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paper text:
Literature review Pervez at al. (2015) examined the
Jhang. Agriculture had a backbone of any economy it has major contribution of GDP, in generation of
employment and export earnings in the Pakistan economy. Credit has significant importance on the
productivity of any production it had increased the productivity due to increase the credit in formal and
informal sources. This
61study was based on the primary data which were collected in eight villages of
district jhang Pakistan. The
villages were divided in different zone and ten respondents were selected in each zone in equal number of
beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of credit. 160 respondents were selected randomly, and
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8Cobb Douglas production function was used for the analysis of data. The
results of this study showed that credit has positive impact on the productivity
of wheat. They concluded that 30 percent of the farmers of credit user spend the credit on the fertilizers
and seeds. 70 percent credit user farmer pended credit on the other purposes like marriages purchased
land and tractor etc. Most of credit users borrowed from the ZTBL. Thy suggested that government should
expand the institutions of credit and should minimized the credit constraints for the farmers. Girabi and
Mwakaje, (2013) studied that the impact of micro finance of the small farmers in the productivity in
Tanzania. The
last few decades there was promoted to the micro finance institutions (MFI). In 1990 there were only 825
(MFI) in 2005 which were increased in 1875. They believed that easy accesses to credit were reducing the
poverty of poor farmers. Now 5000 (MFI) were working in all over the country. 98 respondents were
selected randomly to collect Primary data. These respondents were credit beneficiaries and non-credit
beneficiaries. Multiple regression models and descriptive analysis techniques were used. They concluded
that (CB) have high agriculture productivity as compare to (NCB). Credit beneficiaries have better access
of good fertilize, seeds and technologies as compare to the non-credit users so the productivity were
increased credit users. Many constraints that were reported for the small farmers
Faruqee at al. (2003) studied the impact of agricultural farms credit in Pakistan. They said both formal and
in forma loans are more important factors of productivity in agriculture. Formal lenders provide more credit
as compare to informal lander however, formal loans have high cost.
to the farmers in Pakistan. There was high risk of payback of agricultural loans but government of Pakistan
had support to the formal credit schemes and was subsidies the auricular loan to the farmers in rural
areas. The secondary data was used from the
7large household survey data from rural Pakistan (Rural Financial Market
Studies or RFMS) to estimate the effectiveness of credit scheme of (ADBP).
numbers of farmers get bulk of loan from the (ADBP). They also concluded that (ADBP) was not cost
effective institution it can be
7can be improved by reducing its loan default cost and partially by targeted
smallholders in agriculture where credit yields better results.
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Aliyu and Ammani, (2012) explored that the investigation and relationship of agricultural credit supply and
productivity in Nigeria. Nigerian agriculture was basically traditional and subsistence. Limited access to
credit facility of credit had been decrees the productivity.
farmers. Nigerian government had given guarantee of the loan returns to the banks.
The
11time series data was used for the period 1981-2009 with SPSS
results were conducted. The methodology used three simple regression models were used to find out the
relationship of output of formal credit while all other explanatory variables constant. They
11concluded that formal credit was positively and significantly related to the
productivity of the crop, livestock and fishing sectors of Nigerian agriculture.
They
Daniel at al. (2015) studied that the contribution and assessment of commercial banks to agriculture
finance of the Nigerian economy. This study examined the contribution of commercial banks in agricultural
financing to the farmers of Nigeria. The commercial banks had significant role of agriculture credit. They
also discussed the number of challenges that had to face the farmers for getting loan. Secondary data was
used from (2002-2014) on the sectorial distribution, liquidity ratio, loans and advance to agriculture sector,
cash reserved ratio of commercial banks and money market minimum discount rates etc. the collected data
was analyzed with statistical model using multiple regression model of ordinary least square. They
concluded that the
26parameter of cash reserved and discount rate was not statistically significant,
and also the parameter of liquidity ratio is not statistically significant. They also
discovered that agriculture credit was found as a decreasing function of discount
rate liquidity ratio and cash reserve, this lower the volume of agricultural
credit. The
y suggested that commercial banks should rediscount their discount rate reserved ratio. Koenig et al.
(2003) stated that the market segmentations in farm credit markets. According to the agricultural credit
market was dominated on the two institutions the retailer lender group or the cooperative frame credit
system (FCS) and second institution commercial banks. About 70% credit was supplied from these two
sectors to the farmers. The secondary data was used from 2001-2002 from agriculture resource
management survey. The market segmentations were influenced on regulatory, legislative, structural and
competitiveness of agricultural credit. To compare these two credit institutions they used binomial logit
model for analysis of the data. When thy compared the commercial banks lending’s and (FCS) they
concluded that farm credit system
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16was more focused on the full time commercial farms, that were less heavily
indebted, more profitable, and had greater debt repayment capacities. They
also
16(FCS) was more likely to supply credit to young and beginning farmers and
to farms located in areas having access to a FCS office, but where few
agricultural banks were located.
