposure. • Air conditioning, heating and DHW facilities
(type of fuel, individual/community,
• Thermal conditions. condition, etc.).
• Construction materials. • Energy efficiency and renewable energy use.
• Use and operation of facilities • Water management.

(efficiency in usage).
Furthermore, the energy efficiency report will be obligatory for areas of Integrated Restoration or Preferential
Restoration in the old quarter, where actions of a global nature must be fostered by the Administration, and
in open block housing estates. The obligatory nature of this measure will be regulated under the new Ordinance
on Sustainable Energy Use.
Pg. 155

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Estimated emission reduction (tCO2e/year) and energy saving (MWh/year)

7. Estimated emission reduction: 2,156 tCO2e/year.
8. Electricity saving: 2,609 MWh/year / Gas saving: 1,735 MWh/year.
Costs ( )
The Ordinance on Conservation, Restoration and Poor Condition of Buildings, which regulates Technical
Building Inspection, will be modified in 2009, set to come into effect as of 2010. Technicians of the municipal
authorities will be responsible for such modification. The estimated budget for external consultants amounts
to 30.000.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 3.48 /t-CO2e/year

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Modifying the specifications of the ITE 30,000
TOTAL 30,000
Department(s) Government Department of Urban Planning and Housing

responsible for Government Department of the Treasury and Public Administration
Pg. 156
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Heading 26 Fostering Energy Certification for Buildings.

Description
Energy Certification originates from the SAVE Directive 93/76 and its goal is to reduce CO2 emissions by
improving energy efficiency. Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings provides the
creation of an energy performance certificate, which must be made available to the owner or by the owner
to the purchaser or tenant. This certificate will provide users with an overview of a building's performance
level based on a series of criteria relating to energy, water consumption and uses, and GHG emissions. These
aspects are represented on a scale of 7 efficiency levels (A-G).
Source: Display Campaign.
The certificate will provide users with reference values based on the applicable regulations and by type of
building, plus some basic recommendations on improving the cost-effectiveness of possible measures. As for
future users, certification provides a guarantee and justifies the investment made, ensuring a good balance
between energy consumption and level of comfort.
Furthermore, it is often used as a basic tool for comparing and evaluating the performance of a building's
facilities or facilities of the same type, and identify possible needs or improvements. With the aim of developing
this regulation, the Ministry of Housing, through the Sub-Directorate General for Innovation and Quality in
Construction, in collaboration with the IDAE, has developed the CEV (Energy Certification for Housing)
programme and the Software CALENER.
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With the goal of making certification eventually mandatory, it is considered necessary to foster Energy
Certification while this plan is being implemented, by means of the following instruments:
1. Regulation: The City Council will define and intended for consultants, developers,
certain requirements for granting building manufacturers, planners, installers, technicians
licenses for new constructions and for and maintenance staff. In parallel, a
restoration work on existing ones. To do so, programme will be set up to qualify future
it will modify the technical specifications in certifiers.
order to ensure that all construction projects
have high Energy Certification, above C on 3. Promoting voluntary certification: With
the A-G scale. Furthermore, and based on the aim of fostering voluntary certification in
the Community of Madrid Law 2/99 on private developments, a programme will be
Building Quality Measures, it will oblige all set up under which the City Council will give
developers to make buildings' energy free technical advice to any property owner
certification available to buyers. Once the who wishes to carry out it. This advice will
corresponding certification has concluded, be provided by the Local Energy Agency. The
the Building Record will be updated. Agency will also be responsible for selecting the
bodies authorised to issue Energy Certification.
2. Training: A training programme will be set According to the qualification obtained, property
up, intended for municipal personnel, so that owners will undertake to carry out the
they know about the certification process improvement actions recommended in the
(CEV and Calener). To do so, collaboration process, provided that the cost does not exceed
agreements will be made with different bodies a certain amount or when the term of
that advise on training. Initially, it will be amortisation is sufficiently short.
coordinated through the Local Energy Agency
and courses will be given through the
Municipal Training School. This training will
aimed, as a priority, at personnel in the
Government Department for Urban Planning,
Housing and Infrastructures. Courses will also
be given in collaboration with other bodies
Pg. 158
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4. Information. Directive 2002/91/EC on the Architects' Institute and different professional

energy performance of buildings provides associations in the sector, so that the planned
that measures should be taken to inform the actions receive more widespread publicity
occupants of buildings on the different through them.
methods and practices that contribute to
improving energy performance. Accordingly, 5. Bonuses. In order to promote energy
a communication and information campaign certification for buildings, there will be a
should be aimed at the different involved feasibility study into establishing periodic
stakeholders, developers, manufacturers, subsidies or local tax bonuses within the
planners, installers, maintenance workers, applicable local framework, with the aim of
technicians of the administration, etc. incentivating to a greater extent constructions
Architects play a very significant role in with high energy qualification, in accordance
developing this strategic line, due to their with Royal Decree 47/2007, of 19 January,
function as designers of buildings, works approving the basic procedure for certifying
managers, etc. It is therefore necessary to the energy performance of newly-constructed
inform this professional sector regarding the buildings.
process. Accordingly, direct communication
channels will be encouraged with the Official

10. Electricity saving: 2,609 MWh/year / Gas saving: 1,735 MWh/year.
Costs ( )
• Training actions for municipal technicians will begin in 2009. Costs associated with this item will depend
on collaborations with other bodies, although a budget of 48,000 is estimated for the whole period.
• Programmes to promote voluntary certification and information actions will start to be designed in 2009,
set to start out in 2010. The cost of certification and information programs will amount to 18,000 a year,
plus the programme design, to another 15,000.
• The feasibility study for establishing periodic subsidies or local tax bonuses, within the applicable local
framework, will be carried out in 2008. It is set to cost 25,000.
• The budget for this measure will be 175,000 to be distributed throughout the plan's whole term of
effectiveness.
Pg. 159

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Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Training Programme 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000
Certification and Information Programme 33,000 18,000 18,000 18,000
Feasibility Study 25,000
TOTAL 70,000 30,000 30,000 30,000
Government Department of Urban Planning and Housing

Department(s)
Government Department of the Treasury and Public Administration
responsible for
Local Energy Agency
implementation
Training and Studies Institute of Madrid Local Government
Pg. 160
Index
Heading 27 Programming energy audits in the tertiary and services sector.

Description
For companies, energy audits can by a good opportunity to reduce costs and improve their corporate image,
by showing clients their commitment to assuming more environmentally-friendly attitudes.
Many establishments in Madrid belonging to the tertiary sector (hotel and catering, shopping centres, office
buildings, etc.) offer major possibilities for reducing energy consumption and reducing GHG emissions. Carrying
out subsidised audits offers this sector the chance to optimise its energy consumption.
An energy audit is a systematic process by which:
• A diagnosis is made regarding the energy programme with the actions or projects
consumption of facilities in a building. detected during the audit.
• Factors affecting energy consumption are • On the basis of the company's financial policy,
detected. investment policy and term of return, the
possibility of starting an improvement
• The different energy saving opportunities are programme is assessed.
identified, evaluated and ordered, according
to their performance. Measures can range • Accordingly, the audit will study possible
from replacing equipment and machinery, to sources of public financing from national or
installing co-generation and renewable energy regional programmes relating to the actions
equipment, or introducing efficient lighting identified (application of renewable energy
systems, measures to raise employees' (solar), replacement of boilers, etc.).
awareness, etc.
• Saving opportunities and the impact of direct

and indirect emissions are estimated. A
financial balance will also be made to assess
the feasibility of applying the individual
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To implement this measure, the City Council will apply the following instruments:
1. Voluntary agreements and subsidies. The responsibility for applying the proposed actions
Local Energy Agency will implement an annual that are not beyond their real financial
Programme of Energy Audits in the Tertiary possibilities. The company will undertake to
and Services Sector. On the basis of voluntary make any improvements in which the
agreements involving all affected companies, investment term is shorter than 2 years and
the 20 most energy-intensive or highest GHG- the investment per action is less than the
emitting companies (coal or red diesel boilers) theoretical cost of the audit.
will be selected for free energy audits. In total,
100 audits will be carried out, over the 5 2. Information. An information campaign will
years in which this line of action will last. focus on this initiative with the aim of
These audits will require a commitment from informing companies in the tertiary and
audited users to endeavour to play a more services sector about energy audits.
sustainable role, and to assume the

12. Electricity saving: 1,643 MWh/year.
Costs ( )
• Audits will start once the 2008 Programme on Energy Audits in the Tertiary Sector has been drawn up. The
budget for energy audits, for 25 tertiary sector companies a year, will be 125,000. For performing the
100 audits during the term of this plan, it will be 500,000. The Local Energy Agency will be responsible
for managing and coordinating the audits.
• The informative campaign will be carried out in the first half of 2009, with energy audits starting the same
year. In the year 2010 and 2012, there will be further information campaigns about the measure. All necessary
material for the informative campaign is budgeted at 20,000.
• Total cost of the measure during this plan's term of application amounts to 520,000.
Pg. 162
Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Information Campaign 10,000 5,000 5,000
Programme on Energy Audits 125,000 125,000 125,000 125,000
TOTAL 135,000 130,000 125,000 130,000
Department(s) responsible for implementation Local Energy Agency
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Heading 28 Promoting collective systems for heating, DHW and air conditioning.
Description
Heating and hot water represent nearly two thirds of a household's energy consumption. Small improvements
in insulation (windows, facades, etc.) lead to energy and economic savings of 25% to 35% in heating and
refrigeration. When they are well designed, installed and maintained, collective systems for heating or for
producing DHW are more efficient and more economic than systems based on independent or individual
elements. These systems increase buildings' global energy performance and lead to saving and reduction in
consumption.
In some cases, the collective system concept can be extrapolated to installing co-generation systems. In this
case, implementation must be preceded by a feasibility study to evaluate the facility or building's energy
requirements. Although the industrial sector is where the greatest opportunities exist for installation, it can
be applied to any facility with relatively high thermal requirements (steam, hot water, refrigeration, etc.) for
an extended period of time (more than 5,000 hours/year), such as sports centres, hotels, shopping centres,
office buildings, business head offices, hospitals, etc.
Co-generation's efficiency is based on using the residual heat from an electricity generation process. This residual
heat is harnessed to produce useful thermal energy (steam, hot water, cold water for refrigeration, etc.).
As a result, co-generation systems are associated with thermal energy consuming centres. Accordingly, the
Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS) is carrying out studies by monitoring and telemanaging
individual heating and DHW systems with centralised production installed in all housing developments it carries
out, allowing it to continue innovating and developing new technologies. The use of individual systems of
centralised production integrated with renewable energy provides the following benefits:
• Reduced consumption of primary energy. • A sustainable development in housing

construction by optimising energy consumption.
• Reduced fuel imports.
• High energy qualification of housing with this
• Reduced GHG emissions. technology.
• Reduced losses in the electric system and
• Improved standard of living for users and,
investments in transportation and distribution.
therefore, social sustainability.
• Increased guarantee of power and electric service
quality.
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Results achieved by the EMVS designs show that this generation system offers advantages for primary energy
consumption, performance of the facility and associated CO2 emissions. The EMVS' heating and DHW
generating systems have, among others, the following characteristics:
• Mixed system of co-generation and solar temperature of -3.7ºC and internal design
panels. temperature of 22ºC.).
• The facility's minimum seasonal performance • Insulation is increased by 10 mm. over the
factor (SPF) is 140% (SPF is the ratio between provisions of applicable regulations, with
the useful energy sent to the building and insulation on all valves, pumps, flanges, energy
the primary energy consumed, gas natural). counters and any other hydraulic element of
the installation. It is finished in aluminum
• Systems using low-temperature condensation sheet 0.6 mm. thick.
technology with a minimum nominal
performance of 108% and modulating • Measuring and controlling the energy in the
burners from 25% by means of external thermal generator takes place by means of
telemanagement signals. energy counters for heating, DHW and thermal
solar energy.
• Temperature is automatically regulated via an
electronic, programmable, telemanaged • Measuring and controlling the energy in
central control panel, equipped with a homes, for heating, takes place by means of
communications card and modem, therefore motorised two-way valves and energy counters
controlled by an energy manager such as the in each home, located with the thermostat
EMVS. installed inside households for DHW, volume
counters in each home.
• Individualised consumption: users regulate
the temperature, season and schedule of their • Solar energy covers at least 75% of the
home according to their needs and only pay building's hot water needs, and backs the
for what they really consume. heating service with surplus energy from
DHW, even at night when there is no sun.
• System pumps for heating and boiler Solar pre-heated hot water is also supplied
circulation have frequency modulators. to dishwashers and washing machines via a
mixing valve (alternative to bithermal
• Radiators are proportioned with a temperature appliances).
difference of 40ºC between the average
radiator temperature and ambient room
temperature, (input to radiators 68ºC, return
to boiler 56ºC; with external calculation
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Graph 1 shows the costs and performances obtained with different systems while graph 2 shows the savings
achieved by the EMVS system in comparison to other conventional systems.
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Annual Primary Cons. Costs CO2
seasonal energy gas per household emissions
performance cons. home ( /home/year) (Tm/year)
(%) building (m3/viv/year)
(MWh/year)
EMVS system in 80-home building contributing 486,1 MWh from 28/03/05 to 30/03/06
Individual boiler sited in the same building, same input, same period
Individual boiler not sited in the same building, same input, same period
Graph 1. Source: Municipal Housing and Land Company.
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
Annual Primary Cons. Costs CO2
seasonal energy gas per household emissions
performance cons. home ( /home/year) (Tm/year)
(%) building (m3/viv/year)
(MWh/year)
Comparison between EMVS system and individual on-site boiler system in one year
Comparison between EMVS system and individual on-site boiler system in one year
Graph 2. Source: Municipal Housing and Land Company.
Pg. 166
Index
According to EMVS figures, this system is considered economically suitable for buildings or developments of
25 homes and more. Furthermore, the EMVS recommends the Figure of Energy Manager for maintaining and
managing these collective systems.
As an example of this kind of facility's performance, we could mention that the EMVS has planned to install
a cogeneration plant in the municipal colonies of San Francisco Javier and Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles for
over 2,000 social homes. This installation will involve an emissions reduction of 4,810 tCO2/year and an energy
consumption reduction of 27,500 MWh/year.
To promove these systems, the City Council will carry out the following actions:
1. Consultancy and project evaluation. Madrid 3. Aid. To incentivate the development of

City Council, through the Local Energy Agency, projects in this field, aid will be provided via
and with the aim of fostering collective facilities, a system of low-interest credits or non-
will advise all persons, owners' associations or returnable subsidies of up to 20% of the
developers who are interested in installing, project's total cost. The Local Energy Agency
modifying or adapting collective systems for will establish the content of this aid and the
heating, air conditioning and DHW generation. requirements to comply with. Banking entities
The aim is for them to be able to acquire will have to participate for this action to be
equipment suitable to their needs and implemented.
according to typology or facility available,
making efficient use of them. The Local Energy 4. Regulation. There will be a study into
Agency will provide tools for basic calculation including, in the specific Ordinance regulating
and will inform on the most important aspects the incorporation of collective systems, co-
in installing them. Specifically, and in the case generation systems in particular in buildings
of co-generation, the Local Energy Agency will with high energy demand, such as office
offer advice on conducting feasibility studies buildings, major shopping centres, hospitals,
and implementing definitive projects. hotels, etc.
2. Tax bonuses. According to the provisions

of Art. 88.2 of the consolidated text of the
Local Tax Administrations Act, city councils
can grant bonuses in the Ordinance regulating
the Tax on Economic Activities of up to 50%
of the amount corresponding to taxpayers
for municipal rates and who use or produce
energy from facilities for the use of
cogeneration systems. The viability of applying
these bonuses will be analysed.
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Costs ( )
• Tax bonuses and regulation will be arranged the ordinance to be developed during 2009, with the objective
of it coming into effect in 2010.
• Setting up the subsidies programme and the consultancy and evaluation projects are conditioned by the
creation of the Local Energy Agency, which will start operating as of the end of 2008. The budget for legal
and economic feasibility studies for defining subsidies will amount to an annual sum of 25,000 as of
the year 2009.
• The budget for aid as credit or non-returnable subsidies will be 400,000 for the measure's 4-year term
of effect.
• The total estimated budget for the measure is 500,000.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 15.04 /tonne

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Ordinance relating to collective systems
and co-generation (regulation and X
definition of tax bonuses)
Feasibility studies 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000
Aid (credit and non-returnable subsidies) 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
TOTAL 125,000 125,000 125,000 125,000
Department(s) Government Department of The Treasury and Public Administration

responsible for Local Energy Agency
implementation Dept. for Urban Planning and Housing
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Heading 29 Programming subsidies for replacing diesel boilers.

Description
In recent years, Madrid City Council has set up new energy alternatives that have significantly reduced emissions
of sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter and greenhouse gases (GHG). This reduction has been possible,
to a large extent, by replacing domestic heating systems, especially collective coal boilers. According to recent
estimates, the air of Madrid annually receives 4,750 tonnes less of SO2 and 1,025 tonnes less of particles,
compared to emissions in the year 1990.
GHG emissions associated with coal and diesel are, respectively, 75% and 25%% than emissions associated
with natural gas.
Emission factors by fuel type

4.5
4
3.5
kt CO2eq/ktep
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Coal Red diesel Natural Gas
Fig. 9 Comparison of GHG emission factors by fuel type

Source: PER, Renewable Energies Plan.
With the aim of boosting this measure and so as to take advantage of the margin for improvement in GHG
emissions that certain fuels offer compared to diesel, Madrid City Council will foster the replacement of diesel
boilers by other, more environmentally-friendly fuels.
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In this respect, it plans to modify the current subsidies programme so as to include replacing individual and
collective diesel boilers with boilers powered by natural gas, solar energy (thermal or photovoltaic solar panels)
and electricity. The replacement programme is understood to continue being applicable to coal boiler
replacement.
Accordingly, it specifies that:
1. Depending on the fuel or energy source 4. Technical inspectors from the Department of
chosen as a substitute for diesel, the City Air Quality will make a preliminary visit to
Council may change the amount of the check that the installation complies with
subsidy. requirements to be subsidised.
2. Applications must be accompanied by three 5. The beneficiary of the activity will present
studies with their corresponding budgets, exclusive licenses (works/activity) and operating
drawn up by three companies in the sector licenses in order to demonstrate that the
with the requisite qualification to carry out works have been done in accordance with
the projected work. applicable legislation and the facility is ready
for operation. A proof of service voucher
3. Beneficiaries of activities may freely choose from the Community of Madrid Industry
the offer they consider most suitable, so Council will be attached, showing that the
stating in the application. The City Council new facility's legalisation has been sought.
reserves the right to reject offers whose prices
are outdated, and will exclude non-
subsidisable items.
Furthermore, an information and communication campaign will be carried out regarding the new measure
and the programme of subsidies for replacing diesel and coal boilers. This information campaign will be aimed
at all properties with diesel and coal boilers, and especially collective systems for heating and generating DHW.
Pg. 170
Index

15. Emission reduction: 159 tCO2e/year.
16. Energy saving (gas): 836MWh/year.
Costs ( )
• The program of subsidies will start operating in the second half of 2009 and be valid throughout this plan's
term of effect. The estimated annual budget for subsidies is of 237,500.
• Information and communication campaigns will start in 2009, once the Local Energy Agency enters into
operation. The estimated additional budget is 60,000.
• The total budget for this programme will amount to 1,010,000 for the plan's full duration.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 1,588.05 /tonne

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Programme of subsidies 237,500 237,500 237,500 237,500
Information and communication campaigns. 20,000 20,000 20,000
TOTAL 257,500 257,500 237,500 257,500
Government Department of the Treasury and Administration

Department(s) Government Department of the Environment
responsible for
Local Energy Agency
implementation
Dept. of Urban Planning and Housing
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Heading 30 Fostering efficient lighting.

Description
Electric power consumption in lighting amounts to 9% of final energy consumption in Spanish households
and 18% of electricity purchased every year. It is worth noting that public authorities are adopting measures
to reduce consumption and encourage efficiency in the home. These regulation measures include criteria for
minimising artificial light requirements, set out in the recently approved Technical Building Code (2006),
specifically in the document DB-HE Energy Saving, Section HE-3, which lays down that systems for using
natural light will be installed to regulate the level of lighting according to the contribution of natural light.
The City Council has powers to contribute to reducing artificial lighting needs with the following actions:
1. Promoting good practices at home. A of the campaign's launch, agreements will

Handbook of Good Practices in the Home be made with companies in the energy sector
will be drawn up, incorporating a chapter on to distribute low-consumption lamps among
lighting and its energy consumption. This the citizens of Madrid, free of charge.
chapter will be the basis for triptychs to be
distributed at municipally-owned facilities and 3. Promoting good lighting practices in
establishments that sell lighting equipment. office buildings and the services sector.
There will also be a section on lighting in the There will be a section in the Handbook of
"Virtual House of Energy" on the Local Energy Good Practices for Reducing Energy
Agency's web page. Consumption in the Tertiary and Services
Sector, dealing with sustainable lighting
2. Promoting low-consumption light bulbs adapted to the different typologies of tertiary
and LED lamps. In order to promote the uses (offices, shopping centres, sports facilities,
use of low-consumption light bulbs, the Local etc.). This Handbook will include another
Energy Agency will implement a campaign section on contracting and sustainable
to foster Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) purchasing, detailing the minimum technical
and LED lamps. Accordingly, information specifications to consider in lighting equipment
leaflets will be distributed, explaining the (lamps, switches, reactances, etc.). The Local
advantages of using these lamps as a Energy Agency will provide advice on this
substitute for traditional incandescent bulbs. matter to purchasing and maintenance
These will be distributed in shopping centres managers of companies in the tertiary sector
and specialist retail outlets. Taking advantage in Madrid.
Pg. 172
Index
4. Awareness campaigns and training new technologies, the plan will promote the
courses. Campaigns will be carried out aimed installation of light intensity regulators or the
at all citizens, on promoting efficient lighting. design of unique lighting.
5. Drawing up a Master Plan for Public For privately-owned facilities and equipment,
Lighting. This Plan's basic goals will be to the City Council will draw up a series of
define the model of lighting in the city, on recommendations to encourage designs under
the basis of improving energy efficiency, the same efficiency conditions as municipal
preventing climate change and reducing light ones.
pollution. To do so, and taking advantage of

• Estimated emission reduction: 28,225 tCO2e/year.
• Electricity saving: 40,322 MWh/year.
Costs ( )
• The Handbook of Good Practices in the Home will include a section on lighting. This will be published in
the second half of 2009. The estimated budget for drawing up the Handbook will be 25,000.
• The Handbook of Good Practices for Reducing Energy Consumption in the Tertiary and Services Sector will
be drawn up during 2009 and will be published the same year. The estimated budget for this Guide will
be 25,000.
• Awareness campaigns and training courses will begin in 2009, along with advice for citizens, once the Local
Energy Agency starts operating. The estimated additional budget is 60,000.
• The programme to promote low-consumption light bulbs will begin in the second half of 2009 and will be
repeated in 2010, with an estimated budget of 30,000 per campaign.
• The total budget for this programme will amount to 170,000 for the plan's entire term of validity.
Pg. 173

Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Handbook of Good Practices in the Home 25,000
Handbook of Good Practices for Reducing

Energy Consumption in the Tertiary and 25,000
Services Sector
Awareness campaigns and training courses 20,000 15,000 15,000 10,000
Programme to promote low-consumption

30,000 30,000
bulbs
Master Plan for Public Lighting and

Recommendations on Outdoor Lighting X
Facilities.
TOTAL 100,000 45,000 15,000 10,000
Department(s) Government Department of the Environment

implementation Dept. of Works and Public Spaces
Pg. 174
Index
Heading 31 Using LED lamps for traffic lights in the municipality.

Description
LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamps are lighting systems that substitute incandescent bulbs with semiconductors
that emit light when a low-intensity electric current is passed through them. These systems use no filament
or gas and they can produce the same light intensity as traditional bulbs, but consuming 80% less energy.
This lighting system is applicable to traffic lights and other lighting systems in cities, reducing the consumption
by such systems, and increasing their efficiency.
Traditional traffic lights use incandescent bulbs that only spend 5-10% of energy consumed in emitting light,
with the remaining 90% lost as heat. The new LED systems transform all electric power into light and they
also have an average useful life 12 times longer than traditional bulbs.
Apart from reducing energy consumption, the use of LED lamps in traffic lights offers the following benefits:
Pg. 175

Index
• Reducing maintenance costs thanks to LED • Decreasing light pollution.

lamps' longer useful life.
• Greater operational safety. The failure of one
• Improving visibility: the distribution of LEDs LED only represents a minimum loss of the
uniformly covers the lens opening and traffic light's total light.
eliminates reflections caused by sunlight.
Visibility is improved in adverse atmospheric • Greater resistance to impact.
conditions and at greater distances.
• New applications in traffic lights: possibility to
• Better road safety: improved visibility means set up luminous signs showing waiting times
an increase in safety for drivers as well as and moving traffic signals for pedestrians.
greater efficiency in the city's traffic.
Madrid City Council will include LED lamps in traffic lights at every junction in the municipality to replace
traditional traffic lights. This will involve installing about 80,000 new lamps, which will indirectly reduce GHG
emissions by reducing electric energy consumption.
Massive substitution has taken place in every district in the city, so at present more than 34% junctions with
traffic lights now have this technology, with a total of 675 junctions.

