The Famous Names Series

Famous Names Series

Eponymous Fractures
&Diseases In
Musculoskeletal
Radiology

By

Yasser Zakaria Abdel-Aziz

Resident Of Radio
diagnosis

Damietta Cancer Institute

Preface ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬

To be easily remembered I prepare this

summary about the eponym of MSK lesions
hope this will be useful.

2
 Contents
Bankart Fracture……………………………….………..4
Barton Fracture………………………………….………5
Bennett Fracture………………………………….…..…6
Blount Disease……………………………………………7
Brodie Abscess…………………………………….….….8
Caisson Disease………………………………….………9
Chance fracture …………………………………..….…10
Charcot Joint………………………………………...….11
Chopart Joint………………………………………..…..12
Colles Fracture…………………………………….……13
Duverney Fracture………………………………….…..14
Essex-Lopresti Fracture………………………………..15
Freiberg Infraction………………………………….….16
Galeazzi Fracture…………………………………….…17
Hill-Sachs Fracture…………………………………….18
Jefferson fracture ……………………..………………19
Jones Fracture………………………...………………..20
Kienbock Disease……………………………………….21

3
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (L-C-P)………...………22
Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation………………………..23
Madelung Deformity……………………….…………24
Maisonneuve Fracture…………………….………….25
Malgaigne Fracture…………………………………..26
Monteggia Fracture…………………………………..27
Ollier’s Disease………………………………………..28
Osgood-Schlatter (OS) disease………………………..29
Paget Disease…………………………………….…….30
Pellegrini-Stieda (PS) lesion………………….…..…..32
Rolando Fracture………………………………..…….33
Salter-Harris Fracture…………………………..…….34
Segond fracture ………………………………………..38
Smith Fracture…………………………………..……..39
Tillaux fracture………………………………….……..40
Table of summary……………………………….……..41
*sorry for unavailable photos

4
 B U
P
P
E
R

Bankart Fracture
L
I
M
B

Arthur Sidney Blundell

Anterior tear of the glenoid Bankart 1879-1951 was a
labrum in association with British surgeon who
anterior dislocation of the specialized in
shoulder. The labral tear may orthopedics,
be chondral or osteochondral neurosurgery, and
.If there is an osseous pediatric surgery
fragment, it is called a
Bankart fracture; if it is
purely a labral detachment, it
is referred to as a Bankart
lesion

5
 U
B P
P
E
R

Barton Fracture
L
I
M
B

Fracture of dorsal or John Rhea Barton (April

volar lips of the radial
articular surface that
Extends into radio-
carpal joint
1794, , Pennsylvania – 1
January 1871, Philadelphia)
was an American orthopedic
surgeon remembered for
describing Barton's fracture

6
 B U
P
P
E
R

L
I

Bennett Fracture M
B

Intra-articular fracture/dislocation Edward Hallaran Bennett (9

of base of 1st metacarpal with Small
fragment of 1st metacarpal
continues to articulate with
trapezium with Lateral retraction of
1st metacarpal shaft by abductor
pollicis longus
April 1837, Charlotte
Quay, Cork – 21 June
1907, Dublin) was
an Irish surgeon remembered
for describing Bennett's
fracture.

7
 B
L
O
W

Blount Disease E
R

L
I
M
B

(also known as infantile tibia vara) Walter Putnam

is characterized by bowing Blount(1900-1992),
(unilateral or bilateral) and length an American
discrepancy in the lower
orthopedist
limbs..characterized by disordered
ossification of the medial aspect of
the proximal tibial physis,
epiphysis, and metaphysis.

8
 B

Brodie Abscess

Benjamin Collins
An abscess related to focus Brodie (1783-1862)
of chronic osteomyelitis in a was an English
bone. surgeon, physiologist,
and anatomist.

9
 C
Caisson Disease
Also, known as compressed air
illness, this is akin to
decompression sickness in
divers. Symptoms include “the
bends” (joint and muscle pain),
deafness, respiratory
compromise, vomiting,
paralysis, and sudden death.
Osteonecrosis can be a by-
product of this condition
Caisson is not the name of
a surgeon or radiologist,
but a device. A caisson is a
closed chamber used for
working under water such
as in the construction of
bridge piers and dams and
ship repair
10
 C
S
P
I
N
E

Chance fracture

Represents a pure bony George Quentin Chance

injury extending from was a British radiologist.
posterior to anterior In 1948, he described in
through the spinous detail the lumbar
process, pedicles, and fracture pattern that
vertebral body. bears his name
respectively.