Featherstone et al.
to the farmers of china. Agricultural production was converted to input to the output it have allot of time and
balance budget required during the session where high expenditure on the purchasing of inputs and
revenues was few. With Limited budget the productivity was lower to expand the production farmers need
to access the credit. Like other developing countries the chines economy was also suffering from the lack
of capital. China had most depend on the agriculture economy it had big area of agriculture fields.
Secondary
5data was used to examine the impact of credit on the productivity and the
constraints can improve the household income and productivity of farmers of china. Jalil and Ying (2008)
investigated that the
12financial development and economic growth from Pakistan and china. This
study explored the relationships of
was used for this study over the time period of 1960-2005. The methodology that was applied on this study
was the
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12(DLR) and (CPS) both had a significant impact on the economic growth of
Pakistan where as in the case of China, (CPS) was an insignificant impact while
DLR has an insignificant effect on growth. This result may be attributed to the
inefficient allocation of Pakistan.
60Tang et al. (2010) explored the formal and informal credit market and rural
credit demand in china.
Credit market had essential economic institution. Credit required all economies especially developing
countries that were rapidly growing they need more credit for the development. It should be necessary to
provided credit in a time of cropping sessions.
14This research focused on the evolving rural credit market in China, where
borrowing from the social network had been common but the recent economic
transition had made this informal credit market inadequate in addressing rural
credit needs. The objective of this
study was
65to identify the social and economic factors which switched the farmers to
informal credit
to the
73formal credit markets. The data was used from household survey and they
25both binary choice probit models and a multinomial probit model to explore
the determinants of credit market choice and credit constraints. They
concluded that demand for credit was significant on household production
capacity.
14off-farm employment, land size and the cost of the credit were the three
most important factors that increase the probability of being constrained.
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Sharma et al. (2005) examined the production and consumption of credit constrains in the pulpiness
economy. This study explores the credit constraints which are affected on the decisions of production and
consumptions of household. Rural household that were faced the credit constraints was 65%. If the credit
constraint removed the agricultural production was increase 37%. Lack of credit is also constraint for the
They studied that the credit constraints also limited to the consumption of household by 21%. They
13found that the presence of credit programs operating in the village and
proximity to commercial banks and rural banks reduced the probability of
credit constraints in production decisions. Some type of households
had experienced of
Hassan at
19last few decades due to the use of fertilizers, biocides, improved seeds,
mechanization etc. the object of this study was to check the impact of credit on
the production of wheat crops in district Lahore.
Primary data was used and constructed a structural questionnaire to the data collections.
to get the credit list of the farmers of that area. The district was divided into the three strata and selects
two villages from each stratum ten credit user select from each village and non-credit user also selected
randomly for the comparison. The multiple regressions model was applied on the collected data for
analysis. They concluded
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He explored that informal credit had crucial importance in any agricultural field especially in developing
countries like Pakistan. Government had subsidies formal loan and organizations who given the loans. The
29informal credit relations are embedded in the economic, political, and social
interaction networks of the inhabitants in the rural areas
this was main fact of informal credit. The direct relationship of farmers had become low cost of informal
credit. He concluded that the national development policy underestimate the importance of informal credit
even negated the significant importance of the informal credit. He suggested that that government should
improve the informal market in rural areas. Political action would be required for the initiative change for
this market. Kumar at
59al., (2010) studied that the institutional credit to agriculture sector in India.
The
landers had major concern in the field credit distribution of rural area in India. The main objective of this
study was
10examined the performance of agricultural credit flow and had identified the
determinants of increased use of institutional credit at the farm household
level in India. This study was based on secondary data that compiled from
several sources, had revealed that the institutional credit to agriculture in real
terms has increased tremendously. The
major source of credit was commercial banks in this year. They concluded
10that the institutional credit flow to the agriculture had been increasing for
the past four decades.
The agricultural credit increased in the agricultural field and decreases the share in the investment. Saeed
at al., (2013) explored that the Islamic and conventional banks in agriculture fencing of
35to find out the financial agri-products that had been offered to the farmers in
Pakistan by different Islamic financial institutions (banks) and conventional
banks also. This
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study was discussed that the facility of agricultural financing to the farmers from the conventional and
Islamic banks in Pakistan. The
Thy collected secondary data from the one Islamic bank and four conventional banks randomly the data
was taken from their website and also personal interviewed from these bank managers. They concluded
that the lower availability of credit they had low quality of seeds and per acre yield would be low. Seemi
Waheed (2009) studied that does the micro finance improve the well-being of farmers in Pakistan? He
studied that consumption of farmers increased when credit facilities will increase. The productivity increase
also consumption increase when Punjab rural support programs supports were increase to the farmers.
The secondary data of six years (1999-2004) were used for this study. Also primary data was used year of
(2005). The techniques that were applied for collection of
The multiple regression models were used to analysis. He concluded that micro loans were largely given to
the poor farmers and also this loan were given to the non-poor farmers. The results showed that micro
loans improve the income and education of the farmers. Akram at al (2013) examined that the study of
credit effect on the production of agricultural crops. In this study they explored that economic efficiency of
credit users and non- credit users in agricultural farming was estimated in form of production. The primary
data was collected through 152 respondents from district Sargodha, technique that was applied for data
collection simple random sampling. The methodology was used frontier production function approach.
