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Of Mothers in Las Piñas City
By [Author], University of the Philippines
2009
Introduction
The melamine controversy that erupted during the last quarter of year 2008
brought people’s attention back to the debates between breastfeeding and the
use of breast milk substitutes like commercial infant formula. This wasn’t the first
time that infant formula had caused illnesses and even deaths to infants
worldwide - hence the continuous campaign of World Health Organization (WHO)
and UNICEF along with other breastfeeding advocates, for mothers to breastfeed
Infant feeding practices refer generally to meet the nutritional and immunological
needs of the baby. A study of infant feeding practices was carried out on a sample
of 100 mother and infant pairs. The results revealed that only 20% of mothers in
the study currently exclusively breastfeed their babies. It also shows that socio-
economic factors like mother’s work status, marital status and educational
cease from breastfeeding their babies and eventually stop and just resort to
formula feeding as they go back to work. The study also showed that mothers
who are married and living with their partners are more likely to breastfeed their
infants than single mothers. Those with higher educational attainment resort
more to formula feeding and mixed feeding than those with lower educational
attainment. Health care professionals influence mothers the most when it comes
Methodology
Type of Research
The type of research that will be used in this study is qualitative research and
quantitative research. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth
understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The
discipline investigates the “why” and “how” of decision making. Besides this, the
will be given out to respondents for the statistical representation of the findings in
the study, interviews with the respondents and a few experts in this field will also
be conducted.
Sampling Method
The research sampling method that will be used in this study is random sampling
to obtain a more scientific result that could be used to represent the entirety of
the population. A list of all health care facilities (maternity and lying-in clinics,
public and private hospitals, health centers) was acquired from the Las Piñas City
Hall.
From 20 barangays, 3 will be picked through random sampling. The health care
facilities and institutions in these three barangays will then be the target sources
of respondents of the researcher. The health care facilities and institutions will be
at their places. A letter of consent will also be sent to them along with a sample
copy of the questionnaire that will be used, as well as the protocol of the
researcher. A letter was also addressed to the City Health Officer to obtain
Data collection was conducted throughout the facilities‟ and health centers‟
operating hours from Mondays through Sundays in order to include both working
Respondents
The respondents in this research will all be coming from one single location - Las
Piñas City, specifically the randomly selected barangays of Pamplona I, CAA/BF
International and Pamplona III. The researcher chose Las Piñas City because of the
socio-economic conditions present in the area that is relevant to the study and
also as it fits the time frame and resources of the researcher. The randomly
sampled respondents will be asked by the researcher for consent and approval to
answer the questionnaire until the desired number of respondents which is 100 is
reached. The opinion of experts will also be sought in this research to provide
Questionnaire
infant feeding practices and the birth of her youngest infant and also regarding
Statements that are perceived to be factors that influence mothers‟ infant feeding
decisions were presented. The description of the type of infant formula given by
formula and mixed feeding mothers will also be asked in the material.
Conclusion
Majority of the mothers formula feed their child and only a minority exclusively
attitude towards breastfeeding, most of them decided only to formula feed due to
Based on the results of the study, the educational attainment, work status, marital
status, and seminars in the barangay the respondents are part of, about
breastfeeding, are the significant factors that affect the infant feeding decision of
Majority of the mothers that served as respondents in this study fall under the age
range of 17-30 years old. More than half of them were also college graduates
while a significant number are undergraduates and have only reached until high
school. Most of the mothers are housewives and the others remaining have full-
time jobs, part-time jobs and self-employed. A few of them are still students.
While majority of them were married, a lot were still in a status of live-in and are
single. More than half of the mothers did not have previous children before the
current one. Majority of the respondents also have an annual gross household
mother’s family, friends and other relatives and health institutions, the mothers
who give their babies infant formula are influenced the most by health care
institutions through health professionals and other health care personnel. They
influence the mothers in deciding to feed the baby with formula and in choosing,
as well, which brand of formula is best for their babies. Mothers trust their baby’s
doctor because of their expertise in the said field hence this kind of relation is
achieved.
Mothers were overall not concerned about the possible side effects of
mother in making infant feeding decisions, and a greater fraction of these is socio-
economic in nature.
