MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY

CONTROL SEMINAR
for
Philippine Rural Development Program
January 12 – 16, 2015
BY
ENG’R. ABNER GEORGE S. LOMIBAO
THE UNIVERSAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INSPECTION AND LABORATORY

POZZOLANIC PHILS, INC.

PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE
 HISTORY OF CONCRETE
ROMAN EMPIRE- Finely divided volcanic
materials were blended with crudely slaked lime
commonly called the “Pozzolanic Cement”)

1824- Joseph Aspdin discovered a powder in the

Isle of Portland, England

20th Century- Portland Cement Concrete

 PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE

IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL WHICH

CONSIST ESSENTIALLY OF A BINDING
MEDIUM WITHIN WHICH ARE EMBEDDED
PARTICLES OR FRAGMENTS OF
AGGREGATES
 PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE INGREDIENTS
 PORTLAND CEMENT

 WATER

 AGGREGATES
• COARSE AGGREGATES
• FINE AGGREGATES

 MINERAL ADMIXTURES

 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Properties of Concrete

 Workability - the ease in which it can be

placed, compacted, and finished.
 Consistency - to flow with respect to its state of
fluidity.
 Plasticity is a degree of consistency.
 Uniformity - the ingredients are properly and
uniformly distributed throughout the mass.
 Strength - to sustain loads imposed upon
without failure.
 Properties of Concrete

 Durability - to resist weathering action,

chemical attack, abrasion, and other
conditions to which it is subjected in
service.
 Water-tightness or Impermeability – to
resist the flow of water through its mass.
TESTING CONCRETE –TEST FOR
FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE

1. SLUMP TEST (ASTM C-172/143)

2. UNIT WEIGHT (ASTM C-138)
3. TIME OF SETTING (ASTM C-191)
4. AIR CONTENT DETERMINATION (ASTM C-231)
 THE CONCRETE SLUMP
TEST-POINT OF NO RETURN
 SMALL MISTAKES CAUSE BIG TROUBLES
-Poor sampling

-Neglecting to dampen the cone

-Improper rodding

-Unstable base

-Wrong type of rod

 THE CONCRETE SLUMP
TEST-POINT OF NO RETURN
• FILLING THE CONE

• RODDING

• REMOVING THE CONE

• MEASURING TNHE SLUMP

 UNIT WEIGHT
The weight per unit volume of concrete

Weight of Concrete
Unit Weight =
Volume of Bucket
 SETTING TIME
Concrete sets in two stages:

Initial Setting = Sieved Mortar reached a

penetration resistance of 3.5 Mpa (500psi)

Final Setting = Penetration resistance of 28Mpa

(4000 psi)
 AIR CONTENT
Entrapped or Accidental Air in Concrete

Air Content can be determine using Air Content

Apparatus
TESTING CONCRETE –TEST FOR
HARDENED CONCRETE
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST (ASTM C-39)
2. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST (ASTM C-78)
3. REBOUND HAMMER TEST (ASTM C-805)
4. CORE TEST (ASTM C-42)
5. LOAD TEST (ACI-318)
 TESTING CONCRETE

THE RIGHT WAY TO MAKE STRENGTH

CYLINDERS (ASTM C-31/C-192)

 TAKE PROPER SAMPLES

 USE STANDARDS MOLDS

 FILL CYLINDER AND ROD CAREFULLY

 PROTECT CYLINDERS
 TESTING CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH CYLINDERS

(ASTM C-39)

 CAPPING OF CYLINDERS

 CS = P/A
 TESTING CONCRETE

Required Specification (ACI 318/DPWH)

Strength level of Concrete shall be considered

satisfactory if both of the following
requirements are met:

 Average of all sets of three consecutive strength test results

equal or exceed the specified Strength, fc´.

 No individual strength test result is deficient by more than

15% of the specified Strength, fc´.
 TESTING CONCRETE - HOW TO
MAKE FLEXURE BEAM SPECIMEN
IN THE FIELD (ASTM C-31/C-192)

 SAMPLING MOLD

 ABOUT THE MOLD

 MOLDING PROCEDURES

 CURING
 TESTING CONCRETE - FLEXURAL
STRENGTH OF BEAM SPECIMEN
(ASTM C-78)

 THIRD POINT LOADING

 FS = PL/bd²

 CENTER POINT LOADING

 FS = 3PL/2bd²
 TESTING CONCRETE
Required Specification (ACI 318/DPWH)

Strength level of Concrete shall be

considered satisfactory if both of the
following requirements are met:

Average of all sets of three consecutive strength test

results equal or exceed the specified Strength, fc´.

No individual strength test result is deficient by

more than 15% of the specified Strength, fc´.
 Rebound Hammer Test Report
Design Strength is 3000 psi @ 28 days
A B C D E F G
SPOT STRUCTURE POSITION OF AVERAGE ANVIL CORRECTED EQUIVALENT
NO TESTED HAMMER REBOUND CORRECTION REBOUND COMPRESSIVE
NUMBER FACTOR NUMBER STRENGTH, PSI

1 Slab DOWNWARD 26.00 1.025 27.00 3016

2 Slab DOWNWARD 28.00 1.025 29.00 3548

3 Slab DOWNWARD 27.00 1.025 28.00 3194

4 Slab DOWNWARD 26.00 1.025 27.00 3016

 Concrete Core Test (ASTM C42)
Design Strength is 3000 psi @ 28 days
STRENGT COMPRES
ACTUAL LENGTH (mm) H CROSS SIVE COMPRESSVE CORRECTED