Costs ( )
Supply and installation costs amount to 8,500,000 of which 75,000 are budgeted on the horizon of this Plan.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Supply and installation of LED lamps 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
Government Department of Safety

Department(s) responsible for implementation and Mobility
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Index
Plan for reducing consumption in the use of domestic appliances and air conditioning
Heading 32 equipment.
Description
Consumption associated with refrigeration in residential buildings and in the tertiary sector has grown
significantly in recent years, reaching 11.1% of electric power consumption on a national level. Although,
in relative terms, a fifth of Spanish households have air conditioning, this number has increased exponentially.
Electricity consumption for refrigeration still falls below electricity consumption for lighting in households,
but the largest problem is the contribution of refrigeration to generating peaks in demand, coinciding with
the times of day when it is hottest (between 14:00 and 18:00) in the summer months. These peaks are the
reasons behind some power cuts, because the demand for electricity shoots up and the grid has difficulties
arising from overload generated by the added power.
Royal Decree 124/1994 of 28 January regulates the labelling of domestic appliances and information on
energy consumption and other resources. Furthermore, Royal Decree 142/2003 regulates the energy-related
labelling of air conditioning equipment for domestic use, so that possible users are properly informed and
can choose the most efficient equipment.
Specific measures for reducing the energy consumption of air conditioning equipment are:
1. Awareness. Faced with the significant it is to be installed, and that efficient use is
increase in domestic appliances in households made of it. The Local Energy Agency will
and, specifically, the sale of air conditioning provide tools for properly proportioning
equipment, awareness campaigns will have personal equipment, essentially air
to be carried out regarding the proper, conditioning equipment. Recommendations
moderate use of such equipment. Advice will on efficient techniques will also be given for
also be given on their correct use on the Local protection against heat and which can help
Energy Agency's web page, creating a specific reduce the need to use this equipment and
section in the "Virtual House of Energy". even replace it (installing persian blinds to
protect windows, using insulating blinds,
2. Advice. Citizens may request information double-glazed windows, etc.).
from Local Energy Agency technicians. The
aim for them to acquire equipment suitable
for their needs and for the household where
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Index
3. Agreements and training courses. A series with the aim that they can guide buyers in
of agreements will be made with companies acquiring the most efficient equipment that
in the sector, focusing on promoting low- best meets their needs. Training courses for
consumption appliances and devices in installers will address a series of basic concepts
domestic air conditioning facilities, together for proper installation that helps moderate
with organising training courses. These courses the equipment's energy consumption. They
will be intended for installers and sector will also be given information on efficient use
professionals who sell and install domestic to pass on to purchasers of domestic
appliances. They will focus on training and appliances and air conditioning equipment.
raising awareness among sector technicians

Costs ( )
The estimated total cost is 140,000.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Advice X X X X
Training 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
Information and awareness 40,000 15,000 15,000 10,000
Collaboration agreements X X X X
TOTAL 55,000 30,000 30,000 25,000
Government Department of the

Department(s) responsible for implementation Environment
Local Energy Agency
Pg. 178
Index
Heading 33 Fostering domotic systems.

Description
The concept of domotics refers to "automation and control of domestic systems". A domotic system integrates
a series of automations in terms of electricity, electronics, robotics, IT and telecommunications so as to provide
users with increased comfort, security, facilities for persons with reduced mobility, energy saving, etc. Domotics
can be applied to different aspects of a household to reduce energy consumption while maintaining a good
level of comfort, mainly for lighting, air conditioning, electricity management and domestic appliances.
In order to foster domotic systems, the City Council will carry out the following information and publicity
actions:
• Information campaign, together with to exhibit these technologies and presentations

companies that develop, install and distribute will be made to hotel managers, salesmen and
these systems, so that the public is aware of agents of major office buildings.
domotic systems and the advantages associated
with reducing energy consumption. • Distribution of information among business
associations through presentations of domotics
• In the framework of the agreement between applications and possibilities: efficiency, saving
Madrid City Council, the Chamber of and amortisation of equipment and facilities, etc.
Commerce and Madrid Business Confederation
(CEIM) to work towards sustainable
development, business meetings will be held

21. Estimated emission reduction: 189 tCO2e/year.
22. Electricity saving: 270 MWh/year.
Costs ( )
• The agreement with the Chamber of Commerce and the CEIM will be made during 2009.
• As of the creation of the Local Energy Agency, 25,000 will be spent every year on annual information and
publicity campaigns. These campaigns will be annual, between 2009 and 2012.
• The total budget allocated to this measure is 100,000.
Pg. 179

Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Agreements with the CEIM and Chamber X
of Commerce
Information campaigns 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000
TOTAL 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000
Department(s) responsible for Government Department of The Environment

Pg. 180
Index
Promoting bithermal domestic appliances and conventional ones that use DHW from
Heading 34 thermal solar energy.
Description
There currently exist a number of initiatives to foster the acquisition and use of energy-efficient domestic
appliances. The market also offers bithermal domestic appliances, which operate in association with thermal
solar reception systems for DHW. Bithermal washing machines and dishwashers use hot water from the
thermal solar system, instead of heating water with the traditional system of heating elements. To do so, there
has to be a double water intake to feed washing machines and dishwashers. This kind of domestic appliance
can save up to 85% by comparison with traditional ones. On the other hand, the current Technical Building
Code (TBC) stipulates that buildings where a minimum solar energy contribution is applicable to generating
DHW, according to provisions, must have, apart from cold water intakes, connectable to the washing machine
and dishwasher, two hot water intakes for the installation of bithermal appliances.
An efficient alternative is to use external mixing valves that can pre-treat and regulate temperature before
feeding the appliance. The basic advantage is that this system allows conventional domestic appliances to
be used. At present, the Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS) is implementing this system with
estimated electricity savings of 25%.
Two instruments will be adopted to implement this measure, though the most important is probably the
information campaigns.
1. Información. Little information exists among At present, measures already exist to promote
consumers and retailers about energy labelling the purchase and use of appliances certified
and about the consumption of domestic A-C, although after modifications to the TBC,
appliances to be marketed and purchased. special attention will also be paid to bithermal
When purchasing an appliance, buyers do appliances and their efficient alternatives.
not usually consider energy consumption as Accordingly, these campaigns must be
a basic factor and do not consider energy adapted to focus on appliances in efficiency
and economic saving in electricity bills as an category A and include aspects relating to
advantage or an incentive. bithermal appliances and their alternatives in
households or facilities with thermal solar
panels for generating DHW.
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Advice and information will focus on the Additionally, the Local Energy Agency web
following aspects: page will be used to provide information
about appliances' energy efficiency, the use
• Advantages of using bithermal of bithermal technology and other efficient
appliances and their efficient alternatives.
alternative.
2. Adapting Domestic Appliances to the
• Type of domestic appliances or "Renove" Plan. This measure is intended to
efficient systems available on the promote the replacement of low-efficiency
market and which are adapted to equipment (below category C) for appliances
this technology. like bithermal dishwashers and washing
machines or alternative systems such as the
• Basis of modifications to installations external mixing valves. This plan will be
to be adopted. coordinated with domestic appliance
manufacturers, distributors and installers to
These campaigns will not only be aimed at facilitate public aid when purchasing this type
buyers but also at managers and owners of of system. The "Renove"Plan's application
retail outlets selling domestic appliances, and will be managed by the City Council through
installers and developers of new housing that the Local Energy Agency in collaboration with
incorporates systems for capturing thermal the EMVS. The maximum amount for aid will
solar energy. Accordingly, seminars or courses not exceed 100 per domestic appliance or
can be organised to raise awareness on alternative system, or 30% of the value of
matters of the environment, energy efficiency, the domestic appliance or facility equipped
domestic appliances and installation. with a system for capturing DHW.
Information campaigns intended for
consumers will organised through voluntary
agreements with distributors and domestic
appliance points of sale. Information material
will be handed out on this technology.

Pg. 182
Index
Costs ( )
• The promotion campaign will be carried out between 2009 and 2011. Application of the "Renove" Plan
will start in 2009 with an annual budget of 30,000.
• The promotion campaign must be carried out as of the second half of 2009 and from 2010 onwards, passive
or reminder campaigns will be carried out. The estimated budget is 30,000. The Local Energy Agency will
be responsible for providing advice, in collaboration with the EMVS, although this will not take place until
the Agency is in operation. In any event, no additional costs are expected for this item.
• The total budget for this measure during the plan's term of effect amounts to 150,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Information campaign and advice 20,000 5,000 5,000
Adaptation of the "Renove" Plan for

30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000
domestic appliances
TOTAL 50,000 35,000 35,000 30,000
Department(s) responsible Local Energy Agency

for implementation Madrid Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS)
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Heading 35 Programming energy audits and certification in municipal buildings and facilities.

Description
Energy audits consist of conducting a study into the situation of municipal facilities, so as to assess their status
in terms of energy consumption and, as the case may be, provide solutions to reduce consumption or take
advantage of energy consumed more efficiently.
The Local Energy Agency will implement a Programme of Energy Audits in Municipal Buildings, every
year, for municipal buildings/services. A prior inventory of buildings' consumption will be obtained to allow
a selection, from the 1,338 municipal facilities and services (2005 figures) that the City Council is responsible
for maintaining, those with energy unit consumption above the average value within their typology of usage.
Every year, 25 facilities or buildings will be chosen for energy audits. Selection criteria will be defined by City
Council technicians although the most important include:
• Energy consumption and point demand at the associated with combustion from equipment
municipal facility or building. at the municipal facility or building.
• Direct GHG emissions and other emissions • Age of the facilities.
Energy audits will be carried out by following a procedure established by the Local Energy Agency, although
the main actions that an audit should include are:
CONSUMPTION INVENTORY
COMPARING CONSUMPTIONS BETWEEN

CARRYING OUT AUDIT
Centres with high SIMILAR BUILDINGS
consumptions
MODIFICATIONS MONITORING CONSUMPTIONS
Pg. 184
Index
l - Diagnosis: a detailed inventory will be made 5 - Saving potential: the potential for energy
of energy equipment and facilities, and their saving and emissions reduction will be
associated consumption. identified according to the indicators and the
improvement projects in the section above.
2 - Definition of indicators: all indicators directly
relaiting to energy consumption and GHG 6 - Action plan: each audit report will establish
emissions in the municipal building or facility a programme of actions to be undertake at
will be defined and justified. each facility and which must include the
investment and planning for each basic vector:
3 - Field work: a visit will be made to facilities air conditioning and DHW systems, thermal
to analyse and evaluate the efficiency level covering and lighting. In this respect, municipal
of energy equipment and facilities, the facility's and EMVS buildings will be the first to apply
energy management, users' awareness levels, energy efficiency criteria to lighting.
thermal covering and lighting. Accordingly, measures will be applied such
as sectorising by areas, the use of sunlight by
4 - Improvement projects: all improvement means of simple mechanisms like mirrors,
projects will be identified both in the facilities domotic systems, presence detectors or
and in management systems and energy uses. photoelectric cells.
Audits will be carried out by specialised companies, assisted by the manager of the corresponding building,
who will monitor the process.
As an example and a model of an energy audit in municipal buildings, we could point to the audit in the
EMVS building at Palos de la Frontera, 13, which concluded in the first quarter of 2007. The goal of this audit
was to identify measures to cut energy and water expenses and reduce GHG associated with the building.
Furthermore, this measure initiated a process of energy certification in municipally-owned buildings, and in
any municipal housing developments that may be undertaken.
Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings provides that buildings with a useful floor area
over 1,000 m2 occupied by public authorities or by institutions providing public services to a large number
of persons, should display the certification in a prominent, clearly visible place. The certification process is
closely linked to developing a training programme for future certifiers.
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The training program will be part of the measure to Foster Energy Certification in the Tertiary and Services
Sector.
Accordingly, through the Energy Agency, collaborations will be sought with other specialised bodies. Certifications
will aim to compare municipal buildings by typology.

Costs ( )
• The inventory of consumption by typology will be carried out as of 2008. The budget for the inventory and
the integration methodology in municipally-owned buildings as a whole amounts to 90,000.
• Audits will be carried out once the "Program of Energy Audits for Municipal Facilities and Buildings" has
been drawn up. This program will be drafted as of 2008 and will be the responsibility of Directorate General
for Sustainability and Agenda 21. The programme will be applied as of 2009 and will be managed by the
future Local Energy Agency. This programme will be valid for a term of 4 years and the annual budget for
275 audits will be 550,000.
• Energy certifications will be carried out alongside audits, although the intention is to observe improvements
from applying certain actions included in the plans arising from the audit's conclusions. It is therefore
proposed to implement:
- A training programme in energy certification for City Council technicians during 2008, included in the
measure on Fostering Energy Certification in the Tertiary and Services Sector, so no budget is allocated to
this action.
- A certification campaign with the target of certifying 100% of Municipal Buildings and Facilities at the
end of this plan's effective term. Certification will be obligatory for all Municipal buildings and certification
is recommended before and after application of the energy audit programme's actions. The allocated
budget is 400,000 distributed throughout this plan's effective term and starting as of the Local Energy
Agency's creation in 2008.
• The total budget for this action amounts to 2,690,000.

Pg. 186
Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Inventory of consumption 90,000
Drafting the Energy Audit Programme X
Training Program X X X X
Energy Certification 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
Energy Audit Program X X 550,000 550,000 550,000 550,000
TOTAL 90,000 650,000 650,000 650,000 650,000
Government Department of the Treasury and Public

Department(s) Administration
implementation
Madrid Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS)
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Heading 36 Integrating solar energy systems in municipal buildings.

Description
Madrid City Council must act as an example to its citizens and institutions and become a benchmark and a
model to follow in using renewable energies. The large number of municipal buildings and facilities means
it is possible to choose, according to location, equipment and demand for electric power and DHW, the most
appropriate locations for this type of system. In the case of the photovoltaic units, some cases will be
independent facilities and other cases will be connected to the grid to pass on the surplus.
The application of thermal solar energy has already been defined through the Ordinance on Capturing Solar
Energy for Thermal Uses. This Ordinance regulates the obligation to include these systems in new constructions
and restorations. It affects uses that may also be under municipal ownership, such as: providing public services,
public authorities, equipment (educational, cultural, health and social welfare) and sports.
Additional actions introduced hereby are detailed below:
• Cartography for solar energy use: A map - Municipal clean points: These provide
of potentialities for using solar energy in the open spaces for placing solar devices
municipality will be drawn up. On the basis and makes them easier to maintain.
of this preliminary study, the Municipality of
Madrid's maximum available potential to - Shelters for bus stops.
generate electric or thermal power will be
quantified on the basis of climatic conditions - Municipal schools: the City council is
(solar radiation) and the contours of the land. responsible for maintaining some
school buildings in the municipality.
• Programme to Implement Photovoltaic This application has other lines of
Solar Systems. Based on this map, feasibility action that foster it, such as
studies will be conducted and locations will educational projects in schools.
be selected for installing photovoltaic panels
in the following typologies of municipal
buildings:
Pg. 188
Index
- Culture centres and libraries: Both paid for photovoltaic solar energy connected
newly-built and already-existing ones. to the grid.
The Municipal District Councils will
carry out the relevant studies and apply • Programme to Introduce Thermal Solar
them wherever feasible. Systems. A feasibility study will be carried
out to choose appropriate locations and a
- Public lighting. Photovoltaic street schedule of actions will be drawn up with
lights: In new urban developments or defined budgets. Municipal facilities whose
in isolated areas (parks, roads, etc.) characteristics adapt to using low-temperature
low-cost solar-powered street lights solar energy capturing systems are:
can be installed.
- Sports centres: At present, there are
- Municipal sports centres and 55 municipally-owned sports centres.
swimming pools: these buildings' large Preference will be given to installing
roofs offer an opportunity for solar panels for DHW and, if possible,
generating electricity. also photovoltaic panels.
- Other municipally-owned centres - Municipal swimming pools: these are

where there exist possibilities to install the buildings where this type of facility
photovoltaic systems according to: the is most suitable, owing to their high
availability of sufficient space on roofs consumption of DHW during a large
or adjoining areas, architectural part of the year.
integration on facades, connectivity
with the grid, etc. Furthermore, the - Buildings with high energy
use of this energy source will be consumption for hot water and
studied in all new developments heating: the Local Energy Agency
promoted by the Municipal Housing will be responsible for identifying
and Land Company (EMVS). buildings with high consumption for
hot water and heating.
Following initiatives by other European cities,
collaboration agreements have been signed
with private bodies to make use of available
surface area on municipal roofs by installing
photovoltaic solar farms. The basic incentive
for private investors is the high price currently

28. Electricity saving: 400 MWh/year/Gas saving: 1,740 MWh/year.
Pg. 189

Index
Costs ( )
Feasibility studies for this line of action will start out as of 2009, managed by the Local Energy Agency.
Cartography of potentialities for solar energy use in the Municipality of Madrid will be carried out in 2009
with a budget of 20,000. Furthermore, it is estimated that each preliminary study will have a budget of
2,000. For the purpose of analysing 50% of municipal facilities and buildings, a budget of about 700,000
(*) is estimated for the entire plan.
By technologies:
• Photovoltaic: The annual budget for installing photovoltaic panels is 500,000 approximately equivalent
to a installed capacity of 50-60 kWp per annum generating approximately 75-100MWh. These actions will
start as of 2009. This will involve total costs in the plan's term of application of around 2.4 million euros.
• Thermal: The annual budget for installing panels will be 375,000 approximately equivalent, in 300-
500 m2 per annum, to 25-35 toe (tonne of oil equivalent). These actions will start as of 2009. This
involves a total expense in the PEM's term of application of 1.8 million euros.
The total budget for this measure amounts to approximately 4.22 million (*). The possibility of obtaining
external subsidies will be studied in order to implement this measure.
(*) It should be noted that, at present, the majority of distributors, manufacturers or installers of solar panels
carry out this feasibility study free of charge. Accordingly, this estimate may be significantly reduced in amount.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 1,778.49 /tonne
Pg. 190
Index
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Cartography of potentialities 20,000
Feasibility studies 175,000 175,000 175,000 175,000
Photovoltaic solar 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000
Thermal solar 375,000 375,000 375,000 375,000
TOTAL 1,070,000 1,050,000 1,050,000 1,050,000

Administration
Department(s)
responsible for Government Department of the Environment
implementation Government Department of Public Works and Spaces
Local Energy Agency
Pg. 191

Index
Heading 37 Managing energy purchasing and clean quotas in all municipal facilities and buildings.

Description
The liberalisation of the energy sector in the European Union affects city councils in two ways:
• They can choose the best option for available • It strengthens the concept of green public
supply on the market, according to energy purchasing by acquiring energy products from
requirements or municipal services. There are renewable energy sources, evaluating them
a large number of systems for choosing for adjudicating public energy contracts. In
suppliers although the most common one is the Spanish electric market, the largest green
to tender energy supply in municipal units energy offer comes from wind power stations
considered suitable. This form of contracting and there are electricity companies marketing
can obtain savings of up to 5% in prices for it nationally.
electric power and for the supply of other
fuels, by comparison with rates in effect.
The City Council will carry out the following actions to reduce emissions associated with its electricity
consumption;
1. Acquiring a quota of clean electric energy. departments and services into energy-
To foster the use of electric power from consuming units. These will be responsible
renewable sources and internalise the costs for carrying out an inventory of their energy-
of using electric energy, Madrid City Council consuming equipment and forecasting the
will contract a fixed quota of electric energy annual demand for electric energy, in order
from a guaranteed renewable source with a to contract the power supply by public tender
minimum target of 10%. Acquiring this clean or contract the power rate that best suits
quota may initially give rise to a cost increment, each unit's characteristics.
though this will be offset by economic savings
from Direct Purchasing Management. The
plan will study the division of municipal
Pg. 192
Index
2. Drafting a model of "Technical of purchasing through a distributor may be

specifications for contracting electric linked to the following alternatives:
energy" that ensures the quality of supply,
the quota of clean electric energy and a • Individualised purchasing
competitive cost for the energy consumed by management. Purchasing by unit of
the City Council. municipal consumption. In this case,
each municipal service or centre is
3. Managing direct purchasing of electric responsible for freely contracting its
energy. Supply by distributor. With this electric power supply and enters into an
option, Madrid City Council can obtain individualised contract with the
reductions in prices for acquiring electric distribution company whose supply offer
energy. Offers by distributors are based on is best.
price, setting a series of minimum
requirements based on the characteristics of • Centralised purchasing management.
the facility, building or group of buildings in The Municipal Contracting Department
question, and the greater or lesser market assumes responsibility for contracting
risk that users wish to assume. In this respect, electric power and manages its
it will be necessary to study the possibility of acquisition by grouping units of
obtaining savings by optimising the power municipal consumption (municipal
and rate contracted, time differentiation or buildings and facilities).
power factor, among others. The possibilities

Costs ( )
• The technical studies necessary for identifying the different municipal energy units, drawing up the inventories
and recommendations for contracting will be done in the 2009 and the budget will amount to 40,000.
• Drawing up technical specifications for contracting electric power will be done on the basis of the preliminary
technical study and will be the responsibility of the General Contracting Department. The specifications will
be effective by the end of 2009 and has no budget allocated.
• Acquisition of the clean quota will be included in the specifications and therefore will start to be applied
as of 2009.
• The total budget for the measure amounts to 40,000.

Pg. 193

Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Technical study 40,000
Technical specifications X
Clean Quota X X X
TOTAL 40,000

Department(s) responsible Administration
for implementation Government Department of the Environment
Local Energy Agency
Pg. 194
Index
Heading 38 Management and maintenance contracts.

Description
Actions to be undertaken by the City Council within this measure are listed below:
1. Feasibility study to undertake Energy up by the FEMP and the IDAE, the contracts
Service Contracts in municipal facilities. will have the purpose of providing the
A multidisciplinary working party will be set following services:
up to study the possibility to undertake
contracts to integrate maintenance and • Service 1: Energy management
energy supply services at municipal facilities. necessary for the proper operation
These will be based on the inventory of of facilities covered by the contract;
energy consumption, emissions and management of energy supply of
recommendations made within the fuels and electricity to the whole
programme on energy audits and building, control of quality, quantity
certifications for municipal buildings and and use, and supply guarantees.
facilities. The buildings' characteristics,
together with an exhaustive study of the • Service 2: Preventive maintenance
maintenance contracts in force, will help to achieve optimal operation of
establish priorities and planning to implement facilities with all their components,
Energy Service Contracts. maintain the performance of facilities
and all their components according
2. Drawing up Energy Service Contracts. to their initial condition. The objective
The Spanish Federation of Municipalities and is that facilities operate with energy
Provinces (FEMP) and the IDAE has drawn up efficiency and low emissions.
a model of an integral energy and
maintenance service contract for thermal • Service 3: Total guarantee.
facilities and interior lighting in publicly-owned Replacement of all deteriorated parts
buildings. The working party set up will in facilities under the modality of
consider the possibility of adapting this model Total Guarantee.
contract to municipal facilities or, if it deems
necessary, develop new content in accordance
with the characteristics of municipal buildings.
Considering the proposed specifications drawn
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Index
• Service 4: Improvement and facilities that foster energy saving and the use
Renovation Work on energy of renewable and residual energy (biomass,
consuming facilities. Executing and thermal, photovoltaic solar energy, co-
financing improvement and generation, etc.). These facilities will be studied,
renovation work to facilities. proposed, executed and financed by successful
bidder, by means of savings or sale of
• Service 5: Investments in energy renewable energy, obtained within the
saving and renewable energies. contract's term of effect, and will have no
economic repercussion on the budget of the
Apart from the services listed, this type of contract.
contract will promote improvements in energy
efficiency by incorporating equipment and

Costs ( )
• Setting up the working party and drawing up the specifications will not involve any additional cost as they
will be developed by municipal staff. In 2008, once the inventories of energy consumptions and emissions
have begin, the working party will be set up.
• The increase in budgets from these new contracts will depend on the number and characteristics of facilities
where they are established.
• The first Energy Service Contracts are expected to begin in the year 2009.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year))
Pg. 196
Index
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Setting up Working Party and Specifications X
Energy Service Contracts X X X
TOTAL
Government Department of the Treasury and Administration

Government Department of the Environment
for implementation
Local Energy Agency
Pg. 197

Index
Heading 39 Applying all criteria relating to energy consumption and GHG emissions in local contracting.

Description
The criteria of energy efficiency and GHG emission reduction considered in this plan should also be applied
to contracting municipal works, supplies and services .
On 8 July 2005, the Local Government Meeting approved the Code of Good Environmental Practices as
regards Local Contracting, seeking to offer a practical response to establishing and promoting policies aimed
at protecting the Environment (among them, the energy and prevention policy on atmospheric pollution) as
a requirement arising from article 45 of the Spanish Constitution and from Art. 6 of the Treaty of Amsterdam
of the European Union.
The Code of Good Environmental Practices as regards Local Contracting is aimed at local authority services
and units that are part of the City Council, to boost productivity and improve public contracting. It is intended
to be applicable to all contracts subject to the Consolidated Text of the Public Administration Contracts Act,
Legislative Royal Decree 2/2000, of 16 June, amended by Royal Decree Act 5/2005, of 11 March, on urgent
reforms to increase productivity and improve public contracting.
With respect to energy, the Code of Good Practices includes a series of environmental practices aimed at
achieving greater efficiency and energy saving and promote renewable energies. GHG emissions are included
in the section on Atmospheric Pollution of the Local Air Quality Strategy.
To implement this measure, clauses regarding energy efficiency, renewable energies and GHG emission
reduction will be introduced in the technical specifications for adjudicating municipal contracts. The Local
Energy Agency will define the criteria on energy efficiency, application of renewable energies and GHG
emission reduction and will ensure they are taken into account in the technical specifications for adjudicating
municipal contracts. Some examples of application are: acquiring lighting systems, air conditioning systems,
heating systems and efficient systems for generating DHW, installing thermal and photovoltaic solar panels,
geothermics or supplying and using biofuels.
Pg. 198
Index

Costs ( )
The inclusion of energy criteria in contracts will be continuously monitored from when the Local Energy Agency
is set up in 2008 and will involve no additional cost, as this work is already included in other plans and actions
by the City Council.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 3.35 /tCO2e

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Distributing and adapting the Code 15,000 15,000 X X
Monitoring contracts X X X
TOTAL 15,000 15,000 X X
Government Department of The Treasury and Public

Department(s) responsible for Administration
implementation
Dept. of the Environment
Pg. 199

Index
Heading 40 Carbon neutral institutional events of the City Council.

