Week 8

EE-434 Power Electronics
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Topi 23460, Pakistan
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
March 8, 2019
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 08 Resources March 8, 2019 1 / 31
Overview
1 Full wave rectifier

UCFW| RL- Source Load
CFW| RL Load
2 Controlled FWR as inverter
3 Three phase rectifiers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RL-Source Load
Circuit below shows a full wave bridge rectifier with a more appropriate
form of inductive load i.e., R+L+E. Such load resembles the dc motor
drive circuit or battery charger applications.
Two modes of operation are possible i.e., CCM and DCM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UCFW- RL+ Source Load- CCM
Under the CCM mode, one pair of diodes is always conducting while the
voltage across the load is a full-wave rectified sine wave.
The dc(average) component of current in this topology is
2Vm
Vo − Vdc π − Vdc
Io = = (1)
R R
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UCFW- RL+ Source Load- CCM
The sinusoidal terms in Fourier analysis are unchanged by the dc source

provided that the current is continuous and is given as
∞
X
vo (t) = Vo + Vn cos(nω0 t + π) (2)
n=2,4..

2Vm 2Vm 1 1
where, VCo = π and Vn = π n−1 − n+1
The current in the load is then computed using the superposition by
considering each frequency separately and combining the results. Note
that as the harmonics increases the voltage amplitude decreases.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4-3
For the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit the ac source is 120 Vrms at 60 Hz.
Load is a series RLE circuit with R=2Ω, L=10 mH, and Vdc =80 V.
Determine the power absorbed by the dc voltage source and the power
absorb by the load resistor.
For CCM, the voltage across the load is a full-wave rectified sine wave
with the Fourier series expressed in (2).
Eq. (1) is used to calculate the average current.
√
2Vm 2 2(120)
π − Vdc π − 80
Io = = = 14.0A (3)
R 2
Pdc = I0 Vdc = (14)(80) = 1120W (4)
Since, the signal is an even signal therefore, the Fourier term has only even
harmonics. Some of the terms are shown below.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4-3
The rms current is computed as

s
9.23 2 9.23 2
Irms = 142 + √ + √ + ..... ≈ 15.46A (5)
2 2
Power absorbed by the resistor is
PR = I2rms R = (15.46)2 (2) = 478W (6)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
Circuit below shows a full wave full controlled bridge rectifier with an RL
load. The current may be continuous or discontinuous.
Two modes of operation are possible i.e., CCM and DCM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
Thus, all the input voltage appears
across load. The output current is
Vm
io (ωt) = [sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)
Z
e−(ωt−α)/ωτ ]forα ≤ ωt ≤ β
(7)
where
q
Figure shows the waveforms for Z= R2 + (ωL)2 (8)
discontinuous conduction mode.
Assume at ωt = 0 with initial current
−1 ωL
is equal to zero. S1 and S2 will be θ = tan (9)
R
forward biased and S3 and S4 will be
reverse bias for positive half cycle. L
τ= (10)
At ωt = α S1 and S2 are turned on. . . . . . . .
R . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
If β<π + α the current remains at

zero until ωt = π + α when the gate
signals are applied to S3 and S4
which are then forward biased. This
mode of operation is called
discontinuous current.
β < α + π =⇒ DCM (11)

Figure shows the waveforms for
continuous conduction mode.
(7) becomes zero at ωt = β.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4-7
A controlled full-wave bridge rectifier io (ωt) = 13.6sin(ωt − 0.646)

has a source of 120 Vrms at 60 Hz,
−21.2e−ωt/0.754 A (12)
R=10Ω, L=20 mH, and α = 60◦ .
Determine (a) an expression for load forα ≤ ωt ≤ β
current, (b) the average load current,
and (c) the power absorbed by the Solving io (β)=0 numerically for β.
load. This gives β = 3.78rad(216◦ ).
Solution: Since π + α=4.19>β, the current is
Vm = 120
√ = 169.7V and
discontinuous and above expression
p 2 for current is valid. Average load
Z= R2 + (ωL)2 =
p current is
102 + (377 × 2
0.02) = 12.5Ω. Z
θ = tan −1 ωL 1 β
R =0.646rad Io = io (ωt)d(ωt) = 7.05A
ωL
ωτ = R =0.754 rad π α
α = 60◦ = 1.047rad. Substituting in (13)
(7) Power absorbed is
I2rms R = (8.35)2 (10)=697W
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
The initial condition for current in

