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But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory
area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching
between the threads takes less time than process.
3) Threads are independent so it doesn't affect other threads if exception occur in a single
thread.
Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to
utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved by two ways:
o Process-based Multitasking(Multiprocessing)
o Thread-based Multitasking(Multithreading)
o Each process have its own address in memory i.e. each process allocates separate
memory area.
o Process is heavyweight.
o Switching from one process to another require some time for saving and loading
registers, memory maps, updating lists etc.
2) Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
o Thread is lightweight.
Threads are independent, if there occurs exception in one thread, it doesn't affect other
threads. It shares a common memory area.
As shown in the above figure, thread is executed inside the process. There is context-
switching between the threads. There can be multiple processes inside the OS and one process
can have multiple threads.
But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states.
The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as
follows:
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated
1) New
The thread is in new state if you create an instance of Thread class but before the
invocation of start() method.
2) Runnable
The thread is in runnable state after invocation of start() method, but the thread scheduler
has not selected it to be the running thread.
3) Running
The thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has selected it.
4) Non-Runnable (Blocked)
This is the state when the thread is still alive, but is currently not eligible to run.
5) Terminated
A thread is in terminated or dead state when its run() method exits.
Thread class:
Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a
thread.Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.
o Thread()
o Thread(String name)
o Thread(Runnable r)
5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified
miliseconds.
14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily
pause and allow other threads to execute.
19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user
thread.
21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted.
22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been
interrupted.
Runnable interface:
The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended
to be executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run().
Starting a thread:
start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs
following tasks:
o When the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.
If you are not extending the Thread class,your class object would not be treated as a
thread object.So you need to explicitely create Thread class object.We are passing the
object of your class that implements Runnable so that your class run() method may
execute.
There is no guarantee that which runnable thread will be chosen to run by the thread
scheduler.
The thread scheduler mainly uses preemptive or time slicing scheduling to schedule the
threads.
Output:
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
As you know well that at a time only one thread is executed. If you sleep a thread for the
specified time,the thread shedular picks up another thread and so on.
o Invoking the run() method from main thread, the run() method goes onto the
current call stack rather than at the beginning of a new call stack.
Output:1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
As you can see in the above program that there is no context-switching because here t1
and t2 will be treated as normal object not thread object.
The join() method
The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running
threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task.
Syntax:
Output:1
2
3
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
As you can see in the above example,when t1 completes its task then t2 and t3 starts
executing.
Example of join(long miliseconds) method
1. class TestJoinMethod2 extends Thread{
2. public void run(){
3. for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
4. try{
5. Thread.sleep(500);
6. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
7. System.out.println(i);
8. }
9. }
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. TestJoinMethod2 t1=new TestJoinMethod2();
12. TestJoinMethod2 t2=new TestJoinMethod2();
13. TestJoinMethod2 t3=new TestJoinMethod2();
14. t1.start();
15. try{
16. t1.join(1500);
17. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
18.
19. t2.start();
20. t3.start();
21. }
22. }
Output:1
2
3
1
4
1
2
5
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
In the above example,when t1 is completes its task for 1500 miliseconds(3 times) then
t2 and t3 starts executing.
Output:Name of t1:Thread-0
Name of t2:Thread-1
id of t1:8
running...
After changling name of t1:Sonoo Jaiswal
running...
The currentThread() method returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.
Syntax:
Output:Thread-0
Thread-1
Naming Thread
The Thread class provides methods to change and get the name of a thread. By default, each
thread has a name i.e. thread-0, thread-1 and so on. By we can change the name of the
thread by using setName() method. The syntax of setName() and getName() methods are
given below:
1. public String getName(): is used to return the name of a thread.
Current Thread
The currentThread() method returns a reference of currently executing thread.
There are many java daemon threads running automatically e.g. gc, finalizer etc.
You can see all the detail by typing the jconsole in the command prompt. The jconsole tool provides infor
the loaded classes, memory usage, running threads etc.
The java.lang.Thread class provides two methods for java daemon thread.
Output
Note: If you want to make a user thread as Daemon, it must not be started otherwise i
IllegalThreadStateException.
File: MyThread.java
In case of thread pool, a group of fixed size threads are created. A thread from the thread
pool is pulled out and assigned a job by the service provider. After completion of the job,
thread is contained in the thread pool again.
File: WorkerThread.java
1. import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
2. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
3. class WorkerThread implements Runnable {
4. private String message;
5. public WorkerThread(String s){
6. this.message=s;
7. }
8. public void run() {
9. System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" (Start) message = "+messag
e);
10. processmessage();//call processmessage method that sleeps the thread for 2 seconds
11. System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+" (End)");//prints thread name
12. }
13. private void processmessage() {
14. try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
15. }
16. }
File: JavaThreadPoolExample.java
Output:
ThreadGroup in Java
Java provides a convenient way to group multiple threads in a single object. In such way, we
can suspend, resume or interrupt group of threads by a single method call.
3) void destroy() destroys this thread group and all its sub groups.
4) String getName() returns the name of this group.
Now all 3 threads belong to one group. Here, tg1 is the thread group name, MyRunnable is
the class that implements Runnable interface and "one", "two" and "three" are the thread
names.
1. Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup().interrupt();
ThreadGroup Example
File: ThreadGroupDemo.java
Output:
one
two
three
Thread Group Name: Parent ThreadGroup
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=Parent ThreadGroup,maxpri=10]
Thread[one,5,Parent ThreadGroup]
Thread[two,5,Parent ThreadGroup]
Thread[three,5,Parent ThreadGroup]
o user logoff
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Factory method
The method that returns the instance of a class is known as factory method.
Note: The shutdown sequence can be stopped by invoking the halt(int) method of Runtime
class.
Same example of Shutdown Hook by annonymous class:
Output:task one
task one
If you have to perform multiple tasks by multiple threads,have multiple run() methods.For
example:
Program of performing two tasks by two threads
1. class Simple1 extends Thread{
2. public void run(){
3. System.out.println("task one");
4. }
5. }
6.
7. class Simple2 extends Thread{
8. public void run(){
9. System.out.println("task two");
10. }
11. }
12.
13. class TestMultitasking3{
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Simple1 t1=new Simple1();
16. Simple2 t2=new Simple2();
17.
18. t1.start();
19. t2.start();
20. }
21. }
Output:task one
task two
To do so, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it is
performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.
1) By nulling a reference:
3) By annonymous object:
1. new Employee();
finalize() method
The finalize() method is invoked each time before the object is garbage collected. This method
can be used to perform cleanup processing. This method is defined in Object class as:
Note: The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are created by new
keyword. So if you have created any object without new, you can use finalize method to perform
cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects).
gc() method
The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. The
gc() is found in System and Runtime classes.
Note: Garbage collection is performed by a daemon thread called Garbage Collector(GC). This
thread calls the finalize() method before object is garbage collected.
Here you can use -s switch to shutdown system, -r switch to restart system and -t switch to
specify time delay.