Fault Detection and Classification Using Discrete Wavelet

Transform in Distribution Network with Distributed Generation

ABSTRACT (Shashi Kant Yadav)
Due to the integration of Distributed Generation(DG) in the distribution network the power flow
becomes bidirectional as well as the level of short circuit current becomes high. There are several impacts
of DG on the performance of power system which are; blinding of protection, false/sympathetic tripping
, Fuse-relay-reclosure mis co-ordination. Power system protection includes; fault detection, fault
classification, fault isolation and system restoration. Fault detection and classification plays a critical
role in the power system protection. Accurate and fast fault detection, fault classification is important
from the service restoration and reliability point of view. In this project the fault has been detected and
classified using Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT). DWT has the advantage of multi resolution analysis
(MRA).It offers simultaneous localisation of signal in both time and frequency domain, at the same time
it is computationally very fast.
For the study of fault detection and classification IEEE 13 node benchmark system has been considered
in this project. This system has been simulated in MATLAB. Fault has been detected and classified
successfully using DWT method in IEEE 13 node distribution system. Further Distributed Generation
has been integrated in IEEE 13 node system and the effect of Synchronous DG and Inverter Coupled
DG has been investigated. Fault current contribution of Inverter Coupled DG is less compared to
Synchronous DG. This DWT method for fault detection and classification was further applied on DG
integrated IEEE 13 node system and the results are satisfactory. Effect of fault resistance and load
variations were also studied.
1. Literature Survey

A comprehensive research work has been done in this area, where the impact of DG on the various
methods of fault detection and localization has been revealed. Fault detection algorithms used in
numerical relays have been of academic and industrial interest. Early algorithms were constrained by
the available computer performance of that time and commonly implemented in a low level machine
language in order to speed up the algorithm. The performance of the latest computers makes it possible
to implement algorithms in high-level language so that the same software can be utilized in different
microprocessors. The fault detection and its clearing time can be determined based on the set of rules
obtained from the current waveform analysis. The method should be able to differentiate that whether
the fault has occurred in the distribution network or it is any power-quality disturbances like voltage
sags or oscillatory transients which are common in the power systems operation. The method should be
able to differentiate the fault as fast and accurately as possible so that the faulty line can be de-energized
and the system can be protected.

M Solanki et al. [9] presented a method based on the detection of fault generated transient signals using
wavelet analysis. The current signal was analyzed using the three level discrete wavelet transform. The
fault generates big spikes in the coefficient values, which can be used to detect and classify the faults.
The coefficient values before the fault occurs are near zero but after the occurrence of fault the coefficient
values jump to a value. From the coefficient value a threshold can be set to detect the faults and the
details and approximation can be compared to identify faults.

R. H. Salim et al. [10] presented a novel wavelet based fault detection and classification technique. The
normalized energy’s are directly compared with a previously defined threshold. If the normalized energy
of any of the three phases reaches the threshold k1, called minimum detection index, a fault state is
confirmed.

Joe-Air Jiang [11] et al. presented a novel hybrid framework that is able to rapidly detect and locate a
fault. It is known that negative-sequence voltage and current are sensitive to signals from a fault or
misconnection on a balanced or unbalanced three-phase system. In case of unbalanced three-phase power
systems, there are large contents of negative- sequence voltages V2 and currents I2 due to the unequal
system impedances and unequal distribution of loads in each phase.

Gustavo M. S. Azevedo et al. [12] proposed a method based on the voltage characteristics instead of the
current amplitude that is the most common approach in power distribution electrical systems. The
proposed system uses dual quadrature signal generator for each voltage component in a stationary
reference frame to extract the positive- and negative sequence components of the voltage. The extracted
information is compared with the nominal values by means of hysteresis comparators. Fault location in
a distribution system has two aspects: to identify and isolate the faulted section and to locate the fault
exactly on the faulted section. In a traditional distribution system, the protection system is designed for
radial structure of distribution network, with the assumption that the system has a single source [13],
[14]. The existing fault-location techniques for traditional distribution networks also make the same
assumption but due to the penetration of DG the traditional distribution system is undergoing a major
change. Since the distribution system penetrated with DG is no longer single source, the assumptions
for both of these aspects of fault location fail.

