LESSON 1 These other languages may be referred as second - it is classified according to: communication mode,

languages. context, and purpose and style

Language

Components:
People learn these languages by studying formally in Context
- system of rules (grammar)
school or informally on their own. This is the process
- it is the circumstance or environment in which
- sound system (phonology) of language learning.
communication takes place. It may include physical
- vocabulary (lexicon) or actual setting, the value positions of a
speaker/listener, and the relevance or
Slowly learning a foreign language an commnicating
appropriateness of a message conveyed.
it with them, understanding it, is what we call
Animals communicates and often it reflects their language contact.
state of emotions.
Types of Communication According To Mode

The result of language contact is called as language

When people use language, they can understand
each other, because they belong to the same speech
community. It means that they share same set of
rules in the language system.
change. Your own languages may also change as you
constantly interact and communicate with each
other.
Verbal - Non-verbal Communication
- communication through either oral or through
gestures, posture, disposition, or facial expression

While growing people acquire languages used in the
community. This process is called language
acquisition.
The language acquired while growing up are known
as mother tongues, which may be reffered to as first
languages.
LESSON 2
Visual Communication
- it is the type of communication that uses visuals to
Communication
convey information and/or messages.
- it is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts,
- examples would be: signs. Symbols, imagery, maps,
ideas, concepts, and views to play.
graphs, etc.
 Types of Communication According to Context
Intrapersonal Communication
Intra means “within” or “inside”
- it means talking to oneself. Some label it as inner
talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue.
- Psychologist call it names such as Self-Verbalization
or Self-statement
Interpersonal Communication
Inter means “between”, “among”, and “together”.
- it is an interactive exchange. A simple interaction
such as greetings, getting to know a person.
- This may occur in dyads or small groups also known
as group communication.
A communication is interpersonal if it is meant to
establish or deepen one’s relationship with others.
However, if the objective is to achieve something at
the end of the conversation, it becomes
transactional.
Extended Communication
- it involves the use of electronic data.
Organizational Communication
Formal structure
- it allows communication to take place via
designated channels of message flow between
positions in the organizations
4 Approaches in Formal Structure
1. Downward approach - is the type that flows from
upper to lower positions.
e.g. from superior to subordinate
2. Upward communication - from lower to upper
positions, bearing view/feedback on organizational
policies, issues related to their jobs.
3. Horizontal communication - it is lateral in
approach as it takes place among people belonging
to the same level but coming from different
departments or units to facilitate performance of
tasks through proper coordination
4. Crosswise approach - it is diagonal in nature as
employees from different units or departments
working at various levels communicate with each
other.
Informal Communication
- it comes from unofficial channels of message flow.
- it is also known as “grapevine”, messages coming
from the different levels of the organization are
transmitted.
- This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some
employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as
superiors plaing favorites and unfavorable or
unacceptable company rules and regulations.
- Tracing the origin of a rumor is almost next to
impossible.
Organizational Culture

Based on its history and development, an
organization develops itws own core values, vision,
and mission statements, goals, and objective.
Peter Drucker’s famos quote “Company culutures are
like country cultures. Never try to change one. Try
instead, to work, with what you’ve got.”.
Intercultural Communication
- It is communication between or among persons
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social,
and professional backgrounds.
- Even gender differences affects communication
- Individuals having different orientations
communicate and interpret messages differently.
- It is important not to be judgemental or to rush into
interpretations as cultures sometimes vary
enormously.
Types of Communication According To Purpose and
and Style
Communication may be classified according to
purpose and style.
Aristotle’s Communication Model
Classical rhetorics dates back to ancient Greece
Formal Communication during the time of Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek
Sophists who were great rhetoricians.
It employs formal language delivered orally or in
written form. Lectures, public talks/speeches,
research and project proposals, reports, and business
Its variables:
letters.
Speaker --> Speech --> Audience
Informal Communication
Note that the speaker variable here is very important.
It does not employ formal language. It involves
Depending on the profile of the audience, the
personal and ordinary conversations with friends,
speaker adjusts his/her speech. Some considerations
family members, or acquiantances about anything
for the audience demographics are age, sex,
under the sun.
background, culture, race, religion, gender, social,
and economic status, and political orientation or
inclination.
LESSON 3
Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics
Model
It is a representation of a real world phenomenon
applied to different forms. The interplay of variables Laswell’s Communication Model
in the model is represented graphically.
 In 1948, Harold Dwight Lasswell described for Sender of the message, sent through a channel or
communication as being focused on the following: medium to a receiver.