They concluded that the technical efficiency of mean of credit user was 0.90percent and non-credit user
was technical efficiency 0.79 percent in this region. The result showed that there was high technical
efficiency of credit users because of inputs availability was timely managed. They suggested that credit
had to provide farmers at a time. Ayaz at
respondents selected randomly through questionnaire in year 2009. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)
technique was used. They concluded that
55overall mean efficiency score was 0.78 percent. There was 22 percent
inefficiency of sample farmers. All the efficiency scores were
calculated and applied Tobit regression analysis on it. The variable that were used are
studied on the
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production. He studied that credit is indirect input in agriculture production.it helped to the farmers to
purchasing new technologies like tractors, tube wells etc. the secondary data was annual data for the
period of 1972
34-2008. All the data were obtained from the Ministry of Finance Division
Statistical year Book of Pakistan, Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, and World
Development Indicators.
(ARDL) model specification techniques were used to analysis. They concluded that
21credit has positive relation with agricultural output but has insignificant
impact of credit on agricultural output and, practically, there is no sense of the
direct use of credit. Credit always helps to buy various inputs for this sector,
therefore it has indirect role.
69Hossain et al., (2016) examined the assessment and Impact of credit program for
tenant farmers in Bangladesh. This study discussed the small marginal and landless tenant farmers that
were used credit in agricultural productivity for their livelihood based on the randomized control trial (RCT)
field experience in the Bangladesh. The secondary data were used for analysis. 20 percent of eligible
household from the treatment of credit utilization and 60% loans were utilized on the agricultural
production. They concluded that credit increased the adoption of modern seeds variety and farming
productivity and income of tenants would be increased.
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The data were collected from 300 farmers for the year 2009. To analyze the data, Stochastic Frontier
Analysis (SFA) method had been applied. The total mean productivity score was 0.84 that had been
indicated that 16 percent ineffectiveness founded in farmers sample. The SFA technique also showed the
limits for the effectiveness. The experience of farmers regarding farming, awareness, availability of farming
credit and farming performs displayed positive and vital impacts on the technical efficiency of farmers. The
highest coefficient value was (-0.14) that indicated the importance of credit in the field of agriculture and
showed that the access of credit availability played a significant role in the improvement of efficiency than
any other factor. Turvey and Kong (2010) explained the association between formal and informal loaning in
China and informal loaning might influence microcredit. Lending association had been connected with
trust. The data were collected from 1500 household. Econometric technique approved that there was a
relationship between expectations and informal lending.67% of farmers had been borrowed from their
families and relations. Yuan and Xu (2015) explained the conditions and limits regarding formal credit
market. The author said that poor were often disqualified for formal loaning. The resent study was
conducted in rural China to replay this statement. An active variable technique was used to explain the
possible endogeneity problems. The findings of the study highlighted that the poor households had lower
chances to inter and get informal credit. The results also revealed that the poor people had imperfect
social networking. The poor people had not any form of financial resources to finance in their public capital
to enhance their public network. Alam et al., (2014) examined the effect of
17microcredit on social, economic level and living style of rural farmers in district
Gujranwala. Majority of
the people of Pakistan belonged to the agricultural sector. Due to this reason, there was highly need to
develop rural areas for the economic development. The data were collected from the farmers who acquired
the
17loan from the Punjab Rural Support Program in district Gujranwala for
agricultural
aims. Random sampling technique had been used to collect the data from 185 farmers. Descriptive and
statistics techniques had been applied to analyze the data. The descriptive analysis
17showed that there was a positive relationship between the microcredit and
socio-economies rank of farmers after getting the loan. The microcredit availability had played a positive
role in the improvement of living standard.
17Chi square technique was applied to check the proposed hypothesis of the
study. The results of the
chi square also demonstrated that the microcredit was very beneficial for improvement of farmer’s Living
standard.
56Bashir and Azeem (2008) demonstrated that agriculture sector was the
largest donor to the national income (GDP).
It donated 21% to the GDP and affords 43% employment to the worker .It provided raw material to the
industries
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17of Pakistan. Credit played an important role for achieving inputs in time and
increased the
9current study was to highlight the hurdles tackled by the small farmers. The
main findings of this study showed that small farmer faced many constraints in receiving and returning the
debt which must be eliminated for better consequences and for the betterment of the quality and quantity
of products in agricultural fields.
