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STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) Technical Report
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TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
BY
TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR
(12BC001914)
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE
AT
DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED
PLOT 901(9) BALARABE MUSA CRESCENT,VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS
SEPTEMBER, 2016
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINNEERING (B.ENG) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE
SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 1

CERTIFICATION PAGE
I hereby certify that this report of Student Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) was prepared and
compiled by TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR (Matric Number: 12BC001914) from the
department of CIVIL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,
LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE for the successful completion
of my six(6)months Industrial Training undertaken at DORI CONSTRUCTION &
ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS.
UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: ENGR. OPE OLUWATUYI
SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………..
SIWES COORDINATOR: ENGR. DR. GANA JAMES
SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………..

Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Science & Engineering,
5th September, 2016.

Through:
The Head, Department of Civil Engineering
To:
The Coordinator, SIWES unit,
Landmark University,
Omu-Aran,
Kwara State.
Dear Sir,
LETTER OF TRANSMISSION
In compliance with the requisition of the established authority of Landmark University, Omu-Aran
to prepare a detailed report on the student industrial work experience (SIWES) between the periods
of 8TH OF FEBURARY 2016 TO 8TH AUGUST 2016, I subsequently have the pleasure of
submitting this report.
Yours Faithfully,
……………………………….…
TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR

DECLARATION
I hereby declare/ascertain that this compressive report was compiled by me (TUNDE
OYEDOTUN VICTOR) and entails precisely what I have done during my SIWES Industrial
Training at DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED. I withal declare
that this report or its content has not been anteriorly submitted to this or any other institution of
learning for the purport of consummating the requisites for the award of any degree. All citations
and sources of information’s and research are pellucidly acknowledged by betokens of references.
TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR...................................................................

DEDICATION
I would relish to dedicate this report to The Almighty God, who has been my ultimate source of
bliss, vigor, sapience, good health and sustenance for visually perceiving me through and for the
prosperous completion of my SIWES programme in one piece. Would additionally want to
dedicate this report to my parents Mr. and Dr. Olushola Tunde, my siblings (Ezekiel, Tobi and
Busayo), who provided for me and to my sublime cousins the Arowolo’s.
It is withal dedicated to the Construction Department of Dori Construction & Engineering
(Nigeria) ltd for all the care, attention and understanding throughout the duration of my industrial
training in their reputable organization.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby appreciate God Almighty for giving me the Grace, Opportunity and Strength to complete
my industrial training successfully.
I acknowledge my parents; Elder. & Dr. Olushola Tunde, for being there for me all the time and
for providing the necessary support, I appreciate it a lot and I love you. I acknowledge my
wonderful siblings; Ezekiel, Tobi and Busayo.
I also thank the management and staffs of Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria) ltd most
especially Engr. Zolthan Bolthazi (the Site Manager of Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria)
ltd), Engr. Constantine (Project Manager), Mr. A.O. Tajudeen (Safety Manager/Site Supervisor),
Engr. A. Bello (Structural/Resident Site Engineer), Bldr. O. Charles (Clerk of work on site), for
their exposure, support and assistance, and a chance to prove myself. You are such wonderful and
special people, who inspire and impact jubilance into the lives of others.
I also like to specifically thank my Dean, the Dean of College of Science & Engineering; Dr. J.O.
Ojediran, general SIWES Director; Mrs. O.O. Sina Olulana, SIWES coordinator/Head of
Department; Engr. Dr. Gana James, my course adviser; Engr. I.H. Owamah, and my lecturers for
the cognizance of Civil Engineering you all have imparted in me.

ABSTRACT
This report is a summary of the experience I acquired during my six months Students'
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the Dori Construction & Engineering
(Nigeria) limited, Lagos State with highlights majorly on Civil Engineering, Building
Construction and Project Management, giving a full enlightenment on equipment’s used in
Construction, as well as various structural components of Building Construction steps and
processes, giving a clear idea of the student involvement in all operational activities carried
out in the Construction Firm.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE………….......………………………………………….…………...i
CERTIFICATION PAGE…...………………………………………….…………..ii
LETTER OF TRANSMISSION…………………………………………………...iii
DECLARATION…….…...…...….………………………………………………..iv
DEDICATION ………………..……………………………………………...…….v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…..…………………………………………………......vi
ABSTRACT….……………………………………………….………………......vii
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………….……………….……………………...8
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….11
LIST OF PLATES..……………………………………………………………….12
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study ………………..…………………………...………......16
1.2 Brief history of SIWES……………...…………………………………….…17
1.2.1 Vision Statement………………………………………….…………..…20
1.2.2 Mission Statement……………………………………………………….20

1.3 Aim of SIWES ................................................................................................18
1.4 Objectives of The Study………………………………………………….…..19
1.5 Importance of The study…………………………………………………......19
1.6 Justification of The Study…………………………………………................20
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1: Civil Engineering…………………………………………………….………21
2.2: Building…. ………………………………………………………….………21
2.3: Building Occupancy Classification …………………………………………22
2.3.1: Slab Design ……………………………………………………….………23
2.3.1.1: Solid Slab..……...……..…………….…..….….……….………..……24
2.3.1.1.1: Design of slab……...……..…………….…..…….……….…………25
2.3.1.2: Flat Slabs....…...……..…………….…..…..…………….……….……26
2.3.1.3: Ribbed Slab...……...……..…………….…………………...…………27
2.3.1.4: Waffle Slab…..……...………………….…………………...…………28
2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a One-way slab……………………….…………30
2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a Two-way slab……………………….…………31
2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a Restrained slab……………………….……….32
2.3.2: Beam Design …..…..…….………………………...………………………34
2.3.2.1: Types of Beam Supports.………………….…..…………….…………35

2.3.2.2: Analysis of beam ….…...………………….…..…….………...………36
2.3.2.3: Design Summary for a Beam……………………………….…………37
2.3.3: Stair Design….……….……………………………...……………………..38
2.3.3.1: Types of Stair...……...……..……………………..…..…….…………39
2.3.3.2: Design Summary for Stair………………...………..………….....……40
2.3.4: Column Design.………….………………….…………..………………….41
2.3.4.1: Column Classification…...…...……..…………….…..…….…………41
CHAPTER 3: COMPANY PROFILE
3.0: Brief history of the Establishment..…..…………...…..……..…………...…..43
3.1: Organization Address…..……...……..…………….…..…….………………43
3.2: Objectives of the Establishment…...................................................................44
3.3: Department/sections in the establishment........................................................44
3.4: Place of Primary Assignment …......................................................................45
3.5: Organizational structure/Organogram of the Establishment.............................46
3.6: Major Function Of Place of Primary Assignment ….......................................47
CHAPTER 4: SERVICES RENDERED AND EXPERIENCE GAINED
4.0: Services Rendered………………………….…………….….…...…...……...49

4.1: Marriott Site……………….………................................................................49
4.3: Construction terms and techniques experienced on site…………….……….50
4.4: Few list of equipment’s/machineries used on Marriott site………….…….....55
4.5: General experience acquired …………………………….……………..…….62
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1: Challenges of SIWES……………………..….……………………….……...64
5.2: Recommendations..……….…………………………..………….…….…….65
5.3: Conclusion………....……..…………………………..………….…….…….66
References ……………………………………………………………....…..67