Description
Carbon neutral events are those where emissions generated are compensated by measures that foster the
capture and absorption of CO2 ("sinks") or investment in projects that give rise to emission reduction credits.
Emissions that must be compensated by holding institutional events include:
• Direct emissions associated with the event • Indirect emissions associated with the event
(consumption from fossil sources, transport of (electric power consumption, treatment of
participants, etc.). waste generated, etc.).
Assisted by the Local Energy Agency, the City Council will endeavour to make its events carbon neutral,
through the following actions:
• A preliminary study will be carried out to identify them, etc. In this last case, event organizers
potential events for introducing the measure, will be assisted in acquiring such carbon
by choosing those with the greatest impact in reduction credits.
CO2 emissions and with the greatest potential
for raising awareness. • Carbon credits acquired must be withdrawn
from the market to ensure that the event's
• Calculating the CO2 emissions caused by the emissions are really offset.
event.
• Issuing a label to designate a "Carbon Neutral
• Estimating the different alternatives to offset Event".
emissions: investing in an increase of forested
surface area and their location, carbon credits
necessary and possible investments to obtain
In addition to the above, the City Council undertakes to offset GHG emissions associated with the air transport
of municipal administration staff with similar measures to absorb or capture CO2. In the first 3 years, emissions
corresponding to staff in the Government Department of the Environment and City Services will be compensated,
equivalent to 17.7 tCO2/year, and, in subsequent years, in the City Council as a whole.
Pg. 200
Index
Estimated emission reduction (tCO2e/year)

Costs ( )
• A preliminary study will be carried out to identify all potential projects with the greatest impact and which
are considered landmarks for the City. A consultation period is proposed to establish a schedule of events.
The consultation period will take place during 2009, with a budget of 25,000 for a preliminary study.
• The measure will be applied to three landmark annual events as of 2009, thus involving 15 events by the
end of the plan's implementation. The events will have different budgets according to scope, though it is
expected to cost the City Council 40,000 a year, not including collaborations. For the plan's term of
application, this involves a total cost of 160,000.
• Emissions for air transport by the Government Dept. of the Environment and City Services will be offset by
compensating with forested surface area as of 2009. This has an estimated budget of 90,000 for the
period 2009-2011 equivalent to 4/5 Ha. forested. The estimated budget for the year 2012, corresponding
to the City Council as a whole, will be carried out as of 2011.
• The total budget for this measure is 275,000.
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 17.19 /tonne-CO2

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Proposal and schedule of events 25,000
Events 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000
Compensation for transport 30,000 30,000 30,000
TOTAL 95,000 70,000 70,000 40,000
Government Dept. of the Treasury and Public Administration

Government Dept. of the Environment
for implementation
Local Energy Agency
Pg. 201

Index
Heading 41 Revolving fund to invest in energy efficiency measures in municipal buildings.

Description
Funding through revolving funds has been applied in the European Union with the aim of reducing energy
consumption, CO2 emissions and operating costs of public facilities. The measure is based on creating channels
of private investment in public buildings and facilities in order to improve their energy efficiency. Savings in
consumption with respect to the period of reference go towards paying for the private investment made.
Project investment payback periods are established by the financial policies of collaborating entities or companies
although they are estimated at 1 to 2 years.
Actions to fund energy improvements will focus on municipal buildings and facilities. A consumption reduction
target will be set for each energy improvement action, setting investment payback periods according to targets.
The steps to follow to apply the measure are detailed below:
1. Voluntary Agreements. In certain cases, • A study of the potential savings

Madrid City Council, through the Local Energy detected, together with a list of
Agency, will enter into collaboration projects or actions on matters of
agreements to fund projects which, owing energy efficiency detected.
to their scope or cost, so require.
• Economic balance or study of the
2. Feasibility Studies. A preliminary feasibility action, corroborating its feasibility.
study is advisable to verify the series of actions
to be carried out. The study must involve: It should be noted that these studies may be
included in the measure on Municipal Energy
• A diagnosis of the current situation, Audits, although it is also possible for
by which the reference point will be Feasibility Studies to be carried out
established. independently of that measure.
Pg. 202
Index
3. General Conditions for Revolving Funds. Municipalities and Provinces (FEMP) and the
On the basis of the model contract for integral IDAE, the general conditions will be laid down
energy and maintenance services for thermal for setting up revolving funds in municipal
facilities and interior lighting in publicly-owned facilities and buildings.
buildings of the Spanish Federation of

Costs ( )
• The objective is to carry out these actions in concordance with municipal energy audits. Although it is
expected that part of the energy audits or feasibility studies do not adapt to the requirements of revolving
funds, it is expedient to predict a growth trend for this measure. At present, it is expected that investments
will come from private capital and that coordination is shared with the City Council through the Local Energy
Agency, with no budget allocated for this item.
• Revolving Fund Conditions will be the responsibility of City Council technicians and it is expected to be
carried out in the year 2008, with no budget allocated.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Revolving Fund Conditions X
Projects X X X X
TOTAL

Department(s) responsible Administration
for implementation Local Energy Agency
Pg. 203

Index
Heading 42 Energy efficiency and reduction plan for IT systems in municipal facilities and buildings.

Description
The IT market is characterized by a constant process technological innovation, making the life-cycle of IT
equipment increasingly short. Furthermore, the demand for IT equipment in the buildings and facilities of the
municipal public authorities is increasing. However, when acquiring office systems, the authorities do not
usually demand energy-saving systems as an essential requirement. Technical factors usually prevail, such as
storage capacity, processor speed, the incorporation of multimedia, screen size and resolution, etc.
The actions that Madrid City Council will carry out to reduce energy consumption in its IT equipment are
detailed below:
1. Applying criteria established in the specifications that equipment must comply

"Handbook on Good Environmental with as regards energy consumption.
Practices in municipal contracting for Furthermore, the information and awareness
purchasing IT equipment". According to campaign on Good Practices in the use of
these criteria, the specifications for contracting equipment will be aimed at public authority
IT equipment will evaluate the equipment's workers in general who use this equipment
energy efficiency qualification. at work. The material used will be "the
Handbook of good practices in the use of
2. "Information Technology and Energy" office systems", published by EFFORTS, or
awareness campaign. The campaign will other later modified versions, as a basis for
affect the acquisition of energy efficient creating public authority diptychs or triptychs.
equipment and the implementation of good In some cases, the municipal public authority
practices in using equipment. For acquiring internal network, the intranet, may be used
equipment, the information campaign will to distribute messages on energy saving or
be aimed at managers responsible for even as a way of raising awareness about
contracting and area managers with decision- certain practices (switching on and off, low-
making capacities in acquiring IT material. To consumption systems, etc.).
do so, the Guide published by EFFORTS
"Recommendations for acquiring energy
efficient office systems" will be used as a
basis. This guide lays down minimum technical
Pg. 204
Index
3. Agreements with companies in the IT and competitive prices. Accordingly,

equipment sales sector. Agreements will purchasing managers in the municipal
be promoted with manufacturers, distributors administration will be informed on the energy
or sellers of IT equipment, on the basis of the consumption of equipment they intend to
EFFORTS framework, with the goal that all acquire and on good practices for reducing
the office systems acquired by the municipal energy consumption in their use.
authorities have the maximum guarantees
and capacities regarding energy efficiency

Costs ( )
• The campaign "IT in the office" in municipal authorities will be carried out in the years 2009, 2010 and
2012. Campaigns will be managed through the Local Energy Agency and the estimated budget for each
will be of 30,000.
• Accordingly, agreements with manufacturers, distributors or sellers will be made during 2009.
• The total budget for this measure amounts to 90,000 for the whole term of the plan.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Agreements X
Campaign "IT in the office" 30,000 30,000 30,000
TOTAL 30,000 30,000 0 30,000

Administration
for implementation
Local Energy Agency
Pg. 205

Index
Fostering exemplary projects that integrate sustainable criteria in urban constructions

Heading 43 and developments.
Description
The Municipal Housing and Land Company (EMVS) under the Government Department of Urban Planning
and Housing of Madrid City Council, has implemented a series of residential innovation projects aimed at
increasing energy efficiency, using alternative energy and optimising natural resources by applying demonstration
projects that help create models to foster and promote the application of sustainable criteria in all urban
developments in Madrid. The projects coordinated through the EMVS include:
• The Water Spirals - Gavia Park Project: The • Development of free areas in the Daoiz y
project's goal is to integrate the water cycle Velarde Sports Complex (Stage 2. Alameda).
as a decisive factor in the spatial design of The project's goal is to consolidate a single
future green areas. public area and integrate the site in the area's
street layout and pedestrian system. Solar
• Mediterranean Verandahways Project: territorial panels with vacuum-tube technology have
planning and bioclimatic urban conditioning also been installed, which, apart from
project on the Naturaleza boulevard, in the generating the hot water required for showers
neighborhood of Vallecas, which consists of and changing rooms, hot water for the heated
creating three self-sufficient "air trees" pool and cold air in summer combined with
(climatic, recreational and media-oriented) absorption equipment, that is to say, with
with the aim of making them social driving renewable energy, the Daoiz Sports Complex
forces with respect to energy saving and obtains DHW, heating for swimming pools
emission reduction. and air conditioning.
• Sunrise-Vallecas-7 Project: transnational project • La Rosilla: Sustainable Community: This project

with the target of reducing carbon emissions plans to transform 98,000 m2 of La Rosilla
by 40%-60% by applying energy efficiency environment into a sustainable urban
criteria in households. As an associate in the community, with 410 social homes and a model
project, the EMVS has developed the settlement integrating bioclimatic architecture,
residential block for 139 homes in Vallecas. co-generation power systems, energy efficiency
systems, renewable energies, etc.
Pg. 206
Index
This measure's goal is to promote and publicise all projects that represent a model in urban development on
the basis of integrating sustainable criteria. Accordingly, Madrid City Council will to be committed to residential
innovation projects in areas of development in the city. Consequently, a series of public information campaigns
will be carried out with the aim of publicising the city of Madrid's most innovative projects.
Furthermore, training campaigns will be implemented in order to advise all stakeholders involved (architects,
manufacturers, developers, etc.) who wish to integrate sustainable elements and bioclimatic architecture in
their developments.
In this respect, the Madrid City Council is drawing up a new General Housing Ordinance laying down minimum
mandatory requirements and which will include sustainable criteria to improve resource management
(management of water, energy, etc.) with a view to improving the functionality and inhabitability of housing
in the city of Madrid.
Pg. 207

Index
Costs ( )
• Information campaigns will be annual. Campaigns will be managed by the Municipal Housing and Land
Company (EMVS) in collaboration with the Local Energy Agency, once it enters into operation. Information
campaigns will start as of 2007. This action is included in the Measure on Awareness campaigns aimed at
the general public, so no budget is allocated.
• Training campaigns to advise architects and construction technicians will be annual and will start as of 2008.
Training campaigns will be managed by the Municipal Housing and Land Company. This action is included
in the Measure on Awareness and training for professional associations in the construction sector, so no
budget is allocated.
• Pilot projects on residential innovation will be managed by the EMVS and will be ongoing for the whole
term of this plan. This action is included in the EMVS lines of action so no budget is allocated.
• Development of the General Housing Ordinance of Madrid City Council will be municipal competence and
it will be approved in 2008.
Pg. 208
Index

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pilot projects for residential innovation X X X X X X
Information campaigns X X X X X X
Training campaigns X X X X X
General Housing Ordinance X
TOTAL X X X X X X
Department(s) responsible for Madrid Municipal Housing and Land Company

Pg. 209

Index
6.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

6.4.1 Diagnosis of emissions from the sector
In 2004, the treatment and disposal of waste was Most of sector's emissions is carbon emitted from the
responsible for 532 kt CO2eq, 3.5% of all GHG emissions energy recovery of waste and sludge. There are also
in the municipality of Madrid. Emissions from the waste significant emissions of methane from decomposing
management sector are only direct, as it is self-sufficient organic material in landfilled waste. Most of sector's
in electricity by generating at its energy recovery plants. emissions is carbon emitted from the energy recovery
of waste and sludge. There are also significant emissions
of methane from decomposing organic material in
landfilled waste.
9 WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL CH4(ktCO2eq) CO2(kt) N2O(ktCO2eq) Total
09 02 Waste incineration 0 106 9 115
09 02 01 Incineration of domestic or municipal waste 0 106 9
09 04 Solid waste disposal on land 216 9 0 225
09 04 01 Managed waste disposal on land 216 9 0
09 09 Cremation 0 1 0 1
09 09 01 Incineration of corpses 0 1 0
09 10 Other waste treatments 0 188 3 191
09 10 02 Waste water treatment in residential/ 0 1

commercial sector
09 10 03 Sludge treatment 0 188 2
TOTAL GRUPO 09 216 304 12 532
Table 6.4.1.1. Origin of GHG in waste treatment and disposal. Year 2004.
The sector has reduced its emissions by 50% in the Valdemingómez Technology Park, consisting of installing
period 1990-2004. It has gone from representing 11.5% degasification systems and recovering biogas from the
of total direct GHG emissions in 1990 to representing landfill, whose effects on reducing methane emissions
just 3.5% in the year 2004. This emission reduction has began to be noticeable from the year 2003 onwards.
been possible thanks to actions undertaken in
Pg. 210
Index
Evolution of emissions (CO2 equivalent) by sector 1990 - 2004

120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.4.1.1. Evolution of emissions (CO2eq) in the waste sector, 1990-2004 in Madrid.
This emission reduction is greater than in the UE-15, where in the disposal of organic material in landfills, and promoted
GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2003 were 32% the development of landfill gas recovery facilities.
lower than 1990 levels. The drop in emissions from the Nevertheless, emissions from the waste sector in Spain
sector in the UE-15 was possible mainly as a result of have shown an upward trend since 1990.
applying the Landfill Directive, which fostered a reduction
TG CO2 equivalents Evolution of emissions from the waste

sector in Spain 1990 - 2004
160 13,000.00
140 12,000.00
120 11,000.00
100
10,000.00
80 97
9,000.00
60
40 8,000.00
20 7,000.00
0 6,000.00
19 0
19 1
19 2
93
19 4
19 5
19 6
19 7
98
20 9
20 0
01
20 2
03
1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
19
19
19
20
Mill tonne CO2eq
Figure 6.4.1.2. Emissions from the waste sector in the Figure 6.4.1.3. Emissions from the waste sector in Spain
UE-15 1990-2003. Mill tonne de CO2eq. 1990-2003. Mill tonne CO2eq.
Source: European Environmental Agency, 2005. Source: Spanish Ministry of the Environment, 2005. Pg. 211

Index
6.4.2 Factors affecting GHG emissions from the sector
Methane is generated in landfills by the anaerobic 1. Volume of waste landfilled.

decomposition of organic matter. Methane generation
usually begins between 6 months and two years after 2. Amount of biodegradable matter in the landfilled
waste disposal, depending on site conditions, composition waste.
of the waste and the quantity of waste disposed. The
amount of methane produced increases as more waste 3. Climatic and technical characteristics of the landfill.
continues to be deposited. Methane can continue being
produced for decades after a site is closed. Methane is The volume of waste landfilled can be reduced by
released from the waste storage area through low- applying policies of waste prevention, reuse and recycling.
pressure zones in the soil, entering the atmosphere. Furthermore, the composition of organic matter in
During this process, the soil oxidizes approximately 10% landfilled waste can be reduced by using it for energy
of the methane, generating CO2, and the remaining recovery or composting.
90% is emitted into the atmosphere, if it is not captured
by a biogas recovery system and subsequently used as In regard to the volume of waste generated in Madrid,
fuel or burnt. it is significant that it has increased in recent years as a
result of demographic growth and higher per capita
The main factors determining GHG emissions from the income.
waste sector are:
1,300,000
1,250,000
1,200,000
1,150,000
1,100,000
1,050,000
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Figure 6.4.2.1. Evolution of household urban waste in the city of Madrid (tonnes).
Pg. 212 Source: Statistics Yearbook 2006, Madrid City Council.
Index
However, a gradual reduction can be seen in the generation by income, since 1999, which points to a reduction in the
of urban waste per inhabitant as of the year 2000 and, upward trend of future waste generation.
0.5
0.48 21
0.46 20
0.44 19
0.42 18
0.4 17
0.38 16
0.36 15
0.34 14
0.32 13
0.3 12
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
90
19 1
92
19 3
94
95
96
97
98
20 9
00
01
02
03
20 4
20 5
06
9
0
0
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
Figure 6.4.2.2. Evolution in waste generation per capita Figure 6.4.2.3. Evolution of waste generation by GDP
(tonnes/inhab/year). (Tonnes/million ).
Source: Madrid City Council, INE and in-house. Source: Madrid City Council, INE and in-house.
In terms of waste generation per capita in the city of figures, although the per capita income levels in Madrid
Madrid, it falls below state levels and Western Europe are higher than the Spanish average.
Pg. 213

Index
Urban Waste Generation in Western Europe (kg per capita)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Germany 533 542 556 546 605 609 600 640 638
Austria 437 516 532 533 563 579 577 611 612
Belgium 443 440 474 470 475 483 461 461 446
Denmark 566 618 587 593 626 664 660 667 675
Spain 469 493 513 526 570 587 590 587 616
Finland 413 410 447 466 484 503 465 456 450
France 500 509 516 523 526 537 544 555 560
Greece 306 344 372 388 405 421 430 436 441
Holland 548 562 588 591 597 614 610 613 598
Ireland 513 523 545 554 576 598 700 695 735
Iceland 914 933 949 967 975 993 1,011 1,032 1,049
Italy 451 452 463 466 492 502 510 519 520
Norway 624 630 617 645 594 613 634 675 695
Luxembourg 585 582 600 623 644 651 648 653 658
Portugal 391 404 410 428 432 447 462 454 461
United Kingdom 433 510 531 541 569 576 590 599 610
Sweden 379 397 416 430 428 428 442 468 470
Western Europe 476 499 513 518 546 556 560 575 580
Figure 6.4.2.4. UW Generation in Western Europe (kg per capita).

Source: European Environment Agency, 2005.
As regards the composition of waste, it is estimated that biodegradable waste such as: remnant foodstuffs, paper
around 70% of urban waste arriving at the and cardboard, wood, gardening waste and textiles.
Valdemingómez management plants corresponds to
Pg. 214
Index
6.4.3 Actions implemented and planned in the Municipality of Madrid to reduce GHG emissions in the sector
The actions undertaken by the Municipality of Madrid to Compliance with these goals will lead to a significant
reduce GHG emissions from the waste sector respond to reduction of GHG emissions from the waste sector, mainly
regulatory requirements laid down by Directive 1999/31/EC from the decomposition of landfilled organic.
on Waste, which requires a reduction in the landfilling of
biodegradable waste and an increase in the recovery of Madrid City Council fully assumes the authority on waste
packaging waste. management matters that it is attributed under the
applicable legislation, in particular Act 7/1985, of 2 April,
The regulations on waste management lay down very regulating the Basis for Local Regimes, Act 10/1998, of
ambitious quantitative targets in the short, medium and 21 April, on Waste, and Act 5/2003 on Waste in the
long term in order to reduce the landfilling of biodegradable Community of Madrid. Furthermore, Madrid capital
waste and increase the recovery of packaging waste. provides services to two adjoining municipalities, namely
These targets are national and regional, but Madrid City Arganda del Rey and Rivas-Vaciamadrid.
Council plans to adopt them through a Local Urban Waste
Strategy, currently being drawn up. This strategy's goal In implementing its responsibilities, Madrid City Council
is not only to meet the objectives of Directive 99/31 in has its own urban waste treatment facilities in
halving the amount of organic matter with respect to the Valdemingómez Technology Park, which houses three
amount landfilled in 1995, over the next two years, but waste treatment centres: Las Dehesas, La Paloma and Las
to practically stop it from entering landfills. Lomas, whose capacities are shown below.
The plan's target is that in 2011 all organic matter contained

in urban waste generated in the city is recovered, preventing
it from being landfilled.
Pg. 215

Index
Facilities Capacity
Waste bag treatment (2 lines) 30 Tm/hour
UW separation and classification plant Packaging bag treatment (2 lines) 6,5 Tm/hour
La Paloma Center Composting plant 131,290 Tm/year
UW separation and classification plant (4 waste bag treatment lines) 1,200 Tm/day
Composting plant 230,000 Tm/year
Las Lomas Center Energy recovery plant 900 Tm/day(*)
Waste bag treatment (2 lines) 55 Tm/hour
UW separation and classification plant Packaging bag treatment (2 lines) 9 Tm/hour
Composting plant 200,000 Tm/year
Plastics treatment plant 0.5 Tm/hour
Bulk waste treatment plant 30-60 Tm/hour
Animal remains treatment plant 0,5 Tm/hour
Leachate treatment plant 50 m3/year
Las Dehesas Center Waste landfill 25 years (useful life)
Migas Calientes Composting plant 20,000 Tm/year
(*) According to lower calorific potential
Figure 6.4.3.1. Waste Treatment Centres of Madrid City Council.
Pg. 216
Index
The facilities of Valdemingómez Technology Park currently have two degasification and biogas recovery systems:
• Treatment plant for biogas from the active landfill 25 years. In 2006, its seventh year of operation,
at Las Dehesas Treatment Centre, in operation the following figures were obtained regarding its
since the year 2000 and with an estimated life of biogas generation:
Las Dehesas active landfill

Biogas generated 2,228 Nm3/h
Estimated annual biogas produced 19,517 Nm3
Estimation annual methane 9,758,640 Nm3
Table 6.4.3.1. Landfill biogas treatment plant at Las Dehesas Treatment Centre.
Source: General Management of the Valdemingómez Technology Park.
• Treatment plant for biogas from the Valdemingómez is expected to generate biogas up to 2019. Figures
landfill, closed in 2000. The Valdemingómez 2000 on biogas generated and estimated, and electricity
degasification centre began operating in 2003 and produced from it, are shown below.
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0
02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Figure 6.4.3.2. Maximum theoretical biogas collection in the degasification plant at La Galiana Centre (Nm3/year).
Pg. 217
Source: General Management of the Valdemingómez Technology Park and in-house.

Index
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000 Gross energy
40,000
Net energy
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Figure 6.4.3.3. Electricity produced with biogas from the Galiana Centre landfill (Mw/h year).
Source: General Management of the Valdemingómez Technology Park and in-house.
With the aim of meeting the target of recovering all • La Paloma biomethanisation plant, with an
organic matter, the future Local Waste Strategy of estimated annual generation capacity of
Madrid City Council also includes the following actions 13,700,000 Nm3 of biogas, 7,535,000 Nm3 of
to foster the reduction of GHG generated in the waste which is methane. A biogas treatment plant is
sector: also being built to concentrate and purify the
biogas. Both facilities have a cost of 30.43
• Las Dehesas biomethanisation plant, with an million. They are expected to start operating in
estimated annual generation capacity of 2008.
20,300,000 Nm3 of biogas, 11,165,000 Nm3 of
which is methane and at a cost of 30.78 million. • Refurbishment of La Paloma treatment and
It is expected to start operating in 2008. separation plant, with a cost of 40 million.
Pg. 218
Index
6.4.4 New measures proposed to reduce GHG emissions in the sector
Goals
• Improve efficiency in waste management.
• Eliminate organic matter from landfills.
• Use biogas generated from landfills or other management systems.
• Reduce GHG from waste.
Targets 2012
• Eliminate landfilled organic matter (2011).
• Zero methane emissions, by using the biogas generated.
• Reduction of NOx emissions.
Measures implemented or planned to reduce GHG emissions in the waste management sector are related with other municipal
plans and programmes, mainly in the draft Local Strategy on Solid Urban Waste.
Lines of action Measures

Waste sector
44. Local Urban Waste Strategy.
Pg. 219

Index
Heading 44 Local Urban Waste Strategy
Sector Waste Management Type Abatement

Description
Measures to be included in the future Local Urban Waste Strategy will also contribute to reducing GHG, by
reducing emissions in the waste sector.
Landfilled biodegradable waste or organic matter produces emissions, mainly methane, as it decomposes.
Furthermore, incineration processes contribute to increasing carbon emissions.
Measures in Madrid's Local Urban Waste Strategy include reducing the disposal of organic matter and
biodegradable waste in landfills, due to the significant emission of GHG in its decomposition processes, plus
using biogas, increasing the waste and packaging recovery and increasing waste collection and management
infrastructures.
The plan also includes actions to raise awareness, to minimise waste generation at source and increase separate
collection. It also includes introducing of new green zones in the landfills.
The strategy's final goals, with respect to emissions, are:
• Treating 100% of household waste generated • Eliminating CH4 emissions.

in the city.
• Reducing emissions from the waste
• Increasing the recovery of recyclable material. transport fleet.
• Reducing NOx emissions below 50% of the • Eliminating smells.

established legal limit.
The plan also includes new projects to regenerate landfill sites with new green zones (current landfill at Las
Dehesas and Las Cumbres).
Pg. 220
Index
Estimated emission reduction

Estimated emission reduction: 437,000 tonne CO2eq t/year
Electricity saving: 110,340 MWh/year
Costs ( )
83,200,000 (in the period 2008-2012)
Specific costs ( /(t-CO2e/year)) 38.07 /tonne CO2

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Plant to recover energy from waste 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3
Modification to Las Dehesas separation

plant to increase waste bag treatment 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
capacity
Construction of 2 semi-automatic "yellow

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
bag" lines in Las Dehesas
12 MW Photovoltaic farm 4.4 4.4 4.4
Installation of a perimeter system to capture

1.8
biogas from old landfills
End of works and start-up of Las Dehesas

14 6.7 0 0 0
and La Paloma biomethanisation plants
Awareness, information and training

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
campaigns
TOTAL (Million ) 14.5 20.25 16.15 16.15 16.15
Department(s) responsible for implementation Government Dept. of the Environment

Pg. 221

Index
6.5 INDUSTRY
6.5.1 Diagnosis of emissions and energy consumption in the sector
Emissions from the industrial sector represented 6.5% Emissions from the use of solvents and other products,
of total emissions (direct and indirect) in the municipality mainly attributable to industry, represent 2.5% of the
of Madrid in 2004. Total emissions are distributed equally municipality's total emissions.
between direct and indirect emissions, owing to
progressive electrification in the industrial sector. The The tables below show a breakdown of direct emissions
share of emissions from industry in the municipality's (CO2eq) from the industrial sector, both emissions from
total emissions is therefore very small, in accordance combustion and emissions from processes. It may be
with industry's small share in Madrid's economic activity. seen that most of the emissions are carbon, most of
which comes from small industrial combustion boilers,
with an installed capacity of less than 50 MW.
CH4 N2O
3 INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION PLANTS (ktCO2eq)
CO2 (kt)
(ktCO2eq)
03 01 Industrial combustion boilers, gas turbines and engines 1 457 6