District. For this purpose, they collected data from 114 loanee and non-loanee farmers from Faisalabad
District. The
5objective of this research was to see the impact of credit disbursed by UBL
on the productivity of
sugarcane. For this analysis they used Cobb Douglas production function .From this research, they
38Khan et al., (2011) examined the review of past literature on agriculture credit
in rural areas of Pakistan. The review was conducted in December 2009. The
22to examine 25 agriculture credit studies impacts in rural areas of Pakistan ii)
to observe the shortfall and success in the field iii) to study the monitoring cell
of the institution to what extent they were working properly in the project
areas iii) suggestions and recommendations for further
improvements. The
9study was based on secondary data and was obtained from books and
journal. Due to lack of time, 23 studies were selected for critical review on random basis from sampling
frame in District, December 2009. From this study, they found that credit
8not only solve the problems of food crisis but also increase the economic
growth, saving employment and industries etc. in the country.
S.O.W and
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Narayanan (2015) examined the productivity of agriculture credit in India. For this research, he collected
data from period 1995-96 to 2011-2012. They used medination
24that over this period, all the inputs are highly responsive to an increase in
institutional credit to agriculture.
(BRSP0. For this research they collected data from 90% male and 10% females. The objectives of this
research were to investigate the
Pre-testing questionnaire was used for this research. For analyzing the data social sciences (SPSS)
software 17.0 was used and to
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From this research they found that microcredit had positive impact on agriculture production, household
living and economic status of the farmers. Noonari
9et al., (2015) examined the impact of credit on agriculture productivity: A case
study of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL) Loans in District Kashmore at Kandh
kot, Sindh, Pakistan.
For this purpose, they used pre teting questionnaire and 5 loanee and 5 non-loanee farmers were
selected to check the sensitivity of questionnaire.. They used regression technique to check the results by
using SPSS software from this study they
9found that credit had a positive impact on agriculture productivity and loanee
farmers had more margins than non-loanee farmers.
50For this study data was collected from100 females selected from simple random
sampling and
pre testing interviews were held and results were found by using SPSS software. It was found
42that 48% of the respondents had received information about credit scheme
from field. 87% respondents received credit from organization and 42% of the
respondents were credit for
livestock.
40It was concluded that micro-credit scheme had impacts” to some extent” on
the socio-economic conditions of female community. NSRP was
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23with the help of systematic random sampling. Interview scheduled was used
as a tool of data collection.
The survey method was used to study the reason that presented study respondents were of explanatory
nature than of exploratory. For the analysis simple percentages were calculated and hypotheses were test
for this purpose and it was found that micro-finance
37were randomly selected from twenty villages and were interviewed structural
questionnaire.
in Pakistan. For this research they collected data from 224 rural households for the analysis of data they
used logit technique. The aim of
They found
Quaye et al., (2015) studied the farmer credit delinquency in Southeastern US: Factors and behavior
prediction. For this research they collected data 10 years (3003-2012)
15cross- sectional data from the USDA ARMS survey data 9phase iii). A probit
approach was used to regress delinquency against different borrowers -specific,
long -specific, lender specific, macroeconomic and climatic variables for the
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first part, while logistic approach was used to regress farmer’s coverage ratio
on financial variables.
15particular farmers in what satiates are more likely to be credit worthy based on
their financial variable information.
research area.
They collected
6data were collected from both borrowers and non-borrowers from the
selected villages in the district of Chitral during the year 2007.
They used t-test for the analysis of data used SPSS software for the analysis of data. They found from the
research that there was
Pakistan: Post trends and future prospects. The aim of this study was to delve the historical trend of
agriculture credit flows from formal banking and informal sector to Pakistani farmers. For this study they
collected data from the data were collected from secondary sources since 1960-61 till 2012-13. For the
analysis they used t-test to check the significance of results. They
economy, adoption of new technology, farm mechanization, increase in productivity, increase in standard of
living of farmers and eradication of poverty with respect to Pakistan. Soeleman (2015) investigated the the
role of Sukut financing for sustainable development of smallholder farmers. For this study they
50collected data from primary and secondary sources. The primary data was
obtained specially designed for the purpose of study such as direct measurement of diameters and heights
of teak trees whereas the secondary data was used from the existing information such as research
publications. For the analysis, they used NPV and AEV values. They concluded that Sukruk-based profit
sharing among the stakeholder’s i.e. investor, skilled-worker, farmers, and land-owners give a better output
than common fully-paid arrangement. Chapter no: 3 Data and methodology A good study has depended
on the suitable analysis technique and appropriate methodology. Without adopt appropriate methodology
the study would be useless and it will be no importance. The
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analysis and interpretation of data related to research problems. The scientific methodology gives us a
clear guideline upon which research is based. It should be necessary to select the study area, select
sample size, data collection, application of statistical and econometrics techniques to analyze, verify the
results, carefully applied all these practices. The
1major aim of this chapter is to describe all those tools and technique along
with statistical
test that are used and applied in this research study. The research methodology used in this study is as
under. 3.1 study area Study area is that area from which sample is taken for research. The area was
selected district Sargodha because Sargodha has great potential of growing citrus orchards. In this area
mostly people are farmers and they are growing citrus (kinnow). About 70% citrus are produced in this
area so this is selected for research study. District Sargodha has 7 tehsils and 186 unions. Table 3.1
tehsils and union councils of district Sargodha are: Tehsils Union councils Kotmomin 23 Bhalwal 16 Sahiwal
23 Sargodha 62 Shahpur 21 Silanwali 16 Bhera 15 Source: The Express Tribune Out of all these tehsils of
district Sargodha 3 tehsils are more famous of growing of citrus orchards. These tehsils are Sargodha,
Kotmomin and Bhalwal, so these tehsils are selected for data collection for this research study. Data was
collected from those farmers who are using credit/loan and who are not using credit or non-credit user
farmers through a structural questionnaire. 3.2 Population The population of area will be known in which
research study is conducting. The definition of population is as including all the people that are living in
specific area or place. It is very default to get information from whole population.it will take allot of money
and time taking process. So we select sample from whole population of specific study area. This sample will
be selected randomly from the population and this sample will be representing the whole population. The
study also selects credit user and non-credit farmers in this study area. Many formal and informal
institutions give loan to the farmers for the production of citrus orchard. These institutions are Zarai-
Tarqiati-Banks, commercial banks, commission agents and factories that are working in this area. They
give loan to the farmers before session of citrus under different securities. These institutions were selected
on the basis of their credit disbursement of last year.