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.0: TYPES OF FLAT SLAB….……………..…..……………………27
FIGURE 2.1: TYPES OF RIB SLAB ……………………...……………………29
FIGURE 2.2: WAFFLE SLAB UNDER CONSTRUCTION…………………...29
FIGURE 2.3: ONE WAY SLAB …………………………….........………...…..30
FIGURE 2.4: TWO WAY SLAB ……………………………........………...…..31
FIGURE 2.5: DIFFERENT BOUNDARY EDGE CONDITION FOR A
RESTRAINED SLAB……........………...………………………………………..33
FIGURE 2.6: A STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM, BENDING
(SAGGING) UNDER UDL……………………. ………………………………...34
FIGURE 2.7: DIAGRAM OF T AND I-BEAM ………………………………...34
FIGURE 2.8: CANTILEVER BEAM …………………………………………...35
FIGURE 2.9: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM ……………………..……….…..35
FIGURE 2.10: OVERHANGING BEAM …………..….………………..……...35
FIGURE 2.11: FIXED BEAMS …………..………………………………..……35
FIGURE 2.12: CONTINUOUS BEAM ……………………………...………….35

FIGURE 2.13: TYPICAL SECTION OF A T-BEAM ………………...………..35
FIGURE 2.14: STAIR DESCRIPTION …………………………………..…..…38
FIGURE 2.15: TYPES OF STAIR..………………………...…………….……..40
FIGURE 3.0: DCEN ORGANOGRAM................................................................46

LIST OF PLATES
PLATES 2.0: RIB SLAB AT LAGOS MEGACITY: THE GARDEN ATRIUM
APARTMENT, LAGOS……………………………….….……..….….…...........27
PLATE 2.1: RECTANGULAR COLUMN WITH REBAR……………………..41
PLATE 4.0: BACKFILLING WITH SOIL............................................................51
PLATE 4.1: PICTURE SHOWING BEAM ….…………………..…………..…51
PLATE 4.2: PICTURE SHOWING CANTILEVER….….……..….….…...........52
PLATE 4.3: PICTURE SHOWING BLOCKWORK SETTING ………………..53
PLATE 4.4: PICTURE SHOWING FRENCH DRAIN …………………………53
PLATE 4.5: PICTURE SHOWING TYROLEAN.……………………………...54
PLATE 4.6: PICTURE SHOWING COLUMNS…...………….........…………..54
PLATE 4.7: PICTURE SHOWING DUCTS……….…….....…...………...….....55
PLATE 4.8: PICTURE SHOWING CHALK-LINE ………………………….…55
PLATE 4.9: PICTURE SHOWING SCAFFOLD………………………………..56
PLATE 4.10: PICTURE SHOWING FORMWORKS …………..………..…….57
PLATE 4.11: PICTURE SHOWING BACKHOE-LOADER.. …………..….….58

PLATE 4.12: PICTURE SHOWING BULLDOZER……………………..……..58
PLATE 4.13: PICTURE SHOWING TOWER CRANE…………....………..….59
PLATE 4.14: PICTURE SHOWING TELESCOPIC HANDLER…....…………60
PLATE 4.15: PICTURE SHOWING BATCHING PLANT AND CEMENT SILO
………………………………………………………………………….…………61
PLATE 4.17: PICTURE SHOWING CONCRETE MIXER..…………..…….....61

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

Students’ Industrial Work-experience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the Industrial Training Fund
(ITF) programme which was introduced in 1974 due to the inability of engineering and technology
students in Nigeria universities and polytechnics to meet the practical aspects of their training.
That is, the needs to enable students match their theoretical school knowledge with the practical
aspect of their training in industry. The Training lasts for six months. According to Ekpenyong
(2011), one of the principles underlying any industrial work experience scheme for students in
institutions of learning is the desire to marry the practical with the theoretical learning which
characterizes conventional classroom situations with a view to striking a balance between theory
and practice. The author stressed further that it was in realization of this that the ITF when it was
established, set out to study the extent to which the theoretical knowledge that students in
engineering technology and other allied fields in Nigerian institutions offering technology based
courses related to the kind of work experience expected of them by employers.
The result of the ITF survey showed a great disparity between students’ knowledge and their ability
to apply it in relevant jobs. In order to bridge the gap between the two, the ITF in 1974 established
a co-operative internship programme, which enabled students of technology to spend some part of
their courses for relevant on the-job practical experiences in appropriate areas of the Nigerian
industry (Ekpenyong, 2011). The author further stressed that the internship programme, SIWES,
can therefore be seen as that which is intended to give Nigerian students studying occupationally

related courses experience that would supplement their theoretical learning as a well of equipping
the students with the needed skills to function in the world of work.
This need to combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills in order to produce results in the
form of goods and services or to be productive is the essence and rationale for industrial training,
and a basic requirement for the award of B.Eng.
1.2 Brief history of SIWES
In recognition of the shortcomings and weakness in the formation of SET graduates, particularly
with respect to acquisition of relevant production skills (RPSs), the Industrial Training Fund
(which was itself established in 1971 by decree 47) initiated the Students’ Industrial Work-
experience Scheme (SIWES) in 1973. The scheme was designed to expose students to the
industrial environment and enable them develop occupational competencies so that they can
readily contribute their quota to national economic and technological development after
graduation.
Consequently, SIWES is a planned and structured programme based on stated and specific career
objectives which are geared toward developing the occupational competencies of participants.
In spite of the challenges faced by SIWES in the four decades of its existence, the Scheme has not
only raised consciousness and increased awareness about the need for training of SET students,
but has also helped in the formation of skilled and competent indigenous manpower which has
been manning and managing the technological resources and industrial sectors of the economy.
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary condition for the award of degrees and diplomas

to SET students graduating from higher institutions in Nigeria. It is therefore, not in doubt that
SIWES is a veritable means or tool for National Economic Development.
The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to stimulate human performance, improve
productivity, and induce value-added production in industry and commerce. Through its SIWES
and Vocational and Apprentice Training Programmes, the Fund also builds capacity for graduates
and youth self-employment, in the context of Small Scale Industrialization, in the economy.
The Industrial Training Fund is a grade ‘A’ parasternal operating under the aegis of the Federal
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. It has been operating for 42 years as a specialist
agency that promotes and encourages the acquisition of industrial and commercial skills required
for national economic development.
1.2.1 Vision Statement
To be the prime Skills Training Development Organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the
world.
1.2.2 Mission Statement
To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and commercial
skills training and development, using a corps of highly competent professional staff, modern
techniques and technology.
1.3 Aim of SIWES
The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary institutions the practical
aspect of their field of study by exposing students to machines and equipment, professional work

methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries and other
organizations.
1.4 Objectives of SIWES
The Industrial Training Fund’s policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES
outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives are to:
1) It provides an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills
and experience during their course of study.
2) It expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in their institutions.
3) It makes the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students’ contact
for later job placements and a chance to evaluate companies for which they might wish to
work.
4) It provides students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work
and industrial situations, there by bridging the gap between theory and practice.
5) The programme teaches the students on how to interact effectively with other workers and
supervisors under various conditions in the organization.
1.5 Importance of SIWES to civil engineering
1. It exposes students to more practical work methods and techniques in civil engineering.
2. It provides students in civil engineering with an opportunity to apply their theoretical
knowledge to real life situations.