negative half cycle is non-zero and
therefore, the current function does
not repeat. The boundary between
CCM and DCM occurs when
β = π + α. The equation for DCM
mode cannot be applied here. The
current must be greater than zero for
If the load current is still positive at
CCM.
ωt = π + α when gate signals are
i(π + α) ≥ 0 (14)
applied to S3 and S4 then, S3 and S4
are turned on and S1 and S2 are
forced off.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
Using the above equation
sin(π + α − θ)sin(π + α − θ)e−(π+α−α)/ωτ ≥ 0 (15)
Using
sin(π + α − θ) = sin(θ − α) (16)
and
sin θ − α 1 − e−(π/ωτ ) ≥ 0 (17)
solving for α,
α≤θ (18)
using
−1 ωL
θ = tan (19)
R
The condition for CCM is

−1 ωL
α ≤ tan (20)
R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
Equation (11) or (20) can be used tp establish if the load current is

continuous or discontinuous.
The voltage and current in CCM mode are determined using the Fourier
series expressed below
∞
X
vo (ωt) = V0 + Vn cos(nω0 t + θn ) (21)
|{z}
DC |n=1 {z }
harmonics
This kind of waveform contains the dc part and even as well as odd
harmonics.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
The dc (average) value is calculated as

Z
1 α+π 2Vm
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = cosα (22)
π α π
The harmonics are calculated as

q
Vn = a2n + b2n (23)
where,
2Vm cos(n + 1)α cos(n − 1)α
an = − (24)
π n+1 n−1

2Vm sin(n + 1)α sin(n − 1)α
bn = − (25)
π n+1 n−1
for n=2,4,6.....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CFW| RL Load
Figure shows the relationship between normalized harmonic content of

output voltage and delay angle. .
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CFW| RL Load
The fourier series for current is determined by superposition. The current
amplitude at each frequency is determined as follows.
V0
I0 =
R
(26)
Vn Vn
In = =
Zn |R + jnωL|
The rms current is determined by combining the rms currents for ac and
dc parts v
u X∞ 2
u I
Irms = tIo +
n
2 √ (27)
n=2,4,6...
2
The impedance of the inductance increases with increase in harmonic

number. It may be necessary to solve for only a few terms of the series to
calculate the rms current. For a large value of inductance, the ac terms
will be small and therefore the current is essentially dc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Controlled FWR as inverter
Using a fully controlled full bridge converter, power can be supplied by the
load to the source.
The load current must be in the direction shown because of the SCRs in
the bridge. However, the power can only be supplied by the dc source if
Vdc is negative.
For power absorbed by the bridge and transferred to the ac system, the
birdge output voltage Vo must also be negative.
For a CCM the birdge output voltage is given as
2Vm
Vo = cosα (28)
π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Controlled FWR as inverter
For delay angle more than 90 degree, the output voltage is negative. For a
CCM the birdge output voltage is given as
90◦ < α < 180◦ =⇒ Vo < 0 (29)
The voltage waveform for α = 150◦ and CCM is shown below.
Assuming a large inductor,

Pbridge = Pac = −Io Vo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (30)
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4-11
The dc voltage in R+L+E represents the voltage generated by an array of
solar cells and has a value of 110 V, connected such that Vdc =-110 V. The
solar cells are capable of producing 1000 W. The ac source is 120 Vrms ,
R=0.5Ω, and L is large enough to cause the load current to be essentially
dc. Determine the delay angle α such that 1000 W is supplied by the solar
cell array. Determine the power transferred to the ac system and the losses
in the resistance. Assume ideal SCRs.
Solution:
The average current must be
Pdc 1000
Io = = = 9.09A (31)
Vdc 110
The average output voltage of the bridge is given as
Vo = Io R + Vdc = (9.09)(0.5) + (−110) = −105.5V (32)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4-11
The required delay angle is determined using (28)

−1 Vo π −1 −105.5π
α = cos = cos √ = 165.5◦ (33)
2Vm 2 2(120)
Power absorbed by the bridge and transferred to the ac system is
determined from
Pac = −Vo Io = (−9.09)(−105.5) = 959W (34)
Power absorbed by the resistor is
PR = I2rms R ≈ I2o R = (9.09)2 (0.5) = 41W (35)
If non-idealities are included e.g., assuming 1V drop across SCR then,
Vo = −105.5 − 2 = −107.5V (36)
Average load current is
−17.5 − (−110)
Io = = 5.0A (37)
0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4-11
Power is then given as
Pbridge = (107.5)(5) = 537.5W (38)
Average current in each SCR is one-half the average load current.