533.3 Sample size Sampling is part of statistical practice, in which the selection
of subset of individuals from whole population.
39two reasons: 1. the cost of survey is very high and 2. The population is
dynamic in the way that individuals making up population may change over
time. So the
easy process is to select the small sample that will represent the whole population. There are three most
important
30advantages of sampling are The cost will be low, Data collection will be faster,
and data will be smaller
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these advantages
sample was taken for this study from top three tehsils of district Sargodha in which citrus are more
producing. Top producing tehsils are Sargodha, Kotmomen and Bhalwal the data collected in these tehsils
through structural questionnaire and well plan interviewed. 130 respondents were selected from this area
65 respondents are credit user and 65 respondents are non-credit user. The list of borrowers was
obtained from representative branch of banks of these tehsils. 3.4 data collection To achieve the aim the
primary
1data was collected with the questionnaire and interviewed. According to the
1information was collect with the help of interview and save in the questionnaire.
In the interview schedule both qualitative and quantitative data or questions were
formulated to get required information. The questionnaire was written in the
English however the questions were asked from respondent in their local
language i.e. Urdu and Punjabi. The researcher has most effort on that not to
change the meaning of questions. Before asking the question to the respondent
it
will be clearly define the object of this research study that it is only use for educational propose, So the
1respondents might not have any doubt in their minds in this way the
researcher won the confidence of respondents. During the
interview it will be frank environment provide for the respondents to get actual information from them.
However researcher face allot of difficulties which are not explained in words. 3.5 Interview schedule An
interview is another technique of primary data collection that involved the oral questions which are asked
to the respondents. Collection of primary data was based on the questionnaire, but the questionnaire was
written in English most of the rural farmers are illiterate so they could not read questionnaire, so
test of questionnaire
1Pre-testing is essential for trial and error procedure in which the trial are
repeated and error are avoided in the final questionnaire. Before proceeding
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fill some questionnaires to check the accuracy and validity of this interview schedule. This is very important
step for the data collection to
70pre-testing of the questionnaire. In the light of pre- testing the errors and
difficulties were avoided for the respondents. After avoiding all mistakes and errors the questionnaire was
finalized for collection of data. 3.7 Field experience Data collection is very difficult task for researcher
because most of the people were uneducated. The researcher has to face much uncertain condition to get
accurate information from the respondents. The researcher had to introduce herself to the each
respondent individually. He explained the purpose of survey of the study that it was only used for
educational research. Most of the respondents are not willing to give information about them. They feel
hesitation because they think that researcher is a government agent and want to get information of their
income and expenditure. Sometime they considered that researcher will be
4might create problem for them by giving the correct information about their
income level to the income tax department so they
give false information of their income. The researcher has to win their trust and explain the purpose of his
educational research. 3.8 Limitations During this study many problems and constrained were face to the
refresher. Some limitations are given below as: 1. Resources constraints 2. Time constraints 3. Lack of
farm records 4. Social and psychological Barriers 3.8.1 Resource constraints The resources were limited
to get information to all the people of study are so small sample was selected to get information of this
study. 130 respondents were selected randomly in the study area which is district Sargodha. The travelling
expenses were very high and difficult to bear the researcher to collect primary data. 3.8.2 Time constraints
Time factor was among foremost problem to the researcher because most of the time farmers were busy in
their farm operation and they are not willing to give information to the researcher. Researcher gets
information on the free time of the farmers and has to face the problem of time constraints. 3.8.3 Lack of
farm records Most of the respondents were illiterate in the study area and they are not recording their
information of farms income and expenditure. So it was difficult to get exact information of expenditure and
income of the farmers. Due to the lacks of the data was depending on their memories. 3.8.4 Social and
psychological barriers Most of the farmers were feel hesitation to given their personal information to the
researcher. They have fear why so personal information was to be asked from them. They did not give the
true answer of their family members their chattels, farm size, income and consumptions. It was very difficult
convince them to get such type of information. Mostly farmers do not trust on the stranger and even they
did not want to talk to them. 3.9 Descriptive Analysis In order to analyze the descriptive results from the
collected data was find out the basic factors of respondents. These factors are called Scio-economic
factors that are
4analyzed by descriptive analysis. The table was constructed through SPSS and
excel. The
of each individual factor. 3.10 Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents Some of the Scio-
economic characteristics were used in this study as indicators which are as follows:
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Income 3.10.1 Gender Gender is important indicator of Scio-economic characteristics of any research
activity.it showed that the comparison of household head responsibilities between male and female. In this
research study hundred percent respondents were male. In the study area the citrus grower or producers
were male so for the collection of data males are selected in this area. 3.10.2 Age Age of respondent is
also important factor of Scio-economic indicator. Household head has different age and has different
experience according to the age in production of any crepe. The age was asked on the time of interviewed.
