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Homosexuality in the Batman franchise
Homosexual interpretations have been part of the academic study of the
Batman franchise at least since psychiatrist Fredric Wertham asserted in
his 1954 book Seduction  of  the  Innocent that "Batman stories are
psychologically homosexual". Wertham, as well as parodies, fans, and other
independent parties, have described Batman and his sidekick Robin (Dick
Grayson) as homosexual, possibly in a relationship with each other. DC
Comics has never indicated Batman or any of his male allies to be gay, but
several characters in the Modern Age Batman comic books are expressly
gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[1]

Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson

sleeping in beds right next to each
Contents other, not in the same bed. Panel
from Batman #84 (June, 1954),
Golden and Silver Age Batman page 24. Art by Sheldon Moldoff.
Views within the industry
Actors' opinions
Joel Schumacher's films
Animation
Interpretations in later years; parody and fandom
LGBT characters in the Batman franchise
Lesbian characters
Bisexual characters
Gay male characters
See also
References

Golden and Silver Age Batman
The early Golden Age Batman stories were dark and violent, but during the late 1940s and the early 1950s they
changed to a softer, friendlier and more exotic style, that was considered "campy". This style awoke contemporary and
later associations with homosexual culture.[2]

In Seduction  of  the  Innocent, Fredric Wertham claimed, "The Batman type of story may stimulate children to
homosexual fantasies, of the nature of which they may be unconscious" and "Only someone ignorant of the
fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism
which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend Robin."[3] This book was issued in the
context of the "lavender scare" where authorities regarded homosexuality as a security risk.[4] As homosexuality was
viewed as a mental disorder in that time, it behooved Wertham to make these claims in his work, which is now
retrospectively almost unanimously discredited.

Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay Batman,  Deviance,  and  Camp that Batman is interesting to gay audiences
because "he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality," "the
1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp," and "[he] merits analysis as a notably successful construction of
masculinity."[5]

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Views within the industry
The Comics Bulletin website posed the question "Is Batman Gay?" to their staff and various comic book
professionals.[6] Writer Alan Grant has stated, "The Batman I wrote for 13 years isn't gay. Denny O'Neil's Batman,
Marv Wolfman's Batman, everybody's Batman all the way back to Bob Kane… none of them wrote him as a gay
character. Only Joel Schumacher might have had an opposing view." Writer Devin Grayson has commented, "It
depends who you ask, doesn't it? Since you're asking me, I'll say no, I don't think he is… I certainly understand the gay
readings, though."[7] While Frank Miller has described the relationship between Batman and the Joker as a
"homophobic nightmare,"[8] he views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crime fighting, concluding,
"He'd be much healthier if he were gay."[9] Grant Morrison, writer of both Batman and Batman Incorporated said in
an interview with Playboy that "Gayness is built into Batman. I’m not using gay in the pejorative sense, but Batman is
very, very gay...Obviously as a fictional character he's intended to be heterosexual, but the basis of the whole concept is
utterly gay."[10] Morrison later said that Playboy misquoted him and explained in an interview with the New
Statesman that the quote was "the opposite of what [he had] said." While one "could easily dial up the black-leather-
fetishistic-night-dwelling aspects of Batman, and the masculinity of Batman, and get a pretty good gay Batman, [...]
ultimately he's not gay because he has no sex life".[11]

Actors' opinions
Burt Ward, who portrayed Robin in the 1960s television show, has also remarked upon this interpretation in his
autobiography Boy  Wonder:  My  Life  in  Tights; he writes that the relationship could be interpreted as a sexual one,
with the show's double entendres and lavish camp also possibly offering ambiguous interpretation.[12]

Joel Schumacher's films

The 1995 feature film Batman Forever, and especially its 1997 sequel Batman & Robin, both helmed by the openly gay
director Joel Schumacher, attracted attention for their many homo-erotic innuendos.[13] Many observers accused
Schumacher of adding homosexual innuendo in the storyline.[13]

James Berardinelli questioned the "random amount of rubber nipples and camera angle close-ups of the Dynamic
Duo's butts and Bat-crotches."[14] Similar to Batman Forever, this primarily included the decision to add nipples and
enlarged codpieces to Batman and Robin suits. Schumacher stated, "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit
and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from ancient Greek statues,
which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct."[13]