11
 C L
O
W
E
R

Charcot Joint
L
I
M
B

Neuropathic arthritis with

neuropathic arthropathy and Jean Marie Charcot
destructive joint disease caused by (1825-1893) was a
diminished proprioceptive Parisian His
sensation, with gradual descriptions and
destruction of the joint by contributions range
repeated subliminal injury, widely through
commonly associated with tabes pneumonia, liver
dorsalis or diabetic neuropathy. disease, tuberculosis,
renal diseases, gout, and
endocarditis.

12
 L
C O
W
E
R

L
I
M

Chopart Joint
B

The talonavicular and

calcaneocuboid joints separate the
hindfoot from the midfoot. Despite
the fact that they are anatomically
separate joints, together they are
called Chopart’s joint.

François Chopart (October 20, 1743 –

. June 9, 1795) French surgeon born
. in Paris .There are three eponyms
associated with the foot that are
named after him: Chopart's
amputation& Chopart's fracture-
13
dislocation& Chopart's joint
 C U
P
P
E

Colles Fracture
R

L
I
M
B

Abraham Colles (23 July

1773 – 1843) was professor
of Anatomy, Surgery and
Physiology at the Royal
College of Surgeons in
Ireland

Extra-articular fracture of
the distal radius-Does not
extend into joint space-
Dorsal angulation with
radial and dorsal
displacement of distal
fragment.

14
 D
P
E
L
V
I

Duverney Fracture S

Uncommon Fractures Guichard Joseph

of the iliac wing that Duverney or Joseph-Guichard
do not involve the Du Verney (5 August 1648 –
remainder of the 10 September 1730) was a
pelvis. French anatomist.

15
 U
E P
P
E
R

L
I
M

Essex-Lopresti Fracture B

comprises of a Peter Gordon Lawrence Essex-

comminuted fracture Lopresti (1916 – 13 June 1951)
of the radial was a British orthopaedic
head accompanied surgeon remembered for
by dislocation of the describing the Essex-Lopresti
distal radio-ulnar fracture described this injury in
joint. two patients in the year of his
death.

16
 L
F O
W
E
R
Freiberg Infraction L
I
M
B

This is a form of avascular

necrosis. It is idiopathic Arthur Henry
(possibly post-traumatic). Freiberg(1868-1940)
The process typically affects was a surgeon and
the second metatarsal head professor of
and is unilateral. orthopedic surgery at
the University of
Cincinnati

17
 U
G P
P
E
R

L
I
M

Galeazzi Fracture B

Fracture of the Professor Ricardo

radial diaphysis Galeazzi (1866 – 1952) was
with disruption at an Italian orthopaedic
the distal surgeon remembered for
radioulnar joint describing the Galeazzi
(DRUJ). fracture.

18
 U
H P
P
E
R

Hill-Sachs Fracture
L
I
M
B

Harold Arthur Hill(1901-

1973) and Maurice David
Sachs(1909-1987) were
radiologists in San
Francisco

usually results from recurrent anterior

shoulder dislocation with resultant
posterolateral humeral head
compression fracture as the humeral
head comes to rest against the
anteroinferior part of the glenoid. It is
often associated with a Bankart lesion of
the glenoid. wedge shaped defect
occurring along the posterior lateral
superior surface of the humeral head

19
 J
S
P
. I
N
E

Jefferson fracture

Sir Geoffrey
Jefferson(1886-1961),
an English neurologist
and neurosurgeon.

a burst fracture of C1. It was

originally described as a 4 part
fracture with double fractures
through the anterior and posterior
arches, but 3-part and 2-part
fractures have also been described 20
 L
J O
W
E
R

Jones Fracture I
M
B

A transverse fracture at the base of Sir Robert Jones,

the fifth metatarsal, 1.5 to 3 cm 1st Baronet, KBE, CB (
distal to the proximal tuberosity at 28 June 1857, Rhyl –
the metadiaphyseal junction, 14 January 1933,
without distal extension. These Bodynfoel,
should not be confused with the nr. Llanfechain) was
much more common avulsion a British orthopaedic
fracture of the base of the surgeon
5th metatarsal .