Hadjsaid et al. [15] show through simple examples that fault currents through protective devices would
change after the introduction of DG. Further, it is suggested that the protection selectivity must be
checked whenever new DG unit is connected. The protection functions are affected by all the dispersed
generation, except the source availability. The impact of certain factors, for example the voltage control,
on EMS functions (economic dispatch) is possible. However, this solution would work only if DG
penetration is low.
Lu et al. [16] present fault-location techniques for primary distribution feeders in the presence of DG.
Assumed radial sections being controlled by relays and circuit breakers. For a fault downstream, the
more the capacity of DG is, the smaller the really operating time interval is. Lu et al proved that the
interval will be less than 0.3 second, thus the false operation will take place when the capacity is more
than a certain value.

Marvik et al. [17] shown how DG influence on the short circuit protection of a radial feeder, and looks
into possibilities of utilizing distance protection for automated fault location in a distribution network
with DG. DG makes the fault appear to be farther away than it is. DG reduces the margin between min
short circuit current and max load current.

Guo-fang and Yu-ping [18], suggested a novel algorithm based on fault current amplitude difference of
zone. The algorithm realizes direction detection using the difference of short - circuit capacity between
system source and DG.
METHODOLOGY, SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
2.1. Proposed Method for Detection and Classification
Method of Discrete Wavelet Transform is used here for detection and classification of fault. Whenever
fault occur in any power network there are transient present in the current. Here we analyse the transients
present in current signal to detect whether fault occurred or not. We also classify the type of fault on the
basis of transient analysis. Wavelet Multi Resolution(MRA) technique is used for transient analysis
purpose. Wavelet transform has the advantage that it is well localised in time as well as frequency
domain. So it can detect any abrupt or sudden change in the signal. Wavelet multi resolution technique
also gives us the flexibility to select the range of frequency which is of concern. This can be done by
proper selection of level of wavelet transform. Here we want to check the presence of second and third
order harmonics in the current signal, as these are very significant during fault condition. Sampling
frequency we took is 10 kHz. As calculated above, in the third level the frequency range i.e. 78-156 Hz
contains frequency of second and third order harmonics.
We choose mother wavelet Db4 as its most suitable for fault analysis purpose. MATLAB is used for
simulation.
First we measure the sum of third level coefficients for each of the three phases during healthy condition
Sa0, Sb0, Sc0. There may be harmonics present even during healthy conditions as generation of purely
sinusoidal wave is not possible. And also as we are discretizing the signal at sampling frequency so we
are not getting pure sinusoid wave.
Whenever fault occurs in the system the transients becomes very significant and sum of the third level
coefficients Sa', Sb', Sc' changes from its value in healthy condition. We take another variable Sa, Sb,
Sc which are the differences of sum of third level coefficients to that of Sa0, Sb0, Sc0 at any instant of
time. In normal healthy condition values of Sa, Sb, Sc will be approximately zero. But whenever fault
occurs values of Sa, Sb or Sc become non-zero. This property is used for the detection of fault.
Classification of fault is also done by using the values of Sa, Sb, Sc. for classification we first check sum
of coefficients for all the phases (Sa+Sb+Sc). If the sum is zero, then the fault can be either L-L or L-L-
L. Now we further check if sum of coefficients for any two phase (Sa + Sb) or (Sb+Sc) or (Sa+Sc) is
zero. If this is zero, then the fault is L-L type. That is because during L-L fault, fault current in one
faulted phase is equal and opposite to the other faulted phase current. So, harmonics present in one phase
will be same that of the other one but opposite in sign therefore their sum will become zero. Similarly,
during L-L-L fault sum of fault current in three phases will be zero.
But in case of L-G or L-L-G the some will not be zero as these faults involve ground. During L-G fault
magnitude of sum of the third level coefficient for healthy phases will be equal in magnitude. As the
effect of fault in one phase will be equal in both the healthy phases. If this condition is not satisfied, then
the fault type is L-L-G fault. The algorithm for fault classification is shown below [35]

Fig-2.1: Algorithm for Fault Classification[35]