LOCATION OF DIAMETE BEFOR CORREC SECTION COMPRESSI

CORE R E AFTER L/D TION AL LOAD STRENGTH VE

AREA,
(mm) CAPPING FACTOR mm² (KN) Mpa PSI STRENGTH

(Mpa) Psi

G-Rhyme JB 1 95.0 150.0 156.0 1.610 0.969 7088 60.0 8.5 1233 1194

G-Rhyme JB 2 95.0 150.0 156.0 1.626 0.970 7088 59.6 8.4 1218 1181

G-Rhyme JB 3 95.0 150.0 156.0 1.605 0.968 7088 43.7 6.2 899 870
 Concrete Core Test (ASTM C42)
Design Strength is 3000 psi @ 28 days
STRENGT COMPRE COMPRES CORRECTE
CORE ACTUAL LENGTH (mm) H CROSS SSIVE SVE D
LOCATION OF DIAMET BEFOR AFTE CORRECTI SECTION STRENGT COMPRESS
SAMPLE CORE ER E R L/D ON AL H IVE

AREA,
ID (mm) CAPPING FACTOR mm² (N) (Mpa) Psi STRENGTH
(Mpa) Psi
C-1 Damaged 138 1.47 0.960 6940 175.5 25.3 (3669) 3522
C-2 Damaged
C-4 74.0 140 1.89 0.990 4301 30.7 7.1 (1030) 1020
C-5 With rebar 74.0 115 1.55 0.964 4301 54.7 12.7 (1842) 1776
C-6 74.0 90 1.22 0.923 4301 31.1 7.2 (1044) 964
C-7 74.0 100 1.35 0.942 4301 56.6 13.2 (1914) 1803
C-8 74.0 155 2.09 1.000 4301 31.9 7.4 (1073) 1073

C-10 74.0 142 1.92 0.994 4301 17.4 4 .0 (577) 577

C-11 74.0 84 1.14 0.904 4301 29.3 6.8 (986) 891
C-12 74.0 71 1.00 0.870 4301 40.8 9.5 (1378) 1199

C-13 74.0 97 1.31 0.940 4301 61.8 14.4 (2088) 1963

 Concrete Core Test (ASTM C42)
Design Strength is 3000 psi @ 28 days

COMPRE COMPRE
CORE ACTUAL LENGTH (mm) STRENGTH CROSS SSIVE SSVE CORRECTED

SAMPL LOCATION OF DIAMET BEFOR AFTE CORRECTI SECTION STRENGT COMPRESSI

E CORE ER E R L/D ON AL H VE

AREA,
ID (mm) CAPPING FACTOR mm² (N) (Mpa) Psi STRENGTH

(Mpa) Psi

C-1 S - 3 CF CPI 99.0 99.0 1.00 0.870 7698 238700 31.0 (26.97) 3911

C-2 S - 3 CF CPI 99.0 147.0 1.50 0.960 7543 153900 20.4 (19.584) 2840
 Concrete Core Test (ASTM C42)

Required Specification (ACI 318)

Concrete in an area represented by Core tests

shall be considered structurally adequate if the
average of three (3) Cores is equal or more than
85% of fc´ (Design or required Strength) and if
no single Core is less than 75% of fc´ (Design or
required Strength).
 Load Test (ACI 318)

Load Test of flexural members

 Structure must be 56 days old
 Loading shall be total load as per the Structural
Engineer
 Initial Deflection reading after 24 hours
 Final Deflection reading 24 hours after the removal of
the test load
 Visual Inspection of the structure
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
STRENGTH CONCRETE
 CURING CONDITIONS

 AGE

 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CEMENT

 QUANTITY OF THE CEMENT

 QUANTITY OF THE MIXING WATER

 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
STRENGTH CONCRETE
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
AGGREGATES

 TIME OF MIXING

 CONDITIONS OF TEST
o METHOD OF TAKING SAMPLE
o METHOD OF MAKING SPECIMEN
o CURING OF SPECIMEN
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
STRENGTH CONCRETE
o SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE TEST
SPECIMEN
o IRREGULARITIES IN THE TEST
SPECIMEN
o MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE TEST
SPECIMEN
o CAPPING OF TEST SPECIMEN
o TYPE OF BEARING BLOCK
o RATE OF APPLICATION OF LOAD

 AIR ENTRAINMENT
 HOW TO AVOID ERRATIC
RESULTS
 Always use accepted standards
 8 Steps to reliability
1. Sampling
2. Rodding
3. Strike off
4. Job Curing
5. Transportation to the laboratory
6. Laboratory moist room curing
7. Capping
8. Compression Testing
 HOW TO AVOID ERRATIC
RESULTS
 Improper cure is fatal
 Rectify mistakes before they happen
 Avoid poor test practices.
 Principal Sources of Variations in
Strengths Test Results
Variations in properties of concrete Discrepancies in testing methods

Changes in water-cement ratio Improper sampling

Poor control of water
Excessive variation of moisture in aggregates
Retempering
Variations in water requirement Variations due to fabrication techniques
Aggregate grading, absorption, particle shape Cylinder molding
Cement and admixture properties Poor quality molds
Delivery time and temperature Handling and curing of newly made cylinders
Variations in characteristics and proportions of Changes in curing
ingredients Temperature variation
Aggregates Variable moisture
Cement Delays in bringing cylinders to the laboratory
Pozzolans (Mineral Additives)
Chemical admixtures
Variations in batching, mixing, transporting, placing, Poor testing procedures
and compaction Care of cylinders
Variations in temperature and curing Transportation and capping
Improper placement in testing machine
Testing machine platens out of specification
Incorrect speed of testing