21
 K U
P
P
E
R

Kienbock Disease I
M
B

. Robert
Kienböck (January 11,
1871 – September 8,
1953) was an
Austrian radiologist wh
o was a native
of Vienna

Idiopathic disease which involves

collapse of the lunate due to
vascular insufficiency and
avascular necrosis;
Sometimes called lunatomalacia

22
 L L
O
W
E
R

L
I

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
M
B

(L-C-P)

Formerly termed an osteochondrosis, L-C-P

is now known to be osteonecrosis of the
femoral head in young children. This is an
idiopathic phenomenon, occurring in boys
more than girls, typical from age 3 to 8.
When the disease occurs bilaterally, it is
asynchronous. 6% of cases run in families.

-Arthur Thornton Legg(1874-

1939) was an American surgeon.
- Jacques Calve(1875-1954) was
a French orthopedist
-Georg Clemens Perthes(1869-
1927) was a German surgeon. 23
 L L
O
W
E

Lisfranc Fracture R

Dislocation
I
M
B

The Lisfranc joint, which represents the

articulation between the midfoot and forefoot, is Jacques
composed of the 5 tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints. Lisfranc de
The Lisfranc ligament is attached to the lateral Saint
margin of the medial cuneiform and medial and Martin(1790-
plantar surface of second metatarsal (MT) base. 1847) was a
This is the only ligamentous support between French surgeon
first and second ray at midfoot level. Lisfranc
joint injuries are rare, complex, and often
misdiagnosed

24
 U
M P
P
E
R

Madelung Deformity
I
M
B

Otto Wilhelm
Madelung
(1846-1926)
was a German
surgeon.

A condition in which the distal

radius is shortened and curved
in a volar and ulnar direction,
with widening of the DRUJ
and a triangular configuration
of the carpals. The hand and
wrist subluxate volarly. 25
 M L
O
W
E

Maisonneuve Fracture R

L
I
M
B

Jules Germain Francois

Maisonneuve(1809-1897),
a French surgeon and a
student of Guillaume
Dupuytren.

An unstable fracture typically

involving the medial tibial
malleolus and / or disruption of
the distal tibiofibular
syndesmosis along with a
fracture of the proximal fibula
shaft. The deltoid ligaments can
be frequently disrupted
26
 M
P
E

Malgaigne fracture L
V
I
S
.

Joseph Francois
Malgaigne(1806
-1865) was a
French surgeon
and surgical
historian

An unstable
type of pelvic
fracture, which
involves one
hemi pelvis

27
 U
M P
P
E
R

L
I

Monteggia Fracture M
B

A fracture of the proximal third

of the ulna with dislocation of
the head of the radius Like the
Galeazzi fracture. In this
instance, the fracture is of the
proximal ulna and the
dislocation of the radial head.
Giovanni Battista
Monteggia (1762–1815)
was an Italian
surgeon. ...Monteggia
was first to describe the
Monteggia fracture,

28
 O U
P
P
E
R

L
I

Ollier’s Disease M
B

Leopold
Ollier(1830-
1900) was a
surgeon in
Lyon, France

Also referred to as enchondromatosis,

Ollier’s disease is a nonhereditary
condition in which the patient has
multiple cartilage lesions, including
enchondromas and subperiosteal
chondromas. The lesions are mostly
or completely unilateral

29
 L
O O
W
E

Osgood-Schlatter (OS)
R

disease
I
M
B

Osgood-Schlatter disease is
generally a benign, self- Robert Bayley
limited knee condition Osgood(1873-
associated with traction 1956), an
apophysitis of the tibial American
tubercle due to repetitive orthopedist,
strain on the secondary
ossification center of the
tibial tubercle

Carl B.
Schlatter(1864-
1934), a Swiss
surgeon, had a
primary interest
in trauma.
30
 P

Paget Disease

Sir James Paget, 1st

Baronet (11 January
1814 – 30 December
1899) was an English
surgeon and pathologist
who is best remembered
for Paget's disease.

