UNIT-III

Medium Access Control

Networks
Need for Medium Access Control
Random Access
Protocols
Vulnerable time is the time during which no transmission should be done to
avoid any collision
 Carrier Sense
Multiple Access
(CSMA)
Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision
Detection
(CSMA/CD)
Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision
Avoidance
(CSMA/CA)
CSMA/CA Operation
Backoff Procedure
• If the medium is continuously idle for DCF Interframe Space (DIFS)
duration, then it is permitted to transmit a frame.
• If the channel is found busy during the DIFS interval, the station should
defer its transmission.
Flowchart
Procedure of CSMA/CA
Controlled Access
Protocols
Token Ring
and
Token Bus
Token Ring 802.5
Channelization
Protocols
• Channelization or channel partition is a
multiple access method in which the available
bandwidth of a link is shared in time,
frequency or through code, among different
stations.
• Its aim is to maximize system capacity through
dynamic resource allocation and spectrum reuse.
 Difference between multiplexing
and multiple access
• Multiplexing is sharing of resources on links inside
the network
• Multiple access is sharing of resources on the access
part of the network.
 Need to optimize
• Satellite capacity(revenue issue)
• Spectrum utilization(coordination issue)
• Interconnectivity(multiple coverage issue)
• Flexibility(demand fluctuation issue)
• Adaptability(traffic issue)
• User acceptance(market issue)
• Satellite power
• Cost
Pre-Assigned Channel Allocation
A given number of available voice band channels from each
earth station are assigned to a dedicated destination.
Wastage of bandwidth resources

Demand assigned Channel

Resource allocation is on need basis
Efficient usage of radio spectrum
Complex mechanism is required at all earth stations and users

• Unique Frequency slot - FDMA

• Unique Time slot - TDMA
• Unique Code slot - CDMA
Frequency Division
Multiple Access
(FDMA)
Advanced Mobile Phone
System(AMPS)
Frequency allocation in AMPS
AMPS Frequency Allocation and Channels
Capacity of FDMA systems
Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA)
TDMA Trade-off
Frame Structure
Efficiency of a TDMA system
Combining FDMA and TDMA
GSM Bands
Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA)
 Features of CDMA
• Frequency reuse
• Large coverage
• High spectrum capacity
• High privacy
• Soft handoff
• Good voice quality
• Perfect power control
Queries???