However, it was modified later on to include noise,

hence the acronym SMCRN.
 Who says What in Which channel toWhom and
with What effect .

Says In which To Source --> Message --> Channel --> Receiver

Who With what effect
What channel Whom *NOTE
Communicator Message Medium Receiver Effect This model is often called Telephone Model,
Source and Message encodes
since it was developed during the
development of the technology of the telephone, and Channel and Receiver decodes
the experience of noise coming from the
The whole process of communication begins with the
switchboard.
communicator (who) sending out a message (what)
using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to Source:
whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect) - Communication Skills
In this model, other components such as noise,
reception, destination, and feedback have been - Attitudes
identified. Other terms such as information sourdce
While this model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense - Knoweledge
for the sender, transmitter for the encoder, decoder
that both are linear and have the same components.
(recepetion), and reveiver (destination) were
- Social System
introduced.
- Culture
Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model
Berlo’s Communication Model
Message:
Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is
model of communication was introduced in 1949, a probably the most well-known among the - Content
year after Lasswell’s, for Bell Laboratories. communication models. Initially, it was called SMCR
- Elements
- Treatment *refer to PC BOOK (p.38 - 39) for more in-depth This model pays attention to the role of the
definitions. - Je interpreter. Encoding and decoding are not
- Structure
automatic processes both go through the filter of the
- Code interpreter.

Channel: (5 senses) Therefore, the message may succeed or fail, based on

the sender and interpreter’s interpretation of the
- Hearing message.
- Seeing

- Touching There are times when the sender and receiver may
apply different meanings to the same message, and
- Smelling
this is termed “semantic noise”
- Tasting

Semantic noise in communication is a type of

Receiver: disturbance in the transmission of a message that
Osgood-Schramm Model interferes with the interpretation of the message
- Communication Skills due to ambiguity in words, sentences or symbols
- Attitudes used in the transmission of the message.

- Knowledge

- Social System Schramm’s 2nd Model

- Culture

▪ This second model builds the theory about the
interpreter into the different fields of experience of
the sender and the receiver.
▪ For the message to reach the receiver, there must
be a common field of experience between the sender
and the receiver.
▪ According to Snesha Mishra (2017), this field of
experience may constitute “culture”, social
background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules.
Eugene White’s Communication Model
5. Work on the feedback given to you.
Principles of Effective Oral Communication
1. Be clear with your purpose.
▪Since it is a circular model, it means that oral 2. Be complete with the message you deliver.
communication is a continuous process with no real
3. Be concise
beginning or end.
4. Be natural with your delivery.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.
▪The most important contribution from Eugene
White’s model is the concept of feedback, which can
only be processed by the speaker if he or she has
been monitoring the audience or the listener. Hence, Principles of Effective Written Commication: The
the speaker must also pay attention to the listener’s 7Cs
verbal and non-verbal cues. (Flores, 2016)
1. Be clear
General Principles of Effective Communication
2. Be concise
3. Be concrete
1. Know your purpose in communication.
4. Be correct
2. Know your audience
5. Be coherent
3. Know your topic
6. Be complete
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the
7. Be courteous
situation
 Ethics of Communication

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals

influence the behavior of an individual, group, or
organization thereby affecting their communication.

Be guided by the following to achieve ethical

communication:

1. Establish an effective value system that will

pave the way for the development of your
integrity as a person.

2. Provide complete and accurrate information.

3. Diclose vital information adequately and

appropriately.

A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed by

a person or a company that will create a good
reputation or a positive image not only for an
individual but also for the organizaition.