Electric : A type of energy that occurs due to the movement of electrons and

protons in an oscillating pattern

Electricity : The set of physical phenomena associated with the presence

Passive Elements and flow of electric charge

-Element that receive or store energy, cannot Electrical : Operating by or producing electricity
generate energy, drop energy
Instrumentation : The design and use of an electrical system to collect and
-The flow of current is from +ve passive process physically meaningful data
terminal to -ve terminal in same element

-Current flow is opposes voltage flow Measurement and units of electricity

-Example : Resistor, inductor, capacitor

Current : Rate of flow of charge through circuit element. Unit
Ampere (A) / Coulomb/s

Voltage: Energy transferred per unit charge between two

Active and passive elements points in a circuit. Unit Volt (V) J/C
Fundamental and measurement of electricity
Resistivity : Quantifies how strongly a given material
opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity
indicates a material that readily allows the movement of
electric charge.
Active Elements
Resistance : Opposition to the passage of an electric
-Electrical elements that act as energy source to other current through a conductor.
element in electric circuit (generate energy)

-The flow of current is from -ve active terminal to +ve

terminal in same element
Ohm's Law
-Current flow is same as voltage flow

-Example : Voltage source, transistor, amplifier

Thevenin’s theorem Power is a measure of how much work can be performed in a

given amount of time. In electric circuit, power is a function of
Introduction and Electrical Circuits both voltage and circuit.

P=I.V=I^2.R=V^2/R

-Any two output terminals A&B of an active linear network containing independent
sources (voltage/current sources) can be replaced by a simple voltage source of Series Circuit/Resistors
magnitude VTh in series with RTh . Kirchhoff's laws govern the conservation of charge and
energy in electrical circuit
Kirchhoff’s Law
-RTh is the equivalent resistance of the network when looking from the output
terminals A&B with all sources (voltage/current sources) removed and replaced by Node : A point or junction where two or more circuit's
their internal resistances. elements ( resistor, capacitor, inductor etc) meet.

-VTh is equal to the open circuit voltage across the A&B terminal. Branch : That part of circuit which locate between two
junctions is called branch. In branch, one or more elements
-This will simplify the complicated circuit network as it will eventually producing Resistors in series and parallel can be connected and they have two terminal.
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as a final result.
Loop : A closed path in circuit where more than two meshes
-Voltage sources->short circuit; current sources->open circuit can be occurred is called loop i.e. there may be many
meshes in a loop but a mesh does not contain on one loop.

Parallel Circuit/Resistors Mesh : A closed loop which contains no other loop within it
or a path which doe not contain on other paths is called
mesh.

The sum of currents entering the junction are thus

Y Network equal to the sum of currents leaving. This implies
that the current is conserved (no loss of current).
Wye-Delta transformation
Series-Parallel Circuit/Resistors

First Law : Kirchhoff's Current Law (Junction Rule)

Each resistance in the network Y is the the product of two
adjacent branches of the resistance in the delta network,
divided by the sum of the three resistance in delta
T Network
The net voltage around a closed circuit is zero.
Second Law : Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (Loop/Mesh Rule)

Δ Network

Each resistance in delta network is the product of the total

resistance of all the Y taken twice at a time, divided by the
resistance against the network Y

Network