2.2. Simulations and Results

We have performed the performed simulation of the above discussed method in two systems. First we
performed this in a 300 km 400 kV transmission network and then we also performed this on standard
IEEE 13 Node Feeder with and without DG. Fault currents are generated using MATLAB. We
performed the wavelet analysis method by using wavelet tools in Simulink.
We generated fault of each type that is L-G at phase in phase A, phase B and phase C. We simulated L-
L and L-L-G fault for each combination i.e. for phase A&B, phase B&C, phase C&A.
And we also do this for L-L-L fault. For each case we calculate the third order coefficients of discrete
wavelet transform(DWT) and add them to get the sum. We did this for healthy as well as for each fault
conditions. We measure the difference in sum and check whether the given algorithm for fault detection
and classification satisfies or not.
We tested the same method in a distribution network. We took standard IEEE 13 node test feeder for
simulation. We performed the same procedure as discussed above for fault at different nodes and see
whether this logic can be implemented in distribution system or not.
We simulated fault in five different locations.
After this we integrated Synchronous DG in the distribution system. We applied the method for fault
detection and classification and we get desired result. We also see the effect of load variation and fault
resistance in our proposed method.

2.2.1. Transmission line model

Length of the three phase transmission network is 300km and its nominal voltage is 400kV.
The positive sequence parameters and negative sequence parameters values of the transmission line for
each phase are
R1= R2= 2.34 Ohm, L1 =L2= 95.10 mH, C1 =C2 =1.24 uF,
Zero sequence line parameters are
R0 = 38.85 Ohm, L0 = 325.08 mH, C0 = 0.845 uF,
The positive, negative sequence of source impedance (Zs) is (0.45 + j5) Ohm per phase, and the zero
sequence impedance is one and half times the positive sequence impedance.
An active power of 500 MW and reactive power (inductive): 20 MVAR have been considered as load
for the case studies. [35]

2.2.1.1. Single line Diagram

 Fig- 2.2 : Single line diagram of Transmission line [35]

2.2.1.2. Result
Table 2.1:- Simulation Result for Transmission Line
Fault LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC LLG- LLG-BC LLG- LLL
Type AB AC
Sa -136.06 -28.31 -12.24 -172.03 0 -172.34 -533.64 -118.42 -430.71 -505.19

Sb 40.03 95.03 -12.28 172.02 39.41 0 779.03 760.55 -192.70 807.06

Sc 40.01 -28.32 43.21 0 -39.41 172.37 -73.03 348.96 -225.58 -302.41

Sum= -56.02 38.4 18.69 0.01 0 0.03 172.36 990.54 -848.99 -0.54

From the above Table 4.1 we see that in case of L-G and L-L-G fault sum is not equal to zero. Further
in case of L-G Si of the healthy phases are almost equal, this property is used to distinguish between
them .In case of L-L and L-L-L fault sum is zero. And for L-L sum of Si for two faulty phases is almost
zero.
2.2.2. IEEE 13 Node Feeder Without DG
Line and load data of IEEE 13 node system is given in ref[21].

Fig-2.3 : Single line Diagram of IEEE 13 Node System[31]

 2.2.2.1 Current Waveforms For L-G fault in phase B at node 684 current waveforms of different
phases are

c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig-2.4: Current in phase A

c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig-2.5: Current in phase B
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig-2.6: Current in phase C

2.2.2.2 Plot of wavelet coefficients at different level

 time(s)->
Fig-2.7: Plot of Wavelet Coefficients at Different Level

2.2.2.3. Results
We have simulated for fault at five different nodes calculated Sa , Sb, Sc and their sum for different
types of fault at each case. Results are shown in the following tables
Table 2.2:-Simulation Result for Fault at Node 684
Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -91.0843 -10.7632 -17.3279 -50.4055 -1.34499 -82.4798

Sb 16.5819 49.3994 -13.3331 48.4426 -33.4557 -0.277

Sc 13.7582 11.3128 81.3365 2.1894 35.7227 83.7010

Sum= -60.7441 48.9439 50.6754 0.2265 0.9170 1.0205

Table 2.3:- Simulation Result for Fault at Node 646

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -98.9564 -2.7162 -24.1859 -54.1893 0.4581 -93.8968