Power absorbed by each SCR is
1 1
PSCR = ISCR VSCR = Io VSCR = (5)(1) = 2.5W (39)
2 2
Total power loss in the bridge is then 10W.
The power delivered to the load is then 537.5-10=527.5W
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Three phase rectifiers
Commonly used in industry for rectification.
It is assumed that the three phases are balanced and the sequence is a-b-c.
The source and diodes are assumed ideal in the initial analysis.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure: Current for Resistive load

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some observations are as follows

KCL around any path shows that only one diode in the top half of the
bridge may conduct at a time (D1 , D3 orD5 ). The diode that is
conducting will have its anode connected to the phase voltage with
highest potential.
KCL shos that only one diode on lower side conducts at any time
(D2 , D4 , D6 ). The diode with its cathode connected to the phase
voltage with lowest potential.
Consequently, two diodes in same leg cannot conduct at the same
time e.g., D1 and D4
The output voltage across load is one of the line-to-line voltages of
the source. For example, when D1 and D2 conduct the output voltage
is vac .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some observations are as follows

The diodes that are on are determined by which line-to-line voltage is
the highest at that instant. For example, when vac is the highest
line-to-line voltage, the output is vac
There are six combinations of line-line- voltages. Considering one
period of source to be 360 degree, a transition of the highest
line-to-line voltage occur every 60 degree. Because of six transitions
that occur each period of the source voltage the circuit is called a
six-pulse rectifier.
The fundamental frequency of the output voltage is 5ω, where ω is
the frequency of the three phase source.
Diodes turn on in the sequence and hence are numbered
1,2,3,4,5,6,....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The current in a conducting diode is same as load current. Applying KCL
at nodes a,b and c 

ia = iD1 − iD4
ib = iD3 − iD6 (40)


ic = iD5 − iD2
Since each diode conducts one-third of the time , therefore


I = 1I
 D,avg 3 o,avg
ID,rms = √13 Io,rms (41)

 q
I = 2I s,rms 3 o,rms
The apparent power from three phase source is

√
S = 3VL−L,rms IS,rms (42)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The peak inverse voltage rating of each diode is the peak line-line voltage.
The voltage waveform across diode D1 is shown. Notice when D1 is off,
the output voltage is vab when D3 conducts and is vac when D5 is on.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The periodic output voltage is expressed as
∞
X
vo (t) = V0 + Vn cos(nωo t + π) (43)
n=6,12,18,...
where,
Z 2π/3
1 3Vm,L−L
V0 = Vm,L−L sin(ωt)d(ωt) = = 0.955Vm,L−L (44)
π/3 π/3 π
where,
√ Vm,L−L is the peak line-line voltage of the three phase source which
is 2Vrms,L−L . The amplitudes of the ac voltage terms are
6Vm,L−L
Vn = (45)
π(n2 − 1)
for n=6,12,18,...
Since the output voltage is periodic with period one-sixth of the ac supply
voltage, the harmonics are of order 6kω. Therefore, the harmonics of
higher order are present and this makes the output near to dc. .
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
If the load is highly inductive, i.e., constant dc current at the output
The voltage waveform across diode D1 is shown. Notice when D1 is off,
the output voltage is vab when D3 conducts and is vac when D5 is on.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Week 8

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Week 8

Загружено:

Авторское право:

EE-434 Power Electronics

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

1 Full wave rectifier

2 Controlled FWR as inverter

3 Three phase rectifiers

Two modes of operation are possible i.e., CCM and DCM

The sinusoidal terms in Fourier analysis are unchanged by the dc source

The rms current is computed as

Power absorbed by the resistor is

PR = I2rms R = (15.46)2 (2) = 478W (6)

Two modes of operation are possible i.e., CCM and DCM

If β<π + α the current remains at

β < α + π =⇒ DCM (11)

A controlled full-wave bridge rectifier io (ωt) = 13.6sin(ωt − 0.646)

The initial condition for current in

Equation (11) or (20) can be used tp establish if the load current is

The dc (average) value is calculated as

The harmonics are calculated as

Figure shows the relationship between normalized harmonic content of

The impedance of the inductance increases with increase in harmonic

Assuming a large inductor,

Vo = Io R + Vdc = (9.09)(0.5) + (−110) = −105.5V (32)

Power is then given as

Pbridge = (107.5)(5) = 537.5W (38)

Average current in each SCR is one-half the average load current.

Commonly used in industry for rectification.

Figure: Current for Resistive load

Some observations are as follows

Some observations are as follows

The apparent power from three phase source is

Вам также может понравиться