EE-434 Power Electronics

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Topi 23460, Pakistan
hadeed@giki.edu.pk

March 8, 2019

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 1 / 21
 Overview

1 Freewheeling diode

2 Commutation

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 2 / 21
 Freewheeling diode

For the inductive load, the presence of negative voltage cause the average
output to decrease.
Moreover, the inductive voltage create stress on the power electronic
switches.

When D1 conducts, D2 is reverse biased. When D1 is reverse biased, the

D2 conducts.
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 3 / 21
 Freewheeling diode

For 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π D1 is on and D2 For π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π D1 is off and

is off. The circuit is of the form D1 is on. The circuit is of the
as shown. form as shown.
The voltage across the load is The voltage across the RL load is
same as the source. zero
The Fourier series for half-wave rectified sine wave for output voltage is
∞
X
Vm Vm 2Vm
v(t) = + sin(ωo t) − cos(nωo t) (1)
} n=2,4,6... (n − 1)π
2
π
|{z} | 2 {z
DC part Fundamental | {z }
Even. harmonics
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 4 / 21
 Freewheeling diode

Figure: Simulated waveforms R=2,

L=25m, Vp=100 f=60
Figure: Key waveforms .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 5 / 21
 Example 3-7 | Freewheeling diode
For a half wave free wheeled Load power is I2rms R. The rms
rectifier, determine the average current is determined from the
load voltage and current, the Fourier components of current.
power absorbed by the resistor. AC current components are
Note that R=2Ω and L=25 mH, determined from phasor analysis
Vm =100 V, and the frequency is
60 Hz. Vn
In = (4)
Solution Zn
The average voltage is the dc
term of (1) where, Zn =
|R + jnωo L|=|2 + jn377(0.025)|.
Vm AC voltage resulting from (1) are
Vo = = 31.8V (2)
π V1 = V2m = 50V
V2 = (22V
2 −1)π = 21.2V
m
The average load current is
2Vm
V4 = (42 −1)π
= 4.24V
Vo 2Vm
Io = = 15.9A (3) V6 = (62 −1)π
= 1.82V
R .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 6 / 21
 Freewheeling diode

V0
So, the respective current value from fourier terms are I0 = Z0 = 15.9A
V1
I1 = = 5.19A
Z1
V2
I2 = = 1.12A
Z2
V4
I4 = = 0.11A
Z4
V6
I6 = = 0.03A
Z6
The rms current is obtained as
v s
u∞      
uX 5.19 2 1.12 2 0.11 2
Irms = t Ik,rms ≈ 15.9 + √
2 + √ + √ = 16.34A
k=0
2 2 2
(5)
Power absorbed by the load is I2rms R = 534W

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 7 / 21
 Example 3-7 |Simulation

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 8 / 21
 Reducing load current harmonics
The output current is given as

Ioutput = Idc + Iac (6)

The dc component is desired whereas, ac component constitutes the
ripples.The average load current (dc) in the RL load depends only on
RESISTANCE, owing to the Ohm’s law.This means that the inductance
has no impact on the average (dc) current.However, because of inductive
reactance (XL = 2πfL), the inductance do have an impact on the ac
components. If the inductance is made large enough, the impedance to
the ac components will become high, consequently, the output become a
pure dc.
Vo Vm L
io (t) ≈ Io = = =⇒ ∞ (7)
R πR R
A large inductor means (τ >> T) means a constant load current.

∆Io ≈ 2I1 (8)

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 9 / 21
 Example 3-8 | Freewheeling diode with τ = ∞
For a half wave free wheeled
rectifier, determine the average
current in each diode, the power The power in resistor is I2rms R=1459W.
absorbed by the resistor and The source rms current is
power factor. Note that R=8Ω s Z
π
and L=25H(assumed very large), 1
Is,rms = (13.5)2 d(ωt) = 9.55A
Vrms =240 V, and the frequency 2π 0
is 60 Hz. Later, find L such that (10)
the ∆Ip−p is 10 percent of the Power factor is
average current. P
Solution pf = = 0.637 (11)
Vs,rms Is,rms
(a)The average current is given
in (7) Each diode conducts for one half cycle.
So average current for each diode is
Vm
iωt = Io = = 13.5A (9) Io /2=6.75A
πR
This is also the rms current. .
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 10 / 21
 Freewheeling diode