03 01 03 Combustion plants < 50 MWt (boilers) 0.2 384 4.84
03 01 04 Gas turbines 29 0.40
03 01 05 Stationary engines 0.6 45 0.50
03 03 Processes with contact 0.1 48 0.61
03 03 02 Reheating furnaces steel and iron 0.1 40 0.56
03 03 13 Asphalt concrete plants 7 0.05
TOTAL GROUP 03 0.82 505 7.0
CH4 N2O
4 NON-COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (ktCO2eq) CO2 (kt)
(ktCO2eq)
04 02 Processes in iron and steel industries and collieries 15

04 02 07 Electric furnace steel plant 15
04 06 Processes in wood, paper pulp and other industries 3
04 06 19 Soda ash production and use 3
TOTAL GROUP 04 17
Pg. 222 Table 6.5.1.1. Composition of direct emissions (CO2eq) from the industrial sector in Madrid.
Index
Emissions from group 5 are methane emissions from gas distribution networks and amount to 77 kt CO2eq.
5 EXTRACTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS CH4 N2O

CO2 (kt)
AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq)
05 06 Gas distribution network 0

05 06 03 Distribution networks 77 0
TOTAL GROUP 05 77
Table 6.5.1.2. Composition of direct emissions (CO2eq) from gas distribution networks in Madrid.
Finally, emissions of fluorinated gases for the use of solvents Emissions both from industrial combustion and processes,
(within the industrial sector although also referring to and those from the use of solvents and other products,
equipment in the residential, commercial and institutional have significantly decreased since 1990, a situation in
and transport sectors), amount to 290 ktCO2eq, 3% of contrast to the continuous growth that has taken place
direct emissions and 2% of total emissions. These emissions in Spain as a whole.
mainly originate from refrigeration equipment that uses
hydrocarbons.
Pg. 223

Index
Evolution of emissions (CO2eq) by sector 1990 - 2004
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Industrial combustion plants Others
Figure 6.5.1.1. Evolution of emissions from the industrial sector and others (including use of solvents) in the municipality of Madrid.
80,000.00 2,000.00
1,800.00
70,000.00
1,600.00
60,000.00
1,400.00
50,000.00 1,200.00
40,000.00 1,000.00
30,000.00 800.00
600.00
20,000.00
400.00
10,000.00 200.00
0.00 0.00
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
Industrial combustion Industrial processes Use of solvents and other

products (secondary axis)
Figure 6.5.1.2. Emissions from the Spanish industrial sector 1990-2003 (kt CO2eq).
Source: Spain's Emission Inventory sent to the IPCC, Ministry of the Environment.
Pg. 224
Index
With respect to the industrial sector's energy balance, the It is responsible for 8% of total energy consumption in
sector covers its energy needs with natural gas (54% of the municipality of Madrid, behind the residential,
consumption), followed by electricity (34% of consumption). commercial and institutional sector and transport sector.
Natural Oil Electricity Thermal

ktoe/year derivatives
(imported + Coal TOTAL
gas generated) Solar
03-Industrial 179 40 115,0 0.1 0.0 333
Table 6.5.1.3. Final energy consumption in the industrial sector in the Municipality of Madrid in ktoe. Year 2003.
Source: Emission Inventory, 2003 Madrid City Council and in-house.
6.5.2 Factors affecting emissions from the sector
The industrial sector's share in the economy of Madrid is Industrial activities have lost importance in the city of
small, by comparison to the services sector, which is Madrid, mainly as a consequence of the shortage of
predominant in the municipal economic structure. industrial land in the city and the appeal of suburban and
According to estimates by Madrid City Council, industry's periurban areas, with lower costs and a larger offer in
Gross Value Added in the city of Madrid in 2003 amounted land and properties in zones with less density, good
to 8,034.6 million euros, representing 10.7% of total accesses and few restrictions on circulation and the parking.
municipal GVA and 8.4% more than in 1999. On the In recent years, therefore, local industrial units have
other hand, the services sector contributed over 80% of decreased in the city:
GVA to the local economy.
Pg. 225

Index
Local units of industrial activity

11,600
11,400
11,200
11,000
10,800
10,600
10,400
10,200
10,000
9,800
9,600
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 6.5.2.1. Local Units of Industrial Activity.

Source: Statistics Yearbook 2005, Madrid City Council.
LThe proportion of GHG emissions from Madrid's Of the remaining 5% of industrial premises in Madrid,
industrial sector with respect to total municipal emissions 352 are classified as a Public Nuisance, in accordance
is also less than its proportion to the local economy. This with the classification of the Regulation on Public
is because, on one hand, the industrial sector has made Nuisances, Unhealthy, Toxic and Hazardous Activities
a considerable effort in recent years to control and and/or the Urban Planning Department's system of
reduce its emissions. Industry has been the primary target municipal licenses. The majority of establishments produce
of environmental policies regulations, both at European consumer goods for the local market (Foodstuffs, Tobacco,
and national level. On the other hand, more than 95% Textiles, Footwear, Publishing, Metal Goods or Machinery).
of existing industrial premises in the city do not carry In second place, as regards classification by environmental
out production activities, but other functions like risk, there are 28 establishments considered Public
administrative support, warehousing, etc.; not involving Nuisances, Unhealthy and Toxic Activities, whose activities
major GHG emissions. involve slaughtering livestock and preserving meat,
producing plastic materials, manufacturing concrete
components and producing basic iron, steel and iron-
alloy goods.
Pg. 226
Index
360
320 AM Public nuisances
280 AIN Unhealthy and toxic activities
240 AMIN Public nuisances, unhealthy and toxic activities
200 AP Hazardous activities
160 AMP Public nuisances and Hazardous activities
120 AINP Unhealthy, toxic and hazardous activities
80 AMINP Public nuisances, unhealthy, toxic and hazardous
40 activities
0 RV Activities with risk of spillage
AM AIN AMIN AP AMP AINP AMINP RV NC NC Not classified
Figure 6.5.2.2. Classification of Industrial Activities in the city of Madrid based on the Regulation of
Unhealthy, Toxic and Hazardous Activities and Public Nuisances (No. of Establishments).
Source: Economic Barometer of the City of Madrid, April 2005.
Madrid's industrial sector therefore has a low level of specialisation of Madrid's industry in the sectors of paper
emissions due to its orientation towards non-production and printing, electric and electronic material, chemical
industrial sectors and tasks. Furthermore, production industry (especially pharmacy) and transport material
activities are intensive in terms of capital, technology and (motor vehicles and the aerospace industry).
knowledge. In this respect, it is worth underlining the
Municipal Accounting in the City of Madrid, Series 1998 - 2001 (Million euros, baseline 2000)
Accrued growth
City of Madrid 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001/1998
Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 29 25 19 20 -11.6
Industry, including energy 6,791 6,992 7,153 7,068 1.3
Construction 3,253 3,378 3,450 3,699 4.4
Market services 34,047 35,498 37,144 38,437 4.1
Non-market services 12,182 12,713 13,520 13,902 4.5
Gross Value Added to basic prices 56,301 58,606 61,285 63,125 3.9
Net taxes on goods 4,387 4,966 5,250 5,221 6.0
Gross Domestic Product at market prices 60,688 63,572 66,535 68,346 4.0
Table 6.5.2.1. Municipal accounting in the City of Madrid.

Source: L.R. Klein Institute. Stone Centre. Pg. 227

Index
6.5.3 Actions implemented and planned to reduce emissions from the sector
The main actions carried out to reduce emissions from subsequent extensions, lays down individual allocations
Madrid's industrial sector are regulatory at state or of carbon emission rights to a number of facilities in the
regional level. The City Council's margin of action in the electric and industrial sectors. In the municipality of
industrial sector is therefore limited. Madrid, a total of 9 facilities are affected by the 2005-
2007 NAP, including all combustion facilities with a
Firstly, Royal Decree 1866/2004 regarding a National nominal thermal power above 20MW, responsible for
Allocation Plan (NAP) of Emission Rights, and its slightly less than half of the city's industrial emissions.
Allocation
Facility
2005 2006 2007
Aceralia Perfiles Madrid, S.L. 60,495 60,495 60,495
Central de Cogeneración Aeropuerto de Barajas 136,000 136,000 136,000
Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España 15,583 15,583 23,374
Tolsa, S.A. 43,059 43,059 43,059
Asfaltos de Madrid, S.A. 7,138 7,138
Casbega, S.A. 6,662 6,662
Hospital Universitario La Paz 11,778 11,778
Iveco Pegaso Fenice 12,005 12,005
Peugeot Citroën, S.A. 7,304 7,304
Table 6.5.3.1. Individual allocation of emission rights to facilities in the municipality of Madrid.
Pg. 228
Index
Some facilities not affected by the NAP, in addition to • Measures related to operating conditions in
other GHG emissions not covered by the regulations on situations other than normal which may affect the
emission trading, are affected by Act 16/2002 of 1 July environment.
on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, transposing
Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution • Any other measure or condition laid down by
prevention and control. applicable sectoral legislation.
This Act lays down a complex administrative procedure Madrid City Council does not have jurisdiction to adopt
for granting the Integrated Environmental Authorisation, control and inspection measures, for which the Community
which will precede, as the case may be, other substantive of Madrid is responsible. Information relating to emissions
authorisations or licenses that may be obligatory. The released into the air and the water by industrial facilities
Integrated Environmental Authorisation sets obligatory covered by the Act are listed the State Pollutant Emission
environmental conditions for operating the facilities which, Register (EPER-Spain), drawn up according to the
as regards GHG emissions, consist of: requirements of the EPER Decision.
• Emission limits based on best available techniques The City Council's margin of action for reducing emissions
(BAT). from the industrial sector is very limited, as it is heavily
regulated by national and regional legislation. This margin
• Systems and procedures for treating and controlling centres mainly on awareness activities to increase energy
all kinds of emission and waste. efficiency.
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6.5.4 New measures proposed
Goal
• Change the upward trend of carbon emissions in the industrial sector.

• Promote energy certification of industrial activities.
Targets 2012
• Cut back the growth of industrial emissions to 15% of 1990 levels in the period 2008 -2012, contributing to
the national target assumed under the Kyoto Protocol.
In order to meet these sectoral goals, the following lines of action and their corresponding specific measures have been
defined:
Lines of action Measure

industrial sector
Increasing the
45. Energy audits, certification and efficiency information for industrial SMEs.
energy efficiency
46. Carbon neutral events.
of the industrial
47. Voluntary agreements with high-emitting companies.
sector
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Heading 45 Energy audits, certification and efficiency information for industrial SMEs.
Sector Industry/Business Type Abatement
Description
According to the energy efficiency index (EEI) in SMEs, drawn up by Unión FENOSA, Spanish SMEs can
economise 20% of the energy they consume. Efficient energy use in SMEs would reduce electricity consumption
in Spain by 10%. The energy efficiency rate in the different Autonomous Communities is relatively homogeneous
(3.1 on average), although Madrid's is one of the lowest (2.9), indicating greater potential for improvement.
By sector of activity, the lowest rates are recorded in professional services and commerce, which are the
activities with greatest potential for improvement.
IEE by Region Evaluation by sectors
País Vasco 3.2 Global 3.1

Navarra 3.2
Murcia 3.2
Madrid 2.9
La Rioja 3.4 Professional services 2.7
Galicia 2.9 Industry 3.1
Extremadura 3.2
Comunidad Valenciana 3.0 Restaurants & Catering 3.7
Cataluña 3.1
Hotels 4.1
Castilla León 3.1
Castilla La Mancha 2.9 Global Hostelry & Catering 3.9
Cantabria 3.1
Asturias 3.2 Trade 3.0
Aragón 3.3
Andalucía 3.2 Other Activities 2.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Source: Unión Fenosa.
The Local Energy Agency will provide technical assistance services on energy efficiency matters to Madrid's
industry, aimed especially at SMEs.
By the energy certification service, it will systematically control energy efficiency in production companies,
setting consumption reduction targets that will have to be met in order to renew the certificate. By obtaining
an energy efficiency certificate, companies can improve their image and make significant savings, considering
the growing cost of energy. Furthermore, holding this certificate will be positively evaluated in the Local
Authority's contracting procedures.
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The Local Energy Agency will provide the following services:
• Energy audits. • Advice on state, regional and local public aid

for making investments in energy efficiency.
• Feasibility studies for co-generation plants or
other types of investment. • Advice on best energy efficiency practices in
the industrial sector and industry benchmarking
• Thermographic analysis of facilities. in other European countries.
• Monitoring consuming equipment and setting • Advice on energy contracting.

consumption rates.
These services will be provided in the framework of a voluntary agreement between industry and Madrid City
Council, and partially subsidised by the Administration.

Costs ( )
• Advisory actions will be carried out by municipal personnel that from the Agency staff, so no extraordinary
budget is allocated for such functions. A sum of 108,000 is allocated for training and information provided
to industry through the Local Energy Agency for the full valid term of the plan.
• Energy efficiency audits will be subcontracted to specialised companies. Their cost basically depends on the
time spent by the work team and can be assessed according to the number of hours that the auditor and
his team must use. An average price is estimated to be 5,000 per industrial centre, though cost basically
depends on the complexity and specific scope of each industrial process.
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• The Local Energy Agency will grant award subsidies for 40% of the audit's cost, provided the emission
reduction targets are met after the audit. The provision for subsidies is estimated for a total of 25 companies
per year, with a resulting annual cost of 50,000 for energy audits.
• Aid for feasibility studies for co-generation plants or other investments will cover a maximum 75% of the
project's cost, budgeted at a maximum annual amount of 100,000.
• The total cost for the whole duration of the plan will be 708,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Setting up the Local Energy Agency X
Information and advice 27,000 27,000 27,000 27,000
Environmental diagnosis and setting

50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
objectives
Issuing energy certificates 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
TOTAL 177,000 177,000 177,000 177,000
Department(s) responsible for Government Dept. of the Environment

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Heading 46 Carbon neutral events

Sector Industry/RCI Type Abatement
Description
Including the private sector in the programme of carbon neutral institutional events.
The City Council, through its capacity to issue authorizations for events and by means of awareness activities,
will promote private events (not organised by the public sector) which are carbon neutral.
The plan will apply all kinds of events: sporting, musical, cultural, etc. Carbon neutral events are those where
most of the emissions generated are offset by planting trees or investing in projects that produce emission
reduction credits.
Emissions that must be offset by holding an event include:
• Direct and indirect emissions from the event site • Emissions arising from waste generation.
(combustion facilities, electricity consumption).
• Accommodation for participants in the event.
• Transportation of participants in the event
(performers, speakers, contracted personnel,
organisers, audience, etc.).
GHG Calculator
Fuel and energy Conversion

data data Agregation Normalisation
Fuel consumption
Electricity use
GHG emission Total GHG Normalised
factor GHG
Transport
figures
Process-related
emissions
Source: GHG Indicator- United Nations Environment Program.
Pg. 234
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Promotion will be carried out through Voluntary Agreements with events organisers, through which the Local
Energy Agency will assist organisers:
• Calculating the CO2 emissions caused by the • Carbon credits acquired must be withdrawn
event. from the market to ensure the event's emissions
are really offset.
• Estimating the different alternatives to offset
the emissions: trees that need to be planted • Issuing a label to designate a"Carbon Neutral
and their location, carbon credits necessary Event".
and possible investments to obtain them. In
this case, event organisers will be assisted in
acquiring such carbon credits.
Organisers will obtain the funding necessary to offset emissions by an increase in participation fees and other
measures.
The stages for implementing the measure are:
• Identifying and contacting event organizers to • Initial pilot experiences with event organizations
inform on the initiative and explain the to explain the initiative to the general public.
methodology to follow in implementing it.

Costs ( )
• Activities to explain the initiative and contact event organizers will be carried out by personnel from the
Government Department responsible for the environment.
• The Local Energy Agency will calculate emissions from the events and propose alternatives to offset them,
using its own resources.
• The estimated budget corresponds to occasional technical assistance planned during the initiative's setup
stage, and throughout plan's term of application, amounting to 12,500 a year, once the Local Energy
Agency has been set up.
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Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Measure 12,500 12,500 12,500 12,500
Department(s) responsible for Government Dept. of the Environment

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Heading 47 Voluntary agreements with high-emitting companies
Sector Industry/Business Type Abatement

Description
Back the creation of a network of companies committed to the fight against climate change, and with
significant potential for emission reduction, both for its exemplary nature, and owing to its high volume of
emissions.
The initiative's main objectives are:

1. Generate dialogue between industry and 3. Exchange good practices for energy efficiency,
other stakeholders in the fight against climate renewable energy use and sustainable
change. management in transport to places of work.
2. Increase transparency, improving control and 4. Encourage companies to set reduction targets
publication of emissions. and monitor compliance.
Calculation of direct and indirect emissions from companies taking part in the
international initiative Business Leaders Initiative on Climate Change
Indirect
Direct Emissions from Other Indirect TOTAL
Company
Emissions (tCO2) Electricity (tCO2) Emissions (tC02) tCO2
DHL Express Nordic 30,000 11,000 671,000 712,000

IKEA 65,000 369,000 2,058,000 2,492,000
Interface 57,000 55,000 2,000 114,000*
Maersk Nordic & Baltic 2,000 900 308,000 310,900
McDonald’s Europe 290,000 1,600,000 480,000 2,370,000
Stora Enso 6,097,000 Not reported Not reported 6,097,000**
TOTAL 6,541,000 2,035,900 3,519,000 12,095,900
* Adjusted for offsets 100,000 **Adjusted for offsets 6,032,000
Source: BLICC Report #3.

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This network will be set up in the following stages:
1. Identifying target companies. From the census 3. Establishing a work programme for the
of companies in Madrid, a group of companies network: control and reporting system, setting
will be chosen on the basis if their volume of targets and monitoring progress.
atmospheric emissions, electricity consumption
(indirect emissions), exemplary behaviour to 4. Publication of results.
the consumers, etc.
5. Inclusion in international business networks
2. A Business Forum on Climate Change will be on climate change (Business Leaders Initiative
held, to kick off the network by means of a on Climate Change).
Voluntary Agreement Company/City Council,
through Madrid Chamber of Commerce and
the Business Association of Madrid.

44. Energy saving: 16,159 MWh/year.
Costs ( )
The City Council will only act as intermediary in setting up the network of companies committed to the climate,
and financing the publications of results.
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Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Identifying companies X
Holding the Forum X
Publishing targets and results X X X X
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6.6 SINKS
6.6.1 Diagnosis of GHG emissions and capture in the sector
Forested and green surface area contributes to absorbing In accordance with Madrid's Emission Inventory, the
carbon, because every tree or shrub captures carbon carbon absorption capacity of Madrid's trees has
dioxide and emits oxygen. It is estimated that a dense remained at a constant 36,000 tonnes since 1990, a
plantation can absorb up to 20 tonnes of CO2 per figure obtained from the national forestry inventory.
hectare and year. Carbon storage figures depend on This figure means an absorption of only 0.4% of the
species and quality of the area, the climate and the city's emissions. The capture percentage is therefore
practices and alterations that affect the vegetation. much less than the national target set by the second
Furthermore, it is not only important that vegetation National Allocation Plan, for capturing 2% of all GHGs
rapidly absorbs a large amount of carbon, but also that emitted on average in the period 2008-2012, which,
has the capacity to retain it and not release it through on the other hand, is logical in an urban environment.
photosynthesis and decomposing plant biomass.
The table below shows methane emissions and carbon absorptions from the sector:
CH4
11 OTHER SOURCES AND SINKS (NATURE) (ktCO2eq)
CO2 (kt)
11 06 Waters 1
11 06 01 Lakes 0
11 06 05 Rivers 0
11 07 Animals 7
11 07 02 Mammals 7
11 21 Changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks -36
11 21 02 Temperate forests -36
TOTAL GROUP 11 7 -36
Table 6.1.1. Emission of methane and absorption of carbon in the natural sector in Madrid.
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6.6.2 Factors that affect GHG emissions and capture in the sector.
Madrid's green surface area occupies 43% of the city's Madrid also stands out as regards trees lining streets, as
total area (25,696.79 Ha), including the city's urban parks in recent years there has been a significant increase in the
and gardens and forest masses in the periurban area to number of trees in the city of Madrid, with the consequent
the north and west: Monte de El Pardo, Soto de Viñuelas environmental benefit. According to recent figures from
and Casa de Campo. It is also worth noting more than the urban forestry inventory, there are a total of 226,301
100 Ha. of new green zones incorporated in the trees, meaning one tree planted for every 14 inhabitants
municipality through the Valdemingómez Forestry Park. (not including trees in parks and gardens), with a total of
Total forested surface area represents 35% of total6 green 4,146 tree-lined streets, representing 51.58% of all streets
zones, and the most representative species are oak (Quercus mapped in Madrid.
ilex) and stone pine (Pinus pinea), the second basically of
anthropogenic origin. To the east and south, dryland Additionally, Casa de Campo, with 1,700 hectares,
cereal crops, fallow land and poor soil with high gypsum comprises approximately 700,000 trees.
content are predominant, with needle grass (Stipa
tenacissima) as the most representative shrub and the
River Manzanares and River Jarama as the most significant
geographical features. These areas cover about 20% of
the municipality's surface area.
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DISTRICT 2001 2002 2003 2004

1 Centre 5,564 6,296 6,464 6,791
2 Arganzuela 8,199 8,871 9,004 10,531
3 Retiro 6,473 6,844 6,771 7,011
4 Salamanca 10,127 13,160 13,036 12,732
5 Chamartín 15,318 15,883 16,159 16,106
6 Tetuán 5,267 5,793 5,828 5,596
7 Chamberí 11,356 11,899 11,935 12,316
8 Fuecarral-El Pardo 17,129 14,837 14,709 19,744
9 Moncloa-Aravaca 14,425 10,659 10,913 10,222
10 Latina 12,246 11,451 10,725 9,637
11 Carabanchel 8,090 12,346 13,698 14,834
12 Usera 7,535 8,723 8,750 8,644
13 Puente de Vallecas 20,698 19,134 18,946 19,242
14 Moratalaz 7,954 7,369 7,435 7,551
15 Ciudad Lineal 13,189 13,359 13,215 12,988
16 Hortaleza 11,219 10,674 10,629 12,051
17 Villaverde 5,624 9,445 9,658 11,115
18 Villa de Vallecas 2,277 2,825 2,942 3,419
19 Vicálvaro 7,393 6,981 6,415 6,905
20 San Blas 13,768 14,265 14,172 14,039
21 Barajas 5,169 4,887 4,928 4,827
TOTAL (trees) 209,020 215,701 216,332 226,301
Table 6.6.2.1. Evolution in position of trees lining streets in Madrid.

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6.6.3 Actions implemented and planned
The main environmental actions with a positive effect on rivers, strips of land where urban development is
the carbon sink capacity of Madrid's trees and vegetation not permissible...) and in their absence, by creating
are as follows: artificial connectors.
• Master Plan for Managing and Conserving Green • To address the deficit of green zones and to offset
Zones and Tree-Lined Streets in Madrid, whose goal more deficient districts, while improving their
is to include criteria of sustainability and quality in environmental quality, Madrid City Council has
designing, managing and maintaining green zones increased the forested surface area by 400,000
by drawing up different planning tools. square feet in the period 2003-2007:
• Handbook for Including Sustainability Criteria in - Every district in Madrid has benefitted from some
Designing and Maintaining Green Zones. of the 400 actions to implement the Annual
Green Zone Improvement Plan during this period.
• Project for regenerating degraded areas and Improvements to district parks include Parque
environmental improvements to Casa de Campo, de Alfredo Graus (Hortaleza), Parque de San Isidro
with a series of actions such as setting up the Casa (San Blas), Parque de Berlín (Chamartín), Parque
de Campo Information Centre; actions to prevent de San Isidro and Parque Emperatriz María de
risks from pollutants; reforestation of compacted Austria (Carabanchel) and Parque de Pradolongo
and eroded areas; improvements to vegetation, (Usera), among others.
fauna and the environment; plus the recovery of
historical, environmental and service-related elements. - New green lungs have also been created, like
Parque Juan Pablo II (its first 107,000 m2), the
• Project of actions to foster and improve urban and "O´Donnell Green Wedge" (first two phases),
periurban trees to increase the city's environmental Parque de la Gavia or the First Environmental
quality. The use of mathematical, statistical and Corridor of the River Manzanares, improving the
computer modelling as basic tools makes this project riverbanks and recovering basic natural areas to
is the most advanced under development anywhere stabilise the river's ecosystem.
in Europe.
• Reforestation actions in the framework of Madrid's

General Urban Development Plan (PGOUM),
approved in 1997. It aims to improve connectivity
between the municipality's natural areas and green
zones, encouraging the spread of biological diversity,
fostering the use of natural connectors (cattle tracks,
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6.6.4 New measures proposed
Goals
• Increasing the municipality's forested surface area.

• Improving the aerial view of the city by increasing green surface area.
Targets 2012
• Increasing the carbon sink capacity of city trees by 20%.