Sb 23.5652 50.1824 -21.3020 54.5108 -38.6219 2.0513

 Sc 24.7660 1.9891 90.3771 -0.1405 38.9842 92.3763

Sum= -50.6252 49.4553 44.8892 0.1809 0.8204 0.5146

Table 2.4:- Simulation Result for Fault at Node 675

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -87.7739 -1.1697 -13.6376 -52.1587 -0.8651 -88.1803

Sb 10.0454 49.1715 -11.4225 50.5939 -37.6350 -2.4882

Sc 13.0241 0.6428 80.1109 1.6931 39.1101 91.3486

Sum= -64.7044 48.6446 55.0508 0.1283 0.6100 0.6800

Table 2.5:- Simulation Result for Fault at Node 680

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -93.6807 -2.0019 -16.3709 -53.9912 -2.1464 -91.3166

Sb 12.8080 69.6045 -12.2012 51.9274 -36.0330 -2.6940

Sc 19.7815 1.7994 84.4701 2.0849 39.4933 93.7748

Sum= -61.0912 69.4109 55.8979 0.0211 1.3140 0.6842

From the above Table 2.2 to Table 2.5 we see that for each and every location, in case of L-G and L-L-
G fault sum is not equal to zero. Further in case of L-G Si of the healthy phases are almost equal, this
property is used to distinguish between them .In case of L-L and L-L-L fault sum is zero. And for L-L
sum of Si for two faulty phases is almost zero. So this method is independent of the fault location.

2.2.3. IEEE 13 NODE System Integrated with Synchronous DG

Optimum location for connecting DG in IEEE 13 node Distribution system considering power losses,
is node 675.[26] Line and load data of IEEE 13 node system is given in reference[31].
 Fig-2.8: Single Line Diagram of IEEE 13 Node System with DG

2.2.3.1. Specifications of Synchronous DG

Table 2.6:-Specifications of DG

VRated (V) 480 Xd’(p.u.) 0.21

KVARated 117 Xq’ (p.u.) 0.18
PRated(KW) 100 Xd’’ (p.u.) 0.13
Vscheduled(p.u.) 1 Xq’’ (p.u.) 0.11
Qmax(p.u.) 0.5 ra (p.u.) 0
Qmin(p.u.) -0.25 Xlr(p.u.) 0
PF 0.8547 X0 (p.u.) 0.065
Xd(p.u.) 1.76 - -
Xq(p.u.) 1.66 - -
[37]

2.2.3.2. Effect of the DG on source current (Phase A)

c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig-2.9: Phase A current without DG without fault(Healthy Condition)

c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig 2.10: Phase A current with DG without fault(Healthy Condition)

c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig 2.11: Phase A current supplied by DG without fault condition
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t

time(s)->
Fig 2.12: Phase A current supplied by DG with L-G fault at phase A

2.2.3.3. Results
We have simulated the DG integrated model for fault at five different nodes calculated Sa , Sb, Sc and
their sum for different types of fault at each case. Results are shown in the following tables

Table 2.7:-Simulation Result for Fault at Node 684(with Sync DG)

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -89.2270 -10.4236 -12.4323 -47.9541 0.2112 -79.3711

Sb 11.6488 69.1048 -11.4637 46.5653 -32.4246 0.1123

Sc 11.8915 -12.2054 78.7314 -1.5847 32.5577 80.1557

Sum= -64.6867 46.4758 54.5384 0.0265 0.3443 0.8970

Table 2.8:- Simulation Result for Fault at Node 646(with Sync DG)
Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -98.4522 -0.9380 -20.5866 -50.0217 0.0985 -90.7540

Sb 23.7545 39.7062 -19.7488 51.5983 -35.7938 1.0979

Sc 20.9519 -2.7040 88.2206 -1.5815 37.0027 89.6467

Sum= -53.7459 36.0642 47.8851 -0.0049 0.4074 -0.0094

 Table 2.9:- Simulation Result for Fault at Node 675(with Sync DG)
Fault LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC
Type

