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• With time they discovered that heat treatment and addition of other
materials would produce materials with superior properties.
Figure 1.2 Early civilization periods according to material science development
Cont’d
• It is only in recent times that scientists have come to
understand the link between the structure of a material and
its properties.
• This knowledge has over the past 100 years allowed a massive
evolution in determining new material characteristics leading
to the development of 10s and 10s of thousands of new
materials (plastics, metals, glasses, fibres).
Thus Material Science involves investigating the relationship
between the structure and properties of materials.
Property.
All properties evoke a certain response when subject to
an external stimuli e.g. a polished surface shining, elastic
band stretching.
Properties of materials
• Solid materials have 6 main properties
Mechanical
Electrical
Thermal
Magnetic
Optical
Deteriorative
Figure 1.3 The four components in material science & their relationship.
Materials design and selection
Figure 1.4 Pictures of Coke in various containers. (Courtesy of the Coca-Cola Company)
Materials Design and selection
• The material designed for a specific application
should:
Have desired physical & mechanical properties
eg. desired strength & density for aeronautical
application will differ from hauling applications.
Be amenable to processing/manufacturing into
desired shape.
Provide an economical solution to the problem.
Environmentally friendly (preferably recyclable).
Classification of materials
• Solid materials fall into the following classes:
Metals and alloys
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
Advanced materials.
Metals and alloys
• Examples – Metallic elements Fe, Ni, Co, U, Au, Ag. Often occur
naturally as ores in association with non-metallic elements (C, N
and O).
The atom arrangement in metals &
alloys quite orderly.
Relatively dense
Ductile
Resistant to fracture
Nylon
Polystyrene (PS)
Biomaterials
Smart materials
Nanomaterials
Semi-conductors
They exhibit intermediate electrical properties i.e.
those between conductors (metals & alloys) and insulators
(polymers & ceramics).
‘Materials by design’