• Introducing green roofs in 10% of municipal buildings.
The Plan includes one additional measure to be added to Madrid City Council's existing measures to develop new green
areas. The measure is aimed at increasing the city's carbon sink capacity by installing green roofs.
Transversal lines Measures

of action
Increasing carbon sink 48. Green Roofs.

capacity 49. Increasing forested surface area.
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Heading 48 Green roofs
Sector Sinks Type Abatement

Description
A green roof system is an extension to an existing roof, with waterproofing and root resistance, a drainage
system, filters and soil growing plants and vegetation. Developing green roofs involves creating contained
green areas on the tops of man-made structures.
Vegetation
Growth medium
Filtering membrane
Drainage layer
Root retention layer
Support panel
Thermal insulation
Moisture control layer
Structural support
Source: Green Roofs.
The main benefit in terms of climate change is that green roofs can act as sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide,
water and energy to make oxygen and glucose. Green roofs also fulfil a heat-absorbing function, reducing
the "urban heat island" effect and filtering air particles. It is estimated that 1m2 of green roof with grass can
extract approximately 0.2 kg of air particles every year.
Another major benefit as regards climate change abatement takes place through reducing energy consumption
for heating and refrigeration, thanks to green roofs insulating effect and cooling capacity in high temperatures.
Field experiments conducted in Canada show that green roofs can reduce heat loss from buildings by 26%
and also limit a building's heat increase by 95%.
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Further benefits include acoustic insulation, new leisure areas for citizens or aesthetic improvements to the
urban environment.
Examples of green roofs. Source: Green Roofs.
The scope of the measure is limited to public and institutional buildings (schools, libraries, sports centres,
institutions, etc.) and it will be implemented in the following stages:
1. Regulatory analysis of the initiative's feasibility promoted in newly-constructed EMVS

(introducing amendments to urban buildings, with water deposits installed to
development regulations to foster the capture, store and use rainwater for irrigation
initiative's expansion, for example, by or thermal facilities.
introducing minimum percentages of green
areas on roofs). 4. Extending the initiative to other public and
municipal roofs.
2. Technical analysis of the initiative's feasibility
(identifying possible roofs, analysing the most 5. Extending the initiative to private roofs in the
suitable plant cover, studying environmental city. If the experiment is successful, the City
impact). Council will consider extending it to private
roofs, providing aid with installation.
3. Pilot green roofs. If the study demonstrates
the measure's feasibility, a small number of
pilot green roofs wil be set up to analyse their
viability. Specifically, green roofs will be
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Not evaluated as it is limited to 1,000 m2.
Costs ( )
• The estimated cost of the feasibility study and design is 200,000 over two years.
• Implementing the pilot projects, estimating an initial surface area of 1,000 m2, will have an approximate
initial cost of 75,000. According to EPA estimates, installing green roofs costs approximately $ 8.00 per
square foot, in other words, approximately 75 per m2. Annual maintenance costs are estimated at
30,000.
• A definition of the project's final scope will depend on results of the feasibility study, so cannot be
evaluated yet.
• The projects' total cost will be 335,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Feasibility study 200,000
Pilot projects 75,000
Maintenance costs 30,000 30,000
Scope of the initiative
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Heading 49 Increasing forested surface area
Sector Sumideros Type Abatement

Description
The goals set by the City Council are to increase the city's green zones by laying out new parks and gardens;
to increase and extend the number of trees lining streets; to create new neighbouring green zones, particularly
in the city centre; to carry out actions planned to make better use of Madrid's more important parks, and to
improve the facilities and equipment of existing green zones.
In order to increase the city's environmental quality, natural areas are being used and deteriorated environments
are being recovered. Key examples include the creation of major green areas like the Valdebebas Forestry
Park, whose surface are is equal to London's Hyde Park and New York's Central Park together, or the New
Casa de Campo del Norte project, which will cover a surface area greater than 1,000 hectares, with
autochthonous tree species. In addition to these areas, we have the O´Donnell Green Wedge, Parque de Juan
Pablo II, the new Mercamadrid forestry park, the South-West Green Corridor, the North-West Forestry Park,
the park lining the River Manzanares and the Madrid ring forest in the area around the M-40 motorway.
Specifically, the city of Madrid will enrich its privileged forest assets by orderly planning and implementing
actions that increase the number of trees in our city by planting more than 1,500,000.
• Creating new green zones like the Valdebebas • Increasing the number of trees lining streets
Forestry Park (Hortaleza/Barajas) (265,000), (25,000).
Casa de Campo del Norte (Fuencarral-El Pardo)
(750,000), Madrid Forest Ring (80,000) or the • Carrying out actions to improve green zones
new South-West Green Corridor in Carabanchel all over the city, planting new trees at necessary
(Carabanchel) and the North-West Forestry points, undertaking restoration actions (80,000)
Park in Villaverde (Villaverde) (5,000), plus the and planting trees in degraded areas (50,000).
ongoing implementation of major parks like
the O'Donnell Green Wedge (Hortaleza, Ciudad • New urban developments: in addition to these
Lineal, San Blas and Vicálvaro) (30,000), Parque new trees, new urban developments under
de La Gavia (Villa de Vallecas) (10,000), Parque constructions will also include new plantations
Juan Pablo II (Hortaleza) (5,000) or the park (137,000).
lining the River Manzanares (Villaverde, Usera
and Puente de Vallecas) (112,000).
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9,000 tCO2e/year
Costs ( )
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
New trees X X X X X

Government Dept. of the Environment
implementation
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6.7 ADAPTATION MEASURES

6.7.1. Effects of climate change in Madrid
6.7.1.1. Historic evolution and current trends of the climate in Madrid
In general, the climatic scenario of the Iberian peninsula Meteorology. Knowledge of the current state of the
over the last millennium has undergone alternating climate is essential to formulating a hypothesis about
periods characterised by very different climates. In the its future trends.
first period, values for climatic parameters were very
regular. From the 14th century onwards, there was an The climate that characterizes the municipality of Madrid
increase in the frequency of extreme values; variability is Continental Mediterranean. In general, this type of
increased until it reached an especially cold, irregular climate is represented by cold winters and dry, hot
climatic stage, known as the Little Ice Age (LIA), from summers. The characteristics of Continental
the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th. As of Mediterranean climate include a period of drought
the middle of the 19th century, the climate returned to followed by another of torrential rains and a large
more regular behaviour. difference in average temperatures, which, in the case
of Madrid, is 18 ºC.
At present, observation of the climate's evolution is
based on precise meteorological data that is measured, Although this aspect will be addressed below, the
classified and analysed in meteorological observatories municipality of Madrid is greatly affected by urban
and stations distributed all over Spain's territory. The conditions, colloquially known as a "heat island". This
most relevant meteorological parameters for detecting refers to daily temperature difference in the urban
climate change relate to temperature and precipitation. periphery, which is considerably less in the city centre.
In order to define the current state of the climate, the In general, the city of Madrid may be considered as
figures used refer to the period from 1971 to 2000, having the following climatic characteristics:
drawn up by the Spanish National Institute of
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• Average annual temperature, reference value, In particular, in the months between April and
lies between 14º and 15º C. Due to its geographical September, daytime climatic conditions change
position inland, the municipality of Madrid may abruptly at night. These months are characterized
have very low minimum temperatures in winter by cool mornings and hot afternoons, with thermal
and very high maximum temperatures in summer, effects that last during the night and even into the
occasionally surpassing 40º C. The difference in early hours of dawn.
average annual temperatures is quite high, and
can exceed 18º C (higher than the Spanish average).
Retiro Park Observatory
1971 - 2000 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Total
Maximum temperature (ºC) 9.7 12.0 15.7 17.5 21.4 26.9 31.2 30.7 26.0 19.0 13.4 10.1 19.4
Minimum temperature (ºC) 2.6 3.7 5.6 7.2 10.7 15.1 18.4 18.2 15.0 10.2 6.0 3.8 9.7
Precipitation (mm) 37 35 26 47 52 25 15 10 28 49 56 56 436
Barajas Airport Observatory
Maximum temperature (ºC) 10.6 12.9 16.3 18.0 22.3 28.2 33.0 32.4 27.6 20.6 14.7 11.0 20.6
Minimum temperature (ºC) 0.3 1.5 3.2 5.4 8.8 13.0 16.1 16.0 12.7 8.3 3.8 1.8 7.6
Precipitation (mm) 33 34 23 39 47 26 11 12 24 39 48 48 386
Table 6.7.1.1. Maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation at the Retiro and Barajas Airport observatories, period 1971-2000.
Source: National Institute of Meteorology.
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• Mean annual precipitation divides the country • Rainfall intensity is moderate, amounting to
into three large areas: rainy (as of the 600 or 800 less than 50 mm for a return period of 10 years.
mm isohyet), dry and semi-desert (up to 300 or In any event, the greatest risk of torrential rain
350 mm). The municipality of Madrid is located occurs in winter.
in dry Spain, the most extensive area, with average
precipitation figures around 500 mm. Madrid's • Solar radiation in the southern half of the
rainfall, like in most of Spain, is characterised by peninsula, where Madrid lies, reaches values of
a high inter-annual variability. Based on the 16 MJ/m2 with maximums in excess of 20 MJ/m2
conclusions of several studies on rainfall figures, in summer and minimums below 10 MJ/m2 in
it may be said that there is no general trend for the months of December and January. Accordingly,
rainfall in Spain. The municipality of Madrid, in sunlight in the municipal area exceeds 200 hours
this respect, is characterized by rainfall with spring a year, a high factor and one to be taken into
maximums and non-autumnal minimums, with account when evaluating the municipality's
an annual precipitation mean variation rate of potential for using thermal and photovoltaic solar
reference of 26%, a value corresponding to the energy.
Tagus River Basin.
• Mean annual relative air humidity, in Madrid
• Precipitation frequency, in a large part of the and the surrounding area, reaches relatively low
country can be classified as relatively low to very values in comparison to the rest of the country.
low, with a mean percentage of days with Nevertheless, there is a marked difference between
precipitation between 15% and 35%, mean monthly figures recorded in winter and in
representing between 55 and 128 days a year. summer, reaching maximum values of around
The mean duration of sequences of dry days in 75% in winter and minimum values of around
the municipality of Madrid is around 8 days. 40% in summer.
Snow, however, is an uncommon phenomenon
in the Madrid area, as is hail.
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Retiro Cuatro Vientos Barajas

meteorological meteorological meteorological
observatory observatory observatory
Relative Humidity (%)
Central urban South-western North-eastern
location urban location urban location
January: Relative humidity 71% 76% 71%
July: Relative humidity 37% 41% 37%
Table 6.7.1.2. Mean humidity for the central, western and eastern areas of the municipality of Madrid.
Source: National Institute of Meteorology.
• In Madrid, like in the rest of Spain, atmospheric in summer, as the air heats up in high temperatures,
pressure is seasonal, registering minimum values and maximum values in winter.
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6.7.1.2 Madrid heat island
The city of Madrid's climatic conditions, together with • In the particular case of the city of Madrid,
its urban design, layout of streets, squares and buildings, maximum temperatures are recorded on Calle
and its topographical conditions, give rise to an effect de Alcalá, on the Paseo de la Castellana and in
known as a "heat island". This raises the minimum the city centre. However, peaks vary according
night-time temperatures in winter and increases them to streets' orientation (with significantly higher
in summer with respect to values in Madrid's suburb's figures on streets running east-west), their width
and outskirts. and whether or not they have trees and adjoining
constructions. The widest roads, the squares and
The heat island effect has the following characteristics: the car parks are the surface areas that receive
most sunlight. It has also been detected that
• Owing to its layout and composition, the city streets in the old quarter are the ones which stay
centre has a higher thermal inertia than the the hottest throughout the whole year. In general,
outskirts: it stores heat more slowly during the it may be said that the most compact urban areas
day and releases it little by little during the night, have the highest mean temperatures.
the opposite of what takes place in the outskirts.
This effect implies the existence of a night-time • Minimum temperatures are recorded in the channel
heat island with more marked temperature of the River Manzanares, in open spaces, parks
differences in winter, in clear, stable weather. and forested areas.
• It is interesting to note the different behaviour of In short, Madrid may be said to have downward gradient
three urban elements with respect to heat: from the city centre to the outskirts, where there are
asphalted surfaces, buildings and green zones. smaller heat islands corresponding to the centres of
The first of these store heat during the day and peripheral towns (Alcobendas, Alcorcón, Getafe, etc.).
release it slowly at night, an effect that is more
marked in buildings, while green and landscaped
zones are temperate, cool or cold areas depending
on the characteristics of their vegetation.
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6.7.1.3 Climatic scenarios in the case of Madrid
Climatic evolution is a very complex phenomenon that progress. The population is also continuously
depends on many inter-related factors, so its study requires growing. GHG emissions in GEI in 2100, according
climate models that relate the variables and processes to this scenario, would increase by 120% over
affecting the climate's condition. Global climate models current values.
are an essential tool in studying the climate's future
evolution. • B2 change and evolution scenarios describes a
world where the population continues growing,
One of the most commonly-used climate models at present but at a slower rate than scenario A2. Levels of
is the AOGCM (Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation economic development and technological progress
Model). This model takes into account the interactions are intermediate (with respect to A1, A2 and B1
among five components of the climatic system scenarios). This scenario is oriented towards
(atmosphere, hydrosphere, Earth, cryosphere and biosphere) protecting the environment and social equality,
and the ocean. It also takes into account emission levels although it continues to focus mainly on local and
of GHG and aerosols accumulated in the atmosphere, regional levels. In this case, GHG emissions in 2100
according to SRES emission scenarios (Special Report on will increase by 100% over current values.
Emission Scenarios), prepared by a group of experts from
the IPCC, also bearing in mind such variables as population The results obtained by applying the AOGCM model to
growth, economic and social activities and technological the Iberian peninsula as a whole and, in particular, to the
progress. central region, allows the results to be evaluated as
representative. These give climatic projections for the
In particular, the AOGCM model mainly uses the SRES future 30-year series: 2010-2040, 2040-2070, 2070-2100.
scenarios called A2 and B2, unfavourable and favourable,
respectively: Temperature in the Iberian peninsula, for both scenarios,
will continue to increase steadily: the mean trend is 0.4
• A2 change and evolution scenarios describes a very ºC per decade in winter and 0.7 ºC per decade in summer
heterogeneous world, with predominant self- for the most unfavorable scenario (A2). Accordingly, the
sufficiency and the conservation of local identities trend shows an increase of 0.4 ºC per decade in winter
within economic development and technological and 0.6 ºC per decade in summer for scenario B2.
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Estimates or trends regarding precipitations show greater 3 ºC in B2. For the rest of the year, increases
uncertainty, however, because the evolution of changes reach intermediate values between summer and
is non-linear as in the case of the temperature. winter.
Nevertheless, it may be said that, in general, there will
be a reduction in total annual precipitations in the • As in the case of the AOGCM model, figures
peninsula, slightly more marked in scenario A2 than in relating to precipitation forecasts are more
B2. Maximum reductions would occur in spring and heterogeneous. In any event, the results in this
minimums in summer. case also predict a drop in total precipitations in
the peninsula. Seasonal decreases in precipitations
Greater detail in forecasts for the Madrid area requires are obtained, which, in the case of Madrid, reach
applying climate models at regional scale, because the maximum values in summer and are high in
AOGCM model cannot realistically reproduce atmospheric spring, while in winter and autumn drops are
processes at a smaller size than the cell considered. smaller. The changes are similar in both scenarios,
These regional models require considerable computational but more significant in scenario A2.
effort, so at present they have only been applied for
two periods: one corresponding to current climatic • Accordingly, changes are observed in
conditions (1960-1990) and one corresponding to the evapotranspiration, and a reduction is seen in
period 2070-2100, bearing in mind, in the second case, both scenarios. In particular, the predicted
emission scenarios SRES-A2 and SRES-B2. reduction for scenario A2 is maximum in the
months of summer, with 60%, while B2 predicts
The considerations presented below refer to a comparison a reduction of 40%. In autumn too, the predicted
of results obtained for the two periods by the PROMES decrease for scenario A2 is maximum, 40%, and
model, at regional scale, applied to the Iberian peninsula smaller in scenario B2, 20%. In spring,
as a whole and analysed for the Madrid area in particular. evapotranspiration decreases are small in both
scenarios (less than 20%). In winter, however,
• This model predicts an increase in temperature increases in surface evapotransipration are
over current values. In the central area of Madrid, expected, though moderate, below 20% in both
maximum increases in daily temperatures are scenarios.
expected. In summer, the season with the highest
daily temperature increase, it will stand between
5º and 7 ºC, in scenario A2, and between 4º and
6 ºC in B2. In winter, increases will stand between
3º and 4 ºC in scenario A2, and between 2º and
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• The module on surface wind (10 m above the show an upward trend in the size and frequency
ground) shows change in quantity and intensity of the monthly thermal anomalies in the future
according to the time of year. For the area of climate compared to the current climate. Trends
Madrid, it predicts, in general, a slight drop in wind seem to point to a higher frequency of extremely
intensity, more marked in autumn than in the rest hot days in the last third of the 21st century,
of the year, except in summer, when a significant compared to the current climate. They also suggest
increase in mean wind intensity is observed (between an increase in heat waves in spring and, to a lesser
5% and 10%). These results are more marked in extent, in autumn. With respect to periods of cold,
the most unfavourable scenario, A2. however, the studies are inconclusive. Hypotheses
on the variability of extreme precipitations are also
• As regards variability with respect to the current very uncertain. Torrential rain in the peninsula is
climate, the results the studies carried out are less highly variability in all seasons of the year.
reliable than those above. However, projections
6.7.2 Scenario of possible impacts of climate change on the municipality of Madrid
Preparation of this plan has taken into account the first other sectors do have a direct bearing on the municipality
draft of the National Adaptation to Climate Change Plan and should therefore be evaluated. Specifically: water
draw up by the Ministry of the Environment and which resources, transport, energy, human health, tourism, urban
defines the main impacts and lines of action for each development and construction, and biodiversity.
affected sector (water resources, biodiversity, transport,
human health, etc.). Below, we present a scenario of possible impacts on these
sectors based on the initial conclusions of the report
Some sectors considered in the draft of the National "Preliminary Evaluation of the Impacts of Climate Change
Adaptation Plan are not applicable in the city of Madrid in Spain" and of the abovementioned Adaptation Plan.
(forests, the agricultural sector, coastal areas, etc.), though
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6.7.2.1 Water resources and natural risks
The municipal area of Madrid, like most of the country, cause greater concentration of pollutant substances. In
is subject to uncertain water resources, which takes this respect, we must remember that the municipality
shape as an irregular and temporal distribution of such of Madrid faces a trend of long dry periods and higher
resources. In many cases, this irregularity stems from temperatures, involving greater evapotranspiration and,
high temperatures and low rainfall. consequently, less flow.
The city of Madrid's water resources depend on the In the Community of Madrid, there is significant risk of
Canal Isabel II, which has a series of reservoirs and, in flooding, mainly owing to demographic and economic
cases of emergency and to cover demand, extraction pressure. As a result, the lack of land in many towns
wells. It is important to note that, in the Community of has led to some river channels being partly invaded.
Madrid, water is transferred from the River Lozoya to
the Manzanares to cover the city's consumption needs. According to studies carried out by the Tagus River Basin
Authority, the whole Tagus Basin has had 159 historical
Predictions for climate in the Community of Madrid floods, from the year 849 to 1985, and of these, 85
point to an increase in temperatures and, although with occured in the Community of Madrid. The municipalities
some uncertainty, a reduction in rainfall, which would with the biggest historical floods lie in the river basins
imply a fall in the availability of water resources. of Tagus, the Jarama and the Henares, and they are:
Aranjuez, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid and Paracuellos
We should also bear in mind that current trends predict del Jarama.
a growth in water demand for residential, industrial and
service-related uses. Consequently, the effects attributable The current situation of the basin and area of the River
to climate change may worsen the situation, causing Manzanares, which flows through Madrid until it joins
possible restrictions, especially in summer. Accordingly, the River Jarama and is regulated by El Pardo reservoir,
impacts will depend on the state of the water supply is considered to be a potential flood risk area. Floods in
system, and on the area's reservoirs and wells' capacity this area occur with some frequency, affecting public
to respond, not only to climate change, but also to water resources and placing local people and
growing demand from population increase. property at risk.
Another major factor to take into account, as it will

worsen in dry periods, is that a smaller water flow will
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Flood risk in areas adjacent to the River Manzanares is of • geomorphological factors: contours of the land;
considerable importance owing to the demographic and
economic pressure that has given rise to major urban • anthropogenic factors: invasion and occupation of
expansion in the area. This stems from a shortage of land river channels.
which, in the past, led to buildings and housing being
erected in areas near river channels, ignoring the risk of Furthermore, variation in precipitations may lead to a
floods. There may be several causes for floods, but in drastic loss of water resources in the Community of Madrid
urban areas the biggest risk arises from heavy rainfall, a and, therefore, a risk of drought. This represents one of
phenomenon that, among the effects of climate change, the most serious impacts of climate change on water
could be more frequent in the Community of Madrid. resources, compatibility of uses and resource allocation
The factors that cause or increase flooding include: and reserves. A drop in water availability may lead to
having to prohibit certain non-essential activities in the
• meteorological factors: basically rain; city of Madrid (watering parks and gardens, washing
cars, etc.).
• hydrological factors: flow in circulation, state of
river channels;
6.7.2.2 Energy sector
The energy sector is one of the strategic sectors at national Accordingly, it is important to note that the municipality
level, playing a very significant role in climate change, and of Madrid's energy supply depends on the Autonomous
so, as one of its causes, it may suffer its consequences. Community of Madrid and the Spanish State. In any case,
The main effect of climate change on the energy sector and to minimise the impacts of climate change, we should
will be the increased demand for electric energy, mainly act jointly both at generation level, to foster the use of
in summer as a result of higher temperatures. clean energies and renewable sources, and by promoting
energy efficiency and rational energy use.
Outwith the rise in oil prices and higher energy prices, it
is expected that climate change will cause an increase in
solar radiation all over Spain's central region, which should
encourage the installation of solar energy capturing facilities
in the municipality. This energy opportunity may help
replace the fossil fuels commonly used in generating DHW
or heating.
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6.7.2.3 Tourism sector
Impacts on the tourist sector may vary widely, one of will have milder temperatures. In general, this process
them being a change in the tourism calendar. Accordingly, points to an increase in numbers of tourists visiting our
numbers of tourists may fall significantly during the country every year. As regards indirect impacts of climate
warmest months because of a rise in temperatures. For change on the tourism sector, an increase in the demand
the same reason, however, it is quite probable that for water and energy is expected, along with an increase
numbers of tourists are higher and for a longer period in waste generation.
of time during intermediate seasons and in winter, which
6.7.2.4 Transport sector
Current trends show that this sector will not be greatly Demand for fuels and oil dependence will continue their
affected by climate change. Despite this and the positive upward trend and will even worsen as a consequence
evolution in the vehicle fleet's energy efficiency, their of certain effects of climate change such as, for example,
average occupation has fallen and global mobility and higher temperatures. This may lead to considerably
distances have increased considerably. This means that higher fuel prices and consequently, a rise in the cost of
transport continues to be, in its category, an inefficient transporting people and goods.
sector with a high percentage of associated emissions.
6.7.2.5 Human health
There are a large number of possible impacts by climate • Food and water-borne illnesses.
change on human health and these may be grouped
into: According to predictions regarding the climate in the
city of Madrid, the frequency and duration of days with
• Changes in morbidity and mortality rates owing to extreme temperatures may increase considerably during
higher temperatures. summer months. This scenario highlights the possible
implications for morbidity and mortality relating to high
• Effects on health due to extreme meteorological temperatures. In this respect, the population segment
phenomena. most affected by the phenomenon is the elderly, which
is also the one set to increase over coming decades.
• Atmospheric pollution.
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Atmospheric pollution represents an environmental risk persons, and its climatic conditions, close to areas where
with harmful consequences for human health. vector diseases are transmitted, it is a country where this
Anthropogenic pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, kind of disease would could be encouraged by climate
worsened by changes in temperatures and precipitations, change. The possible risk is associated with the geographical
may increase the effects of air pollution on public health. spread of already-established vectors or by the importation
In particular, it will be necessary to control increases in and installation of subtropical vectors adapted to survival
concentrations of ozone and PM, which, according to all in cooler, drier climates.
evidence, considerably increase respiratory illnesses.
Owing to Spain's proximity to the African continent, its

condition as an area of transit for migratory birds and
6.7.2.6 Urban development and construction
Municipal plans and developments play an essential role temperature, sunlight, etc.) is essential for properly
in consuming available resources, including water, energy designing projects and for better using natural resources.
and transport requirements. Territorial occupation and The expected increase in temperatures and solar radiation,
distribution according to the use and activity carried out and drop in rainfall, together with little consideration in
are directly related to resource consumption and waste designing and conceiving plans, could therefore lead to
generation. Furthermore, in construction, knowledge of an increase in the demand for certain resources, especially
climatic figures for the area or region (humidity, water and energy.
6.7.2.7 Biodiversity and natural ecosystems
Natural ecosystems are vitally important in urban or intercity Climate change involves a series of impacts on terrestrial
areas in a situation of fragile equilibrium and where any ecosystems. In the case of Spain, we are seeing a change
change can cause irreparable damage. In general, climate in the spatial distribution of ecosystems: to the south,
change can affect ecological systems in terms of location, productivity is being limited by higher temperatures and
species and biodiversity. Accordingly, the effect of climate water shortages; to the north, however, productivity could
change on ecosystems will be determined by how fast increase. We are also seeing altitudinal migration of species
and how much climatic parameters (temperature, humidity,
precipitations, etc.) change, because the process of
adaptation and recovery for ecosystems will be slower.
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due to southern habitats being degraded and, in some in the Retiro Park. As in the case of terrestrial ecosystems,
cases, disappearing. The city of Madrid, because it lies aquatic ecosystems are intensely modified by human
in the centre, is in an intermediate situation, and owing activity and the growth of housing and industry in areas
to the water shortage, it more closely resembles areas belonging to river channels. It is therefore difficult to
in the south of Spain than in the north. It is also worth determine impacts attributable to the effects of climate
noting that because the municipality of Madrid is change. In any case, we should consider possible
extensively built up, current ecosystems have already alterations to water resources due to a drop in the
been altered by human activity, so it is difficult to foresee frequency and intensity of rainfall, which could seriously
the effects of climate change upon them. Nevertheless, damage the municipality's fragile aquatic ecosystems.
it is worth noting that the city of Madrid still has a
significant number of green zones and original ecosystems Accordingly, and as a result of higher temperatures and
so it would be a good idea to strengthen efforts in possible reductions in rainfall, biodiversity in the
conserving them. municipality's parks may be affected. A change is
therefore predicted in current plant species in the
The municipality of Madrid has a total of 10 aquatic municipality of Madrid's parks and gardens, which would
ecosystems distributed in public parks, covering a total lead to a structural simplification of vegetation and a
surface area of 196,000 m2. The most representative loss of floral diversity.
ecosystems are the lake in Casa de Campo and the lake
Goals
• Enhancing knowledge of possible impacts of climate change on social, economic and natural systems in the
municipality of Madrid.
• Incorporate adaptation to climate change in planning municipal activities.
• Make the citizens of Madrid aware and informed of the impacts of climate change and adaptation measures.
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These goals take shape in the following measures, classified by line of action:
Transversal
lines of action Measures
Promote evaluation and diagnosis studies of the possible impacts of climate change on the
city of Madrid, and the adaptation options for each system:
Evaluation
and diagnosis 50. Study and evaluation of the risk from natural phenomena in the municipality of Madrid.
51. Monitoring and protocol system for measures against the concentration of pollen, PM
and other atmospheric pollutants.
Promote communication and information of the main results from impact and adaptation
studies:
Communication 52. Raising awareness of food and water-borne diseases.

