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Nermin H. Fialkowski
National University
Educator (ALE) understands how to gather student data (evidence) and use it as the drive for
supporting and improving student learning and achievement (Assessment Literacy Defined).
This student data gives justification to implement necessary instructional and learning changes,
so that learning outcomes and goals can be reached (Witte, R.H., 2010). To best support student
learning, an ALE must understand the basics of creating effective assessments, since quality
assessment, they must begin by setting and communicating clear and understandable learning
targets for students (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. & Arter, J., 2012). First, the
future performance/achievement), then the ALE can select an appropriate method for assessing
the learning targets. Ultimately, the ALE will then take the results of the learning targets and
make appropriate instructional decisions for individual and groups of students (Assessment
Literacy Standards).
Lastly, an ALE provides regular descriptive feedback to students (Chappuis, J., Striggins,
R., Chappuis, S. & Arter, J., 2012). Feedback to students is intended for supporting their
learning. It is a guide to how they can improve their learning (Assessment Literacy Defined).
This feedback should have a focus on revision (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. & Arter,
J., 2012). The objective of feedback is to be purposeful, rather than providing students with a
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 3
numerical score value. Feedback should improve students’ attitudes, aspirations, mindsets, and
achievement (Assessment Literacy Standards). To take feedback one step further, an ALE
engages students in self-reflection while allowing them to share their learning. Student reflection
then ties high-quality assessments together with clear learning targets to form a union between
Theoretical Philosophy
Philosophies, it is a “statement (or set of statements) that identities and clarifies the beliefs,
values, and understandings of an individual or group with respect to education” (The Scots
College). An educator’s philosophy requires systematic and critical thinking about one’s
educational practice (MSAP 600- The Inspired Educator Developing and Educational
Philosophy).
The two main educational philosophies that drive me as an educator are Existentialism
and Progressivism. Existentialism “stresses the importance of the individual and emotional
choice, where one’s choices and actions define who they are (Educational Philosophy: The
development, placed on needs of students (MSAP 600- The Inspired Educator Developing and
Educational Philosophy).
thinking skills. But before students can reason and think critically about the content, there must
be a connection to the topic. And in order for students to connect with the content, I must first
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 4
make a personal connection with them. Through the lens of Progressivism students need be an
active part of their education. This means incorporating students’ needs, experiences, and
interests (Study.com). A key component to creating engaging lessons is making content relevant
to students. “’One of the best ways for students to deepen their learning about a particular
concept or process is for them to see how it relates to their lives’ (Erwin, 2004, 90). If you want
students to remember what you teach, make it relevant (Jensen, 1995, 110)” (Sullo, 2013, p.
131).
I believe that my role as an educator is to help students figure out who they are. Jean
Paul Sartre’s view of Existentialism is that people define themselves by their personal choices
(Authentic Educating, 2012). Through education students become well informed and thus they
can make their own decisions to guide them into becoming the best version of themselves. My
classroom is a safe place where students can actively test their ideas by experimentation, whether
it be about their persona or content. Through this experimentation students learn by doing
(Cohen & Gelbrich, 1999). I hope to motivate my students to live authentically and be true to
themselves. My goal is for students to take their developed reasoning and critical thinking skills
from my class and apply it their lives by making appropriate life choices.
Assessment is one of the most powerful tools an educator can use in the classroom.
When used appropriately and effectively, assessment is used to guide an educators’ instruction.
Through assessment, educators are able to answer the fundamental question of their teaching
practices, “Am I truly effective with my teaching and are my students learning what they need to
learn?” (Witte, R.H., 2010). The gathering student data (evidence) then gives the educator
learning changes to ones’ instruction so that learning outcomes and goals can be reached (Witte,
R.H., 2010).
Assessment not only guides an educators’ instruction, it also guides student learning.