V0
So, the respective current value from fourier terms are I0 = Z0 = 15.9A
V1
I1 = = 5.19A
Z1
V2
I2 = = 1.12A
Z2
V4
I4 = = 0.11A
Z4
V6
I6 = = 0.03A
Z6
The rms current is obtained as
v s
u∞      
uX 5.19 2 1.12 2 0.11 2
Irms = t Ik,rms ≈ 15.9 + √
2 + √ + √ = 16.34A
k=0
2 2 2
(12)
Power absorbed by the load is I2rms R = 534W

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 11 / 21
 Example 3-8 | Freewheeling diode with τ = ∞
The value of inductance required to ensure the ripple current of 10 percent
can be calculated using fourier series.
The voltage
√ input to load of n=1 has amplitude of
Vm /2 = 2(240)/2 = 170V.
Also, the peak to peak current must be limited to

∆Io = (0.10)(Io ) = (0.10)(13.5) = 1.35A (13)

This corresponds to peak ripple of 13.35/2=0.675A

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 12 / 21
 Example 3-8 | Freewheeling diode with τ = ∞

The load impedance at fundamental frequency is

V1 170
Z1 = = = 251Ω (14)
I1 0.675
The load impedance is

Z1 = 251 = |R + jωL| = |8 + j377L| (15)

As resistance is very less, therefore,

Z1 251
L≈ = = 0.67H (16)
ω 377
To compensate the impact of harmonics, L is chosen slightly higher than
this value e.g., 0.68H
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 13 / 21
 Example 3-8 |Simulation

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 14 / 21
 Effect of source inductance

A more practical realization of source is to add inductive reactance in

series.

For the above circuit it is assumed that the load inductance is large
enough such that the load current is constant.
It is also assumed that at t=0, the positive half cycle shall appear as input.

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 15 / 21
 Effect of source inductance

At t = 0− , the load current is IL , D1 is off and D2 is on.

At t=0, the source voltage becomes positive and D1 turns on.
The source current does not instantly equal the load current because of
Ls . Consequently, the diode D2 must remain on while the current in Ls
and D1 increases to the load.
During the interval when both the diodes are on is called the
commutation time or commutation interval.
Definition
Commutation is a process of transferring the load current from once
switch to another.
Here the line voltage makes the commutation happens and therefore it is
called natural commutation

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 16 / 21
 Effect of source inductance
When D1 and D2 are on, the voltage across Ls is
vLs = Vm sin(ωt) (17)
The current in the source inductance and hence in the source is
Z ωt Z ωt
1 1
is = vLs d(ωt) + is (0) = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) + 0 (18)
ωLs 0 ωLs 0
Vm
is = (1 − cosωt) (19)
ωLs

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 17 / 21
 Effect of source inductance

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 18 / 21
 Effect of source inductance

Current in D2 is calculated by using the KCL

Vm
iD,2 = IL − is = IL − (1 − cosωt) (20)
ωLs
The current in D2 has an initial value IL and it decreases to zero. The final
form of the circuit is shown below.

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 19 / 21
 Effect of source inductance
Let u be the angle at which the current reaches to zero at ωt, so
Vm
iD,2 (u) = IL − is = IL − (1 − cosu) = 0 (21)
ωLs
Solving for u,
   
−1 IL ωLs −1 IL Xs
u = cos 1− = cos 1− (22)
Vm Vm
where, Xs = ωLs is the reactance of the source.
On similar ground the commutation from D1 to D2 is analyzed similarly.
The commutation angle affects the voltage across the load. Since the
voltage across the load is zero when D2 is conducting, the load voltage
remains zero during commutation angle. The average output voltage with
source inductance included is reduced as shown below
 
Vm Vm IL X s
Vo = (1 + cosu) = 1− (23)
2π π 2Vm
| {z }
effect
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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 20 / 21
 Simulation | Effect of source inductance

Figure: Ls=5m, L=50,R=1, Vs=312 at 50Hz

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Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 06 Resources March 8, 2019 21 / 21