3. It enables students in civil engineering to gain experience in handling equipment and
machineries.
4. It provides an environment whereby students in civil engineering can develop their creativity
and interpersonal skills through software design techniques.
5. It is one of the requirements for the award of Bachelors of Science Degree (B.Sc.) in Civil
Engineering.
1.6 Justification for choice of industry
Theoretical knowledge alone would not usually prepare and prepare an educated person for the
world of work. The worker or productive individual must not only be knowledgeable but also be
versatile in the application of skills to perform defined jobs or work.
Both education and training are important; there cannot be effective education without some
training input and there cannot be effective training without some educational input. The
productive individual, particularly in this millennium, must be able to combine and utilise the
outcomes from the two forms of learning (Know-How Ability and Do-How Capability) for
production of goods and services which is crucial in pursuing careers in science, engineering and
technology (SET) disciplines.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction,
and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads,
bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is the second-oldest engineering discipline
after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military
engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including architectural
engineering, environmental engineering, engineering, control, structural engineering, earthquake
engineering, transportation engineering, construction surveying, and construction engineering,
etc. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national
governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international
companies.
2.2 Building
A building or edifice is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one
place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and
have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building
materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and
aesthetic reasons. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding
structures.

2.3 Building Occupancy Classification
The following is based on the International Building Code, the most commonly used building code
in the United States:
 Assembly (Group A) - places used for people gathering for entertainment, worship, and eating
or drinking. E.g: churches, restaurants (with 50 or more occupants), theaters, and stadiums.
 Business (Group B) - places where services are provided (not to be confused with mercantile,
below). Examples: banks, insurance agencies, government buildings (including police and fire
stations), and doctor's offices.
 Educational (Group E) - schools and day care centers up to the 12th grade.
 Factory (Group F) - places where goods are manufactured or repaired (unless considered "High-
Hazard" (below)). Examples: factories and dry cleaners.
 High-Hazard (Group H) - places involving production or storage of very flammable or toxic
materials. Includes places handling explosives and/or highly toxic materials (such as
fireworks, hydrogen peroxide, and cyanide).
 Institutional (Group I) - places where people are physically unable to leave without assistance.
Examples: hospitals, nursing homes, and prisons. In some jurisdictions, it may be used to
designate Industrial.
 Mercantile (Group M) - places where goods are displayed and sold. Examples: grocery stores,
department stores, and gas stations.
 Residential (Group R) - places providing accommodations for overnight stay (excluding
Institutional). Examples: houses, apartment buildings, hotels, and motels.
 Storage (Group S) - places where items are stored (unless considered High-Hazard). Examples:
warehouses and parking garages.

Nevertheless, I underlined my priorities into the following even if I know that there is more to
learn but I prehended this one’s so tight;
 SLAB DESIGN
 BEAM DESIGN
 STAIR DESIGN
 COLUMN DESIGN
 FOUNDATION DESIGN/BASE AREA DESIGN
 QUALITY CONTROL
 BUILDING & QUANTITY SURVEYING
BUT FOR THE CAUSE OF THIS REPORT I WILL HIT ON JUST the structural section of the
company which include; SLAB, BEAM, AND STAIR Design, as it relates more to my sub –
discipline, which is Structural Engineering, and for full justification of my SIWES report
guidelines.
2.3.1 SLAB DESIGN
A slab is a part of a reinforced concrete structure which more than often than not is
subjected to bending (tensile or compression) in most cases slabs are horizontal members but they
can be used as vertical members such as walls to infill panels, side walls to drains and sewer etc.
slabs that are thicker than 200mm or where action of point or line loads is predominant.
Generally slabs are similar to beams except that slabs are;
 1.0m width is generally assumed
 The section is mostly Rectangular, hence no Flanges
 Shear is generally not considered unless where concentrated or line loads predominant and
the slab is thicker than 200mm.
 The design considers singly reinforced section, compression rebar are hardly used.

Types of slabs are Solid Slab, Flat Slab, Ribbed Floor Slab, Waffle Slab.
The type of slab type to be preferred may depend on the following
1. The span of the slab

2. The use of the space which may determine the span
3. The load to be carried and
4. Architectural aesthetics that are, required.
2.3.1.1 SOLID SLABS
Solid slabs are the most commonly used slab especially residentially areas and offices and are
employed when the span does not exceed 6.0m. Research has shown that when the span exceeds
6.0meters deflection is problematic. It has beams at the four edges of the beam which partly
increase cost of construction unlike the flat slab.
For example having a slab exceeding 200mm is generally un-economical. Solid slabs could be
continuous or simply supported.
Solid slabs could be categorized as a;
 ONE-WAY SPANNING SLAB

 TWO-WAY SPANNING SLAB
A one-way spanning slab occurs when ly/lx ≥ 2.0 and
A two-way spanning slab occurs when ly/lx ≤ 2.0
Where ly=long span of slab
lx =short span of slab
B.S 8110 Code Requirement of Solid Slab Section 3.5.2.3- recommends’ the load will suffice
if the following conditions are met;
 In a one-way spanning slab the area of each bay exceed 30.0m2

 The Ratio of Characteristics imposed load to the characteristics dead load does not exceed
1.25
 The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5kn/m2 excluding partioning
SECTION 3.5.5; Recommends design procedures for shear bar, the shear stress of the slab should
be calculated from V=v/bd and compared with Vc as shown in Table 3.8 0f the code further
information are seen on Table 3.10 of B.S 8110-1997
Shear links should be provided in the slabs less than 200mm and bent up bars. In slabs less than
200mm thick where shear is high, the engineer is advised to increase the overall depth of the
member to reduce the effect of shear.
2.3.1.1.1: DESIGN OF SOLID SLAB
Design is a plan or drawing produced to show the look, functionality, purpose and working of a
structure. Hence, slab design is the provision of re-bars to resist flexural stresses (ability to resist
deformation under load) for the purpose of its design. Slabs are designed to be functional,
economic and safe.
Loading of slabs: The first thing to do with any proper design is to determine the functionality of
the structure, e.g commercial, residential, church, gymnasium, etc. as the loading for these
structures are different. The live load and dead load has to be determined in the loading of the slab.
Live Load: The live load of a structure is the load that is not permanent on a structure. E.g
human beings, furniture’s.
The live load of a building can be gotten from Reinforced Concrete Handbook by Reynold and
BS 6399-1(1996) code.
Live load for residential buildings = 1.5KN/𝑚2
Live load for commercial buildings = 2.5 KN/𝑚2 - 5.0 KN/𝑚2
The dead load of a structure is the load that is permanent on the structure. The dead load has to
do with the self-weight of the structure. The dead load cannot be known unless the self-weight of
the structure is known.
For structures there are minimum sizes of elements that are used. With this minimum size, the
dead loads can be predicted.
The density of concrete = 24KN/𝑚3

For a residential building, the thickness of slab, h= 150mm = 0.15m
For a public building, the thickness of slab, h= 175mm = 0.175m
Wall load = 3.475KN/𝑚2
Weight of partition = 1KN/𝑚2 -- 2KN/𝑚2
Assessment of partition loads while analyzing partitions there are two conditions, namely;
1. Position Known: It is a condition where the partition is envisaged for in the architectural
plan.
2. Position not known: It is when the partition is not envisaged in the architectural plan.
Finishes: The rendering of properly constructed wall per phase is 13mm thickness. The weight
per square metre is 0.6KN/𝑚2 of the rendering per phase.
The total weight is 0.6KN/𝑚2 x 2 = 1.2 KN/𝑚2
2.3.1.2: FLAT SLABS
Flat slabs are beamless reinforced concrete slabs supported directed by columns. They have
uniform thickness or deeper thickness around the vicinity of columns carrying the slabs this is
called drops .the stability of the flat slab depends upon the monolithic interaction between the
supporting columns and the maximum deflection occurs at the middle and when loaded it deflects
away from the column from the column head. To reduce this column can be enlarged at junction
of the slab and from what is called column head.
Column head could be rectangular or conical in shape. The drops are effective in reducing shearing
stress especially where large live load are involved and because of its enhanced thickness, provides
higher moment of resistance for negative moments occurring at the column area. Since flat slabs
are beamless, they allow both light and Air circulation within the premises and offer reduced
Storey height and they are easy to construct.
Codes Requirement: B.S CODE 8110 part 1 section 3.7

DROPS- drops are considered effective by the code if the smaller dimension is at least on third
of the panel smaller dimension.
COLUNM HEAD- the code requires that the effective dimension of the column head is lesser of
the actual column the column dimension plus 2(dh-40).
Where dh= depth of Head.
Flat and Waffle slabs are commonly used in banking halls, malls or market and plazas they can
with stand loads in excess of 5kn/m2.
Fig. 2.0: Shows different types of flat slab
2.3.1.3: RIBBED FLOOR SLAB
Ribbed floor is similar to flat used in offices and large spans are expected. They can be whole
concrete ribbed floor or ribbed floor with hollow pots in fill. The floor consist of series of T-beams
closely the floor consist of series of T-beams closely spaced in most cases, between 400mm-
600mm. the slab is more or less designed as T-beams.

Plate 2.0: Rib slab at Lagos megacity: the garden atrium apartment, Lagos.

(A)FLAT PLATE [E]
(B)FLAT SLAB
(C) ONE WAY JOIST (RIB SLAB)
(D) WIDE MODULE JOIST (RIB

SLAB)
(E) TWO WAY JOIST (RIB SLAB)

Fig. 2.1: types of rib slab
2.3.1.4: WAFFLE SLAB DESIGN
Waffle slab is an extension of the ribbed floor slab in which the slab is ribbed in two directions.
Hence, an inverted pot like hollow is formed which serves as the ceiling for the floor below. Waffle
slab is all concrete and the slab thickness may be up to 500mm. Hence, they are expensive and
should only be used with large spans carrying heavy live load at least 5.0KN/m2 or more.
Fig. 2.2: waffle slab under construction
Flat and waffled are used where large and or heavy live loads are required or where their use
would be pleasing. Flat slabs span between columns with no beams at all. On the other hand,
waffle slabs are of two types;

i. Slab and beam waffle: Those with beams from columns to columns on all sides
ii. Mushroom waffle: Mushroom type has no beams but with capital columns
Slabs of reinforced concrete slabs can be classified as
1. One-way spanning slab or one- way slab.

2. Two-way spanning slab or two- way slab.
One Way Spanning Slab: A one-way spanning slab is a type of slab where its structural action
is in two directions only.
BS 8110 classifies a slab according to the aspect ratio and by its support.
𝑙𝑦
For a one way slab; Aspect ratio = 𝑙 > 2
𝑥
Fig. 2.3: one way slab
2.3.1.5: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR A ONE- WAY SPANNING SOLID

SLAB
1. Select a suitable thickness for the slab on the basis of deflection, durability and fire resistance
criteria.
2. Compute the dead load of the slab and consequently the ultimate design load.
3. Calculate the ultimate design moment and shear forces of the slab using suitable method of
analysis.
4. Determine the quantity and spacing of main and secondary/ distribution reinforcement.
5. Check for deflection, shear and cracking.
6. Present a neat sketch of slab details.

Two way Slabs: A two-way spanning slab is a type of slab where its structural action is in all
direction.
𝑙𝑦
Aspect ratio = 𝑙 ≤ 2
𝑥
Fig. 2.4: two way slab
A two- way spanning solid slab can be either Unrestrained two- way spanning slabs or simply
supported and restrained slabs
Unrestrained simply supported Two- Way slabs
𝑀𝑠𝑥 =𝛼sxnlx2
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛼synlx2
2.3.1.6: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR A TWO- WAY SPANNING SOLID

SLAB
𝑙𝑦
1. Calculate the aspect ratio𝑙 .
𝑥
𝑙𝑦
2. With the value of the aspect ratio ( 𝑙 ) trace the value of the bending moment coefficients
𝑥
(𝛼sx & 𝛼sy) from table 3.13 BS 8110: Part 1- 1997.

3. Using the values of design load, bending moment coefficients and short span dimension.
Calculate the moment (Msx, Msy)
𝑀
4. Calculate Area of reinforcement required from Asreq = 0.95𝑓 𝑧. Then determine the Area of
𝑦
reinforcement to be provided

RESTRAINED SLABS
𝑀𝑠𝑥 =𝛽sxnlx2
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽synlx2
2.3.1.7: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR A RESTRAINED SLABS
𝑙𝑦
1. Calculate the aspect ratio𝑙 .
𝑥
𝑙𝑦
2. With the value of the aspect ratio ( ) trace the value of the bending moment coefficients
𝑙𝑥
(𝛼sx & 𝛼sy) from table 3.13, BS 8110: Part 1- 1997.
3. Using the values of design load, bending moment coefficients and short span dimension.
Calculate the moment (Msx, Msy)

𝑀
4. Calculate the Area of reinforcement required from Asreq =0.95𝑓 𝑧. Then determine the
𝑦
Area of reinforcement to be provided.
Panelling: A panel is simply the naming of the slab considering its edge condition and dimension.
It is termed panel when a slab is designed one at a time. It is termed a bay when 2, 3 or more slab
panels are designed together as one. Panels help to comfortably transfer loads from the slab to the
beam. When a slab spans into another slab crossing a beam it is known as a continuous slab but
when it doesn’t it is termed discontinuous slab.

Edge condition: Support conditions for rectangular two-way slabs panel include; Interior panels,
One short edge discontinuous, One long edge Discontinuous, Two adjacent edges discontinuous,
Two short edges discontinuous, Two long edges discontinuous, Three edges discontinuous (one
long edge continuous), Three edges discontinuous (one short edge continuous), Four edges
discontinuous.
Fig. 2.5: Different Boundary conditions of two way Restrained slabs

2.3.2 BEAM DESIGN
Fig. 2.6: A statically determinate beam, bending (sagging) under a uniformly distributed load
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.
The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own
weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment. Beams are
characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and their material.
Also a beam is a horizontal member of a building which receives load from the slab and the
transmitting them to the column and to the foundation. Generally beams not exceeding 6.0m are
designed for a depth of 450mm while between 6.0m and 7.0m has a depth of 600mm i.e. the longer
the beam the thicker the depth of the beam. Beams are either rectangular or flanged beams and on
the other side flanged beams are divided into;
Tee beam- web width plus one-fifth of span or actual flange width
Ell beam- web width plus one tenth of the effective span or actual flange width.
T- SECTION
Fig. 2.7: Diagram of T and I-beam
Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but a more efficient
cross section for a beam is an I or H section which is typically seen in steel construction. Because

of the parallel axis theorem and the fact that most of the material is away from the neutral axis, the
second moment of area of the beam increases, which in turn increases the stiffness.
An I-beam is only the most efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and down looking at
the profile as an I-beam. If the beam is bent side to side, it functions as an H where it is less
efficient. The most efficient shape for both directions in 2D is a box (a square shell) however the
most efficient shape for bending in any direction is a cylindrical shell or tube. But, for
unidirectional bending, the I or wide flange beam is superior.
Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (volume of beam per length) subjected to
the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less.
Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also used in construction when there are
special requirements.
2.3.2.1: TYPES OF BEAMS BASED ON SUPPORTS
 Cantilever – is a beam supported at only one end such that the axis of the beam cannot
rotate at that end.
Fig. 2.8: cantilever beam
 Simply supported beam- this is also known as freely supported beam and it is also supported
at both ends. There is no restriction offer to the angular rotation of the ends of the bar at the
supports as the bar deflects under load.
Fig. 2.9: simply supported beam

 Overhanging beam- Is a beam freely supported at 2 points and having one or more both ends
extending beyond its supports.
Fig. 2.10: overhanging beam
 Fixed beams-is a beam where both ends are rigidly fixed or built into two supporting walls or
columns.
Fig. 2.11: fixed beams
 Continuous beam- Is a beam that has more than 2 supports or 3 supports. At the extreme the
support are called end supports while others are intermediate supports.
Fig. 2.12: continuous beam
Fig. 2.13: typical section of a t-beam
Internally, beams experience compressive, tensile and shear stresses as a result of the loads
applied to them. Typically, under gravity loads, the original length of the beam is slightly reduced
to enclose a smaller radius arc at the top of the beam, resulting in compression, while the same

original beam length at the bottom of the beam is slightly stretched to enclose a larger radius arc,
and so is under tension.
2.3.2.2: ANALYSIS OF BEAM
When designing a beam manually it is best to analyze the beam to generate maximum moment on
the beam this could be determined by first find the reactions i.e. the downward reactions if the
span of the beam exceeds two then employ three moments or moment distribution. Three moment
equation is very limited to just 3 spans maximally 4 spans, so moment distribution is mostly always
preferred to any other and besides moment distribution provides moment at the supports. After the
analysis a shear force and a bending moment diagram is required to obtain the maximum bending
moment.
BENDING MOMENT – Are the algebraic sum of the moment of external forces to one side of the
section
SHEAR FORCE- it’s the algebraic sum of all the vertical forces to one side of the section.
2.3.2.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR BEAM ACCORDING TO BS 8110
 Choose or estimate member width (generally 225 but I use 230), and (generally as
450mm, 600mm or 750mm) as depth.
 Estimate the flange width, if non-rectangular beam
 Analyze the beam to obtain imposed moment as stated above
 Design for reinforcement as follows; Moment of resistance, Mu = 0.156Fcubd2
K= M/Fcubd2 and Z= 0.5+√ (0.25-k/0.9)
When M exceeds Mu, design for AS and AS’ as follows, usually also when K≥0.156, i.e. doubly reinforced.
AS’=M-MU/0.95Fy (d-d’), d’ can be taken as cover+links+0.5(dia bar)
AS= MU/0.95FyZd + AS’
 Check for shear stress and design for shear reinforcement where found inadequate

 Check for local and anchorage bond stresses
 Detail the design
2.3.3 STAIR DESIGN
A staircase is a set of steps or flight leading from one floor to another. Stairs could be constructed
by timbers, stone/concrete (reinforced). Each stair consists of horizontal portion or tread connected
to the front part known as the Riser. The going in a stair is the horizontal distances between the
faces of two consecutive risers. While the riser of a step is the vertical distance between the tops
of two consecutive treads.
BS 5395-1:2000 (STAIRS) - recommends sizes for straight stairs and winders
Fig. 2.14: stair terminology

2.3.3.1: TYPES OF STAIRS
Stairs can be constructed of reinforced concrete, steel and timber.
 Straight flight- a flight between the two floors to be accessed without intermediate landing.
 Half-turn (180deg) Stair- two flights between the floors with an intermediate landing known
as half landing. This stair is also known as dogleg.
 Free standing -it’s similar to half turn but with a suspended half landing i.e. the half turn is
supported by the two flights. This calls for more rigorous design for torsion at ends of the stair.
 Quarter-turn (open well stair) - three flight between the two floors with two intervening
landing.
 Helical stair-this is usually common in the building of the affluent. It occupies less space than
others. It has a curved like shape it is always a straight flight but turning as it rises. It also
experiences great torsion as it curves.
 Cantilever – in this type of staircase, there is a central reinforced concrete spine wall and each
I0step cantilevers out of this wall. Each landing are designed as double cantilever like a beam
in turn a cantilever.
 Spiral stair- this is the most economical stair to design in terms of space utilization and in
terms of cost. Consist of series of cantilever step jotting out like leaves from a central circular
column. The landing spans from the supporting column to the wall.

FIGURE 2.15: TYPES OF STAIR
2.3.3.2: DESIGN PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR STAIR

Although different stairs have their different ways of been designed, here are few tips for half
turn stair and straight flight.
 I got to understand that a stair could be similarly designed as a slab especially the landing
part of the stair. First load your stair.
 With self/ own weight=waist x unit weight of concrete followed by steps own weight
0.5(waist x unit weight) and your finishes.
 Slope factor (s.f) = √R2 + T2/T WHERE R=riser; T=going
 F= (self-weight x width)x s.f+steps) x 1.4+(imposed load) x 1.6
 Determine your moment WL/8

 As usual from above methods for slab and beam do your Calculation for K, Z and AS
 The above is stated method works for straight stairs but for half turn stair there is a
second calculation for 2nd flight which implores a similar step.
2.3.4: COLUMN DESIGN
A column is a vertical load bearing member the ratio of its lateral dimension less or equal to 4:1
that is the greatest lateral dimension is not more than four times its lateral dimension. The primary
function of a column or wall is to act as a vertical support to suspended members and to transmit
loads from these members to the foundation below. Hence, its strength lies in the capacity of the
resist compressive stress.
2.3.4.1: Column Classification
A column could be short or slender. A short column is when the effective length is not more than
15times its lateral dimension for braced columns or 10times for unbraced column, otherwise the
column is said to be slender. Slender columns in addition to any axial load or moment are subjected
to moment due to their slenderness. These are usually added to the imposed moment on the column
and slenderness should be checked in both x axis and may not be slender in y axis and vice versa.
The effective length of a column is defined as ɤlo Where lo is the actual length of the column
And ɤ is a function of the end restraints of the column.
In analysis it is adequate to classify your column as either of the following;
A Braced Column- where lateral loads are resisted by the walls or some other form of bracing
Unbraced column- where the lateral loads are resisted by the bending action of the column.

From B.S code 8110:1997, clause 3.8.1.5
Defines braced columns as those lateral loads supported by walls, buttressing designed to resist all
lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered as unbraced. With braced columns
the axial forces and moment s are caused by the dead and by the imposed load only, whereas with
an unbraced column the loading arrangement which includes the effect of the lateral loads must be
considered.
COLUMNS are loaded differently basically on how they bend towards the x axis or towards the
y axis with respect to their moment and are;
Plate 2.1: rectangular column with rebar

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 COMPANY PROFILE

In line with the objective of this program, I was privileged to undergo the industrial training with
Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) limited, Lagos (DCEN).
Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) ltd is a leading provider of construction services here
in Nigeria. With more than a decade of experience, the company was formed by the diversity of
the construction division of Dori construction & engineering (Israeli) ltd and has been in operation
for over eight years. The company is represented in Nigeria in Building construction apart from
Construction, DCEN also has a Building development and Project Management works. DCEN has
continued to pursue and erect building structures across Nigeria. The company have grown from
providing services in the state of Lagos, with additional permanent location in Abuja, and to a
national contractor over years of existence.
Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) ltd construction’s success over the past 20years is due
to its employees ‘dedication to excellent work, customer service that exceeds expectations, and a
safety program that has led to millions of zero-accident hours. Honesty and open communication
have empowered DCEN construction’s workforce since day one, and it shows in our work.
Although the equipment and the projects have grown in size, DCEN’s mission remains the same
3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL ADDRESS
Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) ltd is located in Lagos State Nigeria, where it started
off as a Civil Engineering and Construction Company way back in August the 14 th, 1996 when it
commenced in Nigeria. DCEN has it Head Office located at plot 901(9) Balarabe Musa Crescent,

Victoria Island, P.O. Box 54173 Falomo, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria, with second office located at No.
34 Nelson Mandela St. Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria.
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
To become a highly recognized company that architects, clients and competitors alike will see us
as one of the first choice contractors in the construction industry. To achieve this objectives we
believe in the following:
1. To improve construction quality and productivity to levels comparable with those in developed
countries.
2. To ensure building safety, well-managed and maintained buildings, and administer a
progressive regulatory framework.
3. To build an organization that fosters teamwork and innovation and develops our staff to their
maximum potential.
4. To building lasting and successful relationships with clients and architects.
5. Promotion of power saving and environmentally friendly construction best practices and
materials to be implemented among housing development industry.
3.3 THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENT IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
1. Administrative Department: This department is responsible for providing administrative aid
in five areas of a business: information management systems, human resources, payroll,
acquisition and communication. The goal of the administration department is to keep all
departments within a business operating at maximum capacity.

2. Construction & Project Management Department: CPM departments entails the
employment of total quality management concept through planning, coordination, and
supervision of every project work. CPM is aimed at meeting a client's requirement in order to
produce a functionally and financially viable project.
3. Developers and Building Department: This is a multifaceted business process, encompassing

activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of
raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the
people who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property.
Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, create,
imagine, control and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end.
3.4 PLACE OF PRIMARY ASSIGNMENT
In Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) ltd, I worked in the Construction & Project
Management department as a student trainee. I worked alongside other engineers and foremen on
site work.
Moreover, the department is responsible for supervising all onsite and offsite constructions to
monitor compliance with building and safety regulations, and also coordinate and direct
construction workers and subcontractors. The sector ensures quality construction standards and
the use of proper construction techniques for every given project work.

3.5 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
In order to accomplish the objectives stated above, DCEN has a chain of officers who foresee
different sectors of the organization.
GENERAL
MANAGER
PROJECT
MANAGER
HSE TEAM
(HSE MANAGER)
HSE OFFICER
SITE
MANAGER
PROJECT/SITE
ENGINEER
PROJECT/SITE EMPLOYEES
SUPERVISOR
Fig. 3.0: Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) limited organogram

3.6 MAJOR FUNCTION OF CONSTRUCTION & PROJECT MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT
It involves Specifying project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting,
scheduling, setting performance requirements, selecting project participants and maximizing the
resource efficiency through procurement of labor, materials and equipment.
The units/section I fully participated in during the time of my six-month internship under
Construction & Project Management Department are:
1) Structural Section: This section demands proper understanding and calculations involving the
stability, strength and rigidity of built structures and nonbuilding structures, to develop designs
and integrate their design with that of the designers, and to supervise construction of projects
on site.
2) Structural iron & Steel Worker Section: This section is responsible for laying out and
fabricating structural steel and metal sheet in order to build metal structures. Welds and cuts
steel, interprets blueprints, and works with concrete reinforcing steel bars.
3) Quality Control Section: This section is responsible for managing and performing the daily
quality control responsibilities of DCEN projects to ensure the project is constructed in
accordance with the established minimum standards, and ensuring incorporated materials on
construction projects are in compliance with the plans and specifications.
4) Masonry Section: This section entails the use of concrete by placing, finishing, protecting and
repairing concrete in engineering and construction projects. Concrete finishers are often
responsible for setting the concrete forms, ensuring they have the correct depth and pitch.
5) Quantity Surveying Section: This section provides expert advice on construction costs. They
help to ensure that proposed projects are affordable and offer good value for money, helping

the client and the design team assess and compare different options, and then track variations,
ensuring that costs remain under control as the project progresses.
6) Building Surveying Section: This section offers professional advice on all factors affecting
existing buildings such as building defects, alterations, renovations and extensions. They work
mostly on site to monitor the performance of structures and devise ways to improve them or
correct flaws in their design. Surveyors work alongside local planning bodies, clients,
construction workers, and other professionals to ensure projects meet the relevant safety,
sustainability and preservation standards.
7) HSE Section: The role of the health and safety team is to promote a positive health and
safety culture in the workplace. They are primarily responsible for ensuring that risks in
the workplace are controlled and that organizations are successfully meeting safety standards.
8) Carpentry Section: This section involves the principal work performed by carpenters in the
cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings and
concrete formwork, etc.
9) Plant/Equipment Section: This module deals with understanding the operations of
construction plant as well as their importance in the construction industry.
10) Workshop/Labour Section: This section involves cleaning and preparing a job site, loading
and delivering materials, and using a variety of tools and machines such as blowtorches,
forklifts, levels, lifts, power drills, grinders, saws, pressure washers, and water spraying
equipment. Laborers set up and take down ladders, scaffolding, and other temporary structures.
They help carpenters, masons, and other specialized contractors on site.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SERVICES PROVIDED
In the quest for excellence and the development of the engineering practice, the firm constantly
maintains close association with relevant societies of civil and structural engineering, engineering
departments in institution of higher learning, as well as keeping up with modern technologies and
codes of practice in the profession.
We offer the following services;
 Civil and structural engineering design services

 Construction
 Developers & Building project Managers
4.1 MARRIOTT SITE
I commenced I.T at Dori construction & engineering (Nigeria) ltd on the 8th of February 2016 and
concluded my I.T on the 8th of August 2016. At that point I remotely kenned what civil
engineering was and what it entails as a whole but at least I knew it involved structural analysis
and structural design but I did not know how this is done cause all I was edified in school was just
the theoretical prospect of civil engineering integrated with the fact that AutoCAD was just like a
closed book to me having the mindset that I might never utilize that software called AutoCAD
cause the few times I optically discerned people utilizing it was like as I verbalized earlier a
mystery but I thank God for I.T. but at the same I always ask myself how many people/engineers
have the little experience I have or know more about what they are taught in school as a COURSE.
My first day at work which was on a Monday, I resumed on Marriott Site, on the perpetual building
project of the company. On my advent to the site, I was given orientation about the company by

the site supervisor, after that, my First work to do was to explore the ongoing building project for
the whole day. After sightseeing, the site supervisor availed me to arrange my priorities in accord.
Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that
manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Marriott Hotel,
Ikeja is a 251 room/key development located in Ikeja GRA an estimated site area of over 7,000sqm
that can be accessed from Oba Aladejobi Ster and Joel Ogunaike Street. It is a 7-storey project and
I s being developed by Sifax Group. Marriott Ikeja was also designed by G1 Architecture, however
Dori Construction & Engineering are the main contractors. Sifax group hosted a ground-breaking
ceremony for the Marriott Hotel Ikeja in August 2014 and completion is expected in 2018, however
completion dates typically change.
4.2 CONSTRUCTION TERMS AND TECHNIQUES EXPERIENCED ON SITE
The Construction techniques and terms described in this report involves the various methods of
construction carried out in the course of building construction for both structural and non-
structural elements of the building. While onsite, certain terms were used during the construction.
These terms could be referred to as technical terms or site terms or language being used by the site
workers. As a Civil Engineer, adequate knowledge of these terms must be paid attention to in order
communicate effectively with the workers. Below are some site terms and definitions used on site;
1. Backfill - The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against a basement
/crawl space foundation wall.

Plate 4.0: shows a backfilling activity
2. Beam - A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying

building loads (weight) from one support to another. Sometimes called a "girder".
PLATE 4.1: showing beams
3. Cantilever- A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at

only one end to a (usually vertical) support from which it is protruding. Cantilevers can also be
constructed with trusses or slabs.

Plate 4.2: shows a cantilever structure
4. BLOCKWORK: This is the process of laying concrete masonry units to form either external
walls as in-fills or lock wall which are load-bearing or non- load bearing or internal walls as
partitions. These masonry units are commonly hollow sand-crete blocks which are much
economical per unit of wall area. The standard sand-crete block wall is explained below;
Sequence of laying of sand-crete block wall:
•A bed of mortar is spread on the footing/floor.
•The first course of blocks for a lead is laid on the mortar. The mortar for the head joint is applied
to the end of each block with the trowel before the block is laid.
•The lead is built higher. Mortar is normally applied only to the face shells of the block and not to
the webs.
•As each new course is started on the lead, its height is checked with either a folding rule or a story
pole marked with the height of each course.
•A line is stretched between the lead*s on line blocks.
•The course between the leads are laid rapidly by aligning each block with the stretched line.
•The last block to be installed in each course of infill blocks, the closer must be inserted between
blocks that have already been laid then the block is lowered carefully into position.

Plate 4.3: Block-work setting
5. FRENCH DRAIN
It is a trench filled with gravel or rock or containing a perforated pipe that redirects surface
water and groundwater away from an area. A French drain can have perforated hollow pipes
along the bottom to quickly vent water that seeps down through the upper gravel or rock.
Plate 4.4: french drain

6. TYROLEAN
Tyrolean is a cementitious cement based render incorporating silicone technology. Applied using
a hand operated or open-hopper spraying machine, the unique ‘honeycomb’ texture is built up
using several strokes from different angles until a finished thickness of 4mm – 6mm is achieved.
Plate 4.5: Tyrolean
7. COLUMN
A vertical structural compression member which supports loads. Seen in
Plate 4.6: columns on 2nd floor, mariott site

8. DUCTS: They are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and
remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air and exhaust air. A
duct system is also called a ductwork.
Plate 4.7: shows a ductwork layout
4.3 FEW LIST OF EQUIPMENTS/MACHINERIES USED ON MARIOTT SITE
1) Chalk line- A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment
purposes.
Plate 4.8: shows the use of a chalk-line

2) SCAFFOLD: A Scaffold is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the
construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of
metal pipes, although it can be made out of other materials. The purpose of a working scaffold
is to provide a safe place of work with safe access suitable for the work being done. All scaffolds
must be equipped with a toe board to eliminate the possibility that tools or debris will be kicked
or pushed onto people below. A scaffold must be designed to support four times the weight of
the workers and the materials resting on it.
Erecting of scaffolds
Back on site, scaffolds were erected round the structure as seen in the picture to enable works to
be carried out at various parts of the building and at various heights.
Plate 4.9: shows a scaffold framework

3) FORMWORK
Concrete must be given form by casting it in a mould. These moulds are known as ‘’formwork’ or
‘’shuttering’. A Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent mould into which
concrete or similar materials are poured.
Shutters are another type of formwork made of steel metal also known as shutters panels.
They are flat metal panels made of steel which are assembled together to make the complete
formwork and are specially used to cast concrete columns in high rise reinforced concrete frame
structures. They are usually tight enough to prevent the loss of fine materials. Erection of the
shutters are usually orderly, simple and all the units are of sizes that can be easily handled. It gives
the column a smooth face.
Plate 4.10: shows a formwork layout
4) Backhoe loader
Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small
demolitions, light transportation of building, powering building equipment, digging
holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt and paving roads.

Plate 4.11: shows a backhoe loader
5) Bulldozer
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate
(known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material
during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device
(known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials. Plate 4.12: shows a bulldozer

6) Tower Crane
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to
the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes
often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction
of tall buildings.
Plate 4.13: shows a tower crane
7) Telescopic handler
A telescopic-handler, telehandler or teleporter is a machine widely used in Construction Company.

It is similar in appearance and function to a forklift but is more a crane than forklift, with the
increased versatility of a single telescopic boom that can extrend forwards and upwards from the
vehicle.

Plate 4.14: shows a telescopic handler in operation
8) Batching Plant
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete batching plant, is
equipment that combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include water,
air, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.
9) Cement Silo
The cement silo is an integral piece of equipment for any concrete production operation.
The silo allows the product to be purchased and stored in bulk, keeping costs to a minimum.