3.10
Masters Marital status The marital status of the respondents has been categories as under:
expenditure.
1In the resent research income means the total gross earnings of respondents
from all sources, as well as from other subordinate sources if any. The income
of respondents and household head was income categories as follows: 1. Less
than 15000
9data was collected from the respondents of the study area. This data is
collected from credit user farmers and non-
credit user farmers. The collected data was statistically analyzed and converted into the tables these are
called descriptive analysis. The technique that applied was averages, percentages, Mode, and standard
deviation. Averages Average is
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N=total number of respondents Results and discussions: In social scientific research the interpretation,
analysis and discussion have more importance. The data has leading role in
2social scientific research. The main objective of this research was to identify
the impact of agriculture credit in productivity of citrus in district Sargodha.
36find out the revenues from citrus orchard and also some policy
recommendations will be contributed according to the results of
this research study. The results described in different chapters, first part of the results will be socio-
economic
frequencies and percentages of different groups of family members of farmers. In first group 2-4,
percentage of family members show about 18 percent respondent lies in this group. in second group
average numbers of family size are lies in this group maximum farmers family size is lies in age group (5-7).
64 percent farmer’s family size is 5-7 members according to the results. 17.3 percent farmer’s family size
lies in age group 8-10 persons. Family size of respondents 140 120 100 80 Frequency 60 Percent 40 20 0
2-4 5-7 Total Source author calculation: Farm size in acre Distribution of area in acre shows that minimum
area of farmers is 2 acre and maximum area is 65 acre. The mean area in acre is 18.5. This shows that
most of farmers are holding 18 acre in this area that are producing citrus orchards. Table No 3: Citrus
Farm Size (Acers) Minimum Maximum Average SD 2 65 18.5 12.5 Source author calculation: Citrus Farm
Ownership Table No 4: Citrus Farm Ownership Frequency Percentage % Owned Farm 124 95% Hired
Farm 6 5% Total 130 100% Pakistan is sixth largest country that produces citrus in all over the world and
Pakistan is export citrus to different country. District Sargodha is a major area were citrus is produce more
here some farmers have own land and some are hired for the production of citrus. 95 percent farmers
have own land for the production of citrus. Only 5 percent farmers hired the land for productivity of citrus
orchards. Total respondent were selected from this area are 130.this shows that most of farmers have own
land for the production of citrus. Soil Type Table No 5: Soil Type Frequency Percentage % Sandy 1 1%
Mara 42 32% Clay 87 67% Source author calculation: This table to show the distribution of soil type of the
area of this research in district Sargodha. The results show that sandy type of land in this area is only one
percent and Mara land is 32 percent and its frequency is 42. Most of the land of this area is clay. This land
is most important for the growing of citrus orchards. Clay type of land is ply significant roll on the
productivity of citrus fruits specialty for the kinnow. Diagram: Soil Type 1% 32% Sandy 67% Mara Clay This
diagram show the distribution of soil type 1 percent land is sandy research area.32 percent land is Mara
and clay land is 67 percent of research area. Residential status of farmers Table No2: Residential Status
Frequency Percentage % Owned House 125 96% Hired House 5 4% Total 130 100% Source author
calculation: According to this table the residence of the farmers is distributed in to two categories first is
owned houses or there personal house and other is hired house like rented house. Mostly people of this
research area is living their own houses there percentage is 96%. And only few people of this area are
living on rented houses their percentage is 4%. Marital status of farmers Table No3: Marital Status
Frequency Percentage % Single 19 15% Married 110 84% Divorced 1 1% Total 130 100% Source author
calculation: The above table shows the marital status of farmers who were interviewed in this research
study. The single farmers are 15 percent who are growing citrus orchards and married farmers are 84
percent in this area only 1 percent divorced farmers according to this data. 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Marital Status Marital status of farmers Series1 Series2 Series3 Single Married Divorced Total Sources
author calculation: Household’s characteristics: Table No 5: Household Characteristics Minimum Maximum
Average SD No of School Going Kids 0 3 1 0.95 No of collage going 0 3 1 4.96 Family workers (Numbers)
1 4 1.6 0.77 Plot Size (Marla’s) 3 40 15.44 7.21 Sours: author calculation According to this table result the
minimum school going children’s of farmers is zero its mean that most of people who are farmer their
children are not going to school and maximum school going children are 3 and average or mean of this
area is one. No of college going children of farmers minimum one chilled and maximum children are 4 and
their average is 1.6. Plot sizes of the house in Marla’s of farmers of this area are minimum 3 Marla and
maximum 40 Marla’s house in this area. The average sizes of house working farmers are 15.44 Marla’s.