Manito, Albay
SY: 2018-2019
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Submitted by: Jineth Recierdo
Nonetheless, one of the worries of Americans in reinstituting the draft is that the educated, the rich, and the children
of political officials will still be able to avoid military service. Critics of the draft complain that full-time students will
continue to defer their military service to continue their education, and therefore conscription largely affects those
not able to afford to attend college (“National”). During a census in the late 70’s, only six college graduates joined the
enlisted ranks during the entire year of the census, reports author Alan Greenblatt (380). Another factor brought up
against the draft is the continued avoidance of serving in the military by the rich. Certainly, this may still be the case if
the draft were to be reinstated and the rich continued to move. David Segal, Director of the University of Maryland’s
Center for Research on Military Organizations, agrees that wealthy society members were exempt during colonial
times and during the Cold War. They paid others to replace them in the enlisted ranks (Greenblatt 380). Additionally,
James Quinlivan, senior analyst for the RAND Corporation, asserts that the rich moved to areas beyond the reach of
the draft rather than serve in the militia (Greenblatt 380). A 1960’s historian by the name of Myra Macpherson also
contends that as much as the country was against the Vietnam War, avoiding military service during that time was
considered a badge of honor (380). Additionally, portions of the American public contend that exclusion from
compulsory conscription will also include certain political factions. These American citizens feel that foreign war
commitment of the public is not strong because the children of elected officials do not serve (Greenblatt 381). In fact,
the overall percentage of congressional children in the military of service age continues to fall, states William Galston,
former Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy (214). Indeed, looking through the Iraq casualty list
over the years on CNN supports that the majority of the casualties are the poor, middle-class, or blue-collar workers.
Clearly, these worries about the privileged members of society being exempt from conscription are indeed a valid
concern of potential draftees.
Undoubtedly, worry about the exemption of privileged members of society from the draft is a matter of concern.
However, if compulsory conscription would be reinstated according to New York’s United States Representative
Charles Rangel’s proposed bill, it would replace the Selective Service law and introduce a system in which ALL
American men and women, including legal permanent residents, ages eighteen to twenty-six would be subject to
compulsory military service or an alternative civilian service (Rangel 206). The bill vests the President with the
authority to determine the numbers of draftees needed and the selection method. Deferment would be limited to
those completing high school, up to the age of twenty. Moreover, there would be no exemptions for college or
graduate school (206). Rangel also asserts that politicians would more readily feel the pain of war conflict and
sacrifice if their children were also on the front lines. He discloses that four only members of the 107th Congress who
voted in favor of the Iraq war had children in the military (206). Similarly, if Rangel’s mandatory military service
becomes reality, the government will put more consideration into troop deployments, and the American public will
be more accepting of the resultant casualties if the economically advantaged as well as politicians’ sons and
daughters are placed in combat situations (“National”). The majority of Americans will feel the ramifications of war.
Therefore, reinstating compulsory conscription will result in American unification.
Furthermore, those who oppose the draft feel that in a free society, the choice to serve or not to serve in the military
is a constitutional right, and mandatory military service is an infringement upon this right. In other words, a draft
will raise ethical issues by forcing Americans to join the armed forces against their will. Low morale will ensue, and
the military’s all-around quality will decline (“National”). Furthermore, enforcement of military service by the
government upon citizens implies a grantor-grantee relationship and that the government is not a true protector of
American rights warns Doug Bandow, former special assistant to President Reagan and his Military Manpower Task
Force. He also observes that freedom is not a gift from a king or the state requiring the paying of homage, as this
would reflect a feudalistic, fascist, and socialistic point of view (371). In other words, a free American’s rights are not
a privilege bestowed by the government, but the rights of a free society. In comparison, especially if military service is
life threatening, forcing Americans into service might not fit the definition of a free country (“National”).
Consequently, some Americans consider reinstatement of the draft to be unconstitutional, as allowing its future
implementation is in direct conflict with the definition of a free society. Given, if taken at face value, enforcing the
draft upon the “free” society of America may indeed appear to be an infringement of American rights. Nevertheless,
these same free Americans should want to defend themselves, their homes, and their country in the very name of
freedom. Their freedom is a direct result of the draft during the War of Independence (Kestnbaum 24). American
citizens should be proud of America’s hard-won freedom and the privileges that result from that freedom. Therefore,
doesn’t it follow that continuation of freedom be underscored by implementation of the draft? Indeed, if citizens
construe national service as a duty they owe to their country, why not enforce its implementation the same as
contractual duties? Additionally, Jim Lehrer, a former Marine Corps soldier during the 1950s, gratefully comments
that his forced service to his country changed his life. He insists his service permanently reconnected him to the rest
of the world outside of himself and, furthermore, that these connections are essential for the continued success of a
democratic society (“National”). Obviously, reinstating compulsory service is a benefit to the United States by not
only reintroducing citizen pride in defending America, but also by unifying America as a whole.