and information 53. System of indicators to enhance municipal tourism management models and policies.
54. Conservation and protection programme for environmentally significant areas.
55. Creating green zones and fostering biodiversity.
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Heading 50 Study and evaluation of the risk from natural phenomena in the municipality of Madrid.
Sector Type Adaptation
Description
According to the Tagus River Basin Authority, 50% of floods in the last thousand years associated with this
basin took place in the Community of Madrid, and the towns affected include the municipality of Madrid.
Furthermore, the area of the River Manzanares, which flows through Madrid, is considered a flood risk zone.
This area is significant due to demographic pressure and the expansion of urban development in recent decades.
Despite the fact that climate change predictions point to a reduction in rainfall, an increase is expected in
natural phenomena or disasters affecting certain areas of the municipality, especially floods or severe droughts.
Consequently, Madrid City Council will coordinate the mapping and assessment of risk all over the municipal
area, especially parts of the municipality that historically suffered floods.
The goal of this action is to provide the City Council with a basic risk evaluation study in order to, should the
need arise, adapt the current basic regulations on construction and design, and on planning and uses, thus
mitigating the risks of extreme natural phenomena.
Costs ( )
Risk mapping and evaluation in the municipality of Madrid will be coordinated as of 2008 by City Council
technicians. Accordingly, the current basic regulations on construction, planning and land uses will be modified
as of 2009. This action will also be carried out by City Council technicians, so no budget is allocated.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Mapping and evaluating potential risks in
X
the municipality.
TOTAL X X
Department(s) responsible for Government Dept. of Urban Planning and Housing

implementation Dept. of the Environment
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Monitoring and protocol system for measures against the concentration of pollen,
Heading 51 PM and other atmospheric pollutants.
The initial conclusions of the preliminary report on the impact of climate change in Spain refer to possible
Description
respiratory alterations arising from a significant increase in PM and ozone. Specifically, it predicts that the
deterioration in air quality caused by anthropogenic pollution and a significant reduction in rainfall may lead
to increased concentrations of ozone and PM, especially in urban areas.
The city of Madrid has an Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring System made up of a network of 27 remote
stations plus a series of complementary resources, such as the emission inventory, the prediction system, the
information system or the mobile laboratory.
Among the measures of the Local Air Quality Strategy, it is expected that, during the plan's term of execution,
municipal services will carry out a series of actions aimed at maximising this set of resources and, among them,
one of the most important is adapting the system for monitoring pollutants and PM. For PM, a network for
monitoring levels of PM10 (particlate matter <10 microns), PM2.5 (particlate matter <2.5 microns) and TPM
(total particlate matter).
Furthermore, the Region has a Palynological Network providing information on concentrations of the most
allergenic pollen types in the Community of Madrid's atmosphere. Accordingly, in the framework of the Regional
Asthma Control and Prevention Programme, specifically in the Air Pollution Monitoring Sub-Programme, the
Community of Madrid Palynological Network (RED PALINOCAM) was set up in 1993. This network consists
of ten collectors, three of which are located in the municipality of Madrid and seven distributed in designated
areas in the Community of Madrid. The programme's measures include publishing a daily and weekly bulletin
on the situation and a series of recommendations for people allergic to pollen.
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Instruments:
1. Protocol of actions. On the basis of • Drawing up a list of prevention
information provided by the Region's pollen recommendations.
monitoring system and pollution monitoring
system, Madrid City Council will be responsible • Drawing up a list of concentration areas
for drawing up a protocol of actions aimed and rates.
at advising the population about both PM
concentrations and other atmospheric • Information to transmit (concentrations,
pollutants, such as pollen concentrations in alert levels, recommendations, etc.).
the municipality. This protocol, based on
actions under the monitoring systems 2. Information campaigns. Information
mentioned above, will define a series of campaigns will be carried out in addition to
actions which will include: campaigns included in the Protocol, with the
aim of informing the population of possible
symptoms, most sensitive population,
• Defining Alert Levels. measures and most important
recommendations and the existence of a
• Defining population segments affected. protocol of actions. This campaign will focus
on municipal health centers, with special
• Defining the pollutants and PM that attention to units treating respiratory illnesses.
contribute to respiratory illnesses.
• Defining information channels according

to Alert Levels and population.
Costs ( )
• The Protocol of actions will be drawn up by City Council technicians from the Department of Public Health
and the Air Agency and with the possible collaboration of external consultants or advisers. The protocol is
planned for 2009 and its budget amounts to 20,000.
• Information campaigns will be carried out, as of when the protocol is approved, in the years 2009, 2010
and 2012. The annual budget for the campaign will be 10,000.
• The measure's total budget amounts to 50,000.
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Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Protocols of action 20,000
Information Campaigns 10,000 10,000 10,000
TOTAL 30,000 10,000 10,000
Department(s) responsible for Madrid Health

implementation Government Dept. of the Environment
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Heading 52 Raising awareness of food and water-borne diseases.
One of the conclusions of the preliminary report on climate change impacts in Spain refers to possible impacts
Description
on the public health from food and water-borne diseases. The main causes of such infections are high
temperatures and decreased rainfall.
As regards foodstuffs, temperature is one of the main variables for conserving it and preventing its deterioration.
Higher temperatures, combined with a lack of attention to food storage methods and systems could lead to
its degradation with possible alterations to health.
Water pollutants may be biological, chemical and physical.
• Biological pollutants: are microbiological agents in contact, transformations undergone, either

capable of causing infectious diseases in by reacting with other substances or by
people and animals. Bacteria, Virus, Parasites processes of accumulation in the food chain,
and Fungus. and individual or group susceptibility.
• Chemical pollutants: these are chemical • Apart from biological and chemical, physical
elements or compounds in water, of varied pollution and, specifically, higher water
origin, which may be toxic for humans, animals temperature, is a decisive to favouring certain
and aquatic flora. Ingesting polluted water is processes. Temperature varies according to
not the only to come in contact; it can also seasons of the year, but if we use it as coolant
enter through the skin and/or mucous (in thermal plants) the temperature increase
membranes, especially if they are injured, cut, involves increasing its solubility and altering
eroded, etc., and by inhaling vapours or the processes that occur there (the open point
aerosols. The repercussions of a certain of refrigeration towers is where legionella
chemical substance on health will depend on: colonies can grow).
chemical form, concentration, way of coming
To implement this measure, the City Council will coordinate a number of information and awareness campaigns
aimed at informing citizens of the causes and possible consequences of increased temperature and reduced
rainfall on foodstuffs and drinking water, and as regards pollutants. Special emphasis will be placed on methods
and systems for conserving foodstuffs and water. Campaigns will be aimed at the general population although
special attention will be given to all sectors that handle, conserve, sell foodstuffs and sectors related to the
hotel and catering industry.
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Costs ( )
• The first information campaign will take place in the second quarter of 2009. All the campaigns will be
carried out before the summer period and will have an annual budget of 10,000.
• The total budget for the measure amounts to 40,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Information Campaigns 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
TOTAL 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Department(s) responsible for Madrid Health

implementation Government Dept. of the Environment
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Heading 53 System of indicators to enhance municipal tourism management models and policies.
Madrid is a cosmopolitan city inhabited by over 3 million people, with an additional floating population of 1
Description
million. It is also one of the country's most important business centres, headquarters of the Public Administration,
Central Government and Parliament. The city of Madrid is one of the most important leisure centres with an
considerable offer in culture. Tourism, therefore, is a key factor in the city's development and one of the most
important economic driving forces in the municipality.
Furthermore, we must remember that the city of Madrid's climate is characterised by hot summers and cold,
dry winters. The changes associated with climate change, basically higher temperatures and lower rainfall,
could alter the flow and calendar of tourists in the city of Madrid.
In this respect, Madrid City Council will develop a system of tourism-climate change indicators in order to detect
alterations in the behaviour of tourism. The purpose of this tool is to improve Madrid City Council's tourism-
related management and adaptation policies.
Costs ( )
The system of tourism-climate change indicators will start to be developed as of 2008. This measure will be
the responsibility of Madrid City Council technicians so no budget is allocated.
Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Developing the system of tourism-climate
X
change indicators
TOTAL X
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Heading 54 Conservation and protection programme for environmentally significant areas.
The sociodemographic forecast of Madrid tends to have a steady population growth, therefore the urban
Description
development demand will continue growing in the next decades. In addition, nowadays the municipality has
important environmental zones that must be preserved because they are the "lungs" of the city of Madrid.
Instruments:
1. Inventory of areas of biological diversity a series of measures to encourage, as far as
As a first approach to the plan, all natural possible, the biodiversity of species and the
areas or sites within municipal boundaries conservation of autochthonous species. The
that have a high level of environmental City Council will coordinate all the work to
diversity will de identified. For each one of be carried out under the programme,
these areas, an itemised inventory will be although it will also be necessary to resort to
carried out on the land and species (animals experts from different Universities and research
and plants) that make up the city's green centres to advise on properly implementing
zones. This study will be a first step towards the Programme's measures. It will also involve
creating a conservation plan for those areas the participation of any environmental
considered vital for the city's sustainable organisation to integrate measures and
development. Accordingly, collaboration recommendations that can contribute to
agreements will be made with Universities or designing and implementing the Programme.
research centres to coordinate the work with
technicians responsible from the City Council's 3. Information Campaign
environment department. Programme measures will include conducting
an information and awareness campaign for
2. Conservation and protection plan for areas citizens in general. This campaign will be
of environmental diversity educational though the campaign's essential
On the basis of the inventory, a Conservation basis will be to raise awareness among the
and Protection Programme will be designed population regarding the importance of
for the areas of the city with the greatest conserving green zones in the municipal area.
environmental diversity. This programme will Accordingly, special campaigns will be carried
be intended to control the area's biological out in schools as an awareness measure for
diversity and preserve it from possible external parent-teacher associations and the child and
elements that may damage or affect its youth population segment.
conservation. The Programme will also involve
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Costs ( )
The first list of green zones of high environmental value will be carried out in the first half of 2009. Subsequently,
studies and inventory of green zones will be carried out in the second half of 2009 and the first of 2010. The
budget allocated for this item is 40,000.
The Conservation and Protection Programme for areas of environmental diversity will be carried out in the
second half of 2010 and will have a budget of 60,000.
The first awareness campaign will take place in 2009 and will be annual. The annual budget for the campaign
will be 10,000.
The total budget for this measure amounts to 140,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Inventory of green zones 20,000 20,000
Conservation and protection programme 60,000
Awareness campaign 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
TOTAL 30,000 90,000 10,000 10,000
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Heading 55 Creating green zones and fostering biodiversity.
The city of Madrid's parks and gardens cover a surface area in excess of 250,000 hectares and the municipal
Description
area has more than 248,000 trees. It also comprises historical gardens and, in some cases, exemplary biodiversity
such as the Royal Botanical Garden. There is a series of unique areas in Madrid which have been entrusted to
the Department of the Environment for conservation and improvement. These areas correspond to special sites
like the streets Paseo del Prado-Recoletos-Castellana, Puerta del Sol-Alcalá, Alfonso XII and Arturo Soria or
squares like Plaza de España and Plaza de Oriente; parks like Parque de Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún or the one
in Tres Cantos, within the Monte del Pardo ecosystem, the central strip of Calle Príncipe de Vergara and the
combination Raimundo Fernández Villaverde-Reina Victoria, among others, which undergo ongoing actions
to conserve and improve them. Actions undertaken include such significant work as installing automatic
irrigation for the whole area, constant renovation of deteriorated meadows, replacement of trees and bushes
and, especially, flowering plants.
Over recent decades, new urban developments have proliferated in the municipal area of Madrid, and the vast
majority of these new developments ensure a green zone devoted to parks and gardens, though it is less
common for such green areas to ensure biodiversity and proper sustainable management. Gardens and parks
have become essential elements in the urban landscape, which depend not only on public authorities but also
on citizens and private communities. Private green zones should be compatible with autochthonous species
and foster biodiversity as much as possible. Citizens, therefore, should play a fundamental role in fostering
green zones, parks and gardens that are sustainable with the environment.
Instruments:
1. Sustainable Gardening Handbook by the EMVS. Among other aspects, the
The City Council will coordinate the creation handbook will foster:
of a Sustainable Parks and Gardens Handbook
aimed at fostering the creation of green zones • use of autochthonous species.
with a minimum level of sustainability, by
means of a series of recommendations and • list of new species that foster biodiversity.
guidelines to orientate users. The basis for
this handbook will be the "Guide on • rational water use.
vegetation for urban environments" published
• sustainable garden management and
maintenance systems.
Pg. 273

Index
2. Communication campaign general in focus, special emphasis will be

As of the Handbook's preparation, the City given to certain group like services for
Council will launch a communication gardening and landscaping, parks and gardens
campaign to publicise good practices and or even communities in residential areas of
advice from the Sustainable Parks and Gardens Madrid which have a larger percentage of
Handbook. Although the campaign will be green zones.
Costs ( )
The Handbook will be drawn up in the second half of 2009 with a budget of 20,000.
The communication campaign will be carried out in the years 2009, 2010 and 2012. The budget for each
campaign is 10,000.
This measure's total budget amounts to 50,000.

Action plan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Sustainable Parks and Gardens Handbook 20,000
Awareness Campaign 10,000 10,000 10,000
TOTAL 30,000 10,000 10,000
Pg. 274
Index
Pg. 275

Index
6.8 RESULTS
On the basis of measures proposed by Madrid City management and awareness measures, which are difficult
Council, in the framework of this Plan, for reducing to quantify, so no estimated reductions have been
emissions and saving energy in the city, an estimate has calculated.
been made of tonnes/year of CO2 reduced and the
resulting energy saving. The grouped results, for all proposed measures and for
each sector defined are presented in table 6.8.1. The
The calculation of emission abatement from the different table shows emission reductions from each measures,
measures presented below stems from the detailed grouped by sector. Direct and indirect emission reductions
description and available information regarding each are considered.
one: scope of the measure, effectiveness of its application
and hypotheses derived from the existent data. Emission To calculate indirect emission reductions derived from
reduction arising from transversal measures has not been savings in electricity consumption, an emission factor of
assessed. 700gCO2/kWh has been applied. This factor is a thermal
generation mix (coal, diesel and combined natural gas
Adaptation measures, however, are not intended to cycles). Thermal generation will be responsible for any
reduce emissions from the city, so they do not have marginal generation, because such technologies as
associated reductions. The estimated emission reduction nuclear, hydraulic, wind and other renewable energies
from the measures in this plan is calculated as an annual will always contribute their maximum generation to the
691,46 Kt CO2eq, during the plan's term of application system, and any reduction in demand has a corresponding
(up to 2012). In addition to these estimated reductions, reduction in thermal generation.
we must also include reductions from a series of
Pg. 276
Index
Table 6.8.1.
Reduction potential of proposed measures.
CO2 Indicator Total

Nº Sector Line of action Measure tonne/ Direct Indirect
year /tonne years
Setting up the Local

1 TRANSVERSAL Management Energy Agency 6
Drawing up an
Ordinance on
2 TRANSVERSAL Management Sustainable Use 2
for Energy
Quantifying emissions
3 TRANSVERSAL Management in municipal plans 1
Information and
communication actions
4 TRANSVERSAL Awareness of the Plan for Climate 5
Change and Rational
Use of Energy
Awareness campaigns
5 TRANSVERSAL Awareness aimed at the general 5
public
Awareness and training

6 TRANSVERSAL Awareness for professional groups 4
in the construction
sector
Fostering an advisory
body for the prevention
Participation and of climate change and
7 TRANSVERSAL collaboration rational energy use 4
through mechanisms
for participating in the
field of energy
Collaborating with
Participation and public and private
8 TRANSVERSAL collaboration institutions and
entities
Awareness,
Participation and communication and
9 TRANSVERSAL collaboration training in the 5
industrial sector
Pg. 277

Index
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Participation and Fostering

10 TRANSVERSAL collaboration sustainable mobility 4
Awareness program
Participation and and training for the
11 TRANSVERSAL collaboration municipal 5
administration
Fostering social research

Participation and into sustainable energy
12 TRANSVERSAL collaboration use and climate change
prevention
Include climate change

abatement projects
Development among the priorities of
13 TRANSVERSAL Cooperation the Municipality of 4
Madrid's Development
Cooperation
Programme
Supply guarantee, Coordination

14 TRANSVERSAL platforms 5
quality and security
Supply guarantee, Master Plan for

15 TRANSVERSAL quality and security Energy 2
Infrastructures
TOTAL
TRANSVERSAL
Pg. 278
Index
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Fostering alternative Drawing up an

16 TRANSPORT vehicles and fuels Urban Mobility Plan X X X 2
Fostering alternative Promoting alternative

17 TRANSPORT vehicles and fuels
fuel supply networks 39,893 0.00 X 3
for transport
Awareness among
Fostering alternative drivers in considering
18 TRANSPORT vehicles and fuels
environmental issues 18,964 1.32 X 4
when purchasing new
vehicles
19 TRANSPORT Fostering alternative Campaigns to publicise,

vehicles and fuels promote and educate 15,957 0.63 X 5
on biofuels
Voluntary agreements
Fostering alternative with vehicle hire
20 TRANSPORT vehicles and fuels companies to promote
7,111 0.00 X 3
clean vehicles
Fostering public or Setting up a CarSharing

21 TRANSPORT shared transport system in consortium 267 187.50 X 4
with the IDAE
Fostering public or Limiting the number of

22 TRANSPORT shared transport parking spaces in 23,705 0.00 X 4
tertiary buildings
Annual campaigns
Reducing to diagnose energy
23 TRANSPORT emissions from consumption and 4,741 13.18 X 4
existing vehicles GHG emissions of
the vehicle fleet
Pg. 279

Index
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Reducing Efficient driving

emissions from programme for
24 TRANSPORT existing drivers in municipal 993 12.59 X 4
vehicles fleets
TOTAL
111,631 X X X X
TRANSPORT
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Energy efficiency in Including a

supplementary
25 R&C&I buildings and urban energy efficiency 2,156 3.48 4
planning report to the ITE
Energy efficiency in Fostering Energy

26 R&C&I buildings and Certification for 2,138 18.70 4
urban planning Buildings
Energy efficiency in Energy audit

programme in the
27 R&C&I buildings and urban tertiary and services 1,150 113.04 X 4
planning sector
Energy efficiency in Fostering collective

28 R&C&I heating, DHW and air 8,310 15.04 X 4
equipment conditioning systems
Energy efficiency in Subsidy programme

29 R&C&I equipment
for replacing diesel 159 1,588.05 X 4
boilers
Pg. 280
Index
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
30 R&C&I Energy efficiency in Fostering efficient

28,225 1.51 X 4
equipment lighting
Energy efficiency in Using LED lamps

31 R&C&I equipment
in municipal 49,760 0.27 X 6
traffic lights
Plan to reduce
Energy efficiency in consumption in the use
32 R&C&I equipment
of domestic appliances 11,290 3.10 X 4
and air conditioning
equipment
33 R&C&I Energy efficiency in Fostering domitic 189 132.28 X 4

equipment systems
Promoting bithermal
Energy efficiency in and conventional
34 R&C&I equipment
domestic appliances 66 568.18 X 4
that use DHW
Energy audit and

Municipal facilities certification
35 R&C&I and services programme in 3,148 170.90 X 5
municipal buildings
and facilities
Municipal facilities Including systems to

36 R&C&I and services capture solar energy in 593 1,778.49 4
municipal buildings
Managing the
Municipal facilities purchase of energy
37 R&C&I and services
and clean quota in 13,440 0.74 X 4
all municipal facilities
and buildngs
Pg. 281

Index
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Municipal Management and

38 R&C&I facilities and maintenance 2,240 0.00 X 4
services contracts
Applying criteria
Municipal relating to energy
39 R&C&I facilities and consumption and 2,240 3.35 X 4
services GHG emissions in
local contracting
Municipal Carbon neutral City

40 R&C&I facilities and Council institutional 4,000 17.19 X 4
services events
Municipal Revolving fund to invest

41 R&C&I facilities and in energy efficiency 1,120 0.00 X 5
measures in municipal
services buildings
Energy reduction and

42 R&C&I Municipal facilities efficiency plan for IT
280 80.36 X 4
and services equipment an facilities
in municipal buildings
Fostering exemplary
Municipal facilities projects that include
43 R&C&I and services sustainable criteria in 0.00 6
construction and urban
developments
TOTAL R&C&I 130,505 x x x x
CO2 Indicator Total

/tonne years
year
Local Urban Waste
44 Waste Waste Strategy 437,000 38.07 5
TOTAL
437,000 38.07 x x x
WASTE
Pg. 282
Index
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Energy efficiency
Efficiency auditing,
45 INDUSTRY increase in certification and 22,622 7.82 X 4
industry information for
industrial SMEs
Efficiency Carbon neutral

46 INDUSTRY increase in events 750 16.67 X 4
industry
Efficiency Voluntary agreements
47 INDUSTRY increase in with high-emitting 16,911 0.00 X 5
industry companies
TOTAL
40,283 x x x x
INDUSTRY
CO2 Indicator Total

year /tonne years
Increasing sink
48 SINKS capacity
Green roofs 0 0.00 X 4
49 SINKS Increasing sink More trees 9,000 5

capacity
TOTAL
9,000 x x x x
SINKS
Pg. 283

Index
CO2 Indicator Total

/tonne years
year
Studying and
assessing the risk of
50 ADAPTATION Health natural phenomena 2
in the municipality
of Madrid
Monitoring and
protocol system for
measures against
51 ADAPTATION Health concentrations of 3
pollen, PM and other
atmospheric
pollutants
Raising awareness on
52 ADAPTATION Health food and water-borne 4
diseases
System of indicators to
53 ADAPTATION Health improve tourism-related 1
management and
policy models
Conservation and
protection programme
54 ADAPTATION Flora and Fauna for areas of biological 4
diversity
Creating green zones

55 ADAPTATION Flora and Fauna and fostering 3
biodiversity
TOTAL
ADAPTATION
TOTAL PLAN 691,455 x x x x
Pg. 284
Index
Furthermore, as mentioned above, Madrid City Council included in the Local Air Quality Strategy, in the Residential,
has already undertaken or designed a series of initiatives Commercial and Institutional sector. In total, annual
to reduce its GHG emissions. In view of this plan's spirit reductions of 2,05.02 kt CO2eq are estimated to arise
of integration, the estimated total emission reduction from existing measures.
should take into account these existing measures. The
table below shows associated estimated emission reductions Therefore, total annual abatement is estimated to be
(direct and indirect). Most of these measures are aimed around 3,296.44 Kt CO2eq, corresponding to reductions
at the transport sector, included in the Local Air Quality in this plan and other measures proposed by the City
Strategy. Other measures have also been considered, not Council in other plans and programmes.
Kt CO2eq
Area Measure
annual
Measures included in the Municipality of Madrid's Local Air Quality Strategy
Traffic restriction Creating new car parks for residents 37.6
Extending restricted traffic areas 138.7
Setting up Low Emission Zones (LEZs) 34.7
Modifying and extending the Regulated Parking Service (SER) 112.7
Modifying the offer in municipal parking spaces 37.6
Fostering alternative Subsidies to convert gasoline powered vehicles to biofuel in 11.3

vehicles and fuels taxis
Bonuses for clean technologies in the Motor 4.3

Vehicle Tax
Alternative fuels supply network 14.4
Emission reduction from vehicles in company fleets 3.8
Pg. 285

Index
Kt CO2eq
Area Measure
annual
Municipal Green Fleet Plan 8.7
Subsidies for acquiring low-polluting vehicles 4.3
Benefits of alternative vehicles in circulation 14.4
Fostering alternative Master Cycling Plan

modes of transport 90.2
Incentivate replacing vehicles with motorbikes 15
Increase the number of parking spaces for two-wheeled 15

vehicles
Recover urban zones for pedestrians ("Madrid camina") 138.7
Foster intermodality for cyclists 22.5
Fostering public or shared transport proposal to modify the