31
 Also known as osteitis deformans, Paget disease of
. bone is common,. This condition is one of
abnormal and excessive bone remodeling.
Radiographic findings vary with the phase of the
disease: in the active phase, osteolysis
predominates, with classic findings of osteoporosis
circumscripta in the skull and a blade of grass or
flame shaped area of osteolysis extending into a
long bone; with maturing, sclerotic findings may
predominate, as in the cotton wool skull; the
classic diagnostic features of the more quiescent
stages included bone expansion and cortical and
trabecular thickening. Involvement of the pelvis,
spine, skull, and/or proximal femurs is typical.
Clinical findings may include focal pain,
increasing hat size, bowing of the femurs with
banana fractures, basilar invagination, and
cranial nerve deficits. Malignant degeneration is
not rare, typically resulting in osteosarcoma or
fibrosarcoma

32
 P L
O
W
E
R

L
Pellegrini-Stieda (PS) I
M

lesion B

Augusto Pellegrini(1877-
1958) was a Florentine
surgeon. He is known for
advancing the use of
post traumatic ossification prosthetic limbs
in or near the medial
collateral ligament near the
margin of the medial
femoral condyle.
Calcification usually
begins to form a few weeks .
after the initial injury.

33
 R U
P
P
E
R

L
I

Rolando Fracture M
B

While the Bennett fracture is a

Silvio Rolando (? -1941)
simple fracture at the base of the
practiced in Genoa. He was
thumb metacarpal, the classic
a general surgeon whose
Rolando fracture is a T- or Y-
specialty was genitourinary
shaped intra-articular fracture of
surgery
that site. As in the Bennett fracture,
a dislocation
accompanies the Rolando fracture.

34
 S

Salter-Harris Fractures

Robert Bruce
Salter (1924-2010 )
is an orthopedic
surgeon from
Canada

W. Robert
Harris (1922-
2005) was an
orthopedic
surgeon from
Toronto. 35
Epiphyseal plate fractures and are common and important
as they can result in premature closure and therefore limb
shortening and abnormal growth. They represent
approximately 35% of all skeletal injuries in children, and
typically occur in the 10 - 15 year old child.
The growth plate has 5 distinctive zones. Fractures tend to
propagate along the weakest zone, which is the spongiosum.
Fortunately this is not a region of active growth, and
therefore fractures through this area have a good prognosis.
When the fracture passes towards the epiphysis, it passes
through the zones of proliferation and reserve which result
in possible premature closure of the growth plate at the
fracture site.
Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by
the mnemonic SALTR.

type I

Slipped
~ 5 - 7 % of all SHF
fracture plane passes all the way through the growth plate,
not involving bone
good prognosis

36
type II

Above
~ 75% (by far the most common)
fracture passes across most of the growth plate and up
through the metaphysis
good prognosis

type III

Lower
7 - 10%
fracture plane passes some distance along the growth
plate and down through the epiphysis
poor prognosis as the proliferative and reserve zones are
interrupted. (see above)

type IV
Through or transverse or together
intra-articular
10%
fracture plane passes directly through the
metaphysis, growth plate and down through the epiphysis

37
poor prognosis as the proliferative and reserve zones are
interrupted

type V
Ruined or rammed
uncommon < 1 %
crushing type injury does not displace the growth plate but
damages it by direct compression
worst prognosis
There are a few other rare types which you should probably
never include in a report as almost no one will know what
you are talking about. Nonetheless they are:
type VI : injury to the perichondral structures
type VII : isolated injury to the epiphyseal plate
type VIII : isolated injury to the metaphysis, with a potential
injury related to endochondral ossification
type IX : injury to the periosteum that may interfere with
membranous growth

38
 L
S O
W
E
R

Segond fracture I
M
B

Avulsion fracture of the

knee which involves the Paul Ferdinand
lateral aspect of the proximal Segond(1851-
tibial plateau, and is very 1912) was a
frequently (~75% of cases) French surgeon
associated with disruption of
the anterior cruciate ligament

39
 S U
P
P
E

Smith Fracture R

L
I
M
B

Robert
William Smith
(1807-1873)
was an Irish
surgeon
A rare injury of the distal
forearm, in which there is a
fracture of the distal radius with
volar displacement, as opposed
to the dorsal displacement and
angulation in the much more
common Colles fracture.