And an assessment would hold no value if feedback is not provided to students. Through this
feedback, students will have tangible evidence whether or not they have met the learning targets
for the lesson. This feedback then supports students in their learning so that learning targets can
eventually be met. Through the use of feedback, students also learn how to self-assess
themselves. Self-assessment for students includes reflection and goal setting (Assessment
Literacy Standards) so that students can take charge of their own learning success (National Task
for educators to link assessment and student motivation together, as a way for students to strive
for academic success. Promoting academic success can be done through a sense of self-efficacy,
confidence, and accomplishment, where assessment can cause learning, not just measure it. “All
students must be given the opportunity to believe that academic success is within reach for them
My students are assessed weekly through the use of either quizzes or tests, varying from
partner, group, or individual. These weekly assessments guide my instruction throughout the
week. They help keep me focused on learning targets for each section. Based on the results of
week; where I plan my lessons based on students’ prior knowledge, ability, and interests
Assessment is the bridge between teaching and learning. Student reflection along with
high-quality assessments, and clear learning targets form a union between teaching and learning.
thinking skills. Through the use of mathematics, students learn that if they work hard and put in
their best effort they can succeed both in and out of the classroom. Having the ability to reason
abstractly and think critically will provide students with the independence needed for them to
come to their own conclusions about how to deal with difficult situations and the trajectory of
their own lives. During this process, I enjoy getting to know each of my students individually
and watching them reach their goals. I want my students to know that I am their biggest
my list is creating a mentally and physically safe place for all my learners. This allows me to
create a nurturing environment that is rigorous and cognitively challenging for all learners
relationships with them, where I can adjust my instruction to meet their needs and use their
background, experience, and prior knowledge as a way to create engaging lessons. The
In the end, my goals as an educator are those of an Inspired Teacher, where I foster my
• Accommodating • Monitoring
• Adaptive • Open-minded
• Analytical • Provides feedback
• Balanced • Reactive
• Classroom Culture • Reflective
• Consistent • Researcher
• Creative • Responsive
• Diverse • Shares data with colleagues
• Engaging • Supportive
• Flexible • Systematic
• Good listener • Uses data to drive instruction
• Growth mindset • Uses models
• Inclusive • Uses various question types
• Inspiring • Writes clear learning targets in
• Knowledgeable (standard and content) student-friendly language
Assessment of Learning
Definition
achievement for the purpose of making a judgement about student competence or program
effectiveness” (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. & Arter, J., 2012). Summative
assessments take place after learning has occurred, in order to evaluate the sufficiency of
learning by measuring students’ learning to a learning target that is attached to a standard. The
purpose of summative assessments is to verify learning which is often used for reporting or
accountability.
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 8
Summative assessments in my classroom happen at the end of each unit (chapter). Each
unit is comprised of various section components. Unit sections are formatively assessed as a
way to monitor students’ learning towards the learning targets. But at the end of the unit,
students have a summative assessment to evaluate their mastery of the learning targets. Units
vary in length, but on average take about three to four week to complete.
Most of the summative assessments in my classroom are free response questions; where
students have to show their work for each question in order to receive the maximum amount of
points. I also include multiple choice summative assessments in my classroom, and students
only receive credit per question if they arrive to the correct answer.
Additional summative assessments used in my classroom are Performance Tasks and End
of Course Exams. Both of these summative assessments and created by my school district, and
implemented by all like subject teachers. Performance Tasks are free response questions, while
Summative assessment results determine how much a student has learned about the
content material. Summative results judge whether or not students have met the learning targets,
that’s it. It is either a yes or a no; it provides no feedback on students’ abilities or progress.
Receiving a score of 70% and up satisfies the condition of students having met the learning
Summative assessments are evaluative of student learning and are assigned a grade (point
value) based on their mastery of the learning targets. My summative assessments in the
classroom are spiraled. Spiraled assessments include previous content material. For example, on
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 9
the summative assessment for Chapter 2, there is content from Chapter 1. Spiraled assessments
help reinforce content material and provide students with another opportunity to demonstrate
their mastery of the learning targets. If students are able to master and perform better on the
learning targets the second time around, then their previous summative assessment score is
system. For example, a student might receive a score of +3/4, instead of a -1. I then add up all
points and convert to a score out of 100 points. Aside from using positive points, I do not
provide my students with much feedback on individual questions. I usually will mark if they
missed a negative sign, include arrows of where items needed to be plugged in, and any general
shapes of graphs. Most of my feedback is corrective, but it really does not support student
learning or help with their understanding. With multiple choice questions, students are provided
with even less feedback. The only information they receive is which questions they got
correct/incorrect. At the end of each summative assessment, I revisit the most missed questions
four days, but have a difficult time returning assessments back to students in a timely manner.
This class has shown me the value and importance of sharing assessment results with students.