Fostering public or shared Fare System for Public Transport 11.3
transport
Campaigns to promote the use of public transport 37.6
Extending HOV lanes 69.4
Action on intermodal transfer facilities for public transport 37.6
Extending and improving the bus lane network 36.4
Building deterrent car parks 37.6
Improving the information given on mobility 17.3
Pg. 286
Index
Kt CO2eq
Area Measure
annual
Efficiently using Information ands Communication Technologies

to reduce traffic congestion 17.3
Extending and improving the EMT (Municipal Transport Co.) 112.7

network
Improving the Metro system 112.7
Improving the local rail service 37.6
Developing public transport in industrial and business estates 11.6
Creating transport passes for business and other transport 11.3

passes
Creating a multimodal public transport pass 11.3
Creating a taxi pass 11.3
Creating the position of Mobility Manager 17.3
Fostering the shared use of vehicles 180.3
Traffic regulation Controlling the speed of traffic 173.4
Enlarging the Traffic Agent corps 693.6
Reducing emissions from Reducing emissions from the taxi sector 11.3
existing vehicles
Reducing emissions associated with goods transport and 20.8

distribution
Pg. 287

Index
Kt CO2eq
Area Measure
annual
Reducing emissions from Measures regarding works machinery

other vehicles 13.9
Reducing airport emissions 112.7
Fostering renewable Promoting the use of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic
energies in buildings 24.1
energy in the residential and services sectors
Fostering energy efficiency Renewing Boilers that use natural gas 8.2
in buildings
Subtotal 2,532.3
Measures not included in the Municipality of Madrid's Local Air Quality Strategy
RCI Sector Measures not in Fostering maintenance and proper use of energy facilities 2.2
the Local Air Quality
Strategy
Developing bioclimatic architecture 2.5
Including bioclimatic criteria in refurbishing existing buildings 2.4
Sustainable Urban Development - "Ecobarrios" 10.8
Promoting (A) energy-efficient domestic appliances 2.7
Efficiency Programme for Public Lighting 14.8
Ordinance on capturing solar energy for Madrid City Council's

thermal uses 0.72
Pg. 288
Index
Kt CO2eq
Area Measure
annual
Increasing the number of Extending green zones by planting 400,000 new trees
trees in Madrid between 2003-2007 1.4
Reorganising traffic routes

to reduce congestion in the Refurbishing the M-30 35
city centre
Subtotal 72.5
TOTAL 2,605.02
Pg. 289

Index
7.
MONITORING THE PLAN
Pg. 290
City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention 2008
Index
7. MONITORING THE PLAN
The Plan for Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change By monitoring the Plan for Sustainable Use of Energy and
Prevention is a dynamic instrument that requires a system Climate Change Prevention, the aim is to analyse its
for monitoring and evaluating results, leading to final achievements during its implementation and up to the
compliance with the goals set to reduce energy end of the period planned for achieving its results.
consumption and GHG. Implementing a monitoring plan
will identify any deviations from the planned results, so
that proper corrective measures can be applied.
The monitoring plan's general goals will be:
• Analyse the partial results obtained by each measure laid down in the plan.
• Detect deviations from the partial goals proposed.
• Define corrective measures.
• Inform the public of the plan's partial results.
• Define new action proposals to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions.
The Local Energy Agency will be responsible for the The indicators defined will determine the plan's level of
monitoring plan, and will ensure ongoing monitoring and temporal efficiency, including ratios for the city of Madrid
evaluation of the measures laid down. In implementing relating to the evolution of renewable energies, urban
the plan, the Agency will assess compliance with the goals transport, water consumption, energy efficiency, etc. The
included in each measure and will define a series of Local Energy Agency will be responsible for determining
indicators to determine the plan's total contribution to which indicators should be taken into account, and for
goals of the Kyoto Protocol. their measuring magnitudes, range of acceptability and
critical values.
Pg. 291
7• Monitoring the Plan

Index
The Local Energy Agency will analyse the monitoring of • Study of compliance with annual goals for reducing
activities carried out and will inform periodically on the tonnes of CO2 equivalent and energy consumption
status of measures in the plan, issuing an Annual Report laid down in each measure proposed in the plan.
on the Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate
Change Prevention with the partial results obtained • Evaluation of indicators defined by the Local Energy
from its implementation. Agency, as regards GHG reduction and energy
saving.
The Annual Report will include the following: • First corrective measures and proposals for new
actions.
• Analysis of Madrid City Council's Emission Inventory
and an evaluation of increases or reductions in GHG • General evaluation of compliance with the Plan for
emissions compared to the foregoing year and to Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change
the year the plan was implemented. Prevention on the date of the Annual Report.
• Analysis of energy consumption in the municipality

of Madrid and an evaluation of increases or reductions
compared to the foregoing year and the year the
plan was implemented.
The monitoring plan's contributions must make it possible to periodically review measures applied, an their adaptation to
temporal circumstances, and enabling their goals to be met.
Pg. 292
Index
Pg. 293
7• Monitoring the Plan

Index
8.
BUDGET
Pg. 294
Index
8. BUDGET
To undertake the series of measures proposed in this analysis, which will make an estimate of the financial
plan, the budget necessary has been estimated as requirements to carry them out.
101,229,000 throughout its 5-years duration.
Furthermore, to implement the most costly measures, the
It is worth noting that some significant measures have possibility of requesting regional, national and community
not been evaluated economically, as their initial subsidies will be considered.
implementation stage consists of a feasibility and design
The table below shows the plan's budgets by sector of action and by measure.
Pg. 295
8• Budget
Index
Saving Saving
CO2 Indicator Direct Indirect Total
Elec Gas years
BUDGET DISTRIBUTION MWh/year MWh/year tonne/year /tonne
Nº Sector Líne of Measure 0,70 0,18

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Setting up
TRANSVERSAL Management
the Local 180,000 0 0 0 0 180,000
1 Energy 6
Agency
Drawing up
an Ordinance
on 30,000 13,000 0 0 0 43,000
2 Sustainable 2
Use for
Energy
Quantifying
emissions in 0 80,000 0 0 0 80,000
3 municipal 1
plans
Information and
communication
actions of the
4 TRANSVERSAL Awareness Plan for Climate 145,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 1.745,000 5
Change and
Rational Use of
Energy
Awareness
5 TRANSVERSAL Awareness campaigns 20,000 500,000 10,000 510,000 10,000 1.050,000 5
aimed at the
general public
Awareness
and training
for
6 TRANSVERSAL Awareness professional 0 115,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 445,000 4
groups in the
construction
sector
Fostering an
advisory body
for the
prevention of
climate change
Participation and rational
7 TRANSVERSAL and energy use 0 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 8,000 4
collaboration through
mechanisms
for
participating in
the field of
Pg. 296 energy
Index
Saving Saving
CO2 Indicator Indirect
Total
Elec Gas Direct years

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Collaborating
Participation with public
8 TRANSVERSAL and and private 0 0 0 0 0 0
collaboration institutions
and entities
Awareness,
Participation communication
9 TRANSVERSAL and and training in 22,000 67,000 7,000 67,000 7,000 170,000 5
collaboration the industrial
sector
Participation Fostering
10 TRANSVERSAL and sustainable 0 190,000 165,000 165,000 165,000 685,000 4
collaboration mobility
Awareness
Participation and training
11 TRANSVERSAL and programme 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 60,000 5
collaboration aimed at
municipal
authorities
Fostering
social
Participation research into
12 TRANSVERSAL and sustainable 0 0 0 0 0 0
collaboration energy use
and climate
change
prevention
Include
climate
change
abatement
projects
among the
13 TRANSVERSAL Development priorities of 0 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 400,000 4
Cooperation
the
Municipality
of Madrid's
Development
Cooperation
Programme
Pg. 297
8• Budget
Index
Saving Saving Total

Elec Gas CO2 Indicator Direct Indirect
years
Nº Sector Líne of 0,70 0,18

action Measure 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Supply
guarantee, Coordination
14 TRANSVERSAL quality and platforms 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
security
Supply Master Plan for

guarantee,
15 TRANSVERSAL quality and Energy 0 100,000 40,000 0 0 140,000 2
security Infrastructures
TOTAL
409,000 1.579,000 846,000 1.366,000 806,000 5.006,000
TRANSVERSAL
Fostering
alternative Drawing up
16 TRANSPORT vehicles and an Urban 0 400,000 400,000 0 0 800,000 X X 0 X X 2
fuels Mobility Plan
Fostering Promoting
alternative alternative
17 TRANSPORT vehicles and fuel supply 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 39.893 0,00 X 3
networks for
fuels transport
Awareness
among
Fostering drivers in
alternative considering
18 TRANSPORT vehicles and environment 0 40,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 100,000 X X 18.964 1,32 X 4
fuels al issues
when
purchasing
new vehicles
Fostering Campaigns to
alternative publicise,
19 TRANSPORT vehicles and promote and 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 50.000 X X 15.957 0,63 X 5
fuels educate on
biofuels
Pg. 298
Index
Saving Saving
Total

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Voluntary
Fostering agreements
alternative with vehicle
20 TRANSPORT vehicles and hire 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 7.111 0,00 X 3
fuels companies to
promote clean
vehicles
Fostering Setting up a
public or CarSharing
21 TRANSPORT system in 0 120,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 X X 267 187,50 X 4
shared consortium
transport with the IDAE
Limiting the
Fostering number of
22 TRANSPORT public or parking 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 23.705 0,00 X 4
shared spaces in
transport tertiary
buildings
Annual
campaigns to
Reducing diagnose
emissions energy
23 TRANSPORT from existing consumption 0 100,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 250,000 X X 4.741 13,18 X 4
vehicles and GHG
emissions of
the vehicle
fleet
Reducing Efficient
emissions driving
24 TRANSPORT from existing programme 0 50,000 0 0 0 50,000 X X 993 12,59 X 4
vehicles for drivers in
municipal
fleets
TOTAL
10,000 720,000 520,000 100,000 100,000 1.450,000 0 0 111.631 X X X X
TRANSPORT
Pg. 299
8• Budget
Index
Saving Saving
Total

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Energy Including a
efficiency in supplement
25 R&C&I buildings and ary energy 0 30,000 0 0 0 30,000 2.609 1.735 2.156 3,48 4
urban efficiency
planning report to the
ITE
Energy
efficiency in Fostering
26 R&C&I buildings and Energy 0 70,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 160,000 2.609 1.735 2.138 18,70 4
urban Certification
planning for Buildings
Energy Energy audit

efficiency in programme in
27 R&C&I buildings and the tertiary 0 135,000 130,000 125,000 130,000 520,000 1.643 X 1.150 113,04 X 4
urban and services
planning sector
Fostering
Energy collective
28 R&C&I efficiency in heating, 0 125,000 125,000 125,000 125,000 500,000 10.500 X 8.310 15,04 X 4
equipment DHW and air
conditioning
systems
Energy Subsidy
29 R&C&I efficiency in programme 0 257.500 257.500 237.500 257.500 1.010,000 X 836 159 1.588,05 X 4
equipment for replacing
diesel boilers
Energy Fostering
30 R&C&I efficiency in efficient 0 100,000 45,000 15,000 10,000 170,000 40.322 X 28.225 1,51 X 4
equipment lighting
Energy Using LED

31 R&C&I efficiency in lamps in 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 75,000 76.800 X 49.760 0,27 X 6
equipment municipal
traffic lights
Pg. 300
Index
Saving Saving
Total

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Plan to reduce
consumption in
Energy the use of
32 R&C&I efficiency in domestic 0 55,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 140,000 16.129 X 11.290 3,10 X 4
equipment appliances and
air conditioning
equipment
Energy Fostering
33 R&C&I efficiency in domitic 0 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 100,000 270 X 189 132,28 X 4
equipment systems
Promoting
bithermal and
Energy conventional
34 R&C&I efficiency in domestic 0 50,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 150,000 94 X 66 568,18 X 4
equipment appliances
that use
DHW
Energy audit
and
Municipal certification
35 R&C&I facilities and programme in 90,000 650,000 650,000 650,000 650,000 2.690,000 4.496 X 3.148 170,90 X 5
services municipal
buildings and
facilities
Including
Municipal systems to
facilities and capture solar
36 R&C&I energy in 0 1.070,000 1.050,000 1.050,000 1.050,000 4.220,000 400 1.740 593 1.778,49 4
services municipal
buildings
Managing
the purchase
Municipal of energy and
37 R&C&I facilities and clean quota in 0 40,000 0 0 40,000 19.200 X 13.440 0,74 X 4
services all municipal
facilities and
buildngs
Municipal Management
38 R&C&I facilities and and 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.200 X 2.240 0,00 X 4
services maintenance
contracts Pg. 301
8• Budget
Index
Saving Saving
Total

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Applying
criteria relating
Municipal to energy
39 R&C&I facilities and consumption 0 15,000 15,000 0 0 30,000 3.200 X 2.240 3,35 X 4
services and GHG
emissions in
local
contracting
Carbon
Municipal neutral City
40 R&C&I facilities and Council 0 95,000 70,000 70,000 40,000 275,000 X X 4,000 17,19 X 4
services institutional
events
Revolving fund
to invest in
Municipal energy
41 R&C&I facilities and efficiency 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.600 X 1.120 0,00 X 5
services measures in
municipal
buildings
Energy
reduction and
Municipal efficiency plan
42 R&C&I facilities and for IT 0 30,000 30,000 0 30,000 90,000 400 X 280 80,36 X 4
services equipment an
facilities in
municipal
buildings
Fostering
exemplary
projects that
Municipal include
43 R&C&I facilities and sustainable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 6
services criteria in
construction
and urban
developments
TOTAL
105,000 2.762.500 2.507.500 2.407.500 2.417.500 10.200,000 183.472 6.046 130.505 X X X X
R&C&I
Pg. 302
Index
Saving Saving
Total
Nº Líne of
Sector action Measure 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL 0,70 0,18
Local Urban
44 Waste Waste Waste 14.500,000 20.250,000 16.150.000 16.150,000 16.150,000 83.200,000 110.340 437,000 38,07 5
Strategy
TOTAL
14.500,000 20.250,000 16.150.000 16.150,000 16.150,000 83.200,000 0 0 437.000 X X X X
WASTE
Energy
efficiency
Efficiency auditing,
45 INDUSTRY increase in certification 0 177,000 177,000 177,000 177,000 708,000 32.318 X 22.622 7,82 X 4
industry and
information for
industrial SMEs
Efficiency Carbon neutral

46 INDUSTRY increase in events 0 12.500 12.500 12.500 12.500 50,000 X X 750 16,67 X 4
industry
Voluntary
Efficiency agreements
47 INDUSTRY increase in with high- 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.159 X 16.911 0,00 X 4
industry emitting
companies
TOTAL
0 189.500 189.500 189.500 189.500 758,000 48.476 0 40.283 X X X X
INDUSTRY
Increasing sink
48 SINKS capacity Green roofs 0 200.000 75,000 30,000 30,000 335,000 X X 0 0,00 X 4
49 SINKS Increasing sink 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,000 5

capacity More trees
TOTAL SINKS 0 200,000 75,000 30,000 30,000 335,000 0 0 9,000 X X X X
Pg. 303
8• Budget
Index
Saving Saving
Total

action 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Studying and
assessing the
risk of natural
50 ADAPTATION Health phenomena in 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
the
municipality of
Madrid
Monitoring
and protocol
system for
measures
51 ADAPTATION Health against 0 30,000 10,000 0 10,000 50,000 3
concentrations
of pollen, PM
and other
atmospheric
pollutants
Raising
awareness on
52 ADAPTATION Health food and 0 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 4
water-borne
diseases
System of
indicators to
improve
53 ADAPTATION Health tourism- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
related
management
and policy
models
Conservation
and protection
programme
54 ADAPTATION Flora and for areas of 0 30,000 90,000 10,000 10,000 140,000 4
Fauna biological
diversity
Pg. 304
Index
Saving Saving
Total
Nº Sector Líne of 0,70 0,18

action Measure 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 TOTAL
Creating green
55 ADAPTATION Flora and zones and 0 30,000 10,000 0 10,000 50,000 3
Fauna fostering
biodiversity
TOTAL
0 100,000 120,000 20,000 40,000 280,000
ADAPTATION
TOTAL
15.024,000 25.801,000 20.408,000 20.263,000 19.733,000 101.229,000 342.288 6.046 691.455 X X X X
PLAN
Pg. 305
8• Budget
Index
ANNEXES
Pg. 306
Index
ANNEXES
ANNEX I - EXISTING MEASURES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
THE PLAN'S OBJECTIVES
This plan is the result of Madrid City Council's endeavour The Plan for Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change
to improve air quality and reduce energy consumption. Prevention proposes establishing new alternative measures
We are aware of work carried out thus far and we seek for reducing GHG. Accordingly, it takes into account
to complement and coordinate it within a strategic existing measures, planned by Madrid City Council prior
framework document for all actions aimed at reducing to this plan and which contribute to reducing GHG
GHG emissions, along with actions with other goals, but emissions in Madrid, in order to coordinate actions and
which indirectly contribute to reducing GHG. account for emission reductions they produce. These
measures are listed in Table I.1.
Source of measures Existing measures
Madrid City Council Local Air Quality Promoting the use of thermal solar and photovoltaic solar energy in the
Strategy residential and services sectors
Renewing the city's boilers
Setting up new car parks for residents
Extending restricted traffic zones
Defining Low Emission Zones (LEZs)
Modifying and enlarging the Regulated Parking Service (SER)
Modifying the number of spaces in municipal car parks
Alternative fuel supply network
Reducing emissions from company vehicle fleets
Subsidising the purchase of low-polluting vehicles
Advantages in using alternative vehicles
Incentivating the replacement of vehicles with motorbikes
Pg. 307
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Index
Increasing the number of parking spaces for two-wheeled vehicles
Recovering urban areas for pedestrians ("Madrid camina")
Fostering intermodality for cyclistas
Extending HOV lanes
Actions for intermodal public transport facilities
Extending and improving the network of bus lanes
Building deterrent car parks
Improving information provided on mobility
Efficient use of Information and Communication Technologies to reduce

traffic congestion
Enlarging and improving the EMT (Municipal Transport Co.) network
Improving the Metro system
Improving the local rail service
Developing public transport in industrial and business estates
Creating a business transport pass and other transport passes
Creating a multimodal public transport pass
Creating a taxi pass
Creating the position of Mobility Manager
Fostering the shared use of vehicles
Controlling traffic speed
Pg. 308
Index
Enlarging the Traffic Agent corps
Reducing emissions from the taxi sector
Reducing emissions associated with goods transport and distribution
Measures on works machinery
Reducing airport emissions

Madrid incorporating international initiatives on the Fight against Climate
Change
Public Lighting Facilities Plan Increasing energy efficiency in all public lighting systems and facilities
Energy diversification in Madrid Renovating Madrid City Council's fleet and incorporating new, less pollutant
vehicles
CityOrdinance on capturing solar Fostering active low-temperature solar energy for generating DHW and
energy for thermal uses in Madrid heating swimming pools
City Council
Municipal Plan for Managing Water Management Programmes (identifying consumptions and audits)
Demand in Madrid
Saving Programmes (awareness and pricing)
Efficiency Programmes (municipal facilities, green zones, production sectors,

housing...)
Water Reuse Programmes
Enlarging Forested Areas in Madrid Extending green and forested zones by over 400,000 feet
Plan to subsidise the replacement of Renewing Madrid's Boilers

coal boilers
Cyclist Mobility Plan Promoting transport by bicycle
Pg. 309
Annexes
Index
Regulation on matters of Fostering maintenance and proper use of energy facilities

Construction
Developing bioclimatic architecture
Including bioclimatic criteria for refurbishing existing buildings
Promoting the use of thermal solar and photovoltaic solar energy in the
residential and services sectors
Sustainable Urban Development - "Ecobarrios"

European CUTE Project Promoting buses powered by clean fuels
BEST Project Promoting the use of bioethanol in urban transport
International initiatives on the fight
against climate change Taking part in national or international debates on climate change
Table I.1. Existing measures that contribute to the goals of the Plan for Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention,
included in other plans and programmes.
Pg. 310
Index
ANNEX II- ESTIMATE OF ENERGY DEMAND UP TO 2012
Estimates of different social and macroeconomic figures years, not to mention more significant cases, such as oil
require the use of different models to properly characterise or LPG.
the variables intended to be predicted.
In order to make an estimate of each product's evolution,
Some models are based on the relationship with major the prediction should take into account the patterns that
macroeconomic indicators, but it is not always possible each product exhibits. As an additional example, natural
to establish a clear correlation between economic growth gas still has niches of application that have not reached
and energy consumption. demand maturity and are actually expanding, while others
are consolidated and will show more natural growth
Accordingly, some methods for predicting energy trends.
consumption are based on a prior estimate of the evolution
of GDP or another key macroeconomic indicator, Estimates made in this plan are therefore based on analyses
subsequently calculating the evolution of energy demand by product, not on overall comparison with macroeconomic
according to the elasticity or relationship between increases indicators.
in both variables.
Nevertheless, as a reference framework, it has taken into
This methodology provides an initial approach to estimating account forecasts by the economic areas where the
total consumption, but does not identify the evolution of municipality of Madrid is located, specifically the EU, the
each energy product, which are affected by widely varying Spanish State and the Community of Madrid. These
characteristics. We should consider, for example, the forecasts are shown in the following table and graph:
differing evolution between gasoline and diesel in recent
Average annual increases(%) EU 15 EU 25 Spain

GDP 2.4 2.5 2.9
Population 0.2 0.2 0.3
Homes 1 1 0.8
Person/home -0.8 -0.8 -
Primary energy 0.8 0.8 1.8
Final energy 1.2 1.2 2.4
Electric energy (final use)) 1.8 1.8 3.2
Petroleum (final use) 0.7 0.8 1.5
Natural gas (final use) 1.9 2 4.7
CO2 0.3 0.2 0.7
Table II.1. Growth predictions (2004-2007) in the economic areas relevant to this plan.
Source: EU Commission. Pg. 311
Annexes
Index
In drawing up this plan, as mentioned above, the taken into account, not just for energy products, but
evolution in demand for a number of energy products also for population and economic evolution.
in the city of Madrid has been estimated according to
trends in recent years, as per the statistical series available. For each series, the four-year slopes were defined
These series are not homogeneous for all energy products, sequentially (not by four-year periods, but for each year),
because not all distributors and suppliers have been taking the maximum value and minimum value as
accounting for the municipal area in the past, although representing the foreseeable extreme points of growth,
these figures are now available. and the median as characterising the trend. This evolution
can also be compared to expected GDP, multiplying the
For this reason, and to complete the figures from statistical evolution of the latter by energy intensity (current and
series, figures for the Community of Madrid have been predicted, also according to its own trend, in ktoe/M ).
180
GDP ( const. 1995) and forecast
Real GDP 80
160
Maximum
2,000
Median
140 75
Minimum
Thousand million euros
120 70
100 65
G
80 60
60 55
40 50
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
06
08
10
12
1997 2002 2007 2012

19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Figure II.1. Economic growth forecast in the Community of Madrid. Figure II.2. GDP growth in constant currency (1995) in the
Source: Madrid City Council. municipality of Madrid, 1999-2003 and forecast 2004-2012.
Pg. 312
Index
The city of Madrid's expected growth in GDP in constant currency is approximately 2%.
Below, we show the estimates made for each product and, subsequently, aggregate all in a final expected consumption balance
for 2012.
Estimate of the demand for oil derivatives.
The evolution of demand for oil derivatives in the and other derivatives have fallen with smaller consumption
Community of Madrid, which is statistically the best- figures, due to market loss against natural gas and its
known framework for consumption in Madrid capital, combustion characteristics being poorly suited to
shows some very clear trends in the period 1990-2003, environmental requirements. As an integrated value for
with very significant increases in kerosene (6.4% a year) all products, the increase in demand for oil derivatives
and diesel (5,6% a year), while gasoline is stagnant (0.1%) was 3.5% in the period mentioned.
Oil derivatives
3,000
2,500
2,000
Ktoe/year
1,500
1,000
500
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
LPG Gasolines
Kerosene Total
Diesel a+b+c Fuelóleo
Figure II.3. Baseline Scenario trend in consumption of oil derivatives.

