1. Aşağıdaki A matrisinin özvektörlerini hesaplayınız.

M modal matrisini kullanarak

A matrisine ilişkin benzerlik dönüşümünü elde ediniz.
−1 2 3
𝐴=[ 1 2 −1]
2 3 6
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are found by solving the eigenvalue problem as:
𝑥
𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆𝑋 𝑋 = {𝑦 }
𝑧
1 0 0
(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑋 = 0 , Where I is identity matrix, 𝐼 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑓 det(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼) = 0.
−1 2 3 1 0 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡 {[ 1 2 −1] − 𝜆 [0 1 0]} = 0
2 3 6 0 0 1
−1 − 𝜆 2 3
𝑑𝑒𝑡 {[ 1 2−𝜆 −1 ]} = 0
2 3 6−𝜆
2−𝜆 −1 1 −1 1 2−𝜆
⟹ (−1 − 𝜆) | |− 2| |+ 3| |=0
3 6−𝜆 2 6−𝜆 2 3
⟹ (−1 − 𝜆)[(2 − 𝜆)(6 − 𝜆) + 3] − 2[(6 − 𝜆) + 2] + 3[3 − 2(2 − 𝜆)] = 0
⟹ (−1 − 𝜆)[(2 − 𝜆)(6 − 𝜆) + 3] − 2(8 − 𝜆) + 3(−1 + 2𝜆) = 0
⟹ (−1 − 𝜆)[(2 − 𝜆)(6 − 𝜆) + 3] − 16 + 2𝜆 − 3 + 6𝜆 = 0
⟹ (−1 − 𝜆)[(2 − 𝜆)(6 − 𝜆) + 3] − 19 + 8𝜆 = 0
⟹ (−1 − 𝜆)(2 − 𝜆)(6 − 𝜆) − 3 − 3𝜆 − 19 + 8𝜆 = 0
⟹ (−𝟏 − 𝝀)(𝟐 − 𝝀)(𝟔 − 𝝀) − 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝝀 = 𝟎

−𝝀𝟑 + 𝟕𝝀𝟐 + 𝝀 − 𝟑𝟒 = 𝟎
Using Matlab or trial and error:

𝜆1 =6.3

𝜆2 =2.7

𝜆3 =-2

To each value of 𝜆 there corresponds an eigenvector:

𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠: 𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆𝑋

 Case 1: For the first eigenvalue the corresponding eigenvector can be determined as:

−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6.3𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6.3𝑥
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 6.3𝑥
From this the first eigenvector is
𝑥1 −0.344
𝑋1 = {𝑦1} = { 0.136 }
𝑧1 −0.93
Case 2: For the second eigenvalue the corresponding eigenvector can be determined as:

−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.7𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2.7𝑥
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 2.7𝑥
From this the second eigenvector is
𝑥2 0.1
𝑋2 = {𝑦2} = {−0.766}
𝑧2 0.635
Case 3: For the third eigenvalue the corresponding eigenvector can be determined as:

−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2𝑥
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −2𝑥
From this the first eigenvector is
𝑥3 0.95
𝑋3 = {𝑦3} = { −0.27 }
𝑧3 −0.136
Then you can find the similarity transformation using this approach:

The transformation of A in to D using: 𝑴−𝟏 𝑨𝑴 = 𝑫 is known to be similarity transformation.

Where 𝑀 = [⟨𝑋1|𝑋2|𝑋3⟩], modal matrix of A

D=== diagonal values of eigenvalues

−0.344 0.1 0.95
𝑀 = [ 0.136 −0.766 −0.27 ]
−0.93 0.635 −0.136
 −0.344 0.136 −0.93
𝑀−1 = [ 0.1 −0.766 0.635 ] and
0.95 −0.27 −0.136
6.3 0 0
𝐷 = [ 0 2.7 0 ]
0 0 −2