Moving forward, communicating assessment results with students will take precedence over
Definition
assessment is defined as the “formal and informal process teachers and students use to gather
evidence for the purpose of improving student learning” (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis,
S. & Arter, J., 2012). Formative assessment is a process and is a continuous learning sequence
that occurs during instruction. Some formative assessment practices during this sequence
include: diagnosing student needs, planning next steps in instruction, giving students targeted
practice, and offering feedback (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. & Arter, J., 2012). The
purpose of these practices to is to close the gap between a learners’ current situation and where
they want to be in their learning and achievement. In order to close the learner gap, teachers ask
themselves a cycle of three questions: 1- Where is the learner now? 2- Where is the learner
going? 3- How can I get them there? (Cambridge Assessment International Education). To
address these three questions during the formative process, there are seven strategies teachers
implement for formative assessments: 1- Provide students with clear and understandable learning
targets; 2- Use examples of strong and weak work (provide models); 3- Offer regular descriptive
feedback; 4- Teach students to self-assess and set goals; 5- Design lessons to focus on one
learning target at a time; 6- Teach students focused revision; 7- Engage students in self-reflection
and let them keep track of and share their learning (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. &
Arter, J., 2012). Ultimately, assessment for learning supports student learning, which informs
students and teachers about their progress towards the mastery of the learning targets.
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 11
Formative assessments in my classroom are frequent and include both formal and
informal methods. Some formative assessments also require the use of technology. Some
informal formative assessments include students using graphing calculators to demonstrate their
provides students with immediate visual feedback on their assumptions. Another informal
formative assessment is having students describe a process for solving certain problems. Once a
week, every Friday, students have a formal formative assessment. On Friday’s students have a
quiz on the content from that week. The purpose of the quiz is check and monitor students’
progress towards the learning targets. The quiz results let me know what areas students need
additional support in, in order to reach the learning targets. I assess (formatively) weekly, as a
way to continuously support student learning and inform my instruction aligned with the learning
targets. These formal formative assessments are in preparation for students demonstrating their
results, I am able to modify, supplement, and adjust my instruction as needed to best support my
students in meeting the learning targets. Assessment results provide me with a snapshot of
students’ learning and understanding at that moment. These results go beyond “Have students
met the learning target?” The focus is on “Where is the students’ progress towards the learning
targets?” Because even if a student has yet to meet the learning target, I am still provided with
information about their knowledge. These assessments results provide me with valuable
information, such as: common misconceptions, most missed ideas, and clarify what students are
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 12
able to do well. Formative assessment results answer the questions of “Where is the learner
now?” And modifying my instruction answers “How can I get them there?”
My formal formative assessments (quizzes) are always free response. I continue to use
these assessments are shorter in length than summative assessments, I have more time to provide
assessments (marking negative signs, arrows for items that need to be plugged in, and graphs), I
include the next steps in the process, and clarifying questions. I believe what I currently do now
as formative feedback supports student learning but does not really help with their understanding
of the content. Lastly, I go over with the entire class the biggest misconception and most
Definition
assessment is defined as the “formal and informal process teachers and students use to gather
evidence for the purpose of improving student learning” (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis,
S. & Arter, J., 2012). Formative assessment is a process and is a continuous learning sequence
that occurs during instruction. Some formative assessment practices during this sequence
include: diagnosing student needs, planning next steps in instruction, giving students targeted
practice, and offering feedback (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. & Arter, J., 2012). The
purpose of these practices to is to close the gap between a learners’ current situation and where
they want to be in their learning and achievement. In order to close the learner gap, teachers ask
themselves a cycle of three questions: 1- Where is the learner now? 2- Where is the learning
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 13
going? 3- How can I get them there? (Cambridge Assessment International Education). To
address these three questions during the formative process, there are seven strategies teachers
implement for formative assessments: 1- Provide students with clear and understandable learning
targets; 2- Use examples of strong and weak work (provide models); 3- Offer regular descriptive
feedback; 4- Teach students to self-assess and set goals; 5- Design lessons to focus on one
learning target at a time; 6- Teach students focused revision; 7- Engage students in self-reflection
and let them keep track of and share their learning (Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. &
Arter, J., 2012). Ultimately, assessment for learning supports student learning, which informs
students and teachers about their progress towards the mastery of the learning targets.