40
 L
T O
W
E
R

Tillaux fracture
L
I
M
B

Paul Jules
Is a Salter-Harris Tillaux(1834-
III type fracture 1904), a French
through the surgeon
anterolateral aspect of
the tibial epiphysis,
with variable amounts
of displacement

41
 Table of summary
Eponymous fractures and fracture-dislocations are most
commonly named after the doctor who first described them;
they may also be named after an activity with which they are
associated.
Fracture Named Description Mechanis Reference
after m of injury
B Bankart' Arthur fracture of external Anterior Dislocation of
s Bankart anterior rotation the Shoulderat
fracture glenoid and LearningRadiology.com
associated with abduction
anterior of
shoulder shoulder
dislocation
B Barton's John distal fall on Barton's
fracture Rhea radius fracture outstretche fracture at Who Named
Barton involving the d hand It?
articular
surface with
dislocation of
the radio
carpal joint
B Bennett' Edward intra-articular axial load Bennett's
s Hallara fracture of along fracture at Who Named
fracture n base of Thumb metacarpal It?
Bennett metacarpal in a
partially
flexed
thumb
B Boswort David fracture of severe Bosworth fracture-
h M. distal fibula external dislocation atMedcyclo
fracture Boswort with posterior rotation of paedia
h dislocation of the foot
the proximal
fibula behind
the tibia
B Boxer's Boxers fracture of punching Boxer's fracture at
fracture neck of little solid object Wheeless' Textbook of

42
 metacarpal Orthopedics online
B Bumper Car compression forced Bumper
fracture bumper fracture of valgus of fracture atTheFreeDict
lateral tibial knee when ionary.com
plateau struck
from side
by car
bumper
C Chance George horizontal hyperflexi Chance fracture at
fracture Quentin fracture of on of Wheeless' Textbook of
Chance vertebral body spine, seen Orthopaedics online
in car
accidents
when
lap were
used
C Chauffe Chauffe intra-articular forced Chauffeur's fracture at
ur's urs fracture of ulnar Wheeless' Textbook of
fracture[ radial styloid deviation Orthopaedics online
1] of the wrist
causing
avulsion of
the radial
styloid
C Chopart' Françoi foot dislocation Chopart's fracture
s s through dislocation atWho
fracture- Chopart talonavicular Named It?
dislocati and
on calcaneocuboi
d joints with
associated
fractures,
usually after
ankle
twisting.treated
in a non
weight bearing
cast for 6-8
weeks
C Clay Clay spinous forced Clay shoveller's
shovelle shovelle process hyper fracture atMedcyclopae
r's rs fracture flexion of dia
fracture of C6, C7 orT1 neck
C Colles' Abraha distal fall on Colles' fracture at Who
fracture m Colles radius fracture outstretche Named It?
with dorsal d hand

43
 angulation,
impaction and
radial drift
D Duverne Joseph isolated direct Duverney
y Guichar fracture of the trauma fracture atMedcyclopae
fracture d iliac wing dia
Duverne
y
E Essex- Peter comminuted ra fall from Essex Lopresti
Lopresti Essex- dial height fracture at Wheeless'
fracture Lopresti head fracture Textbook of
with Orthopaedics online
interosseous
membrane
disruption and
distal
radioulnar
joint
subluxation
G Galeazzi Ricardo radius shaft blow to Galeazzi
fracture Galeazzi fracture with forearm fracture at eMedicine
dislocation of
distal
radioulnar
joint
G Gosselin Leon V-shaped Gosselin's
fracture Athanes distal tibia fracture atTheFreeDict
e fracture ionary.com
Gosselin extending into
the tibial
plafond
H Hangma Hangma fracture of distraction Hangman's fracture at
n's n both pedicles and Wheeless' Textbook of
fracture of C2 extension Orthopaedics online
of neck
H Hill- Harold impacted Hill Sachs Lesion at
Sachs Arthur posterior Wheeless' Textbook of
fracture Hill humeral head Orthopedics online
Maurice fracture
David occurring
Sachs during
anterior
shoulder
dislocation
H Holdswo Sir unstable spinal Thoracic Spine
rth Frank fracture- Fractures and