Sa -82.9779 -0.3034 -8.1123 -49.9918 0.0148 -84.3036

Sb 8.2666 46.9272 -9.1404 49.5889 -36.3172 1.1099

Sc 9.4685 -0.0965 75.4705 0.5869 36.4637 84.0904

Sum= -65.2428 46.5272 58.2177 0.1840 0.1613 0.8967

Table 2.10:- Simulation Result for Fault at Node 680(with Sync DG)
Fault LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC
Type

Sa -92.9738 -0.4349 -12.3127 -50.5526 -1.2151 -89.0417

Sb 14.6877 59.1996 -9.3550 49.1500 -33.7461 1.1070

Sc 11.9189 -2.2237 81.1355 1.5880 35.9010 89.8547

Sum= -66.3672 56.5410 59.4678 0.1854 0.9398 1.9200

We integrated DG at optimum location in the previously simulated distribution system and simulated
different types of fault at five different locations. From the above Table 2.7 to Table 2.10 we see that for
each and every location of fault, in case of L-G and L-L-G fault sum is not equal to zero. Further in case
of L-G Si of the healthy phases are almost equal, this property is used to distinguish between them .In
case of L-L and L-L-L fault sum is zero. And for L-L sum of Si for two faulty phases is almost zero.

2.2.3.4. Effect of Fault Resistance

Table 2.11:- Fault at Node 646 (with DG with Fault resistance = 10 Ω)
Fault LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Type

Sa -95.6641 -1.2450 -19.2811 -51.9413 -0.0610 -91.4377

Sb 21.1782 37.7418 -19.5221 52.1567 -37.8846 -0.2528

Sc 19.2358 -1.2240 86.7686 -0.0631 38.3654 92.0219

 Sum= -51.2501 35.2727 47.9654 0.1523 0.4198 0.3314

We changed the fault resistance to a value of 10 ohm. In that condition from the Table 2.11 we see that
in case of L-G and L-L-G fault sum is not equal to zero. Further in case of L-G Si of the healthy phases
are almost equal, this property is used to distinguish between them .In case of L-L and L-L-L fault sum
is zero. And for L-L sum of Si for two faulty phases is almost zero.

2.2.3.5. Effect of Change of Load

400 kW 3 phase balanced load is disconnected from node 634 . Changes in the values of Si are -
Sa = -0.8372 Sb = 0.5428 Sc = -0.1707
So the variation in the magnitude of Si is almost negligible to that of variation during fault condition.

2.2.4. IEEE 13 Node System Integrated with Inverter Coupled PV DG

2.2.4.1. Model of PV Array

Fig 2.13 : Equivalent electrical circuit of a PV cell

The PV arrays are comprised of the PV modules connected in series and parallel to obtain the desired
power rating. It consists of N module strings connected in parallel and each string contains M modules
connected in series. The above figure shown is the dynamic model of a PV cell. The current from the
output terminal is equal to the light generated current ,less than the diode current and the shunt leakage
current. Rs represents the series resistance to the current flow. Rsh is the shunt leakage resistance which
is inversely related to the leakage current to the ground. The parameters which are used widely to
describe the cell electrical performance are the open circuit voltage Voc and the short circuit current Isc.
Generally the PV modules are modelled as a constant current source for electrical analysis. The equation
which describes the I-V characteristics of a practical PV cell is:
 ..............(5)
where k is the Boltzmann constant, Q is the electron charge and A is the curve fitting constant.[30]

2.2.4.1.1. Characteristics of a PV cell:

Fig 2.14: I-V and P-V characteristics of PV cell

2.2.4.1.2. Effect of irradiation on the characteristics of PV cell:

Fig 2.15: Effect of irradiation on the characteristics of PV cell

2.2.4.1.3. Effect of temperature on characteristics of PV cell

Fig 2.16: Effect of temperature on characteristics of PV cell

2.2.4.2. Maximum power point tracking in PV cells

The PV cell produces the maximum power at voltage at the knee point of the I-V curve as shown in the
figure below. Vmax and Imax are voltage and current at maximum power point, respectively. The dc/dc
converter is operated at optimal voltage to achieve maximum power by MPPT algorithm .This MPPT
method is based on the idea that the power slope of the PV is null at MPP point(where dp/dv =0), positive
in the left, and negative in the right.
 Fig 2.17: I-V curve of PV cell and important points

The regulator output of MPPT is the duty cycle improvement of semiconductor switches. The controller
of the dc/dc boost converter is shown below.

Fig 2.18: Control mechanism of boost converter[31]

2.2.4.3. MPPT Algorithms

The common MPPT algorithms can be classified in the following ways:

a. Fixed Step MPPT algorithms

i. Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm
ii. Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm
b. Variable step MPPT algorithms
i. Improved perturb and observe algorithm
ii. Fuzzy logic based MPPT
Based on the algorithm, the duty cycle of the dc/dc converter is regulated to obtain the maximum
power point.
2.2.4.3.1. Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm
In order to find out the position of the actual operating point in relation to MPP, this algorithm uses the
derivate of the conductance di/dv. It is based on the fact that the slope tangent of the characteristics i–v
is zero in MPP, positive on the MPP left side, and negative on the MPP right side. As the power is equal
to the product of current and tension, the calculation of this slope is given by:

dp d (v.i ) di
= = i + v.
dv dv dv ..................................(6)
di
When operating point is located on the left side of MPP, then i + v. is greater than zero while for right
dv
side, it is less than zero.
 Fig 2.19: Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm[32]
2.2.4.5. Three Phase Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
A three-phase inverter, can be used to output a three-phase sine modulated pole-voltage pulses. Switches
in each of the three poles of the inverter are individually controlled as per the technique . For a balanced
three-phase output voltage from the inverter poles, the three sinusoidal modulating signals (one for each
pole) must also be balanced three-phase signals. The carrier waveform for all the three poles may remain
identical. The fundamental components of individual pole output voltages (for0<<1) will thus be
proportional to the corresponding modulating signals. For= 1, the rms magnitude of line-to-line voltage
(fundamental component) output by the inverter will be equal to[34]
V01 = Edc 3/2*sqrt(2) .........................................(7)

2.2.4.6. Simulink Model of PV with MPPT Control Using Incremental Conductance Method
 Fig 2.22: Simulink Model of PV with MPPT Control Using Incremental Conductance Method
Values of Different parameters in the Circuit are:
L1=5mH , C1= 100uF , R1= .005ohm , R= 2 ohm , C2= 400uF

2.2.4.6 .1. Rating of PV

PV Module:
Module used is Sunpower SPR 305 Series. Each module contains 96 cells in series. Voltage of one
cell is 0.669 V.
Voc = 64.2 V (96*0.669) Isc = 5.96 A
Vmp = 54.7 VImp = 5.58 A
Pmax = 305W
PV Array:
Number of series-connected modules per string = 5.
Number of parallel strings = 66.
Vmp = 273.5 VImp = 368.28 A Pmax = 100kW

2.2.4.6.2. Result
 time(s)->
Fig 2.23: PV Output Voltage, Output Current, Output Power, Solar Irradiance, Temperature

time(s)->
Fig 2.24: DC link Voltage , Current and Power

2.2.4.7.Simulink model of PV with MPPT and Inverter

 Fig 2.25: Simulink model of PV with MPPT and Inverter
2.2.4.7.1. Result

time(s)->
Fig 2.26: Output voltage, current, power, irradiance and temperature of PV
 Fig 2.27: DC link voltage

Fig 2.28: Inverter output voltage

Fig 2.29: Transformer output voltage

2.2.4.8. IEEE 13 Node Feeder With PV DG

Fig-2.30: Single Line Diagram of IEEE 13 Node System with DG

 2.2.4.8.1. PV output
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

time(s)->
Fig 2.31: Output of PV current (phase A) & voltage (A-B) during LG-A fault at 680

2.2.4.8.2. Results
Table 2.12:- Fault at Node 684

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -90.1766 -10.6700 -12.6837 -48.0184 0.0427 -82.3114

Sb 13.3589 47.7672 -12.7658 48.0942 -33.1920 -0.1792

Sc 13.4308 10.6587 80.0182 -1.0441 33.9846 83.3907

Sum= -63.3869 47.7559 54.5688 -0.9683 0.8353 0.9001

Table 2.13:- Fault at Node 646

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -98.3705 -1.1062 -20.7767 -53.0768 -0.0513 -91.6956

 Sb 22.4287 48.3631 -20.9951 53.1199 -37.9674 -1.1958

Sc 22.4556 -1.1549 89.4774 -0.0430 38.4315 91.8842

Sum= -53.4863 46.0321 47.7057 .0001 0.4128 -1.0072

Table 2.14:- Fault at Node 675

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -86.9382 -0.5549 -10.3738 -50.0597 -0.0432 -87.2604

Sb 9.9830 47.5927 -10.4485 50.1194 -37.4895 -0.1797

Sc 11.0142 -0.5488 78.7636 -0.0442 37.8995 88.3401

Sum= -65.9409 46.4889 56.9413 0.0155 0.3669 0.9000

Table 2.15:- Fault at Node 680

Type LG-A LG-B LG-C LL-AB LL-BC LL-AC

Sa -92.1558 -1.4775 -14.5173 -51.6881 -1.5550 -90.0101

Sb -11.8714 65.0144 -11.6592 50.1414 -35.8032 -2.2243

Sc 15.3525 -1.4732 83.6343 1.8750 38.8562 91.0317

Sum= -88.6747 62.0637 77.44578 0.3283 1.498 -1.2027

From the above Table 2.12 to Table 2.15 we see that whenever L-G or L-L-G fault occurs the sum
of the coefficients are non zero and in case of LL or L-L-L fault sum is zero. Further we see for L-
G fault coefficient of the faulted phase is different than that of healthy phases which are almost
equal in magnitude. For L-L sum of the coefficients of the faulted phases are coming almost zero.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
From the Transmission line model Simulation result we can see that whenever a fault occurs in the
system magnitude of Sa, Sb or Sc becomes high. This result is used to differentiate between faulty
and healthy condition of the network. From the result table it is clear that sum of Sa, Sb, Sc is zero
only in case of L-L and L-L-L fault. For L-L-G and L-G fault it is not zero. So from this we can
distinguish between the types of fault. Now for further classification we check values of S each
phases. if sum of Sa, Sb, Sc is zero and also sum of any of the Si for any of the two phases is also
zero then it is L-L fault and if not then its L-L-L fault. Now if the sum is not zero and magnitude
of Si for any two phases is equal then the fault is L-G type, otherwise it is L-L-G type. This method
satisfies the algorithm that is discussed above.
Then we applied the method for IEEE 13 Node Feeder and we see that the conditions for fault
classification in transmission system is also satisfied in this system. We are able to differentiate
between different types of fault using the wavelet transform coefficient algorithm based on
transient analysis.
The effect of synchronous DG has been observed on IEEE 13 Node system. The synchronous DG
supply the reactive power to the network hence the voltage at the node does not dip. The fault
detection and classification has been done with the DG integrated into the distribution network.
The fault is detected for fault at different nodes and different type fault. The waveform of source
current in healthy and faulty condition has been shown. The waveform of the DG current for LG
fault has been also shown in the figure. The value of fault resistance has been varied to see its
effect on detection and classification but this method detects the fault with different value of fault
resistance with same accuracy. Although the value of sum of coefficient decreases with increase
in fault resistance, it does not affect the classification method. The load is disconnected from one
node and in this case the value of sum of wavelet coefficient does not changes considerably. So
the method works accurately if some of loads are disconnected.
Further we added Inverter Coupled PV DG with the IEEE 13 node Distribution System at Node
675.We designed proper MPPT algorithm (Incremental Conductance) and designed Boost
converter and Sinusoidal PWM inverter. We also used Current Limiter to limit the Fault current
within 2-3 percent of the rated current. In this case also we are able to detect and classify fault
using our method and the results are satisfactory.
In future this Discrete Wavelet method can also be used for detection and Classification of fault in
any other complex network with DG of many other types such as Doubly Fed Induction Generator
or Squirrel Cage Induction Generator. This method can also be used for system with more than
one DG. Further by analysing the coefficients the location of fault can also be estimated in IEEE
13 node distribution network or any other complex distribution system. Further Artificial
Intelligence methods such as Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic can also be implemented
with Wavelet analysis method to find the exact and accurate location of Fault.
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