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Manito, Albay
SY: 2018-2019
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Submitted by: Warren Arnaldo
Manito, Albay
SY: 2018-2019
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Submitted by: Ma Krizel P. Buelbo
Life is beautiful but not always easy, it has problems, too, and the challenge lies in facing them with courage,
letting the beauty of life act like a balm, which makes the pain bearable, during trying times, by providing hope
Happiness, sorrow, victory, defeat, day-night are the two sides of the me coin. Similarly life is full of moments of
joy, pleasure, success and comfort punctuated by misery, defeat, failures and problems. There is no human being
on Earth, strong, powerful, wise or rich, who has not experienced, struggle, suffering or failure.
No doubt, life is beautiful and every moment – a celebration of being alive, but one should be always ready to
face adversity and challenges. A person who has not encountered difficulties in life can never achieve success.
Difficulties test the courage, patience, perseverance and true character of a human being. Adversity and
hardships make a person strong and ready to face the challenges of life with equanimity. There is no doubt that
there can be no gain without pain. It is only when one toils and sweats it out that success is nourished and
sustained.
Thus, life is and should not be just a bed of roses; thorns are also a part of it and should be accepted by us just as
we accept the beautiful side of life.
The thorns remind one of how success and happiness can be evasive and thus not to feel disappointed and
disheartened rather remember that the pain of thorns is short-lived, and the beauty of life would soon overcome
the prick of thorns.
Those, who are under the impression that life is a bed of roses are disillusioned soon and become victims of
depression and frustration. One who faces difficulties with courage and accepts success without letting it go to
its head is the one who experience real happiness, contentment and peace in life.
Those, who think, that good times last forever, easily succumb to pressure during difficulties. They do not put in
required hard work and efforts because they break down easily.
You can take the example of a student, who burns the mid night oil, makes sacrifices and resists temptations so
that he can perform well. Similarly, a successful executive has to face the ups and downs of life, not forgetting
that life is a mix of success and failure, joy and sorrow.
If he loses hope during difficult times, he would not achieve success and would be replaced by others. Even the
strongest Kings and Emperors have had their cup of woes.
Life has not been a bed of roses for them. The adage ‘Uneasy lays the head that wears the crown’ has been
rightly used for people, who are successful and are enjoying power and authority.
To sum up, life is beautiful just as roses but it has challenges which are like thorns and have to be faced and
overcome by all. Those, who accept these, challenges and succeed, are the ones, who know how to live life in its
true sense. Thus, enjoy life but also be prepared to bear the pricks of pain.
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Manito, Albay
SY: 2018-2019
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Submitted by: William Arnaldo
Everybody wants to succeed in life. For some success means achieving whatever they
desire or dream. For many it is the name, fame and social position. Whatever be the meaning
First deserve then desire is a well-known maxim. It is the move which decides the future. One
should have the capability, capacity and resources to turn one’s dreams into reality. Mere
desire cannot bring your success. The desire should be weighed against factors like capability
and resources. This is the basic requirement of success. The next important thing is the
eagerness, earnestness and the urge to be successful. It is the driving force which decides
the success. It is the first step of the ladder of success.
One needs to pursue one’s goals with all his earnestness and passion. One should be always
in high spirit. He should hold his vocation and calling in high esteem. Lack of such spirit leads
to inferiority complex which is a big stumbling block on the path to success. Time is also a
deciding factor. Timely action bears the desired fruit. Time once lost can never be regained.
Time is opportunity, so grab the time with all the promptness and activity. Delays have
dangerous consequences. Rest is the rust of life. Only the punctual and committed have
succeeded in life. Life of great men is examples for this. They had all these ingredients in
abundance which helped them rose to the peak of success.
Hard labour is one of the basic pre-requisites of success. There is no substitute to hard
labour. It alone can take one to the peak of success. Every success has a ratio of five per
cent inspiration and ninety-five per cent perspiration. It is the patience, persistence and
perseverance which play decisive role in success. Failures are the pillars of success.
They point to the drawbacks which need to be removed. The success of all the great men in
the world bears testimony to the fact. Napoleon is quoted for his dynamic view that ‘the word
impossible can be found only in the dictionary of the fool’. This has the message that we
should never lose heart in the face of failures. The shirkers are doomed to fail everywhere in
life. Those who believe in hard labour will never seek solace in favours and fortune.
Thus, success is the outcome of various combined factors. Lack of any one of them can
reverse the impact.
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