44
 fracture Wild dislocation at Dislocations at eMedici
Holdswo the ne
rth thoracolumbar
junction
H Hume A.C. olecranon fract Ronald McRae, Maxx
fracture Hume ure with Esser. Practical
anterior Fracture Treatment 5th
dislocation edition, page 187.
of radial head Elsevier Health
Sciences, 2008.ISBN
978-0-443-06876-8.
J Jefferso Sir fracture of first compressio Jefferson
n Geoffrey cervical n of neck fracture at Who Named
fracture Jefferso vertebra It?
n
J Jones Sir fracture of inversion Jones fracture at
fracture Robert base of 5th of ankle Wheeless' Textbook of
Jones metatarsal Orthopedics online
extending into
intermetatarsal
joint
L Le Fort René Le series of facial direct LeFort I at Who Named
fracture Fort fractures trauma to It?
s face LeFort II at Who
Named It?
LeFort III at Who
Named It?
L Le Léon vertical LeFort's fracture of
Fort's Clément fracture of the ankle at Who
fracture Le Fort distal fibula wi Named It?
of the th avulsion
ankle of medial
malleolus
L Lisfranc Jacques fracture forced Lisfranc
fracture Lisfranc dislocation of plantar fracture at Who Named
de St. midfoot flexion of It?
Martin foot or
dropping
heavy
weight on
foot
M Maisonn Jules spiral fracture external Maisonneuve
euve Germain of rotation of fracture at Wheeless'
fracture Françoi proximal fibul ankle Textbook of
s a Orthopedics online
Maisonn

45
 euve
M Malgaig Joseph- vertical pelvic high Malgaigne's
ne's Françoi fracture throu energy fracture atTheFreeDict
fracture s gh both pubic impact to ionary.com
Malgaig rami and pelvis
ne the ilium or sa (front to
croiliac back)
joint with
vertical
displacement
M March Marchin stress fracture heavy or Metatarsal Stress
fracture g of a metatarsal unaccusto Fracture ateMedicine
shaft med
exercise
M Montegg Giovann proximal ulna blow to Monteggia
ia i fracture with forearm fracture at Who Named
fracture Battista dislocation It?
Montegg of radial head
ia
M Moore's Edward distal Moore's
fracture Mott radius fracture fracture atTheFreeDict
Moore with ulnar ionary.com
dislocation and
entrapment of
styloid process
under annular
ligament
P Pipkin G. posterior impact to Type II-V: Posterior
fracture- Pipkin dislocation of the knee Fracture
dislocati hip with with the Dislocations at
on avulsion hip flexed Wheeless' Textbook of
fracture of (dashboar Orthopedics online
fragment of d injury)
femoral head
by
the ligamentu
m teres
P Pott's Percival bimalleolar eversion of Pott's fracture at Who
fracture[ Pott fracture of the ankle Named It?
2] ankle
R Rolando Silvio comminuted axial load Rolando's fracture at
fracture Rolando fracture of along the Wheeless' Textbook of
base of first metacarpal Orthopedics online
metacarpal causing
splitting of
the

46
 proximal
articular
surface
R Runner' Running stress repeated Google books
s fracture of axial stress result Marko Pećina,
fracture distal fibula 3- on fibula Ivan Bojanić. Overuse
8cm above injuries of the
the lateral Musculoskeletal
malleolus System, page 331.
Informa Health Care,
2004. ISBN 978-0-
8493-1428-5.
S Salter- R.B. fractures various Salter-Harris
Harris Salter, involving fractures at Medscape
fracture W.R. a growth plate
s Harris[3
]
S Segond Paul lateral tibial internal Segond
fracture Segond plateau rotation of fracture at Who Named
avulsion the knee It?
fracture with
anterior
cruciate
ligament tear
S Shepher Francis fracture of the Shepherd's fracture at
d's J. lateral tubercle Mondofacto online
fracture Shepher of the posterior medical dictionary
d process of the
talus
S Smith's Robert distal fall on Smith's
fracture William radius fracture outstretche fracture at Who Named
Smith with volar d hand It?
displacement with wrist
in flexed
position
S Stieda Alfred avulsion Stieda's
fracture Stieda fracture of the fracture atTheFreeDict
medial femoral ionary.com
condyle at the
origin of the
medial
collateral
ligament
T Tillaux Paul Salter-Harris forced Tillaux fracture at Who
fracture Jules III fracture of lateral Named It?
Tillaux the tibia rotation of

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 foot
T Toddler' Toddlers undisplaced low-energy The toddler's fracture
s spiral fracture trauma, revisited at Wheeless'
fracture of distal tibiain often Textbook of
children under rotational Orthopedics online
8 years old

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 REFERENCESS
Wikipedia.com
Radiopedia.com
Learning radiology.com
Names and Numbers in Musculoskeletal Radiology
By Kirkland W. Davis, MD
University of Wisconsin Department of Radiology

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