Pg. 313
Source: Community of Madrid.
Annexes
Index
For the Community of Madrid, estimates of growth in to trends of the Barajas effect and an increase in numbers
demand (2004-2012) for oil derivatives are amount to of diesel-powered vehicles. The rest of products (gasolines
between 1% and 3.9% a year. This trend is determined and LPG) show downward trends.
by an increase in the consumption and motor diesel due
Interval 2003 2012 D mean/a D interval D mean/year D interval

2003-2012 ktoe ktoe ktoe/year ktoe %/year %
LPG 52 36 -2 -16 -4.0 -30.7
Gasoline 699 662 -4 -37 -0.6 -5.3
Diesel a + b y c 1070 1692 69 622 5.2 58.1
Fuel oil 4 0,2 0 -4 -27.0 -94.1
Kerosene 162 263 11 101 5.5 62.5
Total 1,987 2,653 74 666 3.3 33.5
Table II.2. Estimate of growth in oil derivative consumption in the Municipality of Madrid.
Taking into account the above figures, their distribution Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) will lose part of their
over time and fractions of consumption in Madrid capital, consumption quota in the domestic sector owing to
known for certain years, an estimate of the trend substitution by natural gas. In the transport sector, a
evolution in oil derivative consumption has been made. slight recovery for LPG is expected, which will not offset
The accrued annual increase in oil derivative products falls in the domestic sector.
is estimated at 3.3% a year. Furthermore, consumption
of gasolines tends to diminish as a consequence of the
dieselisation of vehicles in the city.
Pg. 314
Index
Estimate of the demand for natural gas.
As in the case of oil derivatives, the estimate of demand In the Community of Madrid, in the period 1990-2003,
for natural gas has taken into account the statistical increased consumption in the domestic sector was 25.8%
reference of the Community of Madrid, bearing in mind, a year, an expanding market for the reasons mentioned
in this case, that the natural gas market has been expanding above, although in Madrid capital, in recent years, this
considerably in the period 1990-2003, and that it may percentage growth has stood at around 2 - 2.5%, owing
still show an upward evolution due to the trends in to the market's relative saturation.
replacing LPG and red diesel in old boilers. Accordingly,
it may be seen that consumption has increased by 15% The expected evolution of demand for natural gas in the
with respect to 2002, basically due to its application in capital is influenced by the construction of new PAUs
domestic uses. (Urban Development Plans), as the main driving force,
together with natural population growth and the
effectiveness of measures to substitute fuels such as red
diesel in boilers.
11,000
10,500 Maximum
Median
10,000 Minimum
Consumption
9,500
9,000
Tcal/year
8,500
8,000
7,500
7,000
6,500
6,000
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Figure II.4. Baseline Scenario trend in natural gas consumption. (1Tcal = 0.09 ktoe).
Pg. 315
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Index
Considering trends in the evolution of Madrid's GDP, it it is expected that once the market matures, evolution
is estimated that accumulated average annual growth will be more gradual.
will be 2.1%, possibly reaching a maximum value of
3.6% depending on economic growth and pricing By the year 2012, natural gas consumption in the
conditions. This figure is extremely low if we consider municipality is expected to reach 1,184 ktoe/year. In the
the evolution of recent years and city of Madrid's scenario of greatest growth, consumption may reach
potential. Although this initial trend is considered to be 1,319 ktoe/year.
the result of initial implementation and development,
Estimate of the demand for electricity.
The evolution of electricity consumption in the consumption since the year 1990. The forecast has been
Community of Madrid underwent an accumulated made in such a way that the final scenario in 2012 takes
annual increase of 4.5% in the period 1990-2003, which full economic cycles into account, in which some
means a total increase of 76% in this period. Between moments of turnaround in consumption can be predicted
2004 and 2012, it is expected to grow around 4% - as a consequence of greater economy growth compared
4.5% a year. with other, smaller increases. In short, at the end of the
period, a consumption of 16.16 TWh/year is expected
In the case of electricity we do have equally reliable in the median scenario, with an accumulated annual
statistical series for consumption in Madrid capital, which growth of 2.4%. In the maximum and minimum
increased by about 50% in the period 1990-2003; in scenarios, this value would be 3.7% and 1.1%,
other words, 3.15% a year. respectively.
The trend scenario for growth in electricity consumption In the case of electricity, it is essential to predict the
has also been extrapolated in the city of Madrid, defining extreme points of demand, both in winter and in summer,
maximum, median and minimum trends, which are as this question is vital to meeting demand.
shown in the figure below, together with the
Pg. 316
Index
1,300 1,600
1,500 Maximum
1,200 Median
1,400 Minimum
Consumption
1,100 1,300
Ktep/year
Ktep/year
1,200
1,000 1,100
1,000
900
900
800 800
90 2 4 6 8 0 2 02 04 06 08 10 12
19 1 99 1 99 1 99 1 99 2 00 2 00 20 20 20 20 20 20
Figure II.5. Evolution of Final Electricity consumption in the Figure II.6. Baseline Scenario trend in electricity consumption
Municipality of Madrid, values in ktoe. in the Municipality of Madrid, values in ktoe.
Source: Community of Madrid Statistics Yearbook. Source: Madrid City Council.
According to available figures from distribution companies in recent years, peak power in Madrid capital is growing at an annual
rate of 5%, therefore higher than the rate of total yearly consumption.
5,000
Maximum
Median
4,500 Mínimum
4,000
MW
3,500
3,000
2,500
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Figure II.7. Forecasts of peak power in summer in Madrid capital. Pg. 317
Source: In-house based on historic values of Unión FENOSA and Iberdrola.
Annexes
Index
An estimate has also been made of peak electric power accumulated growth of 5% is estimated, which may
demand in the municipality on the basis of historical reach a maximum value of 6%. By the year 2012, peak
data available from electricity companies, and from power in the municipality of Madrid is expected to reach
growth forecasts made under the Madrid's General Plan 4,430 MW.
for Urban Management. Accordingly, an average
Estimate of total demand.
Apart from the above estimates on essential products will increase by about 2% every year.
for supplying energy to the capital, we must add the
residual trend for coal, the trend for thermal solar energy, Aggregating these forecasts, consumption of fuels and
calculated on the basis of its evolution in recent years imported electricity for the Baseline Scenario in 2012 is
(0.04 ktoe/year) and the recovery of urban waste and as follows:
biogas for energy, considering that waste production
Natural Oil Thermal

Ktoe/year Gas derivatives Electricity Coal
solar
Biogas UW TOTAL
02- Residential,
Commercial 810 470 1,173 6 3 0 0 2,463
and Services
03- Industrial 283 53 48 0 0 0 0 383
07- Land 10 1,896 0 0 0 0 0 1,906

transport
08- Other modes 0 234 101 0 0 0 0 335

of transporte
09- Waste 82 0 0 0 0 32 82 211

treatment
TOTAL 1,184 2,653 1,322 6 3 32 82 5,299
Table II.3. Energy consumptions by the year 2012. Baseline Scenario, in ktoe.
Source: In-house.
Pg. 318
Index
Accordingly, a significant increase in consumption can be evolution, energy consumption will grow by 27% in the
seen with respect to the baseline year in the balance of 9 years considered, which is equivalent to an accumulated
the previous section, which gave a figure of 4,185 ktoe annual 3.0%.
for the year 2003. This means that, according to the trend
Interval 2003 2012 D mean/a D interval D mean/year D interval

ktoe ktoe ktoe/year ktoe %/year %
2003-2012 4,173 5,299 124 1,113 3.0 26.6
Table II.4. Evolution of reference framework consumptions, Baseline Scenario.

Source: In-house.
Pg. 319
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Index
ANNEX III - ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF MADRID
• Electricity infrastructure
Electric power in peninsular Spain is supplied through The 220 kV high-voltage grid forms a second ring that
a high-voltage grid (400 kV and 220 kV) that guarantees penetrates inside the municipality of Madrid, transporting
massive electricity transport over long distances. The electric energy from the nearest power stations to the
grid is managed by the electric system operator, Red city centre. This 220 kV grid has substations transforming
Eléctrica de España (REE). The 400 kV high-voltage grid the voltage to 132 kV, 66 kV, 45 kV, 20 kV and 15 kV.
forms a ring around the municipality of Madrid, with
seven 400/220 kV and 400/132 kV transformer
substations, with a net capacity of 6,200 MVA.
Galapagar
S.S De los Reyes

Fuencarral
Sanchinarro
Aena
Hortaleza
Aravaca C Naciones
C.Campo
Prosperidad Simancas
Majadahonda Norte
Canillejas
Vicalvaro Coslada
Boadilla
Mazarredo
C. Plata Loeches
Ventas
Villaviciosa Vallecas
Retamar
Lucero
La Fortuna
Villaverde
Leganés
Getafe
Morata
Moraleja
Figure III.1.1. Electricity infrastructure in the city of Madrid: 400 kV high-voltage ring (in red) around.
Pg. 320 Madrid, year 2004, plus 220 kV internal grid (in green).
Index
The municipality of Madrid has several electricity subsystems operated by the distribution companies Iberdrola and Union
Eléctrica-Fenosa, with a proportion of two-thirds and a third of the total, respectively.
S.S De los Reyes
Azca
Hortaleza
El Coto Aena
Simancas
Norte
Prosperidad
M.Becerra Campo de las Naciones
Canillejas
Casa de Campo Zorita
Mazarredo
Villaviciosa Vallecas
Mediodía Loeches
Rivas
Pta. Princesa
Cerro de la plata Camino Congosto
Valdecarros
Mercamadrid
Villaverde
Morata
Azutan
Aceca
Figure III.1.2. Simplified diagram of sub-system distribution connections of Unión Eléctrica Fenosa in the
municipality of Madrid.
The high/medium voltage infrastructure in the municipality of Madrid consists of 60 substations, 13 of which are 220 kV, 12
132 kV and 35 45 kV substations, with a total installed capacity of 6,253 MVA.
Pg. 321
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Index
In recent years, the total power of Madrid's high/medium Accordingly, in the year 1997, high-voltage distribution
voltage transformers has increased from 3,850 MVA in in the municipality was mainly 45 kV and 132 kV, while
the year 1997 to 6,253 MVA in the year 2002. high-voltage distribution is now mostly 220 kV, meaning
Furthermore, the configuration of the municipality's that high-voltage distribution went from 14% in 1997
high-voltage grid has been modified over recent years. to 49% in the year 2002.
Otero
Fuencarral
Galapagar
Las Rozas
El Pilar S.S de los Reyes
Majadahonda Mirasierra Chamartín
Talavera San Felipe
Aravaca
Sanchinarro
Boadilla Argüelles Olite
Melancólicos
Palafox
Villaviciosa La Estrella
Ayala Coslada
Ventas Zorita
Vicalvaro
Ciudad de los Ángeles Loeches
A. Leyva Parque Ingenieros
Retamar Villaverde
Moraleja
Morata
Añover
Figure III.1.3. Simplified diagram of sub-system distribution connections of Iberdrola in the municipality of Madrid.
Pg. 322
Index
The medium/low voltage infrastructure consists of 7108 (from 66 kV to 1 kV) of 3,659 Km, of which 3,201 Km
transformer and distribution stations with an installed is underground and 458 Km is overhead (2002 statistics
capacity of 5,845 MVA and a medium-voltage grid length yearbook).
Length of medium-voltage grid Power of high/medium-voltage transformers

4,500
7,000
4,000
3,500 6,000
3,000 5,000
2,500 4,000
Km
MVA
2,000
3,000
1,500
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
0 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
220kV 132kV
overhead underground total 45kV total
Figure III.1.4. Length of the medium voltage grid in the municipality of Madrid. Figure III.1.5. Power of high/medium-voltage
Source: Madrid City Council. transformers in the municipality of Madrid.
Pg. 323
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Index
The municipality of Madrid's medium-voltage grid has and mostly run through districts in the south and south-
grown in recent years at a rate of 267 km/year. This western area, plus a few isolated ones to the north.
growth represents an average annual increase of 9%
with respect to the existing length. Furthermore, in January 2004, a new agreement was
signed with the Community of Madrid and with Iberdrola
Madrid City Council follows a policy of dismantling high- in order to dismantle 125 km of high-voltage overhead
voltage overhead lines and laying them underground, lines (45 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV) and shield all
and shielding municipal electricity substations. substations owned by Iberdrola by the year 2012. There
Accordingly, in the year 2002, it signed an agreement were 16 substations to shield and the surface area
with the Community of Madrid and with Unión Fenosa around substations liberated was 312,598 m2. This
in order to dismantle the overhead lines owned by this shielding will consist of the replacing current equipment
company (156 km) and shield all substations by the year and switchgear with other, less bulky alternatives.
2005. The surface area liberated is 140,246 m2. High-
voltage lines affected by this agreement have voltages
of 220 kV (64 km), 132 kV (32 km), 45/50 kV (59 km),
Pg. 324
Index
• Natural gas service in the municipality of Madrid.
Natural gas is supplied through the semi-ring that crosses Córdoba-Madrid pipelines, while to the north it receives
the Community of Madrid from the east. The gas pipeline gas from the Burgos pipeline.
is connected from the south to the Sevilla-Madrid and
Burgos
Almacenamiento
Santa Bárbara
Semianillo oeste
Semianillo este
High pressure B (2005)

Córdoba High pressure B (2004)

Sevilla
High pressure A (2004)
Figure III.2.1. Natural gas semi-ring round Madrid.
The municipality of Madrid's basic gas infrastructure (year The figure above shows the basic natural gas distribution
2004) comprises 3,068 km, of which 131 km is part of structure around the city of Madrid and the chart below
the (A) high pressure network (4-16 bar), 1,437 km is (B) shows the evolution of kilometres of gas network laid in
medium pressure (0.4-4 bar) and 1,496 km is (B) low the municipality.
pressure (<0.05 bar).
Pg. 325
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Index
1,200
Natural Gas Network
3,500 1,000
3,000
800
000´s of clients
2,500
2,000 600
Km
1,500
400
1,000
500 200
0
1995 1997 1999 2001 0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
High Pressure A Med. Pressure B

Med. Pressure A Low Pressure Domestic Commercial Total
Total
Figure III.2.2. Natural gas network in service in the municipality of Madrid. Figure III.2.3. Natural gas clients in the domestic commercial
Source: Gas Natural. sector in the municipality of Madrid.
Source: Gas Natural.
The total number of natural gas clients in the municipality clients with an average annual growth of 3.9% in recent
of Madrid in the domestic commercial sector amounted years.
to 868,000 in the year 2003, reaching 98.3% of total
Pg. 326
Index
• Oil derivative supply infrastructure in the municipality of Madrid.
Madrid receives gasolines, kerosenes and diesels mainly The Community of Madrid has storage capacity for
via the Rota-Zaragoza pipeline, which connects Madrid 1,671,682 m3 of oil products, which represents about 65
with Zaragoza to the north via an 8-inch pipeline, while days' consumption. In the municipality of Madrid, storage
to the south it connects with Almodóvar del Campo facilities for liquid fuels have a capacity of 267,019 m3.
(Ciudad Real) via two gas pipelines of 10 and 12 inches.
Gasolines Kerosene Diesels Fuel Others Total
Villaverde 78,866 3,445 124,017 5,962 1,861 214,151
Barajas n.c. 52,682 n.c. n.c. n.c. 52,682
Cuatro Vientos n.c. 186 n.c. n.c. n.c. 186
Total 78,866 56,313 124,017 5,962 1,861 267,019
Table III.3.1. Liquid fuel storage capacity in the municipality of Madrid.
The municipality of Madrid has an LPG bottling plant with Madrid also has an extensive network of service stations
a capacity for bottling 7,200 tanks/day and with LPG for distributing oil derivatives. Although the number of
storage deposits of 1.065 m3. In the area around the city, stations per capita is relatively small (compared to the
there are three bottling plants for LPG from different Spanish average), it is the highest in the country in density
refineries, with a maximum capacity of 187,000 tanks/day, of stations per km2.
easily meeting demand from the whole central area of
the peninsula.
Pg. 327
Annexes
Index
ANNEX IV - METHODOLOGY
Methodology used for estimating CO2 reductions with the measures proposed
The effectiveness of each measure included in this Plan has been assessed by using an individual methodology, that is to
say, according to the characteristics of each. These methodologies can be classified in two groups: bottom-up and top-
down.
Bottom-up methodology Top-down methodology

The bottom-up methodology has been applied in cases Top-down methodology has been applied in cases where
where it has been possible to identify or reasonably the municipal GHG emission inventory has been broken
estimate the number of actions to be carried out. It has down to quantify the proportion affected by the measure.
been applied in cases such as subsidies or replacing In cases where the level of emission inventory breakdown
individual facilities, where available amounts and unit included more emissions than those directly affected by
costs of each facility allows this number of actions to the measure, apportionment and applicability criteria
be estimated. Effectiveness per unit was determined were applied, according to the availability of information.
according to average consumptions published by each
type of facility and the corresponding efficiency or saving. Once the affected part of the inventory was identified,
In cases where this methodology was applied, savings effectiveness indicators were applied for each measure,
in energy consumption were converted into CO2 based on previous experiences or individual savings.
according to emission factors.
Sources Consulted
Sources consulted for making estimates of the measures' effectiveness were varied, including, among others:
• Municipal energy balance.

• Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
• Energy consumptions and savings of the IDAE.
• Manufacturers of high energy-efficiency technologies.
• Publications by sectorial associations.
Pg. 328
Index
Methodology used for estimating indirect emissions
Historic indirect emissions (1990-2004) must be estimated in order to complete existing figures, in that period, for direct emissions
in Madrid City Council Emission Inventory.
Indirect emissions have been estimated on the basis of existing figures on purchased electric power in the municipality of Madrid,
and from the corresponding emission factors. Accordingly:
Indirect emissions (KT CO2) = Electric energy consumed (purchased) (kWh) * Emission factor (Kt CO2/KWh)
Specifically, sources used for calculations were the following:
• Electric energy consumed (purchased) (kWh):

Community of Madrid Statistics Yearbook 1985-2006, which contains figures for purchased electric energy broken down
by municipality.
ELECTRIC ENERGY PURCHASED (thousand KWh)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
8,711,688 9,424,287 9,393,299 9,417,631 9,490,418 9,519,233 9,736,693 9,755,740
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
10,370,087 10,913,769 11,461,597 13,465,323 12,276,226 13,015,807 13,520,973
Pg. 329
Annexes
Index
• Emission factor (g CO2/ kWh):

The International Energy Agency has published its latest update to the calculation of annual emission factors, by countries
and fuels for the period 1990-2004. Electricity Emission Factors - All Fuels (grams CO2 / kWh). (International Energy
Agency Data Services. 2006. "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2006 Edition)").
CO2 EMISSIONS PER KWH FROM Electricity and Heat Generation
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
428 424 482 419 417 457 459 392 381 445 430 383 437 381 383
Source: International Energy Agency Data Services, 2006.
The use of these emission factors is proposed jointly by generated (g CO2/ KWh generated). For the following
the World Business Council for Sustainable Development calculations, the IEA emission factors will be designated:
and the World Resource Institute in the framework of Emission factor I.
the GHG Protocol12 (the tool most commonly-used and
internationally-accepted by governments and leading Taking into account the baseline figures from Madrid
companies for analysing, quantifying and managing City Council (energy purchased), the emission factor
GHG emissions). must be defined in terms of emissions per kW consumed
(g CO2/KWh consumed). (Which we shall designate
The IEA emission factors selected do not take losses into Emission factor II).
account; that is, these factors define emissions per KW
12Indirect CO2 Emissions from the Consumption of Purchased Electricity, Heat, and/or Steam. Guide to calculation worksheets (january 2007) v 1.2 A WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol
Pg. 330
Initiative calculation tool.
Index
For the corresponding transformation, the following calculations are made:
Emission factor I: g CO2/KWh generated (Source: IEA)
Emission factor II: g CO2/KWh consumed
Where the relationship between the energy generated and consumed is as follows:
(1) Energy consumed = Energy generated - Losses
As regards losses, the White Paper on the Reform of the regulatory framework for electricity production in Spain13 calculates
combined losses from the transport and distribution network as 20,085 GWh, 8.41% of total annual electricity consumption
in 2004. Which establishes the following relationship:
(2) Losses = 0.0841 * Energy consumed
On the basis of formulas (1) and (2), losses can be defined according to energy generated:
Losses = 0.078 * Energy generated
Taking into account the criteria of the GHG Protocol, it has been considered reasonable only to assume the losses over which
the City Council has any possible control, so calculations have only assumed distribution losses, excluding losses from the
transport network. This means taking into account 66% of total losses, in the framework of the EU15.14
(3) Losses = 0.66* (0.078 * Energy generated)
13José Ignacio Pérez Arriaga (coord.), 2005

14Source: Newsletter n.1 project UE SEEDT (October 2006) Pg. 331
Annexes
Index
Finally, on the basis of the formula above (3) emission factor II can be defined from emission factor I:
Emission factor II = g CO2/ Energy consumed;
= g CO2/ (Energy generated - Losses);
= g CO2/ (Energy generated - 0.0515 * Energy generated);
= g CO2/ Energy generated* (1 - 0.0515);
= g CO2/ Energy generated* 0.9485
Emission factor II = Emission factor I * 1.0543
1. Emission Factor II
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
451 447 508 442 439 481 378 413 401 469 453 404 461 402 404
On the basis of these emission factors and figures for energy purchased, indirect emissions have been estimated for each
year in the period 1990-2004.
Pg. 332
Index
Electric energy purchased (thousand KWh)/ Indirect emissions (g/kWh)/ Emission factor II (KtC02)
Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Thousand KWh 8,711,688 9,424,287 9,393,299 9,417,631 9,490,418 9,519,233 9,736,693 9,755,740
g/KWh 451 447 508 442 439 481 378 413
KtCO2 3,930 4,210 4,770 4,163 4,168 4,583 3,682 4,031
Year 1998 1999 2.000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Thousand KWh 10,370,087 10,913,769 11,461,597 13.465.323 12,276,226 13,015,807 13,520,973
g/KWh 401 469 453 404 461 402 404
KtCO2 4,161 5,118 5,191 5,441 5,657 5,228 5,459
Pg. 333
Annexes
Index
ANNEX V - Conversion factors and units
Units
Decimal prefixes
Prefix Multiplication Factor Symbol

+9
Giga 10 G
+6
Mega 10 M
+3
Kilo 10 K
Relationship between units of power
Units Btu/h J/s Kcal/h MW

-7
Btu/h 1 0,293 0,252 2,929*10
-6
J/s 3,414 1 0,860 1*10
-3
Kcal/h 3,968 1,162 1 1,162*10
+6 +6 +5
MW 3,414*10 1*10 8,60*10 1
Relationship between units of energy
Units Tj Kcal toe Therms MWh

+8 +5
Tj 1 2,389*10 23,885 2,390*10 277,778
-9 -7 -3 -6
Kcal 4,186*10 1 1*10 1*10 1,163*10
-2 +7
toe 4,187*10 1*10 1 10.000 11,628
-6 -4 -3
Therms 4,184*10 1.000 1,000*10 1 1,162*10
-3 +5 +2
MWh 3,600*10 8,600*10 0,086 8,604*10 1
Pg. 334
Index
Others
Magnitude Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Square meter m2
Surface area
Hectare ha
Volume Liter l
Weight Tonne t
Time Hour h
Flow Cubic meter per second m3/s
Temperature Degree centigrade ºC
Electric Power Megawatt electrical MWe
Thermal Power Megawatt thermal MWt
Photovoltaic Power Peak watt Wp
Pg. 335
Annexes
Index
Energy Conversion Factors
Electricity Conversion Factors
Conversion factor
Energy source Unit Final energy Primary energy
Electric toe/MWh 0.086 -
Hydraulic toe/MWh 0.086 0.086
Wind toe/MWh 0.086 0.086
Photovoltaic toe/MWh 0.086 0.086
Electric Biomass toe/MWh 0.086 0.3982
Co-Combustion toe/MWh 0.086 0.287
Biogas toe/MWh 0.086 0.3176
Thermoelectric solar toe/MWh 0.086 0.3922
Conversion Factors for Low-Temperature Thermal Collectors
Low-Temperature Thermal Solar toe/m2 0.0773
Emission factor GHG-electricity. Mean value corresponding to Spain's electricity (Source: IDAE)
Electricity g CO2eq/kWh 421
Pg. 336
Index
Pg. 337
Annexes
Index
ANNEX VI - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
• DHW Domestic Hot Water

• AEAT State Tax Agency
• IEA International Energy Agency
• LEA Local Energy Agency
• AOGCM Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model
• b.c. Power station busbars
• b.g. Generator connectors
• BEST Bioethanol for Sustainable Transport Programme
• BLICC Business Leaders Initiative on Climate Change
• CEIM Madrid Employer's Association
• CH4 Methane
• CML Customer Minutes Lost
• CO2 Carbon dioxide
• TBC Technical Building Code
• DGPEM Directorate General for Energy and Mining Policy
• EECCEL Spanish Climate Change and Clean Energy Strategy
• EMVS Municipal Housing and Land Company
• EU-ETS EU Emissions Trading Scheme
• EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Communities
• FEMP Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces
• Gcal. PCS Gigacalories of Gross Calorific Potential
• GWh Gigawatt hour
• GWP Global Warming Potential
• HFC Hydrofluorocarbons
• ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
• IDAE Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving
• IEEA Intelligent Energy Executive Agency
• INE National Statistics Institute
Pg. 338
Index
• IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

• ITE Technical Building Inspection
• Kt. Kilotonnes
• Ktoe. Kilotonnes of oil equivalent
• LED Light Emitting Diode
• BAT Best available techniques
• MWh. Megawatt hour
• N2O Nitrous oxide
• OECC Spanish Office on Climate Change
• ECCP European Climate Change Programme
• PER Renewable Energies Plan
• PFC Perfluorocarbons
• PNA National Allocation Plan
• PNRSU National Urban Waste Plan
• R.E.E. Red Eléctrica de España, S.A.
• RCI Residential, Commercial and Institutional
• RITE Regulations on Thermal Facilities in Buildings
• SAVE Specific Actions for Vigorous Energy Eficiency
• SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
• SNAP Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution
• toe. Tonnes of oil equivalent
• TIEPI Interruption Time Equivalent to Power Installed
• EU European Union
• UNESA Spanish Electric Industry Association
• UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Pg. 339
Annexes
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index
Index
City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy

and Climate Change Prevention
2008

Sustaibability Plan

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City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable

Use of Energy and Climate

1. SUMMARY OF THE PLAN 8

2. STRATEGIC AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 18

3. CHANGES IN ENERGY DEMAND AND GREENHOUSE GAS 32

5. SUPPLY GUARANTEE, QUALITY AND SECURITY 66

7. MONITORING THE PLAN 290

PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN

PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN

Presentation of the Plan

1. SUMMARY OF THE PLAN

Quantitative goal Horizon

1% reduction in emissions compared to 1990 2012

14% reduction in emissions compared to 2004 2012

1• Summary of the Plan

Total emissions (kt CO2 eq)

Changes in total CO2-equivalent emissions 1990-2012.

Quantitative target Horizon

50% reduction of GHG emissions compared to 2004 2050

1• Summary of the Plan

Plan Target Emissions

Quantitative goal Horizon

The elements that make up this Action Plan are as follows:

1• Summary of the Plan

1.2.1. Geographical area

• Regulatory instruments: legislation and technical regulatory framework.

1• Summary of the Plan

1• Summary of the Plan

2. STRATEGIC AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

0,5 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

Gas Lifetime GWP (IPCC 1995) GWP (IPCC 2001)

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 114 310 296

Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC-23) 260 11,700 12,000

Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) 3200 23,900 22,200

Table 2.1.1. Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases.

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

2.2 COMMITMENTS UNDERTAKEN

2.3 INTERNATIONAL AND COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK

• Binding international commitments.

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

Figure 2.2.1. EU forecast of the growth in renewable sources.

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

Pg. 28 Figure 2.3.1. Forecast of the Renewable Energies Promotion Plan.

2.5 COMMUNITY OF MADRID

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

2.6 MADRID CITY COUNCIL

2. Strategic and regulatory framework

3. CHANGES IN ENERGY DEMAND AND

3.1.1. Current situation

3 • Changes in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions

Natural Petrol. Elec. Special

2.1.- 383 0 0.4

03- Industrial 238 40 37 0.1 0 0 0 0 315

07- Road transport 8 1,420 0 0 0 0 0 0 1428

08- Other modes 0 175 80 0 0 0 0 0 255

09- Waste Treatment 69 0 0 0 0 27 69 12 177

Total 996 1987 1041 52.1 0.4 27 69 12 4185

Consumption of Fuel and (imported) Consumption of Fuel and (imported)

02 - Residential, Commercial and Services 02 - Residential, Commercial and Services

3 • Changes in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions