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INTRODUCTION TO SIWES
like Japan, Australia, USA, Europe, and in African countries too. It is popularly known as co-
It is a six (6) months students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) taken in the third year
of the degree program, where the students go to various establishments related to their course of
study.
The students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill Training program designed
to expose and prepare students for the Industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after
graduation. Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of diploma
and degree certificate in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the country
established under Decree 47 of 1972 by the Supreme Military Council, headed by General Yakubu
Gowon. The Decree was billed to take effect from 31st March, 1974 and had as its core objective,
the gradual reduction of the percentage of foreign participation in most of Nigeria’s economic
activities, accompanied by a systematic cooperation of locally oriented skilled manpower into the
vast economic sector. One of the key functions of the I.T.F is to work as cooperative body with
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industry and commerce where students in institutions of higher learning can undertake mid-career
work experience attachment in industries which are compatible with student’s area of study.
SIWES (Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme) was introduce by the federal government
in the year 1973 to develop the technological, physical and social skill of our nation, through this,
adequate and intelligent student are provide the department involved the actual challenge various
a) Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills
and experience in their approved course of study and also by interacting with people with
b) Prepare students for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after
graduation.
c) Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
d) Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real world situation
thereby reducing the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical work.
e) Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process and prepare
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1.1.3 THE ROLE OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND
The roles of the Industrial Training Fund are:
activity.
c) Organizing research and studies into training as a support to other activities of the Fund;
e) Seeking to harmonize I.T.F.’s non-formal training programmes with the curricula of formal
educational institutions;
f) Bearing a proportion of the direct cost of on-the-job and off-the-job training of Nigerian
c) Record all training activity done and other assignment in the log book.
d) Complete the SPEI FORM from I.T.F, and FORM 8 and get it endorsed by the employer
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1.1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE SIWES REPORT
The objectives of the SIWES report are:
a) To make through explanation of the work done during my six month industrial training.
c) To contribute to the body of knowledge and to enhance the understanding of the writer
that took place during the period of attachment, and it was checked and endorse by the industry
Petroleum Products Marketing Company (PPMC), a subsidiary of NNPC. The Company buys
crude oil from the Crude Oil Marketing Department (COMD), another subsidiary of NNPC, and
sells and markets the refined petroleum products to marketers and companies that retail these
The Petroleum Products Marketing Company (PPMC) is headquartered in Abuja, Nigeria and has
depots around the country. I carried out my SIWES training at the headquarters
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1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
MARKETING COMPANY
MANAGING
DIRECTOR, PPMC
EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE
DIRECTOR, DIRECTOR,
COMMERCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES
MANAGER,
MANAGER, SALES
PLANNING & DEVT.
MANAGER,
MANAGER,
LIQUIFIED
BILLINGS
PETROLEUM GAS
MANAGER,
FINANCE &
ACCOUNTS
MANAGER, ADMIN
& HUMAN
RESOURCES
MANAGER,
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
MANAGER,
TREASURY
MANAGER, SCMD
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CHAPTER TWO
INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE
At the Executive Director, Support Services’ Office, where I was posted to by the Human
Resources Department, I met with the IT supervisor for the office, alongside other IT students.
We were given orientation, howbeit brief, on the workings of the Executive Director’s Office.
Some days of the week were given to seminars and workshops, where we had hands-on and
Shown around, I got to see the models of equipment used – computers, photocopiers, network
The next day, at 8:00am, all Computer, Science students gathered at a conference hall, where we
learnt of Microsoft’s Virtual Academy, an online learning suite with materials with which to
update and aid one’s knowledge of basic programming, networking, Windows Server systems, etc.
a few commands used in it, such as: help, cls, netsh wlan, arp-a, ipconfig, network bssid, quit, etc.
The next day, I went with some colleagues to reinstall a networked printer gone wrong in a desktop
computer for an employee, with little success at first, until I reconfigured the system.
Most of the next day was dedicated to dispatching internal memoranda, documents and mail treated
and generated by the Executive Director. This dispatch was a turn system, so everyone had a duty
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per day. Hence, every week everyone had to dispatch documents to one office or the other, so I
On the first day of the next week, I dispatched documents and internal memo to respective offices
(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). The main differences were majorly the fact that moving
through options was no longer limited to the ‘Tab’ and ‘Arrow’ keys, but the mouse was added to
the interface.
UEFI is an organized collection of hardware drivers used to configure and customize computers,
servers etc.
The next day, I went along with colleagues to check on a non-functional telephone port (RJ11)
I learnt about Network boot, a form of booting that involves installing an OS on a different/multiple
systems on a network from one server instead of going to each system and installing via a
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Computer programs that assisted in network boot included Serva and AIO (All-In-One) boot;
amongst others.
Networking booting is based on the PXE technology known as Preboot eXecutable Environment.
Practical application of the theory knowledge gained was also carried out: Software used in
network booting was AIO boot (Serva wasn’t freeware, though is recommended for IT
administrators who intend to boot multiple systems at a time) which was free and also available
well as its importance: more efficient use of the underlying hardware, multiple installations of
All this made possible with the aid of the hypervisor – this controls the virtual machines; it
allocates resources to the installed virtual machines and is itself installed on the host machine.
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2.5 CLOUD COMPUTING
Learnt of cloud computing, which was the next week’s subject of focus.
Cloud computing refers to computing done in a physically different location from where a user
i. It is a self-service;
ii. It can be accessed by multiple platforms e.g. Mobile, desktop, server, etc.
Models of Cloud Deployment are more developed now and they include:
While there are different methods of deploying cloud services, they are also models of cloud
services itself:
a) On-demand self-service
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b) Broad network access
c) Resource pooling
d) Rapid elasticity
I then went the next day with some colleagues to rectify network issues with a staff’s computer.
connecting to a network: 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac; we also looked at the
differences: 802.11b, 802.11g and Bluetooth used the 2.4 GHz frequency in networking, which
had become crowded. Another network frequency was created: 5 GHz and 802.11n used both the
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies, while 802.11ac used the 5 GHz frequencies only, making it the
fastest bandwidth.
software. Microsoft’s Hyper V was another choice but we didn’t use that.
We followed a step-by-step procedure that enabled us to run the Windows 7 operating system on
I went with colleagues to repair a network RJ45 port gone bad in a staff’s office. Then we went to
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The next day, we created and ran the Linux Operating System – Ubuntu Flavour on the same
system running Windows 10 simultaneously. We checked out the basics the virtual operating
Next, we learnt more about the terminal in the Ubuntu operating system, including some
commands in it:
touch file.file (Creates a file, with name [file] and extension [.file]);
pwd (Short for present working directory, shows the current directory you’re in);
ifconfig (Counterpart of ipconfig in Windows’ Command Prompt, it produces network values such
iwconfig (Gives the same values as ifconfig but for wireless networks [ifconfig gives information
ps (Shows the list of process running on the system for the current user);
ps–aux (Shows the entire list process running on the system, including that of the current user);
ps –aux | grep (A regular expression processor: this produces a result containing the next set of
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N.B. The terminal in the Ubuntu Operating System is case sensitive.
I went with colleagues to correct an issue with a staff’s computer printing over the network. Then
we checked with another staff whose computer had trouble communicating with the domain in
enables it power on or off, enables the user to select an operating system, etc.
I learnt how to flash/update the computer’s BIOS, and physically identified it as a chip on the
motherboard. Once firmware is loaded unto the BIOS (in order to flash/update it), it is permanent.
I also learnt the easiest way to locate the BIOS: finding the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor) battery – this provides constant power to CMOS memory, which works in
conjunction with the BIOS itself. Changes made to the BIOS are stored in the CMOS memory.
The BIOS also displays various information on the components of the computer system: Random
Access Memory, Hard Disk Drive, and Optical Drive etc. Pressing the [F2] or [F10] key on the
The BIOS gives the user the ability to change/configure the components of the computer, along
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I also learnt of diagnostics the BIOS performs when powering up the system – the Power-On Self-
Test (POST) diagnostics which is a set of instructions the BIOS goes through to check different
There are beeps and error codes the BIOS gives off when there are problems with the POST
diagnostics. The beeps are given off with the aid of a device on the motherboard, and the error
A device called POST card, is used for determining errors with the POST diagnostics. It is only
There are security measures that can be put in place with the aid of the BIOS to deter theft or
interference with BIOS configurations – Supervisor/Admin passwords and User passwords; TPM
I went with colleagues to replace a faulty CPU belonging to the Billings department. Then we
reinstalled the OS of a faulty staff’s computer using iPXE i.e. Preboot eXecutable Environment
(network boot).
2.9 MOTHERBOARDS
I then got introduced formally to the motherboard, which is the base of the computer and provides
the connections for all other components; they include ports for the CPU, RAM slots, PCI slots,
I learnt of several types motherboards, referred to as Form Factors, and of their differences: ATX
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I also learnt of the objectives behind the location of component slots on the motherboard:
The RAM is located very close to the CPU because they interact a lot and information
should travel fast between them, hence the shorter the distance between the two, the faster
The PCI is located parallel and closer to the bottom of the board, and closer to the edge, so
Input Output ports: USB ports, Serial connectors, Parallel connectors, Ethernet adapter,
PS/2 connectors, Digital audio ports, VGA ports and DVI ports.
CPU Slots: where the CPU is placed to interface with the motherboard. The types include
The CPU has pins on it, and the motherboard has receiving holes.
The motherboard has pins on it, and the CPU has the receiving holes.
In some older models, the CPU slides down into the slot.
a) PCI slots (Peripheral Component Input/Interconnection): Generic PCI slots, PCI-X, PCI-E
b) AGP slots (Accelerated Graphic Ports): AGP 1.5V, AGP Pro – for improved graphics
c) CNR slots (Communications Network Riser): allows for better audio support
d) Memory slots: contains RAM cards placement i.e. it receives Random Access Memory
cards. It has restrictions on the size of RAM that can be placed on the slot.
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2.11 BUSES
The next week, I was introduced to buses, which are pathways through which information passes
from one component to the other on the motherboard. These pathways can only handle a certain
a) Address Bus: this transmits memory addresses between the CPU and the RAM;
b) Data Bus: transmits data between the CPU and the RAM;
c) Expansion Bus: this receives additional adapter cards along with the I/O ports
I went with colleagues to troubleshoot a staff’s computer having trouble logging in to the domain.
Cloning is the process of using parts and components produced by different manufacturers to build
We then went to troubleshoot a staff’s computer having problems printing to the network printer.
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2.13 CHIPSETS: NORTH BRIDGE, SOUTH BRIDGE AND CMOS
The next week we learnt of the main chipsets on the motherboard:
c. CMOS
The North and South Bridges are essentially key communication points for the CPU talking to
The North Bridge usually handles memory, graphics and communication to the South Bridge
The South Bridge, on the other hand, controls the input and output controller hub
An effective way to easily identify the chipsets on the motherboard is to note their locations in
The North Bridge is closer to the top of the motherboard and closer to the CPU, and also has a heat
zinc, the only other component on the motherboard that has a heat zinc, apart from the CPU itself.
The South Bridge is closer to the PCI slots, the better to easily and quickly obtain information
from them, communicate back to the North Bridge and to the CPU, and does not have a heat zinc
on.
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2.14 JUMPERS AND POWER CONNECTORS
The next week, we learnt of jumpers and their role on the motherboard.
Jumpers are small pins around the mother board are usually in sets and change different settings
about the computer. It’s a small plastic block with metal inserted inside of it, connecting the two
jumper pins together, completing a circuit, and making a change to the system’s configuration.
They can provide power to the power buttons, front panel displays etc.
The jumper near the CMOS allows you to reset your password if there is one set unto the BIOS.
To do that, the jumper block is removed, and the computer is restarted, or the jumper block &
While a pair of jumper pins activates/deactivates a component, having three or more of them give
different settings for that component when any two jumper pins are connected.
Power connectors give the motherboard and the components connected to it power, and they
The power box distributes power from the main power cable connected to the CPU to the
motherboard, as well as other components like the Hard Disk Drive, CD/DVD drive, etc.
PCI slots may need additional power for the additional cards being plugged into the motherboard.
a. Block connectors
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c. SATA-Power connectors.
Block connectors look like several holes with metals inside them put together to form a single
block. The largest on the specimen is a 20-pin main power connector, which is what is used to
4-Pin connectors only look like 4 holes with metals inside them put together – they are used to
power the components connected to the motherboard. They can also be generally used to power
fans, e.g. the fan that would sit on the CPU to reduce overheating
SATA-Power connectors are used as converters connecting a Molex power connector to a SATA
port. For instances where the component, e.g. the Hard Disk Drive uses SATA, and the power box
uses the traditional Molex connector, a converter is used to connect power to the Hard Disk Drive,
2.15 FANS
Fans were the focus during the next week. I learnt of their importance to the motherboard – keeping
Motherboards can grow hot. From the electricity running through it, to the CPU process data and
sending to different parts of the computer. Computers do not like heat or extreme temperature
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An extra fan sitting on the graphics card (some have a cooling plate)
The main fan draws cool air from the front, blows air across all connections on the motherboard,
and blows it out through the back of the computer. Hence nothing blocking the outward vents
should be there.
For computers that overheat, clean up the inside and make sure all fans running properly; ensure
the computer is kept in an airy place, not where it’s going to be clogged with unnecessary objects
surrounding it.
Another thing to check for in the case of overheating is the thermal paste on the CPU, which
provides convection. If it’s dried up, purchase a new one and reapply it on the CPU.
Their important function is to allow the CPU interact and store information temporarily for
It is volatile – when the computer is turned off, anything stored on it goes away.
The CPU stores bits of information in SRAM. This is because it is a lot faster than the basic RAM
and remains static, i.e. it does not have to be refreshed as long as there is a charge to it
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It is usually located on the L1, L2, and L3 caches; and it is expensive
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) on the other hand, is the general computer RAM that can be upgraded.
It has to be frequently recharged by the computer and hence has to be refreshed time and time
again.
Another RAM type is the SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory). It’s called
synchronous because it stays in sync with the system’s clock cycle; this helps the memory to be
The other RAM type is the RAMBUS. It’s a bit more expensive than SDRAM, and was designed
by RAMBUS Inc.
That same week I went with colleagues to repair an Ethernet connectivity issue in an office in the
At later times, I learnt, there were improvements on SDRAM. This brought in the Double Data
The above are all considered SDRAM because they are all synchronous with the computer’s clock
rate cycle.
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Out of the two, SODIMM is the smaller. This is because SODIMM is the memory type used for
There is also a comparison between the double data rate memories in terms of DIMM:
The notches however, placed in the different types of RAM prevents the others from being placed
in that type of slot for that one i.e. you couldn’t place a DDR2 RAM in a DDR3 RAM slot.
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CHAPTER THREE
RELATING ACADEMIC WORK TO INDUSTRIAL
EXPERIENCE
practical… I learnt more about networking during my industrial attachment, more than what I
learned at school. However, theoretical knowledge was my bedrock, for without it, I would have
I learnt how to boot computers connected to a network through PXE with the aid of computer
I also learnt of virtual machines and how to install them on a host server; I also learnt of the
Ubuntu flavour of the Linux operating system and experimented on it as a virtual machine.
I learnt mostly of Computer hardware components – the CPU, Random Access Memory, the
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CHAPTER FOUR
CHALLENGES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
Lack of transportation fees, transporting me from home to the place of industrial training
Payments by the organization were poor and couldn’t take care of essential needs. Most
goods sold within were costly and obtaining them externally was difficult.
There are no standard equipment for learning and practical, the equipment already in
The company lacked proper SIWES orientation and guidance systems on how to
ITF didn’t come to visit, hence I remained in an office that didn’t apply to my course of
bad/worn out CMOS battery, couldn’t join the domain and log in. Disconnecting the computer
from the network, and logging in proved to be the only alternative to successfully logging in to
the domain. This is because once previously connected, details of the domain was already saved
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on the system, hence, it logs in to an instance of the domain. Reconnection to the network
At another time, I successfully restored a faulty computer to working state by just reinstalling the
operating system. I then located and provided the work files for the department to which the
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
I gained a lot of industrial experience in relation to my course of study during the Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme. I also learnt communication skills in the course of my
industrial attachment: this helped me communicate well with others, being an introvert.
5.2 CONCLUSION
This initiative introduced by the government is one that will always support the society through
all shortcomings, and aid the country’s economy. It will also give youths a sense of belonging to
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
ITF should work closely with companies, and refer companies closer to them to work with,
hence reducing stress and tension when looking for a place for industrial attachment
Where necessary, free transport should be provided for SIWES students to ease the stress of
ITF officials should try and visit the students on Industrial Training and see the facilities they’re
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REFERENCES
Abraham, I. (2016, January 30). IT-SIWES SAMPLE Report for Computer Science. Retrieved
for_Computer_Science_Student
Ndifereke, E. E. (2016, September 20). SIWES I.T REPORT ON WEB DESIGN. Retrieved from
on-web-design
Talabi, A. S. (2012). Employee's Training and Development for Optimum Productivity: The
Role of Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 53.
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