Within my Professional Learning Community (PLC), of teachers who teach the same
subject at my school, we implement Common Formative Assessments (CFAs). Our CFAs are
created together, to assess student learning and understanding of the content material.
Unfortunately, even though we create common “formative” assessments, they are actually
summative assessments. Our CFAs are summative because they are given after learning has
learning target. The purpose of the CFAs is to make a judgement about students’ competence,
and then adjust teaching and instruction so that students still have the opportunity to meet the
learning targets. Instead, we should be monitoring our instruction while students are still
Taking this class has helped me truly understand what it means to be a formative and
summative assessment. My goal is to take this information back to my PLC and restructure our
After implementing a CFA, each teacher in the PLC gathers their own data, and shares
with the entire group. Together we look at student data to analyze the most missed questions and
common misconceptions. Student data is meant to drive teacher instruction. Based on the CFA
results, teacher instruction is modified and adjusted to help support students in meeting the
learning targets (which they were unable to meet on the CFA). Students will then have another
opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge of the learning targets, during the next CFA which is
spiraled.
In order to effectively gather, compare, and analyze student data, CFAs are multiple
choice questions. With multiple choice questions, students are provided with little feedback.
The only information students receive is which questions they got correct/incorrect.
Gap Analysis
both formative and summative. “A balanced assessment system serves a variety of purposes,
uses a variety of measures and meets the information and decision making needs of all
assessment users and the classroom building and district levels” (Chappuis, Commondore, &
Striggins, 2017). In creating a high-quality balanced classroom assessment there are five keys:
differentiates between assessment and evaluation. Assessment is both diagnostic and formative.
Evaluation is a summation and is used upon completion of instruction; it is the final analysis of
instruction and assessment. Cobb gives three recommendations to change the approach of
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 15
assessment: 1- Make assessments useful for students and teachers; 2- Follow corrective
instruction; 3- More than one opportunity to demonstrate success. In reference to a balanced and
effective assessment, Cobb suggests: creating time frames to assess, establishing vertical teams,
talking about assessments with colleagues, gathering baseline data, working with data, and
planning the next steps. Additionally, Cobb describes the reciprocal relationship between
One of the biggest improvements that needs to happen with creating and implementing
balanced assessments in the classroom, needs to happen in the classroom. The change needs to
start with the teacher. Much of classroom assessment is not understood because there is a lack of
assessment literacy (Gewertz, (2015). Teachers are not provided with the “preparation in how to
create quality classroom assessments or how to communicate with others about the achievement
of their students using either test scores or report card grades” (Striggins, 2014, p.2). As stated
by Striggins (2014), societies chronic assessment problems are due a widespread lack of training
and understanding of sound assessment practices. This lack of knowledge and training effects
all: teachers, principals, district leaders, and state education leaders. Having the proper training
and knowledge of assessment is what will help minimize the achievement gap.
One other thing educators must understand is the students’ view point of assessment,
especially their emotional standpoint. “Our testing practices are in crisis. They are currently
doing as much harm as good for student learning” (Striggins, 2014, p.2). Students are over
tested, both with high-stakes and classroom assessments. “Traditional testing practices in the
United States are based on instructional and motivational principles that cause many students to
give up hopelessness and accept failure rather than driving them toward academic success”
(Striggins, 2014, p.3). In creating a balanced assessment, it is important for students to believe
INITIAL BALANCED ASSESSMENT PLAN 16
that success is within reach if they try (Gewertz, 2015). For students to believe that success is
within reach, a Growth Mindset is needed. Through the lens of a Growth Mindset students learn
that their mathematical skills and abilities can be built. Their focus then becomes on the
progress made by getting better, versus performance outcomes (Ragan, 2016). Assessment
systems then should reflect the purist of true understanding and learning, rather than that of good
Resources
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Fabry, D., Gilbert, S., Karell, D., Reynolds, T., & Tolbert, D. (2016). The Inspired
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Educator
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http://www.authenticeducating.com/education-philosophy-inventory/process.php
Chappuis, S., Commondore, C., & Striggins, R. (2017). Balanced Assessment Systems:
Leadership, Quality, and the Role of Classroom Assessment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin
Chappuis, J., Striggins, R., Chappuis, S. & Arter, J. (2012). Classroom Assessment for Student
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Sullo, Bob. (2013). The Inspiring Teacher, Making A Positive Difference In Students’ Lives.
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