Source of Credit/Loan Total No 10: Source of Credit/Loan Frequency Percentage % Formal 80 61%
Informal 50 39% Total 130 100% Sources: author calculation This table shows the distribution of source of
credit in two categories first is formal sources which are belong to some institution and banks. The other
category is informal source this include the relatives friends commissions agents or some other factories’
which are working in this area. The farmers of this study mostly credit borrow from formal sources.61
percent farmers used banks to get loan or credit. And 39 percent farmers are getting credit from informal
sources this may be relative’s friends, commission agents or any cooperatives source. Diagram No 1:
Source of Credit for Citrus Farming 70% Percentage% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 61% 39% 10% 0%
Percentage % Formal Informal 61% 39% Loan/ Credit Information Table No 9: Loan/ Credit Information
Frequency Percentage % Non-Credit User Farmers 63 48% Credit User Farmers 67 52% Total 130 100%
Sources: author calculation The above table shows the frequency and percentage of farmers that get
information about loan in different sources. These sources are electronic media, print media, and from
their relatives. Credit user farmer’s percentage is 67 percent and non-credit user farmer’s percentage is
48 percent. This shows that most of the credit user farmers gets loan from formal or informal sources on
the basses of information that he gets from different ways. This information may help for the formers to get
loan and increase their productivity of citrus orchards. loan/credit information Loan/ Credit Information
Frequency Loan/ Credit Information Percentage % 130 63 67 48% 52% 100% Credit User Farmers Non-
Credit User Farmers Total Sources: author calculation
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2Cost of irrigation Any agricultural activity needs irrigation facility for the better
productivity. The frequent availability of water
will insure to improve the productivity and better quality of any crop. The table shows the cost of irrigations
that bear to the farmers for citrus orchards. The credit user farmers spend more income on the orchards
as compare to the
2non-credit user farmers group. Irrigation cost has different cost group due the
different sources of water availability. Some farmers have an access of canal
water
for irrigation they are fortune because canal water has allot of minerals that are necessary for the crops or
especially for citrus orchards. Some farmers depends their own private tube wells for the irrigation of
orchards. Some have both facility of canals and tube well for source of irrigation activity. Those farmers
who have not sources of canal water they have to need credit for private tube for the irrigation purpose. If
these farmers have not credit facility they will hardly to continue their agriculture activity. If the farmers
have both facility of water from canal and tube wells they can produce citrus more efficiently. Table No:
Cost of Irrigation ( Per Acre) I/Cost Range Credit User Non- Credit User 100-2500 19 30 2501-4000 24 19
4001-5500 14 14 5501-7000 4 10 Sources: author calculation This table show that the comparison of
credit user cost of irrigation and non-credit user cost of irrigation. Per acre cost of irrigation divided into
four group’s credit user bear more cost of irrigation then non-credit user. Credit user gets credit for the
irrigation purpose because they have no facility of canal water for irrigation. Figure: Cost of Irrigation ( Per
Acre) 10 5501-7000 4 14 4001-5500 14 19 2501-4000 24 100-2500 0 5 Non- Credit User 10 Credit User
30 19 15 20 25 30 35 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Credit User) 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Non- Credit User) This figure shows
the comparison of credit users and non-credit user farmers who bear cost of irrigation. Maximum cost bear
credit user because they have not canal facility they use their private tube wells for irrigation and the
expanses of petrol going to be high o they have more need for credit to produce citrus orchards. Cost of
Fertilizer (Per Acre) Application of fertilizers is very necessary for the productivity of
2any crop, especially in current circumstances where soil has lost its natural
fertility due to extensive farming practices. So fertilizers are
applied on agriculture land for the purpose of nutrients that are being provided through fertilizers. Many
type of fertilizers are applied by the farmers, like DAP, many type of spray were applying on orchards. The
results of present study shows that maximum farmers that are belongs to credit user group are spending
different type of fertilizer on citrus orchards and their cost is high compare to the non-credit user farmers.