Plate 4.15: shows a batching plant and a cement silo
10) Concrete Mixer
A concrete mixer (often mistakenly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete
mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.
Plate 4.16: shows a concrete mixer

4.4: EXPERIENCE GAINED
Working at the Construction & Project Management department as a student trainee in Dori
construction & engineering (Nigeria) ltd, has given me the opportunity of getting a firsthand
appreciation of Construction & Project Management technology, learning its fundamentals,
learning to work with various equipment used in Construction & Project Management, and also
acquiring skills in software design packages. I was able to apply some of the theoretical knowledge
gained during my study at the university to real work situations thereby bridging the gap between
school work and actual practice.
I also gained experience in other fields of science, engineering and project management. I learnt
invaluable lessons on the code of conduct of big firms and it prepared me for work scenarios I am
likely to meet after graduation.
Personally, one of the most important skills I gained during the course of my IT was commercial
communication skills within major companies. During the course of my work, I had to interact
with engineers and IT professionals from Architectural firms, manufacturing companies, oil and
gas industries, multinational companies and others. To carry out projects, I had to work together
with personnel from different departments. I also had to relate with senior engineers from my
company and our international service partners.
My General experiences concerning Structural Engineering are as follow:
1) I learnt how to read bar bending schedule and detailed drawing for reinforcement bars as it
relates to building construction.
2) I was able to grasp adequate knowledge and understanding regarding quality assurance and
quality control in construction.

3) I learnt how to improve construction quality and productivity by ensuring environmentally
friendly construction best practices and materials are implemented.
4) I learnt how WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) helps in organizing what needs to be done in
small packages of activities.
5) I learnt how difficult tasks are handled to ensure smooth progress of a project work in
conjunction to the time frame for a given project.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0: SIWES CHALLENGES
1. A week strike occurred during the internship program which principally was a general
strike for all construction workers in the country thereby, a week without work elongated
the project time for completion.
2. Due to long hours of transporting materials needed on site (shipping imported materials),
there were days whereby petite activities took place, thus limiting work progress on site.
3. Inadequate equipment to carry out some tests in the quality control section limited my
experience concerning test for rebar.
4. During my first few weeks, I had difficulties understanding a lot of the terms and
terminologies that was used at the office because a lot of them were very new to me. This
made it hard for me to follow the procedures.
5. I wasn’t able to visit other on-going projects by Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria)
limited hence, no experience was gained in regard to their operations.

5.1: CONCLUSION
This report has been able to x-ray an account of the entire work – experience garnered by me
during my SIWES program at Dori Construction & Engineering (Nigeria) ltd which is a core
scheme in ITF and which is saddled with the responsibility of strengthening the effective teaching
and learning of skill based course such as Civil Engineering. I therefore concludes that SIWES is
of great benefit to students in tertiary institutions. It therefore implies that the proper and effective
administration of SIWES will go a long way in boosting and enhancing the competencies of the
workforce of the country. I also concluded that SIWES is confronted with series of challenges and
this may have hindered the realization of the goals and objectives of the scheme and it therefore
needs to be given attention by all concerned stakeholders. Also, my general relationship with
people and also work ethics has increased greatly.

5.2: RECOMMENDATION
In view of the relevance of the SIWES program, it is important that it is sustained by
the government through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) as it exposes the student to work tools,
facilities, and equipment that may not be available in their respective institutions in relation to their
course of study.
To this end, I recommend that the following under-listed points should be implemented:
i. Students’ Industrial Works Experience Scheme (SIWES) needs to be strengthened by all
concerned stakeholder in order for its objectives to be fully realized.
ii. Regular monthly allowances for students on attachment should be paid promptly.
iii. Organizations should always accept students for SIWES and subsequently assign them to
relevant jobs.
iv. Experience staff should always be made to train the students on attachment
v. There should be more funding of the scheme by the government in order for it to be more
effective.
vi. The companies should put in place all the necessary facilities needed to enhance the knowledge
of the student in industrial attachment.
vii. It will be of great benefit if the institution can create a platform whereby student can obtain pre-
siwes knowledge or excursion programs, before student embark for general 6 months industrial
training programme.

REFERENCES
 Craig, R. L. (1987). Training and development handbook: A guide to human resource
development (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Structural Use of Concrete. Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction. BS 8110.
(1985). London: BSI.
 Loading for buildings. (1997). London: British Standards Institution.
 COREN (1991). Supervised Industrial Training Scheme in Engineering (SITSIE). Council of
Registered Engineers of Nigeria.
 Ekpenyong, L.E. (2011). Foundations of Technical and Vocational Education: Evolution and
Practice for Nigerian Students in TVE and Adult Education, Policy Makers & Practitioners.
 Ekwue, K.C. & Eluro, D.C. (2002). Business Education for industry. The SIWES Experience.
Business Education Journal, 11(5), 9-14.
 ITF (1973). Policy Document No 1. Industrial Training Fund, Jos, Nigeria.
 Oyenuga, V. O. (2011). Simplified Reinforced Concrete design, (2nd ed.), chapters 3 - 7.
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STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) Technical Report

Presentation · September 2016

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE

DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED

PLOT 901(9) BALARABE MUSA CRESCENT,VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINNEERING (B.ENG) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 1

compiled by TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR (Matric Number: 12BC001914) from the

department of CIVIL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,

LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE for the successful completion

of my six(6)months Industrial Training undertaken at DORI CONSTRUCTION &

ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS.

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: ENGR. OPE OLUWATUYI

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………..

SIWES COORDINATOR: ENGR. DR. GANA JAMES

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………..

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 2

5th September, 2016.

The Coordinator, SIWES unit,

TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 3

Training at DORI CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING (NIGERIA) LIMITED. I withal declare

TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR...................................................................

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 4

prosperous completion of my SIWES programme in one piece. Would additionally want to

Busayo), who provided for me and to my sublime cousins the Arowolo’s.

It is withal dedicated to the Construction Department of Dori Construction & Engineering

training in their reputable organization.

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 5

the cognizance of Civil Engineering you all have imparted in me.

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 6

Construction and Project Management, giving a full enlightenment on equipment’s used in

Construction, as well as various structural components of Building Construction steps and

out in the Construction Firm.

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 7

1.1 Background of Study ………………..…………………………...………......16

1.2 Brief history of SIWES……………...…………………………………….…17

1.2.1 Vision Statement………………………………………….…………..…20

1.2.2 Mission Statement……………………………………………………….20

SIWES REPORT BY TUNDE OYEDOTUN VICTOR 12BCOO1914 GEC 429 Page 8

1.4 Objectives of The Study………………………………………………….…..19

1.5 Importance of The study…………………………………………………......19

1.6 Justification of The Study…………………………………………................20

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1: Civil Engineering…………………………………………………….………21

2.2: Building…. ………………………………………………………….………21

2.3: Building Occupancy Classification …………………………………………22

2.3.1: Slab Design ……………………………………………………….………23

2.3.1.1: Solid Slab..……...……..…………….…..….….……….………..……24

2.3.1.1.1: Design of slab……...……..…………….…..…….……….…………25

2.3.1.2: Flat Slabs....…...……..…………….…..…..…………….……….……26

2.3.1.3: Ribbed Slab...……...……..…………….…………………...…………27

2.3.1.4: Waffle Slab…..……...………………….…………………...…………28

2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a One-way slab……………………….…………30

2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a Two-way slab……………………….…………31

2.3.1.5: Design Summary for a Restrained slab……………………….……….32