Measurements

PHYSICAL QUANTITY BASE SI UNIT

Mass (m) Kilogram (Kg)

Length (l) Metre (m)

Time (t)Second (s)

Current (I) Ampere (A)

Temperature (T)Kelvin (K)

Amount of sub. (n) Molar (mol)

Luminous Intensity (L) Candela (cd)

Number Prefix

NUMBER PREFIX NUMBER PREFIX

10−9 nano (n) 10−1 deci (d)

10−6 micro (μ) 103 Kilo (K)

10−3 milli (m) 106 Mega (M)

10−2 centi (c)109 Giga (G)

vernier caliper

Positive zero error

Negative zero error

micrometer
micrometer zero error

Reading without zero error=Reading Obtained−Zero Error

Kinematics

Average Speed, s=ΔdΔt, d is distance travelled

Average Velocity, v=ΔxΔt, x is displacement

Acceleration, a=ΔvΔt

v=u+at

x=ut+12at2

v2=u2+2ax

vfreefall=2gh−−−√

s=12(u+v)t

all graphs of motion

Forces and Turning effect of Force

Newton’s First Law: A body continues to stay in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line as long as there is no net force acting on the body.
Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Newton’s Third Law: For every force object A acts on object B, object B will exert an equal and
opposite force on object A giving rise to reaction force.

M=Fd, M = moment, d = perpendicular dist. from force to pivot

Principle of moment: sum of anti-clockwise moment = sum of clockwise moment. → rotational

equilibrium.

Mass, Weight and Density

w=mg

ρ=mV

Pressure

P=FA

Pfluid=hρg

Hydraulic press: F1A1=F2A2

Boyles’ law: P1V1=P2V2

Work, Energy and Power

W=Fd

P=Wt=Fv

Ek=12mv2

Eg=mgh, g = 9.81 ms−2

Conservation of energy: Initial energy = final energy

Thermal Physics

PV∝T

P1V1=P2V2

E=mcΔT

Efusion=mLfusion

Evap.=mLvap.

Temperature can be measured using the following methods:

Expansion of fixed mass of liquid

Changes in resistance of a piece of metal

Expansion of gas at constant pressure

Why is there constant temperature during melting?

During melting, heat energy is used to weaken the attraction between the solid particles and not
used to increase the kinetic energy of the particles.

Waves, Reflection and Refraction of light, Converging lens, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sound

v=fλ

f=1T

Law of reflection: θi=θr

Snell’s Law: n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2

Refractive index: n=cv

Denser to less dense medium: Light ray bends away from normal

Less dense to denser medium: Bends towards normal

1<n(λred)<n(λgreen)<n(λblue)

Critical angle: sinθc=n2n1, n2 is smaller than n1

Magnification: M=hiho=dido

Lenses

Click to zoom

Note:
An image that is real is always inverted!

An image that is virtual is always upright!

When a water wave moves from deep to shallow,

wavelength become shorter

Frequency remains the same (Freq. of water wave only depends on SOURCE)

Speed becomes slower

electromagneticspectrum

Factors that affect speed of sound

Temperature – Higher temperature = higher speed of sound

Medium – The denser the medium, the higher the speed of sound

Humidity – Sound travels faster in higher humidity conditions