The farmers who are not availing credit facility they are less in numbers and their cost is less because they
spend little amount on fertilizers. Table No: Cost of Fertilizer (Per Acre) Cost of Fertilizer ( Per Acre) F/Cost
Range Credit User Non- Credit User 800 10% 17% 1000 19% 33% 1200 24% 6% 1400 8% 12% Sources:
author calculation The above table shows 10 percent credit user farmers cost of fertilizers and 17 percent
non- credit user cost of fertilizers bear 800 per acre. 19 percent credit user farmers and 33 percent non-
credit user farmers bear 1000 costs per acre. Credit user and non-credit user 24% and 6% bear 1200 per
acre cost of fertilizers. Figure: Cost of Fertilizers (per acre) 1400 8% 12% Average Cost 1200 24% 6%
1000 19% 33% 800 10% 17% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 800 1000 1200
1400 Credit User 10% 19% 24% 8% Non- Credit User 17% 33% 6% 12% Percentage Share Per acre cost
of fertilizer Transportation cost Transportation cost bear to the farmers. The commission agents or middle
man who purchases the orchards from the farmers they bear the cost of transportation per acre. The
conditions of road are very poor in the research area so they have to bear high cost of transportation. The
citrus fruits are export to different big cities so the cost is increasing day by day. The fowling results shows
that both credit user and non-credit user face the cost of transportation but credit user face high cost. 5
percent credit user and 7 percent non-credit user farmers bear transportation cost 800 per acre.18
percent credit user and 16 percent non-credit user farmers bear cost 1000 per acre.14 percent credit user
and 19 percent non-credit user lies in 1200 cost of transportation. Minimum farmer bear cost of
transportation 1400 per acre. The detailed of results show the following table. Table No: Transportation
Cost (Per Acers) T/Cost Range Credit User Non- Credit User 800 6(5%) 10(7%) 1000 22(18%) 18(16%)
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1200 19(14%) 25(19%) 1400 14(10%) 16(11%) Source: author calculation Figure: Transportation Cost
(Per Acer) 1400 11% 10% Per Acer T/Cost 1200 19% 14% 1000 16% 18% 800 7% 5% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% Total Sample Size 130 Non- Credit User Credit User Per acre transportation
cost Cost of harvesting (picking cost) This is a
20The harvesting of citrus means picking of the fruits from the trees. This
process needs more no of labor. If the citrus orchard is good in productivity than
number of fruits on one tree will more. Usually one citrus tree gives 500 to 1000
fruits. More yelled required more labored for pick fruits from trees. It will ultimately
increase cost of picking
or harvesting per acre. The table shows different cost groups for harvesting of citrus orchard in per acre.
41The credit user group has maximum percentage of cost group is 5000- 10000.
Non-credit user has maximum percentage at cost group of less than 5000.
Its mean credit user bear more cost of harvesting. Table No: Harvesting Cost Harvesting Cost Harvesting
Cost Credit User Non- Credit User Less than 5000 9 (6%) 37(28%) 5000 to 10000 28(21%) 15(11%)
10000 to 15000 19(15%) 7(6%) 15000 to 20000 5(4%) 10(9%) Sources: author calculation Figure:
Harvesting Cost Credit User Non- Credit User 30% 28% 25% 21% 20% Percentage% 15% 15% 11% 10%
9% 6% 6% 5% 4% 0% Less then 5000 5000 to 10000 10000 to 15000 15000 to 20000 Total Sample Size
130 Area under Citrus Farms produces
2Pakistan is sixth largest producers of citrus producer in the world and has a
large share of exports of
is near about
The table shows the area of land in which citrus is produced in district Sargodha. 32 credit user farmer
produce citrus orchard in area below 10 acre and 29 non-credit user farmers grow citrus below 10 acre. 16
credit users have 10-20 acre land in which thy produce citrus orchard and 22 non-credit user have same
area of land for the production of citrus. 30 to acre are produce by credit user only 3 credit users and 6
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non-credit users. the area 40 to 50 acre have no credit use produce and only four non-credit users farmer
produce in this area. Table No: Area under Citrus Farms Area Under Citrus Farms Area Credit User Non-
Credit User Below 10 Acre 32 29 10 to 20 16 22 20 to 30 10 8 30 to 40 3 6 40 to 50 0 4 Sources: author
calculation Area under Citrus Farms produces Figure AREA UNDER CITRUS FARMING CreditUser Non-
CreditUser PERCENTAGE % 29 22 8 6 4 32 16 10 BELOW 10 ACRE 10 TO 20 2 0 T O 3 0 TOTAL
FARMING AREA 3 0 30 TO 40 40 TO 50 Farming
non-credit user are mostly those farmers who have own land and having maximum years of experience as
compare to the no- credit users farmers. Table No: Farming Experience Farming Experience Years Credit
User Non- Credit User Less than 10 18 30 10 to 15 15 20 15 to 20 9 12 20 to 25 6 2 25 to 30 7 3 30 to 40
5 3 Sources: Author calculation Figure: Farming Experience Farming Experiance (Years) Credit User Non-
Credit User 30 30 25 20 20 Number of Respondents 18 15 15 12 10 9 7 6 5 5 3 3 2 0 Less then 10 10 to
15 15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 40 Years
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