Chris O'Donnell, who portrayed Robin, felt "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The
press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the
controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual."[13]

George Clooney joked, "Joel Schumacher told me we never made another Batman film because Batman was gay."[15]
Clooney himself has spoken dismissively of the film, saying "I think we might have killed the franchise,"[16] and called
it "a waste of money."[17]

In 2006, Clooney said in an interview with Barbara Walters that in Batman & Robin he played Batman as gay. "I was
in a rubber suit and I had rubber nipples. I could have played Batman straight, but I made him gay." Walters then
asked, "George, is Batman gay?" To which he responded, "No, but I made him gay."[18]

Animation

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The direct-to-video DC animated movie Batman  and  Harley  Quinn alludes to both the notion of a homosexual
relationship between Batman and Robin, and to Seduction of the Innocent, when Harley Quinn addresses Nightwing
about that topic with the words: "It’s funny. I always kinda thought you and Batman didn’t like girls. [...] You know.
That book. With the headlights and the eyeball-gouging? I had to write a paper on it in college. Got a B minus."

Interpretations in later years; parody and fandom
Homosexual interpretations of Batman and Robin have attracted even more attention during the Modern Age of Comic
Books, as sexual and LGBT themes became more common and accepted in mainstream comics.

At the Worldcon costume ball in 1962, a number of fans appeared as the Justice Society of America, including Fred
Patten and Rick Norwood as The Flash, Dick Lupoff as Batman, and Harlan Ellison as Robin. Lupoff and Ellison struck
a homoerotic pose for the cameras.

Writer Warren Ellis addressed the issue of Batman's sexuality obliquely in his comic book The Authority from Image
Comics where he portrayed the character of the Midnighter, a clear Batman pastiche, as openly gay and engaged in a
long term relationship with the Superman analogue Apollo.

The Ambiguously Gay Duo is a 1996 animated parody previously featured on The Dana Carvey Show and Saturday

Night Live, with many similarities to Batman, not least the animated title sequence of the 1960s TV series.

Another notable example occurred in 2000, when DC Comics refused to allow permission for the reprinting of four
panels (from Batman #79, 92, 105 and 139) to illustrate Christopher York's paper All in the Family: Homophobia and
Batman Comics in the 1950s.[19]

The idea of the "gay" Batman has also been revitalized around 2005, as a montage of panels from "The Joker's Comedy
of Errors" in Batman #66, issued in 1951, began to circulate as a joke. The episode used the word "boner" several
times; in the original comic, it meant "blunder," but in present-day vernacular the word is primarily the slang term for
an erection.[20] A similar case of an unintended gay interpretation was the Rainbow Batman from 1957.

Another incident happened in the summer of 2005, when painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of
watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses.[21] DC threatened both artist
and the Kathleen Cullen Fine Arts gallery with legal action if they did not cease selling the works and demanded all
remaining art, as well as any profits derived from them.[22]

Will Brooker argues in Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon,[23] that a queer reading of Batman is a valid

interpretation, and that homosexual readers would naturally find themselves drawn to the lifestyle depicted within,
whether the character of Bruce Wayne himself is explicitly homosexual or not. He also identifies a homophobic
element to the vigour with which mainstream fandom rejects the possibility of a homosexual reading of the character.
Writing for The Guardian, Brooker expanded on this theme, stating that Batman:

can never be tied down to any one identity. Batman has been a ridiculous boy-scout, a fearsome vigilante,
a protective father, a loner, a clown. Batman is a myth and a mosaic, an icon who catches the light at
different angles at different times, and takes multiple forms. But gayness – from high camp to intense
homoeroticism – is an important aspect of that icon...The constant need to insist on Batman's
heterosexuality always, unwittingly, reminds us of the campy incarnations as it tries to repress them; and
the harder the push towards "darkness," the more the "rainbow Batman" sneaks through the gaps.[24]

LGBT characters in the Batman franchise
Several characters, mostly women, have been portrayed as lesbian or bisexual in the recent history of the franchise.

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Lesbian characters
In 2006, DC drew widespread media attention by announcing a new, lesbian incarnation of the well-known character
Batwoman,[25] even while openly lesbian characters such as Gotham City police officer Renee Montoya, police captain
Maggie Sawyer, and Catwoman's protégée (and, for a time, successor as Catwoman) Holly Robinson, already existed in
the Batman franchise.[26][27]

In response to the 2009 New York Comic Con, reporter Alison Flood called Batwoman DC Comics' highest profile gay
superhero.[28] Batwoman appeared in a new Justice League comic book written by James Robinson and took over as
the lead character in Detective Comics starting issue #854.[29]

Greg Rucka said that DC's editors had no problem with his writing Montoya or Batwoman as lesbian, but the media
controversy over Batwoman's sexuality "nullified any positive effect Batwoman might have had on the industry" and
forced the character into minor roles during major crossover storylines.[30] This changed in September 2011, when, as
part of a company wide relaunch of their superhero titles, DC launched a Batwoman monthly title starring Kate Kane.

Ironically, the original Batwoman, Katherine Kane, was created in the 1950s, along with original Bat-girl Bette Kane, as
a romantic interest for Batman (and Bat-girl as such for Robin), to deter the notion that Batman and Robin were both
gay and in a relationship. Additionally, the Batwoman characters, sharing a last name, have been written to be related.

Bisexual characters
In 2015, Selina Kyle was confirmed to be bisexual in Catwoman issue #39, written by Genevieve Valentine, in which
she kissed her replacement as Catwoman, Eiko.[1]

The Joker's sidekick Harley Quinn was also revealed to be bisexual by the DC Comics official Twitter in June 2015 as
she doesn't consider gender when initiating relationships. She is in a relationship "without monogamy" with longtime
partner in crime, supervillain Poison Ivy.[31]

Batman's Golden Age villain-turned-antihero Catman was later confirmed to be bisexual by writer Gail Simone.[32][33]

In 2011, DC introduced Alysia Yeoh, Batgirl's roommate and friend who is a bisexual trans woman.[34]

Batman's sidekick Bluebird (Harper Row) is also a bisexual woman.[35]

Other characters have been portrayed as bisexual in Batman media adaptations. Gotham's Barbara Kean and Tabitha
Galavan are also confirmed to be bisexual.[36][37] Barbara had had a relationship with Renee Montoya in the past,[38]
and she has also been in a love triangle including Tabitha.[36]

Gay male characters

Gay male characters in Batman comics include Harper Row's brother Cullen,[39] and the gay superhero Midnighter.
Midnighter started off as an openly gay and ultraviolent analogue of Batman in comics published by Wildstorm
Comics.[40] In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity, merging in the Wildstorm continuity. In this
new timeline, Midnighter is part of the DC Universe and has been a regular supporting character of Dick Grayson in
Grayson and Nightwing.[41]

In 2016, the Gotham adaptation of The Penguin (Oswald Cobblepot) revealed the villain to be a gay man,[42] a
departure from depictions of the character in other media.

See also
LGBT themes in comics
LGBT themes in American mainstream comics
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Slash fiction
The Ambiguously Gay Duo

References
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Bilerico.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
3. Wertham, Fredric. Seduction of the Innocent. Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1954. pg. 189–90
4. K., Johnson, David (2010). The Lavender Scare : the Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal
Government (http://worldcat.org/oclc/781331324). The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226401966.
OCLC 781331324 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781331324).
5. Medhurst, Andy. "Batman, Deviance, and Camp." The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a
Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991. ISBN 0-85170-276-7, pg. 150
6. "Is Batman Gay?" (http://comicsbulletin.com/batman-gay/). Comics Bulletin. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
7. "Is Batman Gay?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081201072032/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/panel/106070953
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December 1, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2005.
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10. Playboy Grant Morrison interview (http://www.playboy.com/playground/entertainment/culture/the-super-psyche),
accessed May 2, 2012
11. New Statesman interview with Grant Morrison (http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/voices/2012/09/grant-morriso
n-gay-batman-superheroes-wonder-woman)
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19. Beatty, Bart (2000). "Don't Ask, Don't Tell: How Do You Illustrate an Academic Essay about Batman and
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